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Hayes K, Janssen P, Payne BA, Jevitt C, Johnston W, Johnson P, Butler M. Oral Probiotic Supplementation in Pregnancy to Reduce Group B Streptococcus Colonisation (OPSiP trial): study protocol for a double-blind parallel group randomised placebo trial. BMJ Open 2024; 14:e076455. [PMID: 38316588 PMCID: PMC10860072 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-076455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Group B streptococcus (GBS), or Streptococcus agalactiae, remains a leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Canadian guidelines advise universal maternal screening for GBS colonisation in pregnancy in conjunction with selective antibiotic therapy. This results in over 1000 pregnant individuals receiving antibiotic therapy to prevent one case of early-onset neonatal GBS disease, and over 20 000 pregnant individuals receiving antibiotic therapy to prevent one neonatal death. Given the growing concern regarding the risk of negative sequela from antibiotic exposure, it is vital that alternative approaches to reduce maternal GBS colonisation are explored.Preliminary studies suggest some probiotic strains could confer protection in pregnancy against GBS colonisation. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This double-blind parallel group randomised trial aims to recruit 450 pregnant participants in Vancouver, BC, Canada and will compare GBS colonisation rates in those who have received a daily oral dose of three strains of probiotics with those who have received a placebo. The primary outcome will be GBS colonisation status, measured using a vaginal/rectal swab obtained between 35 weeks' gestation and delivery. Secondary outcomes will include maternal antibiotic exposure and urogenital infections. Analysis will be on an intention-to-treat basis. PATIENT OR PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT There was no patient or public involvement in the design of the study protocol. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study protocol received ethics approval from the University of British Columbia's Clinical Research Ethics Board, Dublin City University and Health Canada. Findings will be presented at research rounds, conferences and in peer-reviewed publications. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT03407157.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Hayes
- BCCHR, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- School of Nursing, Faculty of Science and Health, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Patricia Janssen
- The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Beth A Payne
- Paediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Clinical Research, Women's Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Cecilia Jevitt
- The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Will Johnston
- The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Michelle Butler
- Faculty of Science and Health, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
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Do H, Li ZR, Tripathi PK, Mitra S, Guerra S, Dash A, Weerasekera D, Makthal N, Shams S, Aggarwal S, Singh BB, Gu D, Du Y, Olsen RJ, LaRock C, Zhang W, Kumaraswami M. Engineered probiotic overcomes pathogen defences using signal interference and antibiotic production to treat infection in mice. Nat Microbiol 2024; 9:502-513. [PMID: 38228859 PMCID: PMC10847043 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-023-01583-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Probiotic supplements are suggested to promote human health by preventing pathogen colonization. However, the mechanistic bases for their efficacy in vivo are largely uncharacterized. Here using metabolomics and bacterial genetics, we show that the human oral probiotic Streptococcus salivarius K12 (SAL) produces salivabactin, an antibiotic that effectively inhibits pathogenic Streptococcus pyogenes (GAS) in vitro and in mice. However, prophylactic dosing with SAL enhanced GAS colonization in mice and ex vivo in human saliva. We showed that, on co-colonization, GAS responds to a SAL intercellular peptide signal that controls SAL salivabactin production. GAS produces a secreted protease, SpeB, that targets SAL-derived salivaricins and enhances GAS survival. Using this knowledge, we re-engineered probiotic SAL to prevent signal eavesdropping by GAS and potentiate SAL antimicrobials. This engineered probiotic demonstrated superior efficacy in preventing GAS colonization in vivo. Our findings show that knowledge of interspecies interactions can identify antibiotic- and probiotic-based strategies to combat infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hackwon Do
- Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Research unit of cryogenic novel material, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Zhong-Rui Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Praveen Kumar Tripathi
- Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sonali Mitra
- Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Stephanie Guerra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ananya Dash
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dulanthi Weerasekera
- Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nishanth Makthal
- Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Syed Shams
- Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shifu Aggarwal
- Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bharat Bhushan Singh
- Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Di Gu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Yongle Du
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Randall J Olsen
- Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christopher LaRock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Antibiotic Resistance Center, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Wenjun Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Muthiah Kumaraswami
- Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.
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Mejia ME, Robertson CM, Patras KA. Interspecies Interactions within the Host: the Social Network of Group B Streptococcus. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0044022. [PMID: 36975791 PMCID: PMC10112235 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00440-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is a pervasive neonatal pathogen accounting for a combined half a million deaths and stillbirths annually. The most common source of fetal or neonatal GBS exposure is the maternal microbiota. GBS asymptomatically colonizes the gastrointestinal and vaginal mucosa of 1 in 5 individuals globally, although its precise role in these niches is not well understood. To prevent vertical transmission, broad-spectrum antibiotics are administered to GBS-positive mothers during labor in many countries. Although antibiotics have significantly reduced GBS early-onset neonatal disease, there are several unintended consequences, including an altered neonatal microbiota and increased risk for other microbial infections. Additionally, the incidence of late-onset GBS neonatal disease remains unaffected and has sparked an emerging hypothesis that GBS-microbe interactions in developing neonatal gut microbiota may be directly involved in this disease process. This review summarizes our current understanding of GBS interactions with other resident microbes at the mucosal surface from multiple angles, including clinical association studies, agriculture and aquaculture observations, and experimental animal model systems. We also include a comprehensive review of in vitro findings of GBS interactions with other bacterial and fungal microbes, both commensal and pathogenic, along with newly established animal models of GBS vaginal colonization and in utero or neonatal infection. Finally, we provide a perspective on emerging areas of research and current strategies to design microbe-targeting prebiotic or probiotic therapeutic intervention strategies to prevent GBS disease in vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlyd E. Mejia
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Clare M. Robertson
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kathryn A. Patras
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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Manconi M, Rezvani M, Manca ML, Escribano-Ferrer E, Fais S, Orrù G, Lammers T, Asunis F, Muntoni A, Spiga D, De Gioannis G. Bridging biotechnology and nanomedicine to produce biogreen whey-nanovesicles for intestinal health promotion. Int J Pharm 2023; 633:122631. [PMID: 36690128 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
New intestinal health-promoting biotechnological nanovesicles were manufactured by combining the main environmental pollutant generated from the cheese-making process, whey, with phospholipid, sodium hyaluronate and dextrin, thus overcoming environmental and medical challenges. An efficient, consolidated and eco-friendly preparation method was employed to manufacture the vesicles and the bioactive whey was obtained by mesophilic dark fermentation without external inoculum through a homolactic pathway, which was operated in such a way as to maximize the production of lactic acid. The biotechnological nutriosomes and hyalonutriosomes were relatively small (∼100 nm) and characterized by the net negative surface charge (>-30 mV). The addition of maltodextrin to the liposomes and especially to the hyalurosomes significantly stabilized the vesicles under acidic conditions, simulating the gastric environment, as their size and polydispersity index were significantly lower (p < 0.05) than those of the other formulations. The vesicles were effectively internalized by Caco-2 cells and protected them against oxidative stress. Nutriosomes promoted the proliferation of Streptococcus salivarius, a human commensal bacterium, to a better extent (p < 0.05) than liposomes and hyalurosomes, as a function of the concentration tested. These findings could open a new horizon in intestinal protection and health promotion by integrating biotechnology, nanomedicine, sustainability principles and bio-circular economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Manconi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Maryam Rezvani
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Maria Letizia Manca
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Elvira Escribano-Ferrer
- Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Unit, Institute for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Fais
- Department of Surgical Science, Molecular Biology Service Lab (MBS), University of Cagliari, Via Ospedale 40, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Germano Orrù
- Department of Surgical Science, Molecular Biology Service Lab (MBS), University of Cagliari, Via Ospedale 40, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Twan Lammers
- Department of Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH Aachen University Clinic Forckenbeckstrasse 55, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Fabiano Asunis
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Architecture, University of Cagliari, Piazza d'Armi, 09123, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Aldo Muntoni
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Architecture, University of Cagliari, Piazza d'Armi, 09123, Cagliari, Italy; National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Institute of Environmental Geology and Geoengineering (IGAG), Piazza d'Armi 1, 09123 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Daniela Spiga
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Architecture, University of Cagliari, Piazza d'Armi, 09123, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giorgia De Gioannis
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Architecture, University of Cagliari, Piazza d'Armi, 09123, Cagliari, Italy; National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Institute of Environmental Geology and Geoengineering (IGAG), Piazza d'Armi 1, 09123 Cagliari, Italy
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Campisciano G, Zanotta N, Quadrifoglio M, Careri A, Torresani A, Cason C, De Seta F, Ricci G, Comar M, Stampalija T. The Bacterial DNA Profiling of Chorionic Villi and Amniotic Fluids Reveals Overlaps with Maternal Oral, Vaginal, and Gut Microbiomes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032873. [PMID: 36769194 PMCID: PMC9917689 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The in utero microbiome hypothesis has been long debated. This hypothesis will change our comprehension of the pioneer human microbiome if proved correct. In 60 uncomplicated pregnancies, we profiled the microbiome of chorionic villi (CV) and amniotic fluids (AF) in relation to maternal saliva, rectum, and vagina and the soluble cytokines cascade in the vagina, CV and AF. In our series, 12/37 (32%) AF and 10/23 (44%) CV tested positive for bacterial DNA. CV and AF harbored bacterial DNA of Streptococcus and Lactobacillus, overlapping that of the matched oral and vaginal niches, which showed a dysbiotic microbiome. In these pregnant women, the immune profiling revealed an immune hyporesponsiveness in the vagina and a high intraamniotic concentration of inflammatory cytokines. To understand the eventual role of bacterial colonization of the CV and AF and the associated immune response in the pregnancy outcome, further appropriate studies are needed. In this context, further studies should highlight if the hematogenous route could justify the spread of bacterial DNA from the oral microbiome to the placenta and if vaginal dysbiosis could favor the likelihood of identifying CV and AF positive for bacterial DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Campisciano
- Department of Advanced Translational Microbiology, Institute for Maternal and Child Health—IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Via dell’Istria, 65, 34137 Trieste, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Nunzia Zanotta
- Department of Advanced Translational Microbiology, Institute for Maternal and Child Health—IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Via dell’Istria, 65, 34137 Trieste, Italy
| | - Mariachiara Quadrifoglio
- Unit of Fetal Medicine and Prenatal Diagnosis, Institute for Maternal and Child Health—IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Via dell’Istria, 65, 34137 Trieste, Italy
| | - Annalisa Careri
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume 447, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Alessandra Torresani
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume 447, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Carolina Cason
- Department of Advanced Translational Microbiology, Institute for Maternal and Child Health—IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Via dell’Istria, 65, 34137 Trieste, Italy
| | - Francesco De Seta
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume 447, 34149 Trieste, Italy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute for Maternal and Child Health—IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Via dell’Istria, 65, 34137 Trieste, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ricci
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume 447, 34149 Trieste, Italy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute for Maternal and Child Health—IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Via dell’Istria, 65, 34137 Trieste, Italy
| | - Manola Comar
- Department of Advanced Translational Microbiology, Institute for Maternal and Child Health—IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Via dell’Istria, 65, 34137 Trieste, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume 447, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Tamara Stampalija
- Unit of Fetal Medicine and Prenatal Diagnosis, Institute for Maternal and Child Health—IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Via dell’Istria, 65, 34137 Trieste, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume 447, 34149 Trieste, Italy
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Bertuccioli A, Gervasi M, Annibalini G, Binato B, Perroni F, Rocchi MBL, Sisti D, Amatori S. Use of Streptococcus salivarius K12 in supporting the mucosal immune function of active young subjects: A randomised double-blind study. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1129060. [PMID: 36936914 PMCID: PMC10019894 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1129060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) are the most common illnesses affecting athletes, causing absences from training and competition. Salivary immunoglobulin A (sIgA) is the main immune factor in saliva, and a consistent association between low concentrations of sIgA and an increased incidence of URTIs has been reported. The oral probiotic Streptococcus salivarius K12 has been suggested to have the potential to improve oral diseases and mucosal barrier function. However, the effects of this probiotic on active young subjects performing a high-intensity training (HIT) program have not been investigated. Methods Active young students were randomised into a treated group (S. salivarius K12) and a control (placebo) group and asked to take the product daily for 30 days. After this period, participants performed a graded exercise test and five HIT sessions, all within 3 days. They were also asked to complete the Wisconsin Upper Respiratory Symptom Survey daily to monitor URTI's presence. Before and after the 30 days, and at 0h, 24h and 72h after the last training session, saliva samples were collected to quantify sIgA level, secretion rate, and flow. The effect of S. salivarius K12 intake on these parameters was tested using an ANOVA for repeated measures. Results Twenty (M = 14, F = 6) young subjects (23.5 ± 2.3 years old) participated in the study. The total accumulated training load (sRPE) in the supplementation period was similar in the two groups (treated: 4345 ± 3441 AU; control: 4969 ± 4165 AU; p > 0.05). Considering both sIgA level and secretion rate, significant time (F(4,15) = 3.38; p = 0.037; F(4,15) = 6.00; p = 0.004) and time×group interactions (F(4,15) = 2.49; p = 0.049; F(4,15) = 5.01; p = 0.009) were reported, with the treated group showing higher sIgA levels at 72h post-exercise and increased secretion rate both at 0h and 72h. The number of URTI episodes was similar in the treated and control groups (χ² = 1.83; p > 0.05). Conclusion This study demonstrates that relatively short-term S. salivarius K12 supplementation increased sIgA level and secretion in healthy subjects performing a demanding exercise-training programme composed of HIT sessions.
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Abstract
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is among the most common infections treated worldwide each year and is caused primarily by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). Rising rates of antibiotic resistance among uropathogens have spurred a consideration of alternative treatment strategies, such as bacteriophage (phage) therapy; however, phage-bacterial interactions within the urinary environment are poorly defined. Here, we assess the activity of two phages, namely, HP3 and ES17, against clinical UPEC isolates using in vitro and in vivo models of UTI. In both bacteriologic medium and pooled human urine, we identified phage resistance arising within the first 6 to 8 h of coincubation. Whole-genome sequencing revealed that UPEC strains resistant to HP3 and ES17 harbored mutations in genes involved in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) biosynthesis. Phage-resistant strains displayed several in vitro phenotypes, including alterations to adherence to and invasion of human bladder epithelial HTB-9 cells and increased biofilm formation in some isolates. Interestingly, these phage-resistant UPEC isolates demonstrated reduced growth in pooled human urine, which could be partially rescued by nutrient supplementation and were more sensitive to several outer membrane-targeting antibiotics than parental strains. Additionally, phage-resistant UPEC isolates were attenuated in bladder colonization in a murine UTI model. In total, our findings suggest that while resistance to phages, such as HP3 and ES17, may arise readily in the urinary environment, phage resistance is accompanied by fitness costs which may render UPEC more susceptible to host immunity or antibiotics. IMPORTANCE UTI is one of the most common causes of outpatient antibiotic use, and rising antibiotic resistance threatens the ability to control UTI unless alternative treatments are developed. Bacteriophage (phage) therapy is gaining renewed interest; however, much like with antibiotics, bacteria can readily become resistant to phages. For successful UTI treatment, we must predict how bacteria will evade killing by phage and identify the downstream consequences of phage resistance during bacterial infection. In our current study, we found that while phage-resistant bacteria quickly emerged in vitro, these bacteria were less capable of growing in human urine and colonizing the murine bladder. These results suggest that phage therapy poses a viable UTI treatment if phage resistance confers fitness costs for the uropathogen. These results have implications for developing cocktails of phage with multiple different bacterial targets, of which each is evaded only at the cost of bacterial fitness.
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Okada S, Ichimura Y, Iinuma M. Emphysematous cystitis due to Streptococcus salivarius infection in a patient with a neurogenic bladder. IDCases 2022; 27:e01410. [PMID: 35106284 PMCID: PMC8784628 DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2022.e01410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus salivarius (S. salivarius) is an oral commensal bacterium that rarely causes disease. Here, we report a case of emphysematous cystitis due to S. salivarius infection in a patient with a neurogenic bladder. A 56-year-old woman was hospitalized and managed for left putamen hemorrhage. Afterward, she developed poor oral intake. Although the patient was afebrile, laboratory test results suggested an inflammatory response. Urinalysis revealed pyuria and hematuria. Abdominal computed tomography revealed a thickened urinary bladder wall and intraluminal gas. Additionally, she was diagnosed with a neurogenic bladder as she had approximately 200 mL of residual urine. The patient was diagnosed with emphysematous cystitis, and S. salivarius was isolated from urine culture specimens. The patient's condition improved immediately after treatment, which included bladder drainage and administration of appropriate antibiotics. We could not find any report on S. salivarius causing urinary tract infections, such as emphysematous cystitis. Accordingly, we report this case along with a review of the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Okada
- Department of Urology, Mito Medical Center, 280 Sakuranosato, Ibaraki-machi, Higashi-Ibaraki-gun, Ibaraki-ken 311-3193, Japan
| | - Yasushi Ichimura
- Department of Urology, Mito Medical Center, 280 Sakuranosato, Ibaraki-machi, Higashi-Ibaraki-gun, Ibaraki-ken 311-3193, Japan
| | - Masahiro Iinuma
- Department of Urology, Mito Medical Center, 280 Sakuranosato, Ibaraki-machi, Higashi-Ibaraki-gun, Ibaraki-ken 311-3193, Japan
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Human Milk Oligosaccharides Reduce Murine Group B Streptococcus Vaginal Colonization with Minimal Impact on the Vaginal Microbiota. mSphere 2022; 7:e0088521. [PMID: 34986315 PMCID: PMC8730812 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00885-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Group B Streptococcus (GBS) colonizes the vaginal mucosa of a significant percentage of healthy women and is a leading cause of neonatal bacterial infections. Currently, pregnant women are screened in the last month of pregnancy, and GBS-positive women are given antibiotics during parturition to prevent bacterial transmission to the neonate. Recently, human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) isolated from breastmilk were found to inhibit GBS growth and biofilm formation in vitro, and women that make certain HMOs are less likely to be vaginally colonized with GBS. Using in vitro human vaginal epithelial cells and a murine vaginal colonization model, we tested the impact of HMO treatment on GBS burdens and the composition of the endogenous microbiota by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. HMO treatment reduced GBS vaginal burdens in vivo with minimal alterations to the vaginal microbiota. HMOs displayed potent inhibitory activity against GBS in vitro, but HMO pretreatment did not alter adherence of GBS or the probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus to human vaginal epithelial cells. In addition, disruption of a putative GBS glycosyltransferase (Δsan_0913) rendered the bacterium largely resistant to HMO inhibition in vitro and in vivo but did not compromise its adherence, colonization, or biofilm formation in the absence of HMOs. We conclude that HMOs are a promising therapeutic bioactive to limit GBS vaginal colonization with minimal impacts on the vaginal microenvironment. IMPORTANCE During pregnancy, GBS ascension into the uterus can cause fetal infection or preterm birth. In addition, GBS exposure during labor creates a risk of serious disease in the vulnerable newborn and mother postpartum. Current recommended prophylaxis consists of administering broad-spectrum antibiotics to GBS-positive mothers during labor. Although antibiotics have significantly reduced GBS neonatal disease, there are several unintended consequences, including altered neonatal gut bacteria and increased risk for other types of infection. Innovative preventions displaying more targeted antimicrobial activity, while leaving the maternal microbiota intact, are thus appealing. Using a mouse model, we found that human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) reduce GBS burdens without perturbing the vaginal microbiota. We conclude that HMOs are a promising alternative to antibiotics to reduce GBS neonatal disease.
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Group B Streptococcus CAMP Factor Does Not Contribute to Interactions with the Vaginal Epithelium and Is Dispensable for Vaginal Colonization in Mice. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0105821. [PMID: 34908468 PMCID: PMC8672899 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01058-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gram-positive pathogen group B Streptococcus (GBS) is a leading cause of neonatal bacterial infections, preterm birth, and stillbirth. Although maternal GBS vaginal colonization is a risk factor for GBS-associated adverse birth outcomes, mechanisms promoting GBS vaginal persistence are not fully defined. GBS possesses a broadly conserved small molecule, CAMP factor, that is co-hemolytic in the presence of Staphylococcus aureus sphingomyelinase C. While this co-hemolytic reaction is commonly used by clinical laboratories to identify GBS, the contribution of CAMP factor to GBS vaginal persistence is unknown. Using in vitro biofilm, adherence and invasion assays with immortalized human vaginal epithelial VK2 cells, and a mouse model of GBS vaginal colonization, we tested the contribution of CAMP factor using GBS strain COH1 and its isogenic CAMP-deficient mutant (Δcfb). We found no evidence for CAMP factor involvement in GBS biofilm formation, or adherence, invasion, or cytotoxicity toward VK2 cells in the presence or absence of S. aureus. Additionally, there was no difference in vaginal burdens or persistence between COH1 and Δcfb strains in a murine colonization model. In summary, our results using in vitro human cell lines and murine models do not support a critical role for CAMP factor in promoting GBS vaginal colonization. IMPORTANCE Group B Streptococcus (GBS) remains a pervasive pathogen for pregnant women and their newborns. Maternal screening and intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis to GBS-positive mothers have reduced, but not eliminated GBS neonatal disease, and have not impacted GBS-associated preterm birth or stillbirth. Additionally, this antibiotic exposure is associated with adverse effects on the maternal and neonatal microbiota. Identifying key GBS factors important for maternal vaginal colonization will foster development of more targeted, alternative therapies to antibiotic treatment. Here, we investigate the contribution of a broadly conserved GBS determinant, CAMP factor, to GBS vaginal colonization and find that CAMP factor is unlikely to be a biological target to control maternal GBS colonization.
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Hanson L, VandeVusse L, Malloy E, Garnier-Villarreal M, Watson L, Fial A, Forgie M, Nardini K, Safdar N. Probiotic interventions to reduce antepartum Group B streptococcus colonization: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Midwifery 2021; 105:103208. [PMID: 34890880 DOI: 10.1016/j.midw.2021.103208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To systematically review and meta-analyse studies of the efficacy of probiotics to reduce antenatal Group B Streptococcus (GBS) colonisation. PARTICIPANTS Antenatal participants with known positive GBS colonisation or unknown GBS status. INTERVENTION Probiotic interventions containing species of Lactobacillus or Streptococcus. DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. MEASUREMENTS AND FINDINGS The systematic review included 10 studies. Five articles contained in vitro studies of probiotic interventions to determine antagonistic activity against GBS. Six clinical trials of probiotics to reduce antenatal GBS were systematically reviewed and meta-analysed. The meta-analysis revealed that the use of an antenatal probiotic increased the probability of a negative GBS result by 79% (OR = 0.56, 95% CI = 8.7%, 194.1%, p = 0.02) (n = 709). However, only one clinical trial of 6 had a low risk of bias. KEY CONCLUSIONS The probiotic interventions subjected to in vitro testing showed antagonistic activity against GBS through the mechanisms of acidification, immune modulation, and adhesion. The findings of the meta-analysis of the clinical trials revealed that probiotics are a moderately effective intervention to reduce antenatal GBS colonisation. More well-controlled trials with diverse participants and with better elucidation of variables influencing GBS colonisation rates are needed. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Probiotic interventions appear to be a safe and effective primary prevention strategy for antenatal GBS colonisation. Application of this low-risk intervention needs more study but may reduce the need for intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis in countries or regions where antenatal GBS screening is used. Midwives can be instrumental in conducting and supporting larger well-controlled clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Hanson
- Klein Endowed Professor and Associate Director, Marquette University College of Nursing, Midwifery Program, Milwaukee, WI USA.
| | - Leona VandeVusse
- Associate Professor Emerita, Marquette University College of Nursing Milwaukee, WI USA
| | - Emily Malloy
- PhD student, Marquette University College of Nursing; Nurse-Midwife, Midwifery and Wellness Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Advocate Aurora Health Care, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | | | - Lauren Watson
- Laboratory Manager, UW Madison School of Medicine and Infectious Disease, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Alissa Fial
- Research & Instruction Services, Associate Librarian, Raynor Memorial Libraries, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Marie Forgie
- Physician, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Advocate Aurora Women's Health Care, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Katrina Nardini
- Associate Chief, Midwifery Division, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Nasia Safdar
- Professor, Infectious Disease, UW Madison School of Medicine. Madison WI, USA
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12
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Yadav M, Chauhan NS. Microbiome therapeutics: exploring the present scenario and challenges. Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf) 2021; 10:goab046. [PMID: 35382166 PMCID: PMC8972995 DOI: 10.1093/gastro/goab046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human gut-microbiome explorations have enriched our understanding of microbial colonization, maturation, and dysbiosis in health-and-disease subsets. The enormous metabolic potential of gut microbes and their role in the maintenance of human health is emerging, with new avenues to use them as therapeutic agents to overcome human disorders. Microbiome therapeutics are aimed at engineering the gut microbiome using additive, subtractive, or modulatory therapy with an application of native or engineered microbes, antibiotics, bacteriophages, and bacteriocins. This approach could overcome the limitation of conventional therapeutics by providing personalized, harmonized, reliable, and sustainable treatment. Its huge economic potential has been shown in the global therapeutics market. Despite the therapeutic and economical potential, microbiome therapeutics is still in the developing stage and is facing various technical and administrative issues that require research attention. This review aims to address the current knowledge and landscape of microbiome therapeutics, provides an overview of existing health-and-disease applications, and discusses the potential future directions of microbiome modulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Yadav
- Department of Biochemistry, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Nar Singh Chauhan
- Department of Biochemistry, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
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13
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Exploring the signature gut and oral microbiome in individuals of specific Ayurveda prakriti. J Biosci 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-021-00182-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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14
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Lum GR, Mercado V, van Ens D, Nizet V, Kimmey JM, Patras KA. Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1 Alpha Is Dispensable for Host Defense of Group B Streptococcus Colonization and Infection. J Innate Immun 2021; 13:391-403. [PMID: 34023827 PMCID: PMC8613573 DOI: 10.1159/000515739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is a leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality, and the primary source of exposure is the maternal vagina. Intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis for GBS-positive mothers has reduced the incidence of GBS early-onset disease, however, potential long-lasting influence of an antibiotic-altered neonatal microbiota, and the frequent clinical sequelae in survivors of invasive GBS infection, compels alternative treatment options for GBS. Here, we examined the role of transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α), widely recognized as a regulator of immune activation during infection, in the host response to GBS. Given the importance of endogenous HIF-1α for innate immune defense, and the potential utility of HIF-1α stabilization in promoting bacterial clearance, we hypothesized that HIF-1α could play an important role in coordinating host responses to GBS in colonization and systemic disease. Counter to our hypothesis, we found that GBS infection did not induce HIF-1α expression in vaginal epithelial cells or murine macrophages, nor did HIF-1α deficiency alter GBS colonization or pathogenesis in vivo. Furthermore, pharmacological enhancement of HIF-1α did not improve control of GBS in pathogenesis and colonization models, while displaying inhibitory effects in vaginal epithelial cytokines and immune cell killing in vitro. Taken together, we conclude that HIF-1α is not a prominent aspect of the host response to GBS colonization or invasive disease, and its pharmacological modulation is unlikely to provide significant benefit against this important neonatal pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory R Lum
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems & Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Vicki Mercado
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Diede van Ens
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems & Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Victor Nizet
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems & Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jacqueline M Kimmey
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems & Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, UC Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | - Kathryn A Patras
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems & Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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15
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Cornax I, Zulk J, Olson J, Fulde M, Nizet V, Patras KA. Novel Models of Streptococcus canis Colonization and Disease Reveal Modest Contributions of M-Like (SCM) Protein. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9010183. [PMID: 33467030 PMCID: PMC7829700 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9010183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus canis is a common colonizing bacterium of the urogenital tract of cats and dogs that can also cause invasive disease in these animal populations and in humans. Although the virulence mechanisms of S. canis are not well-characterized, an M-like protein, SCM, has recently identified been as a potential virulence factor. SCM is a surface-associated protein that binds to host plasminogen and IgGs suggesting its possible importance in host-pathogen interactions. In this study, we developed in vitro and ex vivo blood component models and murine models of S. canis vaginal colonization, systemic infection, and dermal infection to compare the virulence potential of the zoonotic S. canis vaginal isolate G361 and its isogenic SCM-deficient mutant (G361∆scm). We found that while S. canis establishes vaginal colonization and causes invasive disease in vivo, the contribution of the SCM protein to virulence phenotypes in these models is modest. We conclude that SCM is dispensable for invasive disease in murine models and for resistance to human blood components ex vivo, but may contribute to mucosal persistence, highlighting a potential contribution to the recently appreciated genetic diversity of SCM across strains and hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Cornax
- Department of Pediatrics, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (I.C.); (J.O.); (V.N.)
| | - Jacob Zulk
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Joshua Olson
- Department of Pediatrics, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (I.C.); (J.O.); (V.N.)
| | - Marcus Fulde
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre of Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Victor Nizet
- Department of Pediatrics, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (I.C.); (J.O.); (V.N.)
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kathryn A Patras
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
- Correspondence:
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16
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In vitro Interactions between Streptococcus intermedius and Streptococcus salivarius K12 on a Titanium Cylindrical Surface. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9121069. [PMID: 33419248 PMCID: PMC7765831 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9121069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Peri-implantitis is a steadily rising disease and is caused by oral bacterial pathogens able to form biofilm on implant surfaces and peri-implant tissues, making antibiotics treatment less effective. The use of commercial probiotics against oral pathogens could serve as an alternative to prevent biofilm formation. Streptococcus intermedius is one of the early colonizers of biofilm formation in dental implants. The aim of this study was to model the interaction between S. intermedius and Streptococcus salivarius strain K12, a probiotic bacterium producing bacteriocins. S. intermedius was co-cultured with S. salivarius K12 in an in vitro model simulating the biofilm formation in a dental implant composed by a titanium cylinder system. Biofilm formation rate was assessed by Real-Time PCR quantification of bacterial count and expression levels of luxS gene, used in response to cell density in the biofilm. Biofilm formation, bacteriocin production, luxS expression patterns were found to be already expressed within the first 12 h. More importantly, S. salivarius K12 was able to counter the biofilm formation in a titanium cylinder under the tested condition. In conclusion, our dental implant model may be useful for exploring probiotic-pathogen interaction to find an alternative to antibiotics for peri-implantitis treatment.
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17
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A TaqMan™-based quantitative PCR screening assay for the probiotic Streptococcus salivarius K12 based on the specific detection of its megaplasmid-associated salivaricin B locus. J Microbiol Methods 2020; 170:105837. [PMID: 31923428 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2020.105837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In order to assess the colonization efficacy of the oral probiotic Streptococcus salivarius K12, a rapid method for specific detection and enumeration of the strain was developed. Here, we describe a two-step TaqMan™ quantitative PCR assay using primer-probe combinations targeting genes of the locus encoding the lantibiotic bacteriocin salivaricin B.
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18
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Patras KA, Derieux J, Al-Bassam MM, Adiletta N, Vrbanac A, Lapek JD, Zengler K, Gonzalez DJ, Nizet V. Group B Streptococcus Biofilm Regulatory Protein A Contributes to Bacterial Physiology and Innate Immune Resistance. J Infect Dis 2019; 218:1641-1652. [PMID: 29868829 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Streptococcus agalactiae (group B Streptococcus [GBS]) asymptomatically colonizes approximately 20% of adults; however, GBS causes severe disease in susceptible populations, including newborns, pregnant women, and elderly individuals. In shifting between commensal and pathogenic states, GBS reveals multiple mechanisms of virulence factor control. Here we describe a GBS protein that we named "biofilm regulatory protein A" (BrpA) on the basis of its homology with BrpA from Streptococcus mutans. Methods We coupled phenotypic assays, RNA sequencing, human neutrophil and whole-blood killing assays, and murine infection models to investigate the contribution of BrpA to GBS physiology and virulence. Results Sequence analysis identified BrpA as a LytR-CpsA-Psr enzyme. Targeted mutagenesis yielded a GBS mutant (ΔbrpA) with normal ultrastructural morphology but a 6-fold increase in chain length, a biofilm defect, and decreased acid tolerance. GBS ΔbrpA stimulated increased neutrophil reactive oxygen species and proved more susceptible to human and murine blood and neutrophil killing. Notably, the wild-type parent outcompeted ΔbrpA GBS in murine sepsis and vaginal colonization models. RNA sequencing of ΔbrpA uncovered multiple differences from the wild-type parent, including pathways of cell wall synthesis and cellular metabolism. Conclusions We propose that BrpA is an important virulence regulator and potential target for design of novel antibacterial therapeutics against GBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A Patras
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Jaclyn Derieux
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Mahmoud M Al-Bassam
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Nichole Adiletta
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Alison Vrbanac
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla
| | - John D Lapek
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla.,Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Karsten Zengler
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla
| | - David J Gonzalez
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla.,Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Victor Nizet
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla.,Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla
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19
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Spencer BL, Deng L, Patras KA, Burcham ZM, Sanches GF, Nagao PE, Doran KS. Cas9 Contributes to Group B Streptococcal Colonization and Disease. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1930. [PMID: 31497003 PMCID: PMC6712506 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is a major opportunistic pathogen in certain adult populations, including pregnant women, and remains a leading etiologic agent of newborn disease. During pregnancy, GBS asymptomatically colonizes the vaginal tract of 20-30% of healthy women, but can be transmitted to the neonate in utero or during birth resulting in neonatal pneumonia, sepsis, meningitis, and subsequently 10-15% mortality regardless of antibiotic treatment. While various GBS virulence factors have been implicated in vaginal colonization and invasive disease, the regulation of many of these factors remains unclear. Recently, CRISPR-associated protein-9 (Cas9), an endonuclease known for its role in CRISPR/Cas immunity, has also been observed to modulate virulence in a number of bacterial pathogens. However, the role of Cas9 in GBS colonization and disease pathogenesis has not been well-studied. We performed allelic replacement of cas9 in GBS human clinical isolates of the hypervirulent sequence-type 17 strain lineage to generate isogenic Δcas9 mutants. Compared to parental strains, Δcas9 mutants were attenuated in murine models of hematogenous meningitis and vaginal colonization and exhibited significantly decreased invasion of human brain endothelium and adherence to vaginal epithelium. To determine if Cas9 alters transcription in GBS, we performed RNA-Seq analysis and found that 353 genes (>17% of the GBS genome) were differentially expressed between the parental WT and Δcas9 mutant strain. Significantly dysregulated genes included those encoding predicted virulence factors, metabolic factors, two-component systems (TCS), and factors important for cell wall formation. These findings were confirmed by qRT-PCR and suggest that Cas9 may regulate a significant portion of the GBS genome. We studied one of the TCS regulators, CiaR, that was significantly downregulated in the Δcas9 mutant strain. RNA-Seq analysis of the WT and ΔciaR strains demonstrated that almost all CiaR-regulated genes were also significantly regulated by Cas9, suggesting that Cas9 may modulate GBS gene expression through other regulators. Further we show that CiaR contributes to GBS vaginal colonization and persistence. Altogether, these data highlight the potential complexity and importance of the non-canonical function of Cas9 in GBS colonization and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brady L. Spencer
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Liwen Deng
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Kathryn A. Patras
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Zachary M. Burcham
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Glenda F. Sanches
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Roberto Alcântara Gomes Biology Institute, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Prescilla E. Nagao
- Roberto Alcântara Gomes Biology Institute, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Kelly S. Doran
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States
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20
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Hols P, Ledesma-García L, Gabant P, Mignolet J. Mobilization of Microbiota Commensals and Their Bacteriocins for Therapeutics. Trends Microbiol 2019; 27:690-702. [PMID: 30987817 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
With the specter of resurgence of pathogens due to the propagation of antibiotic-resistance genes, innovative antimicrobial strategies are needed. In this review, we summarize the beneficial aspects of bacteriocins, a set of miscellaneous peptide-based bacterium killers, compared with classical antibiotics, and emphasize their use in cocktails to curb the emergence of new resistance. We highlight that their prey spectrum, their molecular malleability, and their multiple modes of production might lead to specific and personalized treatments to prevent systemic disorders. Complementarily, we discuss how we might exploit prevailing bacterial commensals, such as Streptococcus salivarius, and deliberately mobilize their bacteriocin arsenal 'on site' to cure multiresistant infections or finely reshape the endogenous microbiota for prophylaxis purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Hols
- Biochemistry and Genetics of Microorganisms (BGM), Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology (LIBST), UCLouvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Laura Ledesma-García
- Biochemistry and Genetics of Microorganisms (BGM), Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology (LIBST), UCLouvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Philippe Gabant
- Syngulon, rue du Bois Saint-Jean 15/1, 4102, Seraing, Belgium
| | - Johann Mignolet
- Biochemistry and Genetics of Microorganisms (BGM), Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology (LIBST), UCLouvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; Syngulon, rue du Bois Saint-Jean 15/1, 4102, Seraing, Belgium.
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21
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Martín V, Cárdenas N, Ocaña S, Marín M, Arroyo R, Beltrán D, Badiola C, Fernández L, Rodríguez JM. Rectal and Vaginal Eradication of Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS) in Pregnant Women by Using Lactobacillus salivarius CECT 9145, A Target-specific Probiotic Strain. Nutrients 2019; 11:E810. [PMID: 30974819 PMCID: PMC6521265 DOI: 10.3390/nu11040810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococci, GBS) can cause severe neonatal sepsis. The recto-vaginal GBS screening of pregnant women and intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis (IAP) to positive ones is one of the main preventive options. However, such a strategy has some limitations and there is a need for alternative approaches. Initially, the vaginal microbiota of 30 non-pregnant and 24 pregnant women, including the assessment of GBS colonization, was studied. Among the Lactobacillus isolates, 10 Lactobacillus salivarius strains were selected for further characterization. In vitro characterization revealed that L. salivarius CECT 9145 was the best candidate for GBS eradication. Its efficacy to eradicate GBS from the intestinal and vaginal tracts of pregnant women was evaluated in a pilot trial involving 57 healthy pregnant women. All the volunteers in the probiotic group (n = 25) were GBS-positive and consumed ~9 log10 cfu of L. salivarius CECT 9145 daily from week 26 to week 38. At the end of the trial (week 38), 72% and 68% of the women in this group were GBS-negative in the rectal and vaginal samples, respectively. L. salivarius CECT 9145 seems to be an efficient method to reduce the number of GBS-positive women during pregnancy, decreasing the number of women receiving IAP during delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Martín
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Nivia Cárdenas
- Department of Galenic Pharmacy and Food Technology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Sara Ocaña
- Department of Galenic Pharmacy and Food Technology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
- Unidad de Reproducción, Fundación Hospital Alcorcón, 28922 Alcorcón, Spain.
| | - María Marín
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Rebeca Arroyo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - David Beltrán
- Centro de Diagnóstico Médico, Ayuntamiento de Madrid, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Carlos Badiola
- Laboratorios Casen Recordati S.L., Vía de las Dos Castillas, 33, 28224 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Leónides Fernández
- Department of Galenic Pharmacy and Food Technology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Juan M Rodríguez
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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22
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Humphreys GJ, McBain AJ. Antagonistic effects of Streptococcus and Lactobacillus probiotics in pharyngeal biofilms. Lett Appl Microbiol 2019; 68:303-312. [PMID: 30776138 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Direct antagonism towards pathogens including Streptococcus pyogenes is a proposed mechanism of pharyngeal probiosis but off-target effects on the symbiotic microbiota of the throat are possible and may be beneficial, harmful or neutral. We have assessed the bacteriological effects of two candidate Lactobacillus probiotics and the established pharyngeal probiotic Streptococcus salivarius K12. Antagonism towards S. pyogenes and potential off-target effects were determined using sessile monospecies biofilms and pharyngeal microcosms, respectively. The candidate probiotics were antagonistic towards S. pyogenes (rank order of increasing potency, Lactobacillus acidophilus < Lactobacillus plantarum < Streptococcus salivarius) in the absence of significant acidification or cell-cell contact. Streptococcus salivarius and L. plantarum caused significant reductions in viable counts of streptococci in pharyngeal microbiotas, whilst S. salivarius also caused reductions in staphylococci. In contrast, changes in pharyngeal eubacterial DNA profiles were limited overall. In summary, the three candidate probiotics suppressed axenic Streptococcus pyogenes biofilms by mechanisms that did not depend on cell-cell contact or acidification and did not markedly destabilize complex pharyngeal microbiotas derived from healthy individuals. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Candidate probiotic bacteria deployed to prevent or treat bacterial pharyngitis will interact with the target bacteria such as Streptococcus pyogenes as well as with the microbiota of the throat, where off-target effects are possible. Three candidate probiotics Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus plantarum and Streptococcus salivarius reduced viability within extant S. pyogenes biofilms through the elaboration of diffusible factors other than fermentation acids but did not markedly disrupt ex situ pharyngeal microcosms. This work demonstrates the application of in vitro pharyngeal models in the preclinical testing of the safety and efficacy of candidate pharyngeal probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Humphreys
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - A J McBain
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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23
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Damaceno QS, Souza JP, Nicoli JR, Paula RL, Assis GB, Figueiredo HC, Azevedo V, Martins FS. Evaluation of Potential Probiotics Isolated from Human Milk and Colostrum. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2018; 9:371-379. [PMID: 28374172 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-017-9270-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated a diversity of bacterial species in human milk, even in aseptically collected samples. The present study evaluated potential probiotic bacteria isolated from human milk and associated maternal variables. Milk samples were collected from 47 healthy women and cultured on selective and universal agar media under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Bacterial isolates were counted and identified by Biotyper Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight mass spectrometry and then tested for probiotic properties. Total bacteria in human milk ranged from 1.5 to 4.0 log10 CFU/mL. The higher bacterial counts were found in colostrum (mean = 3.9 log10 CFU/mL, 95% CI 3.14-4.22, p = 0.00001). The most abundant species was Staphylococcus epidermidis (n = 76). The potential probiotic candidates were Lactobacillus gasseri (n = 4), Bifidobacterium breve (n = 1), and Streptococcus salivarius (n = 4). Despite the small sample size, L. gasseri was isolated only in breast milk from mothers classified into a normal weight range and after a vaginally delivered partum. No potential probiotics showed antagonism against pathogens, but all of them agglutinated different pathogens. Nine bacterial isolates belonging to the species L. gasseri, B. breve, and S. salivarius were selected as potential probiotics. The present study confirms the presence in breast milk of a bacterial microbiota that could be the source of potential probiotic candidates to be used in the formula of simulated maternal milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quésia S Damaceno
- Laboratory of Biotherapeutic Agents, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline P Souza
- Laboratory of Biotherapeutic Agents, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Jacques R Nicoli
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Physiology, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Raquel L Paula
- Neonatology, Hospital Sofia Feldman, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Gabriela B Assis
- AQUACEN, National Reference Laboratory for Aquatic Animal Diseases, Ministry of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Henrique C Figueiredo
- AQUACEN, National Reference Laboratory for Aquatic Animal Diseases, Ministry of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Vasco Azevedo
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Genetics, Department of General Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Flaviano S Martins
- Laboratory of Biotherapeutic Agents, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. .,Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Physiology, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. .,Laboratório de Agentes Bioterapêuticos, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, C.P. 486, Pampulha - Campus UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil.
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24
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Surface proteins involved in the adhesion of Streptococcus salivarius to human intestinal epithelial cells. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:2851-2865. [PMID: 29442170 PMCID: PMC5847202 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8794-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The adhesion properties of 14 Streptococcus salivarius strains to mucus (HT29-MTX) and non-mucus secreting (Caco-2/TC7) human intestinal epithelial cells were investigated. Ability to adhere to these two eukaryotic cell lines greatly differs between strains. The presence of mucus played a major factor in adhesion, likely due to high adhesiveness to mucins present in the native human mucus layer covering the whole cell surface. Only one S. salivarius strain (F6-1), isolated from the feces of a healthy baby, was found to strongly adhere to HT-29 MTX cells at a level comparable to that of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, a probiotic strain considered to be highly adherent. By sequencing the genome of F6-1, we were able to identify 36 genes encoding putative surface proteins. Deletion mutants were constructed for six of them and their adhesion abilities on HT-29 MTX cells were checked. Our study confirmed that four of these genes encode adhesins involved in the adhesion of S. salivarius to host cells. Such adhesins were also identified in other S. salivarius strains.
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25
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Bardanzellu F, Fanos V, Strigini FAL, Artini PG, Peroni DG. Human Breast Milk: Exploring the Linking Ring Among Emerging Components. Front Pediatr 2018; 6:215. [PMID: 30131948 PMCID: PMC6091001 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2018.00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal breast milk (BM) is a complex and unique fluid that evolution adapted to satisfy neonatal needs; in addition to classical nutrients, it contains several bioactive components. BM characteristically shows inter-individual variability, modifying its composition during different phases of lactation. BM composition, determining important consequences on neonatal gut colonization, influences both short and long-term development. Maternal milk can also shape neonatal microbiota, through its glycobiome rich in Lactobacilli spp. and Bifidobacteria spp. Therefore, neonatal nourishment during the first months of life seems the most important determinant of individual's outcomes. Our manuscript aims to provide new evidence in the characterization of BM metabolome and microbiome, and its comparison to formula milk, allowing the evaluation of each nutrient's influence on neonatal metabolism. This result very interesting since potentially offers an innovative approach to investigate the complex relationship between BM components and infant's health, also providing the chance to intervene in a sartorial way on diet composition, according to the nutritional requests. Future research, integrating metabolomics, microbiomics and stem cells knowledge, could make significant steps forward in understanding BM extraordinary properties and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flaminia Bardanzellu
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Neonatal Pathology and Neonatal Section, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Cagliari, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Vassilios Fanos
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Neonatal Pathology and Neonatal Section, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Cagliari, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Paolo G Artini
- Gynecology and Obstetrics, Università degli Studi di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Diego G Peroni
- Section of Pediatric, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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26
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Patras KA, Nizet V. Group B Streptococcal Maternal Colonization and Neonatal Disease: Molecular Mechanisms and Preventative Approaches. Front Pediatr 2018; 6:27. [PMID: 29520354 PMCID: PMC5827363 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2018.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Group B Streptococcus (GBS) colonizes the gastrointestinal and vaginal epithelium of a significant percentage of healthy women, with potential for ascending intrauterine infection or transmission during parturition, creating a risk of serious disease in the vulnerable newborn. This review highlights new insights on the bacterial virulence determinants, host immune responses, and microbiome interactions that underpin GBS vaginal colonization, the proximal step in newborn infectious disease pathogenesis. From the pathogen perspective, the function GBS adhesins and biofilms, β-hemolysin/cytolysin toxin, immune resistance factors, sialic acid mimicry, and two-component transcriptional regulatory systems are reviewed. From the host standpoint, pathogen recognition, cytokine responses, and the vaginal mucosal and placental immunity to the pathogen are detailed. Finally, the rationale, efficacy, and potential unintended consequences of current universal recommended intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis are considered, with updates on new developments toward a GBS vaccine or alternative approaches to reducing vaginal colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A Patras
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems & Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Victor Nizet
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems & Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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Abstract
The reproductive tract of females lies at the core of humanity. The immensely complex process that leads to successful reproduction is miraculous yet invariably successful. Microorganisms have always been a cause for concern for their ability to infect this region, yet it is other, nonpathogenic microbial constituents now uncovered by sequencing technologies that offer hope for improving health. The universality of Lactobacillus species being associated with health is the basis for therapeutic opportunities, including through engineered strains. The manipulation of these and other beneficial constituents of the microbiota and their functionality, as well as their metabolites, forms the basis for new diagnostics and interventions. Within 20 years, we should see significant improvements in how cervicovaginal health is restored and maintained, thus providing relief to the countless women who suffer from microbiota-associated disorders.
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28
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Kolter J, Henneke P. Codevelopment of Microbiota and Innate Immunity and the Risk for Group B Streptococcal Disease. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1497. [PMID: 29209311 PMCID: PMC5701622 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of neonatal late-onset sepsis (LOD), which manifests between the third day and the third month of life, remains poorly understood. Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is the most important cause of LOD in infants without underlying diseases or prematurity and the third most frequent cause of meningitis in the Western world. On the other hand, GBS is a common intestinal colonizer in infants. Accordingly, despite its adaption to the human lower gastrointestinal tract, GBS has retained its potential virulence and its transition from a commensal to a dangerous pathogen is unpredictable in the individual. Several cellular innate immune mechanisms, in particular Toll-like receptors, the inflammasome and the cGAS pathway, are engaged by GBS effectors like nucleic acids. These are likely to impact on the GBS-specific host resistance. Given the long evolution of streptococci as a normal constituent of the human microbiota, the emergence of GBS as the dominant neonatal sepsis cause just about 50 years ago is remarkable. It appears that intensive usage of tetracycline starting in the 1940s has been a selection advantage for the currently dominant GBS clones with superior adhesive and invasive properties. The historical replacement of Group A by Group B streptococci as a leading neonatal pathogen and the higher frequency of other β-hemolytic streptococci in areas with low GBS prevalence suggests the existence of a confined streptococcal niche, where locally competing streptococcal species are subject to environmental and immunological selection pressure. Thus, it seems pivotal to resolve neonatal innate immunity at mucous surfaces and its impact on microbiome composition and quality, i.e., genetic heterogeneity and metabolism, at the microanatomical level. Then, designer pro- and prebiotics, such as attenuated strains of GBS, and oligonucleotide priming of mucosal immunity may unfold their potential and facilitate adaptation of potentially hazardous streptococci as part of a beneficial local microbiome, which is stabilized by mucocutaneous innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kolter
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Henneke
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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29
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Kiseki H, Tsukahara Y, Tajima N, Tanaka A, Horimoto A, Hashimura N. Influence of co-infection complicated with human papillomavirus on cervical intraepithelial neoplasia development in patients with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance. J Infect Chemother 2017; 23:814-819. [PMID: 28923300 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIM Human papillomaviruses (HPV) infection is a primary cause of the development of cervical precancerous lesions and cervical cancer. However, the influence of other infections on intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) development has not been fully elucidated. We evaluated the association between co-infection and CIN development in subjects with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS). METHOD Data for ASCUS subjects who had undergone testing for high risk HPV (HR-HPV) and pathological diagnosis were analyzed. From the CIN grade, HR-HPV and vaginal infection (VI) data, both the relationship between HPV infection and CIN development and the influence of co-infection on CIN were retrospectively evaluated. RESULTS Data for 56 ASCUS subjects who had undergone HR-HPV testing and cytological diagnosis were analyzed. Positive rates were HPV (73.2%), HPV16 (21.4%), HPV18 (7.1%), and HPV16 and/or 18 (26.8%). Seventeen of the subjects were diagnosed as having one or more VI pathogen; the major pathogens found were Candida spp., Gardnerella vaginalis, group B streptococcus, coagulase negative Staphylococcus, and Chlamydia trachomatis. The rate of CIN 2 or worse (≥CIN 2) was significantly higher in subjects positive for HPV16 compared with HPV negative subjects, and was significantly higher in subjects with a VI complicated with HPV compared to those without a VI. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis identified positive for HPV16 and/or 18 and positive for VI to be significant variables for ≥ CIN 2. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that having a vaginal infection complicated with HR-HPV affects the development of CIN in subjects with ASCUS cytology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisami Kiseki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kohseichuo General Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yutaka Tsukahara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kohseichuo General Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Natsumi Tajima
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kohseichuo General Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayako Tanaka
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kohseichuo General Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aya Horimoto
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kohseichuo General Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naohiko Hashimura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kohseichuo General Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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30
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Evivie SE, Li B, Ding X, Meng Y, Yu S, Du J, Xu M, Li W, Jin D, Huo G, Liu F. Complete Genome Sequence of Streptococcus thermophilus KLDS 3.1003, A Strain with High Antimicrobial Potential against Foodborne and Vaginal Pathogens. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1238. [PMID: 28744258 PMCID: PMC5504653 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria play increasingly important roles in the food industry. Streptococcus thermophilus KLDS 3.1003 strain was isolated from traditional yogurt in Inner Mongolia, China. It has shown high antimicrobial activity against selected foodborne and vaginal pathogens. In this study, we investigated and analyzed its complete genome sequence. The S. thermophilus KLDS 3.1003 genome comprise of a 1,899,956 bp chromosome with a G+C content of 38.92%, 1,995 genes, and 6 rRNAs. With the exception of S. thermophilus M17TZA496, S. thermophilus KLDS 3.1003 has more tRNAs (amino acid coding genes) compared to some S. thermophilus strains available on the National Centre for Biotechnology Information database. MG-RAST annotation showed that this strain has 317 subsystems with most genes associated with amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism. This strain also has a unique EPS gene cluster containing 23 genes, and may be a mixed dairy starter culture. This information provides more insight into the molecular basis of its potentials for further applications in the dairy and allied industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smith E Evivie
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Sciences, Northeast Agricultural UniversityHarbin, China.,Food Science and Nutrition Unit, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of BeninBenin City, Nigeria
| | - Bailiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Sciences, Northeast Agricultural UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Xiuyun Ding
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Sciences, Northeast Agricultural UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Yueyue Meng
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Sciences, Northeast Agricultural UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Shangfu Yu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Sciences, Northeast Agricultural UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Jincheng Du
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Sciences, Northeast Agricultural UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Min Xu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Sciences, Northeast Agricultural UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Wan Li
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Sciences, Northeast Agricultural UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Da Jin
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Sciences, Northeast Agricultural UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Guicheng Huo
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Sciences, Northeast Agricultural UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Sciences, Northeast Agricultural UniversityHarbin, China
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31
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Vornhagen J, Adams Waldorf KM, Rajagopal L. Perinatal Group B Streptococcal Infections: Virulence Factors, Immunity, and Prevention Strategies. Trends Microbiol 2017. [PMID: 28633864 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2017.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Group B streptococcus (GBS) or Streptococcus agalactiae is a β-hemolytic, Gram-positive bacterium that is a leading cause of neonatal infections. GBS commonly colonizes the lower gastrointestinal and genital tracts and, during pregnancy, neonates are at risk of infection. Although intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis during labor and delivery has decreased the incidence of early-onset neonatal infection, these measures do not prevent ascending infection that can occur earlier in pregnancy leading to preterm births, stillbirths, or late-onset neonatal infections. Prevention of GBS infection in pregnancy is complex and is likely influenced by multiple factors, including pathogenicity, host factors, vaginal microbiome, false-negative screening, and/or changes in antibiotic resistance. A deeper understanding of the mechanisms of GBS infections during pregnancy will facilitate the development of novel therapeutics and vaccines. Here, we summarize and discuss important advancements in our understanding of GBS vaginal colonization, ascending infection, and preterm birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Vornhagen
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kristina M Adams Waldorf
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lakshmi Rajagopal
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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32
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Gurbanov R, Yıldız F. MOLECULAR PROFILE OF ORAL PROBIOTIC BACTERIA TO BE USED WITH FUNCTIONAL FOODS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.3153/jfhs17015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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33
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Abstract
Streptococcus agalactiae (group B Streptococcus, GBS), is a Gram-positive, asymptomatic colonizer of the human gastrointestinal tract and vaginal tract of 10 - 30% of adults. In immune-compromised individuals, including neonates, pregnant women, and the elderly, GBS may switch to an invasive pathogen causing sepsis, arthritis, pneumonia, and meningitis. Because GBS is a leading bacterial pathogen of neonates, current prophylaxis is comprised of late gestation screening for GBS vaginal colonization and subsequent peripartum antibiotic treatment of GBS-positive mothers. Heavy GBS vaginal burden is a risk factor for both neonatal disease and colonization. Unfortunately, little is known about the host and bacterial factors that promote or permit GBS vaginal colonization. This protocol describes a technique for establishing persistent GBS vaginal colonization using a single β-estradiol pre-treatment and daily sampling to determine bacterial load. It further details methods to administer additional therapies or reagents of interest and to collect vaginal lavage fluid and reproductive tract tissues. This mouse model will further the understanding of the GBS-host interaction within the vaginal environment, which will lead to potential therapeutic targets to control maternal vaginal colonization during pregnancy and to prevent transmission to the vulnerable newborn. It will also be of interest to increase our understanding of general bacterial-host interactions in the female vaginal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A Patras
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Host-Microbe Systems & Therapeutics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine
| | - Kelly S Doran
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Host-Microbe Systems & Therapeutics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine; Department of Biology and Center for Microbial Sciences, San Diego State University;
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Hegarty JW, Guinane CM, Ross RP, Hill C, Cotter PD. Bacteriocin production: a relatively unharnessed probiotic trait? F1000Res 2016; 5:2587. [PMID: 27853525 PMCID: PMC5089130 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.9615.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Probiotics are “live microorganisms which, when consumed in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit to the host”. A number of attributes are highly sought after among these microorganisms, including immunomodulation, epithelial barrier maintenance, competitive exclusion, production of short-chain fatty acids, and bile salt metabolism. Bacteriocin production is also generally regarded as a probiotic trait, but it can be argued that, in contrast to other traits, it is often considered a feature that is desirable, rather than a key probiotic trait. As such, the true potential of these antimicrobials has yet to be realised.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Hegarty
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland; Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - R Paul Ross
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Colin Hill
- Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Paul D Cotter
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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35
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Manning J, Dunne EM, Wescombe PA, Hale JDF, Mulholland EK, Tagg JR, Robins-Browne RM, Satzke C. Investigation of Streptococcus salivarius-mediated inhibition of pneumococcal adherence to pharyngeal epithelial cells. BMC Microbiol 2016; 16:225. [PMID: 27681377 PMCID: PMC5041332 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-016-0843-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pneumococcal adherence to the nasopharyngeal epithelium is a critical step in colonisation and disease. The probiotic bacterium, Streptococcus salivarius, can inhibit pneumococcal adherence to epithelial cells in vitro. We investigated the mechanism(s) of inhibition using a human pharyngeal epithelial cell line (Detroit 562) following pre-administration of two different strains of S. salivarius. Results Whilst the bacteriocin-encoding megaplasmids of S. salivarius strains K12 and M18 were essential to prevent pneumococcal growth on solid media, they were not required to inhibit pneumococcal adherence. Experiments testing S. salivarius K12 and two pneumococcal isolates (serotypes 19F and 6A) showed that inhibition of 19F may involve S. salivarius-mediated blocking of pneumococcal binding sites: a negative correlation was observed between adherence of K12 and 19F, and no inhibition occurred when K12 was prevented from contacting epithelial cells. K12-mediated inhibition of adherence by 6A may involve additional mechanisms, since no correlation was observed between adherence of K12 and 6A, and K12 could inhibit 6A adherence in the absence of cell contact. Conclusions These results suggest that S. salivarius employs several mechanisms, including blocking pneumococcal binding sites, to reduce pneumococcal adherence to pharyngeal epithelial cells. These findings extend our understanding of how probiotics may inhibit pneumococcal adherence and could assist with the development of novel strategies to prevent pneumococcal colonisation in the future. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-016-0843-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayne Manning
- Pneumococcal Research, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Eileen M Dunne
- Pneumococcal Research, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | | | | | - E Kim Mulholland
- Pneumococcal Research, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - John R Tagg
- Blis Technologies Ltd, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Roy M Robins-Browne
- Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Catherine Satzke
- Pneumococcal Research, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia. .,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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