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Lu X, Zhu M, Zhao L, Qi F, Zou H, He P, Zhou H, Shi K, Du J. 68Ga-labeled WVP peptide as a novel PET probe for molecular biological diagnosis of unstable thoracic aortic aneurysm and early dissection: an animal study. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1048927. [PMID: 37378402 PMCID: PMC10291320 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1048927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Type IV collagen (Col-IV) is a prospective biomarker for diagnosing and treating of unstable thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection (TAAD). This study aims to evaluate the feasibility of 68Ga-labeled WVP peptide (68Ga-DOTA-WVP) as a novel Col-IV-targeted probe for TAAD biological diagnosis using PET/CT. Methods WVP peptide was modified with bifunctional chelator DOTA for 68Ga radiolabeling. Immunohistochemical staining was used to evaluate the expression and location of Col-IV and elastin in aortas treated with 3-aminopropionitrile fumarate (BAPN) at different time points (0, 2, and 4 weeks). The imaging performance of 68Ga-DOTA-WVP was investigated using Micro-PET/CT in a BAPN-induced TAAD mouse model. The relationship between 68Ga-DOTA-WVP uptake in aortic lesions and the serum levels of TAAD-related biomarkers including D-dimer, C-reactive protein (CRP), and serum soluble suppression of tumorigenicity-2 (sST2) was also analyzed. Results 68Ga-DOTA-WVP was readily prepared with high radiochemical purity and stability in vitro. 68Ga-DOTA-WVP Micro-PET/CT could detect Col-IV exposure of unstable aneurysms and early dissection in BAPN-induced TAAD mice, but little 68Ga-DOTA-WVP uptake was shown in the control group at each imaging time point. The differences of Col-IV expression and distribution of 68Ga-DOTA-WVP both in TAAD and control groups further verified the imaging efficiency of 68Ga-DOTA-WVP PET/CT. Additionally, a higher sST2 level was found in the imaging positive (n = 14) than the negative (n = 8) group (9.60 ± 1.14 vs. 8.44 ± 0.52, P = 0.014). Conclusion 68Ga-DOTA-WVP could trace the exposure and abnormal deposition of Col-IV in enlarged and early injured aortas, showing a potential for biological diagnosis, whole-body screening, and progression monitoring of TAAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Lu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital, Yangzhou, China
| | - Meilin Zhu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Lingzhou Zhao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Feiran Qi
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Heng Zou
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Cellomics (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, China
| | - Peng He
- Department of Medical Research, Xiangpeng Youkang (Beijing) Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Haizhong Zhou
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital, Yangzhou, China
| | - Kuangyu Shi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jie Du
- Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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2
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Wang L, Feng J, Deng Y, Yang Q, Wei Q, Ye D, Rong X, Guo J. CCAAT/Enhancer-Binding Proteins in Fibrosis: Complex Roles Beyond Conventional Understanding. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2022; 2022:9891689. [PMID: 36299447 PMCID: PMC9575473 DOI: 10.34133/2022/9891689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins (C/EBPs) are a family of at least six identified transcription factors that contain a highly conserved basic leucine zipper domain and interact selectively with duplex DNA to regulate target gene expression. C/EBPs play important roles in various physiological processes, and their abnormal function can lead to various diseases. Recently, accumulating evidence has demonstrated that aberrant C/EBP expression or activity is closely associated with the onset and progression of fibrosis in several organs and tissues. During fibrosis, various C/EBPs can exert distinct functions in the same organ, while the same C/EBP can exert distinct functions in different organs. Modulating C/EBP expression or activity could regulate various molecular processes to alleviate fibrosis in multiple organs; therefore, novel C/EBPs-based therapeutic methods for treating fibrosis have attracted considerable attention. In this review, we will explore the features of C/EBPs and their critical functions in fibrosis in order to highlight new avenues for the development of novel therapies targeting C/EBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lexun Wang
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, China
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease Prevention and Treatment of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaojiao Feng
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, China
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease Prevention and Treatment of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanyue Deng
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, China
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease Prevention and Treatment of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qianqian Yang
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, China
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease Prevention and Treatment of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Quxing Wei
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, China
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease Prevention and Treatment of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dewei Ye
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, China
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease Prevention and Treatment of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianglu Rong
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, China
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease Prevention and Treatment of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiao Guo
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, China
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease Prevention and Treatment of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
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3
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He X, Liang Y, LaValley MP, Lai J, Ingalls RR. Comparative analysis of the growth and biological activity of a respiratory and atheroma isolate of Chlamydia pneumoniae reveals strain-dependent differences in inflammatory activity and innate immune evasion. BMC Microbiol 2015; 15:228. [PMID: 26494400 PMCID: PMC4619265 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-015-0569-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chlamydia pneumoniae is a common human pathogen that is associated with upper and lower respiratory tract infections. It has also been suggested that C. pneumoniae infection can trigger or promote a number of chronic inflammatory conditions, including asthma and atherosclerosis. Several strains of C. pneumoniae have been isolated from humans and animals, and sequence data demonstrates marked genetic conservation, leaving unanswered the question as to why chronic inflammatory conditions may occur following some respiratory-acquired infections. Methods C. pneumoniae strains AR39 and AO3 were used in vitro to infect murine bone marrow derived macrophages and L929 fibroblasts, or in vivo to infect C57BL/6 mice via the intranasal route. Results We undertook a comparative study of a respiratory isolate, AR39, and an atheroma isolate, AO3, to determine if bacterial growth and host responses to infection varied between these two strains. We observed differential growth depending on the host cell type and the growth temperature; however both strains were capable of forming plaques in vitro. The host response to the respiratory isolate was found to be more inflammatory both in vitro, in terms of inflammatory cytokine induction, and in vivo, as measured by clinical response and lung inflammatory markers using a mouse model of respiratory infection. Conclusions Our data demonstrates that a subset of C. pneumoniae strains is capable of evading host innate immune defenses during the acute respiratory infection. Further studies on the genetic basis for these differences on both the host and pathogen side could enhance our understanding how C. pneumoniae contributes to the development chronic inflammation at local and distant sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianbao He
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA. .,Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Yanmei Liang
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Michael P LaValley
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Juying Lai
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Robin R Ingalls
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA. .,Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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Kalderén C, Stadler C, Forsgren M, Kvastad L, Johansson E, Sydow-Bäckman M, Svensson Gelius S. CCL2 mediates anti-fibrotic effects in human fibroblasts independently of CCR2. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 20:66-73. [PMID: 24583146 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CCL2 is known for its major role as a chemoattractant of monocytes for immunological surveillance and to site of inflammation. CCL2 acts mainly through the G-protein-coupled receptor CCR2 but has also been described to mediate its effects independently of this receptor in vitro and in vivo. Emerging pieces of evidence indicate that the CCL2/CCR2 axis is involved in fibrotic diseases, such as increased plasma levels of CCL2 and the presence of CCL2-hyperresponsive fibroblasts explanted from patients with systemic sclerosis and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. One of the profibrotic key mediators is the myofibroblast characterized by overexpression of α-smooth muscle actin and collagen I. However, the correlation between the CCL2/CCR2 axis and the activation of fibroblasts is not yet fully understood. We have screened human fibroblasts of various origins, human pulmonary fibroblasts (HPF), human fetal lung fibroblasts (HFL-1) and primary preadipocytes (SPF-1) in regard to CCL2 stimulated fibrotic responses. Surprisingly we found that CCL2 mediates anti-fibrotic effects independently of CCR2 in human fibroblasts of different origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Kalderén
- Swedish Orphan Biovitrum AB, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Charlotte Stadler
- Science for Life Laboratory, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Linda Kvastad
- Science for Life Laboratory, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elin Johansson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden
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He X, Berland R, Mekasha S, Christensen TG, Alroy J, Kramnik I, Ingalls RR. The sst1 resistance locus regulates evasion of type I interferon signaling by Chlamydia pneumoniae as a disease tolerance mechanism. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003569. [PMID: 24009502 PMCID: PMC3757055 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The sst1, “supersusceptibility to tuberculosis,” locus has previously been shown to be a genetic determinant of host resistance to infection with the intracellular pathogen, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Chlamydia pneumoniae is an obligate intracellular bacterium associated with community acquired pneumonia, and chronic infection with C. pneumoniae has been linked to asthma and atherosclerosis. C. pneumoniae is a highly adapted pathogen that can productively infect macrophages and inhibit host cell apoptosis. Here we examined the role of sst1 in regulating the host response to infection with C. pneumoniae. Although mice carrying the sst1 susceptible (sst1S) locus were not impaired in their ability to clear the acute infection, they were dramatically less tolerant of the induced immune response, displaying higher clinical scores, more severe lung inflammation, exaggerated macrophage and neutrophil influx, and the development of fibrosis compared to wild type mice. This correlated with increased activated caspase-3 in the lungs of infected sst1S mice. Infection of sst1S macrophages with C. pneumoniae resulted in a shift in the secreted cytokine profile towards enhanced production of interferon-β and interleukin-10, and induced apoptotic cell death, which was dependent on secretion of interferon-β. Intriguingly macrophages from the sst1S mice failed to support normal chlamydial growth, resulting in arrested development and failure of the organism to complete its infectious cycle. We conclude that the sst1 locus regulates a shared macrophage-mediated innate defense mechanism against diverse intracellular bacterial pathogens. Its susceptibility allele leads to upregulation of type I interferon pathway, which, in the context of C. pneumoniae, results in decreased tolerance, but not resistance, to the infection. Further dissection of the relationship between type I interferons and host tolerance during infection with intracellular pathogens may provide identification of biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets. Chlamydia pneumoniae is a highly adapted intracellular pathogen and a common cause of atypical, community acquired pneumonia. It has also been suggested as a trigger or promoter of asthma and atherosclerosis. In this study, we examined the role of a genetic locus on mouse chromosome 1 that has been associated with susceptibility to another intracellular pathogen, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, in the pathogenesis of respiratory infections secondary to Chlamydia pneumoniae. We have determined that a variant at this locus, known as sst1 and associated with destructive pulmonary tuberculosis, makes mice dramatically more sensitive in vivo to the inflammatory changes following respiratory infection with C. pneumoniae. This appears to arise from activation of type I interferons and apoptotic cell death, two signaling pathways that are normally silent during productive C. pneumoniae infection. Despite a noted inability of sst1 susceptible macrophages to support chlamydial development, exuberant lung tissue damage resulted in overall more severe disease in vivo. We conclude the sst1-mediated control of lung tissue damage is an important determinant of the genetic susceptibility of a given host to a number of diverse intracellular bacterial pathogens, which may provide predictors of outcomes to infectious diseases as well as possible target for novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianbao He
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Robert Berland
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories Institute and Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Samrawit Mekasha
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Thomas G. Christensen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Joseph Alroy
- Department of Pathology, Tufts University School of Medicine and Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Igor Kramnik
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories Institute and Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Robin R. Ingalls
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kalderén C, Forsgren M, Karlström U, Stefansson K, Svensson R, Berglund MM, Palm G, Selander M, Sundbom M, Nilsson J, Sjögren A, Zachrisson K, Gelius SS. A truncated analogue of CCL2 mediates anti-fibrotic effects on murine fibroblasts independently of CCR2. Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 83:644-52. [PMID: 22177985 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Revised: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The truncated [1+9-76] CCL2 analogue, also known as 7ND, has been described in numerous reports as an anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic agent in a wide spectrum of animal models, e.g. models of cardiovascular disease, graft versus host disease and bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. 7ND has been reported to function as a competitive inhibitor of CCL2 signaling via CCR2 in human in vitro systems. In contrast, the mechanistic basis of 7ND action in animal models has not been previously reported. Here we have studied how 7ND interacts with CCL2 and CCR2 of murine origin. Surprisingly, 7ND was shown to be a weak inhibitor of murine CCL2/CCR2 signaling and displaced murine CCL2 (JE) from the receptor with a K(i)>1 μM. Using surface plasmon resonance, we found that 7ND binds murine CCL2 with a K(d) of 670 nM, which may indicate that 7ND inhibits murine CCL2/CCR2 signaling by a dominant negative mechanism rather than by competitive binding to the CCR2 receptor. In addition we observed that sub-nanomolar levels of 7ND mediate anti-fibrotic effects in CCR2 negative fibroblasts cultured from fibrotic lung of bleomycin-induced mice. Basal levels of extracellular matrix proteins were reduced (collagen type 1 and fibronectin) as well as expression levels of α-smooth muscle actin and CCL2. Our conclusion from these data is that the previously reported effects of 7ND in murine disease models most probably are mediated via mechanisms independent of CCR2.
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Prochnau D, Lehmann M, Straube E, Figulla H, Rödel J. Human cytomegalovirus induces MMP-1 and MMP-3 expression in aortic smooth muscle cells. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung 2011; 58:303-17. [PMID: 22207289 DOI: 10.1556/amicr.58.2011.4.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis by modulating functions of smooth muscle cells (SMC). In this study, we performed an oligonucleotide microarray screening of 780 inflammation-associated genes in HCMV-infected aortic SMC (AoSMC). The expression of 31 genes was stimulated and 24 genes were down-regulated following infection with HCMV strain DC-134. Following infection with HCMV strain AD-169 infection, we found 24 genes to be stimulated and 32 genes to be down-regulated. Among these were primarily genes encoding for CC and CXC chemokines, adhesion molecules, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily members, apoptosis-related factors, signal transduction molecules and transcription regulators. The up-regulated genes included matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 and MMP-3 in HCMV infected cells. Using RT-PCR and enzyme immunoassay we found stimulated expression of MMP-1 (3.2-fold expression) and MMP-3 (334-fold expression) in HCMV strain DC-134-infected AoSMC at 72 h following infection.The findings of our study suggest that HCMV infection of AoSMC cause an activation of atherosclerosis-relevant factors in SMC. The increased expression of MMPs which have been shown to be involved in atherosclerotic plaque rupture and myocardial infarction is in agreement with the hypothesis that this pathogen might contribute to plaque inflammation in atherosclerotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Prochnau
- 1 Friedrich-Schiller-University of Jena Department of Internal Medicine/Cardiology Jena Germany
| | | | - Eberhard Straube
- 2 Friedrich-Schiller-University of Jena Institute of Medical Microbiology Jena Germany
| | - Hans Figulla
- 1 Friedrich-Schiller-University of Jena Department of Internal Medicine/Cardiology Jena Germany
| | - Jürgen Rödel
- 2 Friedrich-Schiller-University of Jena Institute of Medical Microbiology Jena Germany
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Faludi I, Szabó Á. Vaccination with DNA vector expressing chlamydial low calcium response protein E (LcrE) against Chlamydophila pneumoniae infection. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung 2011; 58:123-34. [PMID: 21715282 DOI: 10.1556/amicr.58.2011.2.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydophila pneumoniae is an obligate intracellular human pathogen, which causes acute respiratory tract infections and can also cause chronic infections. C. pneumoniae possess type III secretion system (TTSS), which allows them to secrete effector molecules into the inclusion membrane and the host cell cytosol. Low calcium response protein E (LcrE) is a part of TTSS. The gene of LcrE in a 6His-tagged form was cloned from C. pneumoniae CWL029, expressed and purified from Escherichia coli using the HIS-select TALON CellThru Resin, this gene was also cloned into a eukaryotic expression vector (pΔRC). One group of BALB/c mice received an intramuscular pΔRC inoculation then the mice were immunized with purified LcrE protein; the second group of mice was immunized two times with the recombinant plasmid (pΔRCLcrE), and the third group was primed with pΔRCLcrE inoculation then boosted with LcrE protein. LcrE-specific antibody response was induced by DNA immunization with a shift towards Th1 isotype pattern compared to protein-immunization, this shifting pattern was observed in plasmid primed then protein-boosted animals. DNA immunization given as a priming and followed by a protein booster significantly reduced the number of viable bacteria in the lungs after challenge with C. pneumoniae. These results confirm that immunization with pΔRCLcrE can be an effective part of a vaccination schedule against C. pneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildikó Faludi
- 1 University of Szeged Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology Szeged Hungary
| | - Ágnes Szabó
- 1 University of Szeged Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology Szeged Hungary
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Abstract
Pathogenicity of Chlamydia and Chlamydia-related bacteria could be partially mediated by an enhanced activation of the innate immune response. The study of this host pathogen interaction has proved challenging due to the restricted in vitro growth of these strict intracellular bacteria and the lack of genetic tools to manipulate their genomes. Despite these difficulties, the interactions of Chlamydiales with the innate immune cells and their effectors have been studied thoroughly. This review aims to point out the role of pattern recognition receptors and signal molecules (cytokines, reactive oxygen species) of the innate immune response in the pathogenesis of chlamydial infection. Besides inducing clearance of the bacteria, some of these effectors may be used by the Chlamydia to establish chronic infections or to spread. Thus, the induced innate immune response seems to be variable depending on the species and/or the serovar, making the pattern more complex. It remains crucial to determine the common players of the innate immune response in order to help define new treatment strategies and to develop effective vaccines. The excellent growth in phagocytic cells of some Chlamydia-related organisms such as Waddlia chondrophila supports their use as model organisms to study conserved features important for interactions between the innate immunity and Chlamydia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigida Rusconi
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Lausanne and University Hospital Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Harangi M, Szodoray P, Paragh G. Atherosclerosis: a complex interplay of inflammatory processes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.2217/clp.09.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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