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Palanisamy R, Zhang Y, Zhang G. Role of Type 4B Secretion System Protein, IcmE, in the Pathogenesis of Coxiella burnetii. Pathogens 2024; 13:405. [PMID: 38787259 PMCID: PMC11123719 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13050405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Coxiella burnetii is an obligate intracellular Gram-negative bacterium that causes Q fever, a life-threatening zoonotic disease. C. burnetii replicates within an acidified parasitophorous vacuole derived from the host lysosome. The ability of C. burnetii to replicate and achieve successful intracellular life in the cell cytosol is vastly dependent on the Dot/Icm type 4B secretion system (T4SSB). Although several T4SSB effector proteins have been shown to be important for C. burnetii virulence and intracellular replication, the role of the icmE protein in the host-C. burnetii interaction has not been investigated. In this study, we generated a C. burnetii Nine Mile Phase II (NMII) mutant library and identified 146 transposon mutants with a single transposon insertion. Transposon mutagenesis screening revealed that disruption of icmE gene resulted in the attenuation of C. burnetii NMII virulence in SCID mice. ELISA analysis indicated that the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1β, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-12p70, in serum from Tn::icmE mutant-infected SCID mice were significantly lower than those in serum from wild-type (WT) NMII-infected mice. Additionally, Tn::icmE mutant bacteria were unable to replicate in mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (MBMDM) and human macrophage-like cells (THP-1). Immunoblotting results showed that the Tn::icmE mutant failed to activate inflammasome components such as IL-1β, caspase 1, and gasdermin-D in THP-1 macrophages. Collectively, these results suggest that the icmE protein may play a vital role in C. burnetii virulence, intracellular replication, and activation of inflammasome mediators during NMII infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Guoquan Zhang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
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2
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Fisher DJ, Beare PA. Recent advances in genetic systems in obligate intracellular human-pathogenic bacteria. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1202245. [PMID: 37404720 PMCID: PMC10315504 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1202245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to genetically manipulate a pathogen is fundamental to discovering factors governing host-pathogen interactions at the molecular level and is critical for devising treatment and prevention strategies. While the genetic "toolbox" for many important bacterial pathogens is extensive, approaches for modifying obligate intracellular bacterial pathogens were classically limited due in part to the uniqueness of their obligatory lifestyles. Many researchers have confronted these challenges over the past two and a half decades leading to the development of multiple approaches to construct plasmid-bearing recombinant strains and chromosomal gene inactivation and deletion mutants, along with gene-silencing methods enabling the study of essential genes. This review will highlight seminal genetic achievements and recent developments (past 5 years) for Anaplasma spp., Rickettsia spp., Chlamydia spp., and Coxiella burnetii including progress being made for the still intractable Orientia tsutsugamushi. Alongside commentary of the strengths and weaknesses of the various approaches, future research directions will be discussed to include methods for C. burnetii that should have utility in the other obligate intracellular bacteria. Collectively, the future appears bright for unraveling the molecular pathogenic mechanisms of these significant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek J. Fisher
- School of Biological Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, United States
| | - Paul A. Beare
- Rocky Mountain Laboratory, National Institute of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States
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3
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Osbron CA, Goodman AG. To die or not to die: Programmed cell death responses and their interactions with Coxiella burnetii infection. Mol Microbiol 2022; 117:717-736. [PMID: 35020241 PMCID: PMC9018580 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Coxiella burnetii is a Gram-negative, obligate intracellular, macrophage-tropic bacterium and the causative agent of the zoonotic disease Q fever. The epidemiology of Q fever is associated with the presence of infected animals; sheep, goats, cattle, and humans primarily become infected by inhalation of contaminated aerosols. In humans, the acute phase of the disease is characterized primarily by influenza-like symptoms, and approximately 3-5% of the infected individuals develop chronic infection. C. burnetii infection activates many types of immune responses, and the bacteria's genome encodes for numerous effector proteins that interact with host immune signaling mechanisms. Here, we will discuss two forms of programmed cell death, apoptosis and pyroptosis. Apoptosis is a form of non-inflammatory cell death that leads to phagocytosis of small membrane-bound bodies. Conversely, pyroptosis results in lytic cell death accompanied by the release of proinflammatory cytokines. Both apoptosis and pyroptosis have been implicated in the clearance of intracellular bacterial pathogens, including C. burnetii. Finally, we will discuss the role of autophagy, the degradation of unwanted cellular components, during C. burnetii infection. Together, the review of these forms of programmed cell death will open new research questions aimed at combating this highly infectious pathogen for which treatment options are limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea A Osbron
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164
| | - Alan G Goodman
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164.,Paul G. Allen School of Global Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164
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4
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Loterio RK, Zamboni DS, Newton HJ. Keeping the host alive - lessons from obligate intracellular bacterial pathogens. Pathog Dis 2021; 79:6424899. [PMID: 34755855 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftab052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammals have evolved sophisticated host cell death signaling pathways as an important immune mechanism to recognize and eliminate cell intruders before they establish their replicative niche. However, intracellular bacterial pathogens that have co-evolved with their host have developed a multitude of tactics to counteract this defense strategy to facilitate their survival and replication. This requires manipulation of pro-death and pro-survival host signaling pathways during infection. Obligate intracellular bacterial pathogens are organisms that absolutely require an eukaryotic host to survive and replicate, and therefore they have developed virulence factors to prevent diverse forms of host cell death and conserve their replicative niche. This review encapsulates our current understanding of these host-pathogen interactions by exploring the most relevant findings of Anaplasma spp., Chlamydia spp., Rickettsia spp. and Coxiella burnetii modulating host cell death pathways. A detailed comprehension of the molecular mechanisms through which these obligate intracellular pathogens manipulate regulated host cell death will not only increase the current understanding of these difficult-to-study pathogens but also provide insights into new tools to study regulated cell death and the development of new therapeutic approaches to control infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robson Kriiger Loterio
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, FMRP/USP. Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, 3000, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dario S Zamboni
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, FMRP/USP. Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Hayley J Newton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, 3000, Victoria, Australia
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5
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Kumaresan V, Alam S, Zhang Y, Zhang G. The Feasibility of Using Coxiella burnetii Avirulent Nine Mile Phase II Viable Bacteria as a Live Attenuated Vaccine Against Q fever. Front Immunol 2021; 12:754690. [PMID: 34795669 PMCID: PMC8594375 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.754690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore if viable C. burnetii avirulent Nine Mile phase II (NMII) can elicit protective immunity against virulent NM phase I (NMI) infection. Interestingly, mice immunized with viable NMII elicited significant protection against NMI infection at different time points post-immunization. Viable NMII induced a dose-dependent NMI-specific IgG response in mice, but all doses of NMII-immunized mice conferred a similar level of protection. Comparing different routes of immunization indicated that intranasally immunized mice showed significantly higher levels of protection than other immunization routes. The observation that viable NMII induced a similar level of long-term protection against NMI challenge as the formalin-inactivated NMI vaccine (PIV) suggests that viable NMII bacteria can induce a similar level of long-term protection against virulent NMI challenge as the PIV. Viable NMII also induced significant protection against challenge with virulent Priscilla and Scurry strains, suggesting that viable NMII can elicit broad protection. Immune sera and splenocytes from viable NMII-immunized mice are protective against NMI infection, but immune serum-receiving mice did not control NMI replication. Additionally, viable NMII conferred a comparable level of protection in wild-type, CD4+ T cell-deficient, and CD8+ T cell-deficient mice, and partial protection in B cell-deficient mice. However, NMII-immunized T cell-deficient mice were unable to prevent C. burnetii replication. Thus, both B cells and T cells are required for viable NMII-induced protective immunity but T cells may play a critical role. Collectively, this study demonstrates the feasibility of using avirulent NMII as a live attenuated vaccine against human Q fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatesh Kumaresan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Shawkat Alam
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Guoquan Zhang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
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Sireci G, Badami GD, Di Liberto D, Blanda V, Grippi F, Di Paola L, Guercio A, de la Fuente J, Torina A. Recent Advances on the Innate Immune Response to Coxiella burnetii. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:754455. [PMID: 34796128 PMCID: PMC8593175 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.754455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Coxiella burnetii is an obligate intracellular Gram-negative bacterium and the causative agent of a worldwide zoonosis known as Q fever. The pathogen invades monocytes and macrophages, replicating within acidic phagolysosomes and evading host defenses through different immune evasion strategies that are mainly associated with the structure of its lipopolysaccharide. The main transmission routes are aerosols and ingestion of fomites from infected animals. The innate immune system provides the first host defense against the microorganism, and it is crucial to direct the infection towards a self-limiting respiratory disease or the chronic form. This review reports the advances in understanding the mechanisms of innate immunity acting during C. burnetii infection and the strategies that pathogen put in place to infect the host cells and to modify the expression of specific host cell genes in order to subvert cellular processes. The mechanisms through which different cell types with different genetic backgrounds are differently susceptible to C. burnetii intracellular growth are discussed. The subsets of cytokines induced following C. burnetii infection as well as the pathogen influence on an inflammasome-mediated response are also described. Finally, we discuss the use of animal experimental systems for studying the innate immune response against C. burnetii and discovering novel methods for prevention and treatment of disease in humans and livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Sireci
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnostic and Biological Research (CLADIBIOR), Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University Hospital "Paolo Giaccone", Università degli studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giusto Davide Badami
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnostic and Biological Research (CLADIBIOR), Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University Hospital "Paolo Giaccone", Università degli studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Diana Di Liberto
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnostic and Biological Research (CLADIBIOR), Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University Hospital "Paolo Giaccone", Università degli studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Valeria Blanda
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesca Grippi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Palermo, Italy
| | - Laura Di Paola
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Palermo, Italy
| | - Annalisa Guercio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Palermo, Italy
| | - José de la Fuente
- SaBio Health and Biotechnology, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC -Spanish National Research Council CSIC - University of Castilla-La Mancha UCLM - Regional Government of Castilla-La Mancha JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
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7
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Delaney MA, Hartigh AD, Carpentier SJ, Birkland TP, Knowles DP, Cookson BT, Frevert CW. Avoidance of the NLRP3 Inflammasome by the Stealth Pathogen, Coxiella burnetii. Vet Pathol 2021; 58:624-642. [PMID: 33357072 DOI: 10.1177/0300985820981369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Coxiella burnetii, a highly adapted obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen and the cause of the zoonosis Q fever, is a reemerging public health threat. C. burnetii employs a Type IV secretion system (T4SS) to establish and maintain its intracellular niche and modulate host immune responses including the inhibition of apoptosis. Interactions between C. burnetii and caspase-1-mediated inflammasomes are not fully elucidated. This study confirms that C. burnetii does not activate caspase-1 during infection of mouse macrophages in vitro. C. burnetii-infected cells did not develop NLRP3 and ASC foci indicating its ability to avoid cytosolic detection. C. burnetii is unable to inhibit the pyroptosis and IL-1β secretion that is induced by potent inflammasome stimuli but rather enhances these caspase-1-mediated effects. We found that C. burnetii upregulates pro-IL-1β and robustly primes NLRP3 inflammasomes via TLR2 and MyD88 signaling. As for wildtype C. burnetii, T4SS-deficient mutants primed and potentiated NLRP3 inflammasomes. An in vivo model of pulmonary infection in C57BL/6 mice was developed. Mice deficient in NLRP3 or caspase-1 were like wildtype mice in the development and resolution of splenomegaly due to red pulp hyperplasia, and histologic lesions and macrophage kinetics, but had slightly higher pulmonary bacterial burdens at the greatest measured time point. Together these findings indicate that C. burnetii primes but avoids cytosolic detection by NLRP3 inflammasomes, which are not required for the clinical resistance of C57BL/6 mice. Determining mechanisms employed by C. burnetii to avoid cytosolic detection via NLRP3 inflammasomes will be beneficial to the development of preventative and interventional therapies for Q fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha A Delaney
- Departments of Comparative Medicine and Pathology, and the Comparative Pathology Program, 7284University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Current address: Martha A. Delaney, Zoological Pathology Program, University of Illinois, Brookfield, IL, USA
| | - Andreas den Hartigh
- Departments of Microbiology and Lab Medicine, 7284University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Samuel J Carpentier
- Departments of Microbiology and Lab Medicine, 7284University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Timothy P Birkland
- Departments of Comparative Medicine and Pathology, and the Comparative Pathology Program, 7284University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Donald P Knowles
- Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Pullman, WA
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, 6760Washington State University, Pullman, WA
| | - Brad T Cookson
- Departments of Microbiology and Lab Medicine, 7284University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Charles W Frevert
- Departments of Comparative Medicine and Pathology, and the Comparative Pathology Program, 7284University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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8
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Ding XD, Cao YY, Li L, Zhao GY. Dexmedetomidine Reduces the Lidocaine-Induced Neurotoxicity by Inhibiting Inflammasome Activation and Reducing Pyroptosis in Rats. Biol Pharm Bull 2021; 44:902-909. [PMID: 34193687 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b20-00482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Local anesthetic toxicity is closely related to neuronal death and activation of the inflammatory response. Dexmedetomidine (Dex) is an adrenergic α2 receptor agonist that can reduce the neurotoxicity induced by lidocaine. It also has anti-inflammatory effects. However, the mechanism underlying the neuroprotective effects of Dex against lidocaine-induced toxicity remains to be defined. We hypothesized that Dex exerts its neural protective effect through inhibiting inflammasome activation and through anti-pyroptosis effects against local anesthetic-induced nerve injury. In a rat model of lidocaine-induced spinal cord injury, we studied the protective effect of Dex on lidocaine-induced changes in spinal cord function, inflammasome formation and pyroptosis, pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, and protein kinase C (PKC)-δ phosphorylation. Dex reduced lidocaine-induced neurotoxicity and inhibited PKC-δ phosphorylation in the spinal cord of rats. Furthermore, Dex inhibited pyroptosis and inflammasome formation (caspase-1, NLRP3, and apoptosis-associated speck-like protein (ASC)). Finally, Dex attenuated interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 expression, as well as microglia response. In conclusion, Dex can reduce the severity of lidocaine-induced spinal cord injury in rats by inhibiting priming and inflammasome activation and reducing pyroptosis via PKC-δ phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Dong Ding
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University
| | - Yan-Yan Cao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University
| | - Lu Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University
| | - Guang-Yi Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University
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9
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Schäfer W, Schmidt T, Cordsmeier A, Borges V, Beare PA, Pechstein J, Schulze-Luehrmann J, Holzinger J, Wagner N, Berens C, Heydel C, Gomes JP, Lührmann A. The anti-apoptotic Coxiella burnetii effector protein AnkG is a strain specific virulence factor. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15396. [PMID: 32958854 PMCID: PMC7506536 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72340-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to inhibit host cell apoptosis is important for the intracellular replication of the obligate intracellular pathogen Coxiella burnetii, as it allows the completion of the lengthy bacterial replication cycle. Effector proteins injected into the host cell by the C. burnetii type IVB secretion system (T4BSS) are required for the inhibition of host cell apoptosis. AnkG is one of these anti-apoptotic effector proteins. The inhibitory effect of AnkG requires its nuclear localization, which depends on p32-dependent intracellular trafficking and importin-α1-mediated nuclear entry of AnkG. Here, we compared the sequences of ankG from 37 C. burnetii isolates and classified them in three groups based on the predicted protein size. The comparison of the three different groups allowed us to identify the first 28 amino acids as essential and sufficient for the anti-apoptotic activity of AnkG. Importantly, only the full-length protein from the first group is a bona fide effector protein injected into host cells during infection and has anti-apoptotic activity. Finally, using the Galleria mellonella infection model, we observed that AnkG from the first group has the ability to attenuate pathology during in vivo infection, as it allows survival of the larvae despite bacterial replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Schäfer
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Wasserturmstraße 3/5, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Teresa Schmidt
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Wasserturmstraße 3/5, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Arne Cordsmeier
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Wasserturmstraße 3/5, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Vítor Borges
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paul A Beare
- Coxiella Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Julian Pechstein
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Wasserturmstraße 3/5, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jan Schulze-Luehrmann
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Wasserturmstraße 3/5, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jonas Holzinger
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Wasserturmstraße 3/5, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nicole Wagner
- Institut für Molekulare Pathogenese, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Berens
- Institut für Molekulare Pathogenese, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Carsten Heydel
- Institut für Hygiene und Infektionskrankheiten der Tiere, Justus Liebig Universität Gießen, Frankfurter Straße 85-89, 35392, Gießen, Germany
| | - João Paulo Gomes
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Anja Lührmann
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Wasserturmstraße 3/5, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
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10
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Cordsmeier A, Wagner N, Lührmann A, Berens C. Defying Death - How Coxiella burnetii Copes with Intentional Host Cell Suicide. THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2019; 92:619-628. [PMID: 31866777 PMCID: PMC6913804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The obligate intracellular pathogen Coxiella burnetii is the causative agent of the worldwide zoonotic disease Q fever. This Gram-negative bacterium infects macrophages where it establishes a replicative niche in an acidic and phagolysosome-like vacuole. Establishing and maintaining the niche requires a functional type IV secretion system (T4SS) which translocates multiple effector proteins into the host cell. These effector proteins act by manipulating diverse cellular processes allowing the bacterium to establish an infection and complete its complex biphasic developmental cycle. The lengthy nature of this life cycle suggests that C. burnetii has to successfully deal with cellular defense processes. Cell death is one mechanism infected cells frequently utilize to control or to at least minimize the impact of an infection. To date, four effector proteins have been identified in C. burnetii, which interfere with the induction of cell death. Three, AnkG, CaeA, and CaeB, affect intrinsic apoptosis, CaeA additionally extrinsic apoptosis. The proteins target different steps of the apoptotic pathway and are not conserved among isolates suggesting redundancy as an important feature of cell death inhibition. The fourth effector protein, IcaA, interferes with the non-canonical pathway of pyroptosis, an important inflammatory cell death pathway for controlling infectious disease. Autophagy is relevant for the C. burnetii life-cycle, but to which extent autophagic cell death is a factor in bacterial survival and proliferation is still not clear. To convincingly understand how bacterial manipulation of autophagy affects cell death either directly or indirectly will require further experiments. Collectively, C. burnetii modulates the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways and non-canonical pyroptosis to inhibit host cell death, thereby providing a stable, intracellular niche for the course of the pathogen's infectious cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Cordsmeier
- Mikrobiologisches Institut, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nicole Wagner
- Institut für molekulare Pathogenese, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Jena, Germany
| | - Anja Lührmann
- Mikrobiologisches Institut, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Berens
- Institut für molekulare Pathogenese, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Jena, Germany,To whom all correspondence should be addressed: Christian Berens, Institut für molekulare Pathogenese, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany; Tel: +49-3641-804-2500, Fax: +49-3641-804-2482, E-mail:
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11
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Wilhelm I, Levit-Zerdoun E, Jakob J, Villringer S, Frensch M, Übelhart R, Landi A, Müller P, Imberty A, Thuenauer R, Claudinon J, Jumaa H, Reth M, Eibel H, Hobeika E, Römer W. Carbohydrate-dependent B cell activation by fucose-binding bacterial lectins. Sci Signal 2019; 12:12/571/eaao7194. [PMID: 30837305 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aao7194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial lectins are typically multivalent and bind noncovalently to specific carbohydrates on host tissues to facilitate bacterial adhesion. Here, we analyzed the effects of two fucose-binding lectins, BambL from Burkholderia ambifaria and LecB from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, on specific signaling pathways in B cells. We found that these bacterial lectins induced B cell activation, which, in vitro, was dependent on the cell surface expression of the B cell antigen receptor (BCR) and its co-receptor CD19, as well as on spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) activity. The resulting release of intracellular Ca2+ was followed by an increase in the cell surface abundance of the activation marker CD86, augmented cytokine secretion, and subsequent cell death, replicating all of the events that are observed in vitro upon canonical and antigen-mediated B cell activation. Moreover, injection of BambL in mice resulted in a substantial, BCR-independent loss of B cells in the bone marrow with simultaneous, transient enlargement of the spleen (splenomegaly), as well as an increase in the numbers of splenic B cells and myeloid cells. Together, these data suggest that bacterial lectins can initiate polyclonal activation of B cells through their sole capacity to bind to fucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Wilhelm
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ella Levit-Zerdoun
- Max Planck Institute of Immunology and Epigenetics Freiburg, 79108 Freiburg, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School (IMPRS), Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics Freiburg, 79108 Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) partner site Freiburg, German Cancer Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Johanna Jakob
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Centre Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Sarah Villringer
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marco Frensch
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School (IMPRS), Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics Freiburg, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rudolf Übelhart
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Centre Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Alessia Landi
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter Müller
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anne Imberty
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Roland Thuenauer
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julie Claudinon
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hassan Jumaa
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Centre Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael Reth
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Max Planck Institute of Immunology and Epigenetics Freiburg, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hermann Eibel
- CCI-Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University Medical Centre, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Elias Hobeika
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Centre Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Winfried Römer
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany. .,Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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12
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Tajima T, Yoshifuji A, Matsui A, Itoh T, Uchiyama K, Kanda T, Tokuyama H, Wakino S, Itoh H. β-hydroxybutyrate attenuates renal ischemia-reperfusion injury through its anti-pyroptotic effects. Kidney Int 2019; 95:1120-1137. [PMID: 30826015 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2018.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Ketone bodies including β-hydroxybutyrate (β-OHB) have been shown to protect against ischemic tissue injury when present at low concentrations. We evaluated the impact of β-OHB on renal ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI). Mice were treated with a continuous infusion of β-OHB using an osmotic mini-pump before and after IRI. We also tested the effects of increasing endogenous serum β-OHB levels by fasting. Renal IRI was attenuated by β-OHB treatment compared to saline control, with similar results in the fasting condition. β-OHB treatment reduced the number of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL)-positive cells and increased expression of forkhead transcription factor O3 (FOXO3), an upstream regulator of pyroptosis. Although β-OHB treatment did not impact markers of apoptosis, it decreased the expression of caspase-1 and proinflammatory cytokines, indicating that β-OHB blocked pyroptosis. In a human proximal tubular cell line exposed to hypoxia and reoxygenation, β-OHB reduced cell death in a FOXO3-dependent fashion. Histone acetylation was decreased in kidneys exposed to IRI and in proximal tubular cells exposed to hypoxia and reoxygenation, and this effect was ameliorated by β-OHB through the inactivation of histone deacetylases. In vitro, β-OHB treatment restored histone acetylation at the FOXO3 promoter. Consistent with epigenetic molecular effects, the renoprotective effects of β-OHB were still observed when the continuous infusion was stopped at the time of IRI. Thus, β-OHB attenuates renal IRI through anti-pyroptotic effects, likely mediated by an epigenetic effect on FOXO3 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaya Tajima
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayumi Yoshifuji
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayumi Matsui
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Itoh
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Uchiyama
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kanda
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirobumi Tokuyama
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shu Wakino
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Itoh
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
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13
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Wang L, Chen Z, Weng X, Wang M, Du Y, Liu X. Combined Ischemic Postconditioning and Ozone Postconditioning Provides Synergistic Protection Against Renal Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury Through Inhibiting Pyroptosis. Urology 2018; 123:296.e1-296.e8. [PMID: 30359711 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2018.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether ischemic postconditioning (IPO) and ozone postconditioning (OP) could synergistically attenuate renal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury and its possible mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS An in vivo rat model of renal I/R injury was established, and the serum and kidneys were harvested after reperfusion to assess renal function and histologic changes. For the in vitro study, the cultured NRK-52E cells were subjected to 3 hours of hypoxia (5% CO2, 1% O2, and 94% N2) followed by 24 hours of reoxygenation (5% CO2, 21% O2, and 74% N2). The mRNA expression levels were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction, and the protein expression levels were analyzed by using Western blot, immunofluorescence staining and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Kidneys undergone I/R showed characteristic renal dysfunction and pyroptosis. IPO or OP could prevent the elevated blood urea nitrogen and creatinine, renal damage, as well as pyroptosis, however, the combined application of them had more obvious protection. Oxidative stress and pyroptosis were increased in hypoxia and reoxygenation (H/R) model using NRK-52E cells. The combination of hypoxic postconditioning and OP had more protective effects on oxidative abnormalities and pyroptosis compared with the single application of hypoxic postconditioning or OP. CONCLUSION Our in vivo and in vitro studies show the combination of IPO and OP synergistically prote-cted the kidney from I/R by attenuating pyroptosis in kidney cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei, PR China
| | - Zhiyuan Chen
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei, PR China.
| | - Xiaodong Weng
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei, PR China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yang Du
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei, PR China
| | - Xiuheng Liu
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei, PR China
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14
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Lou Y, Wang S, Qu J, Zheng J, Jiang W, Lin Z, Zhang S. miR-424 promotes cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury by direct targeting of CRISPLD2 and regulating cardiomyocyte pyroptosis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2018; 11:3222-3235. [PMID: 31949697 PMCID: PMC6962881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
As a complex pathophysiological event, myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) can cause heart failure, which has been associated with pyroptosis, a pro-inflammatory programmed cell death. Small endogenous non-coding RNAs have been shown to be involved in myocardial IRI. In the present study, we aimed to investigate whether miR-424 modulated pyroptosis in response to myocardial IRI and determine its underlying regulatory mechanism. An in vivo mouse model of cardiac IRI was established, and contractile function was evaluated by echography. The serum and heart tissue were harvested 24 h after reperfusion to assess the status of pyroptosis. For the in vitro study, H9C2 cells (a rat heart cell line) were subjected to 6 h of hypoxia, followed by 18 h of reoxygenation. The gene expressions at the mRNA level were assessed by real-time PCR, and the expressions at the protein level were examined by western blotting, immunofluorescence staining, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Bioinformatic analysis was applied to predict miR-424 targets, which were then confirmed by a luciferase reporter assay. We found that the expressions of pyroptosis-related proteins, including caspase-1, caspase-11, IL-1β, and IL-18, were significantly increased upon myocardial IRI. Similarly, hypoxia/reoxygenation injury (HRI) also induced pyroptosis in H9C2 cells. Furthermore, our study revealed that the miR-424 expression was substantially increased in I/R heart tissue and H/R-challenged H9C2 cells. In addition, we found that exogenous expression of miR-424 directly targeted cysteine-rich secretory protein LCCL domain-containing 2 (CRISPLD2) and up-regulated the expressions of caspase-1 and the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18. Taken together, our findings provided a new signaling pathway of miR-424/CRISPLD2 in cardiac pyroptosis under IRI conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Lou
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, 401 Hospital of PLAQingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Shiying Wang
- Department of Disinfection Supply, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Jinlong Qu
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Jinhao Zheng
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Weiwei Jiang
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Zhaofen Lin
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
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15
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Coxiella burnetii Inhibits Neutrophil Apoptosis by Exploiting Survival Pathways and Antiapoptotic Protein Mcl-1. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00504-17. [PMID: 29311244 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00504-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous study demonstrated that neutrophils play an important role in host defense against Coxiella burnetii infection in mice. In this study, avirulent strain C. burnetii Nine Mile phase II (NMII) was used to examine if C. burnetii can modulate mouse bone marrow-derived neutrophil apoptosis. The results indicated that NMII can inhibit neutrophil apoptosis. Western blotting demonstrated that caspase-3 cleavage was decreased in NMII-infected neutrophils, while phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (Erk1) were increased. Additionally, p38, Erk1/2, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), or NF-κB inhibitors reduced the ability of NMII to inhibit neutrophil apoptosis. These results suggest that NMII-mediated inhibition of neutrophil apoptosis depends on its ability to activate neutrophil MAPK pathways. Antiapoptotic protein myeloid cell leukemia-1 (Mcl-1) was significantly increased in NMII-infected neutrophils, and an Mcl-1 inhibitor significantly reduced the ability of NMII to inhibit neutrophil apoptosis. Mcl-1 protein stability was enhanced by phosphorylation at Thr-163 by Erk, and the protein levels were regulated by p38, Erk, PI3K, and NF-κB. Furthermore, the observation that a type IV secretion system (T4SS)-deficient dotA mutant showed a significantly reduced ability to inhibit neutrophil apoptosis compared to wild-type (WT) NMII suggests that T4SS-secreted factors may be involved in NMII-induced inhibition of neutrophil apoptosis. Collectively, these results demonstrate that NMII inhibits neutrophil apoptosis through inhibition of caspase-3 cleavage and activation of MAPK survival pathways with subsequent expression and stabilization of antiapoptotic protein Mcl-1, a process that may partially require the T4SS.
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Lührmann A, Newton HJ, Bonazzi M. Beginning to Understand the Role of the Type IV Secretion System Effector Proteins in Coxiella burnetii Pathogenesis. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2017. [PMID: 29536362 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-75241-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Coxiella burnetii is the etiological agent of the zoonotic disease Q fever, which manifests in severe outbreaks and is associated with important health and economic burden. Moreover, C. burnetii belongs to the list of class B bioterrorism organisms, as it is an airborne and highly infective pathogen with remarkable resistance to environmental stresses. Detailed study of the host-pathogen interaction during C. burnetii infection has been hampered due to the obligate intracellular nature of this pathogen. However, the development of an axenic culture medium, together with the implementation of bioinformatics tools and high-content screening approaches, have significantly progressed C. burnetii research in the last decade. This has facilitated identification of the Dot/Icm type IV secretion system (T4SS) as an essential virulence factor. T4SS is used to deliver an arsenal of effector proteins into the cytoplasm of the host cell. These effectors mediate the survival of the host cell and the development of very large replicative compartments called Coxiella-containing vacuoles (CCVs). Biogenesis of the CCV relies on T4SS-dependent re-routing of numerous intracellular trafficking pathways to deliver membranes and nutrients that are essential for bacterial replication. This review aims to illustrate the key milestones that have contributed to ascribe C. burnetii as a model organism for the study of host/pathogen interactions as well as presenting an up-to-date description of our knowledge of the cell biology of C. burnetii infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Lührmann
- Mikrobiologisches Institut-Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Wasserturmstraße 3/5, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Hayley J Newton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Matteo Bonazzi
- Institut de Recherche En Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), CNRS, UMR9004, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
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