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Popoff MR. Overview of Bacterial Protein Toxins from Pathogenic Bacteria: Mode of Action and Insights into Evolution. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:182. [PMID: 38668607 PMCID: PMC11054074 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16040182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacterial protein toxins are secreted by certain bacteria and are responsible for mild to severe diseases in humans and animals. They are among the most potent molecules known, which are active at very low concentrations. Bacterial protein toxins exhibit a wide diversity based on size, structure, and mode of action. Upon recognition of a cell surface receptor (protein, glycoprotein, and glycolipid), they are active either at the cell surface (signal transduction, membrane damage by pore formation, or hydrolysis of membrane compound(s)) or intracellularly. Various bacterial protein toxins have the ability to enter cells, most often using an endocytosis mechanism, and to deliver the effector domain into the cytosol, where it interacts with an intracellular target(s). According to the nature of the intracellular target(s) and type of modification, various cellular effects are induced (cell death, homeostasis modification, cytoskeleton alteration, blockade of exocytosis, etc.). The various modes of action of bacterial protein toxins are illustrated with representative examples. Insights in toxin evolution are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel R Popoff
- Unité des Toxines Bactériennes, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 2001 INSERM U1306, F-75015 Paris, France
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Dominguez SR, Doan PN, Rivera-Chávez F. The intersection between host-pathogen interactions and metabolism during Vibrio cholerae infection. Curr Opin Microbiol 2024; 77:102421. [PMID: 38215547 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2023.102421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae (V. cholerae), the etiological agent of cholera, uses cholera toxin (CT) to cause severe diarrheal disease. Cholera is still a significant cause of mortality worldwide with about half of all cholera cases and deaths occurring in children under five. Owing to the lack of cost-effective vaccination and poor vaccine efficacy in children, there is a need for alternative preventative and therapeutic strategies. Recent advances in our knowledge of the interplay between CT-induced disease and host-pathogen metabolism have opened the door for investigating how modulation of intestinal metabolism by V. cholerae during disease impacts host intestinal immunity, the gut microbiota, and pathogen-phage interactions. In this review article, we examine recent progress in our understanding of host-pathogen interactions during V. cholerae infection and discuss future work deciphering how modulation of gut metabolism during cholera intersects these processes to enable successful fecal-oral transmission of the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedelia R Dominguez
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Phillip N Doan
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Fabian Rivera-Chávez
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Monira S, Barman I, Jubyda FT, Ali SI, Islam A, Rahman KMZ, Rashid MU, Johura FT, Sultana M, Zohura F, Bhuyian SI, Parvin T, Sack D, Ahmed T, Saif-Ur-Rahman KM, Hossain M, Watanabe H, George CM, Alam M. Gut microbiota shifts favorably with delivery of handwashing with soap and water treatment intervention in a prospective cohort (CHoBI7 trial). JOURNAL OF HEALTH, POPULATION, AND NUTRITION 2023; 42:146. [PMID: 38129922 PMCID: PMC10740293 DOI: 10.1186/s41043-023-00477-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholera can result in the expulsion of important microbiota from the gut and result in death if left untreated. The disease transmits mainly via drinking water carrying Vibrio cholerae; and household contacts (HHC) of cholera patients are at elevated risk during the first week of infection. The gut microbiota profiles of HHC-children of cholera patients at Dhaka city slums were investigated before (day 0) and after (day 8) delivery of chlorinated water as part of the major study 'CHoBI7 trial (cholera-hospital-based intervention for 7 days)'. RESULT Results of sequencing and analysis of bacterial community DNA revealed the predominance of two bacterial phyla: Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes at day 0 with a relative abundance of 62 ± 6 (mean ± SEM%) and 32 ± 7, respectively. The pattern reversed at day 8 with a decreased relative abundance of Bacteroidetes (39 ± 12; p = 0.034) and an increased abundance of Firmicutes (49 ± 12; p = 0.057). Of 65 bacterial families confirmed at day 0, six belonging to Proteobacteria including Vibrionaceae disappeared at day 8. Interestingly, the relative abundance of four Firmicutes families-Lachnospiraceae, Bifidobacteriaceae, Clostridiaceae, and Ruminococcaceae was increased in all five study children at day 8. CONCLUSION The observed exclusion of pathogenic Proteobacteria and enhancement of beneficial Firmicutes in the gut of children delivered with chlorinated water as part of WASH intervention reflect a great promise of the CHoBI7 program in preventing cholera and improving child health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirajum Monira
- Molecular Ecology and Metagenomics Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b, (International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research Bangladesh), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Indrajeet Barman
- Molecular Ecology and Metagenomics Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b, (International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research Bangladesh), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Fatema Tuz Jubyda
- Molecular Ecology and Metagenomics Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b, (International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research Bangladesh), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sk Imran Ali
- Molecular Ecology and Metagenomics Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b, (International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research Bangladesh), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Aminul Islam
- Molecular Ecology and Metagenomics Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b, (International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research Bangladesh), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Kazi Mohammad Zillur Rahman
- Molecular Ecology and Metagenomics Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b, (International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research Bangladesh), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mahamud-Ur Rashid
- Molecular Ecology and Metagenomics Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b, (International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research Bangladesh), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Fatema-Tuz Johura
- Molecular Ecology and Metagenomics Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b, (International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research Bangladesh), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Marzia Sultana
- Molecular Ecology and Metagenomics Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b, (International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research Bangladesh), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Fatema Zohura
- Molecular Ecology and Metagenomics Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b, (International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research Bangladesh), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sazzadul Islam Bhuyian
- Molecular Ecology and Metagenomics Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b, (International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research Bangladesh), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tahmina Parvin
- Molecular Ecology and Metagenomics Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b, (International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research Bangladesh), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - David Sack
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tahmeed Ahmed
- Molecular Ecology and Metagenomics Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b, (International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research Bangladesh), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - K M Saif-Ur-Rahman
- Molecular Ecology and Metagenomics Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b, (International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research Bangladesh), Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Evidence Synthesis Ireland and Cochrane Ireland, College of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Maqsud Hossain
- NSU Genome Research Institute, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Haruo Watanabe
- National Institutes of Infectious Diseases (NIID), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Christine Marie George
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Munirul Alam
- Molecular Ecology and Metagenomics Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b, (International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research Bangladesh), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
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