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Xie W, Bruce K, Belz GT, Farrell HE, Stevenson PG. Indirect CD4 + T cell protection against mouse gamma-herpesvirus infection via interferon gamma. J Virol 2024; 98:e0049324. [PMID: 38578092 PMCID: PMC11092340 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00493-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cells play a key role in γ-herpesvirus infection control. However, the mechanisms involved are unclear. Murine herpesvirus type 4 (MuHV-4) allows relevant immune pathways to be dissected experimentally in mice. In the lungs, it colonizes myeloid cells, which can express MHC class II (MHCII), and type 1 alveolar epithelial cells (AEC1), which lack it. Nevertheless, CD4+ T cells can control AEC1 infection, and this control depends on MHCII expression in myeloid cells. Interferon-gamma (IFNγ) is a major component of CD4+ T cell-dependent MuHV-4 control. Here, we show that the action of IFNγ is also indirect, as CD4+ T cell-mediated control of AEC1 infection depended on IFNγ receptor (IFNγR1) expression in CD11c+ cells. Indirect control also depended on natural killer (NK) cells. Together, the data suggest that the activation of MHCII+ CD11c+ antigen-presenting cells is key to the CD4+ T cell/NK cell protection axis. By contrast, CD8+ T cell control of AEC1 infection appeared to operate independently. IMPORTANCE CD4+ T cells are critical for the control of gamma-herpesvirus infection; they act indirectly, by recruiting natural killer (NK) cells to attack infected target cells. Here, we report that the CD4+ T cell/NK cell axis of gamma-herpesvirus control requires interferon-γ engagement of CD11c+ dendritic cells. This mechanism of CD4+ T cell control releases the need for the direct engagement of CD4+ T cells with virus-infected cells and may be a common strategy for host control of immune-evasive pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanxiaojie Xie
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kimberley Bruce
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gabrielle T. Belz
- The University of Queensland Frazer Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Helen E. Farrell
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Philip G. Stevenson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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2
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Albert MC, Uranga-Murillo I, Arias M, De Miguel D, Peña N, Montinaro A, Varanda AB, Theobald SJ, Areso I, Saggau J, Koch M, Liccardi G, Peltzer N, Rybniker J, Hurtado-Guerrero R, Merino P, Monzón M, Badiola JJ, Reindl-Schwaighofer R, Sanz-Pamplona R, Cebollada-Solanas A, Megyesfalvi Z, Dome B, Secrier M, Hartmann B, Bergmann M, Pardo J, Walczak H. Identification of FasL as a crucial host factor driving COVID-19 pathology and lethality. Cell Death Differ 2024; 31:544-557. [PMID: 38514848 PMCID: PMC11093991 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-024-01278-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The dysregulated immune response and inflammation resulting in severe COVID-19 are still incompletely understood. Having recently determined that aberrant death-ligand-induced cell death can cause lethal inflammation, we hypothesized that this process might also cause or contribute to inflammatory disease and lung failure following SARS-CoV-2 infection. To test this hypothesis, we developed a novel mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 model (MA20) that recapitulates key pathological features of COVID-19. Concomitantly with occurrence of cell death and inflammation, FasL expression was significantly increased on inflammatory monocytic macrophages and NK cells in the lungs of MA20-infected mice. Importantly, therapeutic FasL inhibition markedly increased survival of both, young and old MA20-infected mice coincident with substantially reduced cell death and inflammation in their lungs. Intriguingly, FasL was also increased in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of critically-ill COVID-19 patients. Together, these results identify FasL as a crucial host factor driving the immuno-pathology that underlies COVID-19 severity and lethality, and imply that patients with severe COVID-19 may significantly benefit from therapeutic inhibition of FasL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Christine Albert
- Cell death, inflammation and immunity laboratory, CECAD Cluster of Excellence, University of Cologne, Cologne, 50931, Germany
- Cell death, inflammation and immunity laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry I, Centre for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, 50931, Germany
| | - Iratxe Uranga-Murillo
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), San Juan Bosco 13, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain
- Department of Microbiology, Paediatrics, Radiology and Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain
| | - Maykel Arias
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), San Juan Bosco 13, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain
- Department of Microbiology, Paediatrics, Radiology and Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain
| | - Diego De Miguel
- Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), San Juan Bosco 13, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain
| | - Natacha Peña
- Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), San Juan Bosco 13, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain
| | - Antonella Montinaro
- Centre for Cell Death, Cancer, and Inflammation (CCCI), UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Ana Beatriz Varanda
- Cell death, inflammation and immunity laboratory, CECAD Cluster of Excellence, University of Cologne, Cologne, 50931, Germany
- Cell death, inflammation and immunity laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry I, Centre for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, 50931, Germany
| | - Sebastian J Theobald
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, 50931, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Centre for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, 50931, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, 50931, Germany
| | - Itziar Areso
- Centre for Cell Death, Cancer, and Inflammation (CCCI), UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Julia Saggau
- Cell death, inflammation and immunity laboratory, CECAD Cluster of Excellence, University of Cologne, Cologne, 50931, Germany
- Cell death, inflammation and immunity laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry I, Centre for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, 50931, Germany
- Genome instability, inflammation and cell death laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry I, Centre for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, 50931, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, 50931, Germany
| | - Manuel Koch
- Institue for Dental Research and Oral Musculoskeletal Biology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, 50931, Germany
| | - Gianmaria Liccardi
- Genome instability, inflammation and cell death laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry I, Centre for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, 50931, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, 50931, Germany
| | - Nieves Peltzer
- Cell death, inflammation and immunity laboratory, CECAD Cluster of Excellence, University of Cologne, Cologne, 50931, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Centre for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, 50931, Germany
- Department of Translational Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, 50931, Germany
| | - Jan Rybniker
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, 50931, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Centre for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, 50931, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, 50931, Germany
| | - Ramón Hurtado-Guerrero
- Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos (BIFI), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50018, Spain
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
- Fundación ARAID, Zaragoza, 50018, Spain
| | - Pedro Merino
- Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos (BIFI), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50018, Spain
| | - Marta Monzón
- Research Centre for Encephalopaties and Transmissible Emerging Diseases, Institute for Health Research Aragón (IIS), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50013, Spain
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain
| | - Juan J Badiola
- Research Centre for Encephalopaties and Transmissible Emerging Diseases, Institute for Health Research Aragón (IIS), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50013, Spain
| | | | - Rebeca Sanz-Pamplona
- Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), San Juan Bosco 13, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain
- Fundación ARAID, Zaragoza, 50018, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Alberto Cebollada-Solanas
- Aragon Biomedical Research Center (CIBA), Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud (IACS), Unidad de Biocomputación, Zaragoza, 50018, Spain
| | - Zsolt Megyesfalvi
- Deparment of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Semmelweis University and National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, 1122, Hungary
- National Koranyi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, 1121, Hungary
| | - Balazs Dome
- Deparment of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Semmelweis University and National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, 1122, Hungary
- National Koranyi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, 1121, Hungary
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Lund, SE-22100, Sweden
| | - Maria Secrier
- UCL Genetics Institute, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Boris Hartmann
- Virology Group, Institute for Veterinary Disease Control at AGES, Moedling, 2340, Austria
| | - Michael Bergmann
- Div. of Visceral Surgery, Dept. of General Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Julián Pardo
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), San Juan Bosco 13, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain
- Department of Microbiology, Paediatrics, Radiology and Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain
| | - Henning Walczak
- Cell death, inflammation and immunity laboratory, CECAD Cluster of Excellence, University of Cologne, Cologne, 50931, Germany.
- Cell death, inflammation and immunity laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry I, Centre for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, 50931, Germany.
- Centre for Cell Death, Cancer, and Inflammation (CCCI), UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, WC1E 6DD, UK.
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3
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Xie W, Bruce K, Stevenson PG, Farrell HE. Indirect CD4 + T cell protection against persistent MCMV infection by NK cells requires IFNγ. J Gen Virol 2024; 105. [PMID: 38271001 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Host control of mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection of MHCII- salivary gland acinar cells is mediated by CD4+ T cells, but how they protect is unclear. Here, we show CD4+ T cells control MCMV indirectly in the salivary gland, via IFNγ engagement with uninfected, but antigen+ MHCII+ APC and recruitment of NK cells to infected cell foci. This immune mechanism renders direct contact of CD4+ T cells with infected cells unnecessary and may represent a host strategy to overcome viral immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanxiaojie Xie
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kimberley Bruce
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Philip G Stevenson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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4
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Aguinagalde Salazar L, den Boer MA, Castenmiller SM, Zwarthoff SA, de Haas C, Aerts PC, Beurskens FJ, Schuurman J, Heck AJR, van Kessel K, Rooijakkers SHM. Promoting Fc-Fc interactions between anti-capsular antibodies provides strong immune protection against Streptococcus pneumoniae. eLife 2023; 12:80669. [PMID: 36947116 PMCID: PMC10032657 DOI: 10.7554/elife.80669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is the leading cause of community-acquired pneumonia and an important cause of childhood mortality. Despite the introduction of successful vaccines, the global spread of both non-vaccine serotypes and antibiotic-resistant strains reinforces the development of alternative therapies against this pathogen. One possible route is the development of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that induce killing of bacteria via the immune system. Here, we investigate whether mAbs can be used to induce killing of pneumococcal serotypes for which the current vaccines show unsuccessful protection. Our study demonstrates that when human mAbs against pneumococcal capsule polysaccharides (CPS) have a poor capacity to induce complement activation, a critical process for immune protection against pneumococci, their activity can be strongly improved by hexamerization-enhancing mutations. Our data indicate that anti-capsular antibodies may have a low capacity to form higher-order oligomers (IgG hexamers) that are needed to recruit complement component C1. Indeed, specific point mutations in the IgG-Fc domain that strengthen hexamerization strongly enhance C1 recruitment and downstream complement activation on encapsulated pneumococci. Specifically, hexamerization-enhancing mutations E430G or E345K in CPS6-IgG strongly potentiate complement activation on S. pneumoniae strains that express capsular serotype 6 (CPS6), and the highly invasive serotype 19A strain. Furthermore, these mutations improve complement activation via mAbs recognizing CPS3 and CPS8 strains. Importantly, hexamer-enhancing mutations enable mAbs to induce strong opsonophagocytic killing by human neutrophils. Finally, passive immunization with CPS6-IgG1-E345K protected mice from developing severe pneumonia. Altogether, this work provides an important proof of concept for future optimization of antibody therapies against encapsulated bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maurits A den Boer
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Center, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Suzanne M Castenmiller
- Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Seline A Zwarthoff
- Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Carla de Haas
- Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Piet C Aerts
- Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Albert J R Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Center, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Kok van Kessel
- Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Suzan H M Rooijakkers
- Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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5
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Abstract
CD4+ T cells are key to controlling cytomegalovirus infections. Salivary gland infection by murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) provides a way to identify mechanisms. CD11c+ dendritic cells (DC) disseminate MCMV to the salivary glands, where they transfer infection to acinar cells. Antiviral CD4+ T cells are often considered to be directly cytotoxic for cells expressing major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII). However, persistently infected salivary gland acinar cells are MHCII- and are presumably inaccessible to direct CD4 T cell recognition. Here, we show that CD4+ T cell depletion amplified infection of MHCII- acinar cells but not MHCII+ cells. MCMV-infected mice with disrupted MHCII on CD11c+ cells showed increased MHCII- acinar infection; antiviral CD4+ T cells were still primed, but their recruitment to the salivary glands was reduced, suggesting that engagement with local MHCII+ DC is important for antiviral protection. As MCMV downregulates MHCII on infected DC, the DC participating in CD4 protection may thus be uninfected. NK cells and gamma interferon (IFN-γ) may also contribute to CD4+ T cell-dependent virus control: CD4 T cell depletion reduced NK cell recruitment to the salivary glands, and both NK cell and IFN-γ depletion equalized infection between MHCII-disrupted and control mice. Taken together, these results suggest that CD4+ T cells protect indirectly against infected acinar cells in the salivary gland via DC engagement, requiring the recruitment of NK cells and the action of IFN-γ. Congruence of these results with an established CD4+ T cell/NK cell axis of gammaherpesvirus infection control suggests a common mode of defense against evasive viruses. IMPORTANCE Cytomegalovirus infections commonly cause problems in immunocompromised patients and in pregnancy. We lack effective vaccines. CD4+ T cells play an important role in normal infection control, yet how they act has been unknown. Using murine cytomegalovirus as an accessible model, we show that CD4+ T cells are unlikely to recognize infected cells directly. We propose that CD4+ T cells interact with uninfected cells that present viral antigens and recruit other immune cells to attack infected targets. These data present a new outlook on understanding how CD4+ T cell-directed control protects against persistent cytomegalovirus infection.
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6
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Host Defenses to Viruses: Lessons from Inborn Errors of Immunity. Medicina (B Aires) 2022; 58:medicina58020248. [PMID: 35208572 PMCID: PMC8879264 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58020248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The constant battle between viruses and their hosts leads to their reciprocal evolution. Viruses regularly develop survival strategies against host immunity, while their ability to replicate and disseminate is countered by the antiviral defense mechanisms that host mount. Although most viral infections are generally controlled by the host’s immune system, some viruses do cause overt damage to the host. The outcome can vary widely depending on the properties of the infecting virus and the circumstances of infection but also depends on several factors controlled by the host, including host genetic susceptibility to viral infections. In this narrative review, we provide a brief overview of host immunity to viruses and immune-evasion strategies developed by viruses. Moreover, we focus on inborn errors of immunity, these being considered a model for studying host response mechanisms to viruses. We finally report exemplary inborn errors of both the innate and adaptive immune systems that highlight the role of proteins involved in the control of viral infections.
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7
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Wie Infektionen auf Störungen des Immunsystems hinweisen können. PÄDIATRIE 2022. [PMCID: PMC8831001 DOI: 10.1007/s15014-021-3943-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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8
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Forbester JL, Humphreys IR. Genetic influences on viral-induced cytokine responses in the lung. Mucosal Immunol 2021; 14:14-25. [PMID: 33184476 PMCID: PMC7658619 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-020-00355-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Infection with respiratory viruses such as influenza, respiratory syncytial virus and coronavirus provides a difficult immunological challenge for the host, where a balance must be established between controlling viral replication and limiting damage to the delicate lung structure. Although the genetic architecture of host responses to respiratory viral infections is not yet understood, it is clear there is underlying heritability that influences pathogenesis. Immune control of virus replication is essential in respiratory infections, but overt activation can enhance inflammation and disease severity. Cytokines initiate antiviral immune responses but are implicated in viral pathogenesis. Here, we discuss how host genetic variation may influence cytokine responses to respiratory viral infections and, based on our current understanding of the role that cytokines play in viral pathogenesis, how this may influence disease severity. We also discuss how induced pluripotent stem cells may be utilised to probe the mechanistic implications of allelic variation in genes in virus-induced inflammatory responses. Ultimately, this could help to design better immune modulators, stratify high risk patients and tailor anti-inflammatory treatments, potentially expanding the ability to treat respiratory virus outbreaks in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Forbester
- Division of Infection and Immunity/Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University, Henry Wellcome Building, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK.
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.
| | - Ian R Humphreys
- Division of Infection and Immunity/Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University, Henry Wellcome Building, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
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9
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Calzoni E, Castagnoli R, Giliani SC. Human inborn errors of immunity caused by defects of receptor and proteins of cellular membrane. Minerva Pediatr 2020; 72:393-407. [PMID: 32960006 DOI: 10.23736/s0026-4946.20.06000-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Inborn errors of immunity are diseases of the immune system resulting from mutations that alter the expression of encoded proteins or molecules. Total updated number of these disorders is currently 406, with 430 different identified gene defects involved. Studies of the underlying mechanisms have contributed in better understanding the pathophysiology of the diseases, but also the complexity of the biology of innate and adaptive immune system and its interaction with microbes. In this review we present and briefly discuss Inborn Errors of Immunity caused by defects in genes encoding for receptors and protein of cellular membrane, including cytokine receptors, T cell antigen receptor (TCR) complex, cellular surface receptors or receptors signaling causing predominantly antibody deficiencies, co-stimulatory receptors and others. These alterations impact many biological processes of immune-system cells, including development, proliferation, activation and down-regulation of the immunological response, and result in a variety of diseases that present with distinct clinical features or with overlapping signs and symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Calzoni
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, A. Nocivelli Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy -
| | - Riccardo Castagnoli
- Pediatric Clinic, IRCCS San Matteo Polyclinic Foundation, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Silvia C Giliani
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, A. Nocivelli Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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10
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Yunis J, Redwood AJ, Belz GT, Stevenson PG. Membrane association of a model CD4 + T-cell vaccine antigen confers enhanced yet incomplete protection against murid herpesvirus-4 infection. Immunol Cell Biol 2020; 98:332-343. [PMID: 31997396 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination against γ-herpesviruses has proved difficult. CD4+ T cells are essential to contain infection, but how best to prime them and whether this can reduce viral loads remain unclear. To address these questions, we used ovalbumin (OVA) as a model antigen, delivering it with murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) to protect mice against OVA-expressing murine herpesvirus-4 (MuHV-4). Membrane-associated OVA (mOVA) was more effective than soluble OVA, both to prime CD4+ T cells and as an effector target. It was also a better target than an OVA epitope limited to infected cells, suggesting that protective CD4+ T cells recognize infected cell debris rather than infected cells themselves. While MCMV-mOVA protected acutely against MuHV-4-mOVA, long-term protection was incomplete, even when OVA-specific CD8+ T cells and B cells were also primed. Thus, even optimized single-target vaccines may poorly reduce long-term γ-herpesvirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Yunis
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Alec J Redwood
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Gabrielle T Belz
- Molecular Immunology, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Philip G Stevenson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- Royal Children's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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11
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Chen R. Primary Immunodeficiency. Rare Dis 2020. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.89624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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12
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Israr M, DeVoti JA, Lam F, Abramson AL, Steinberg BM, Bonagura VR. Altered Monocyte and Langerhans Cell Innate Immunity in Patients With Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis (RRP). Front Immunol 2020; 11:336. [PMID: 32210959 PMCID: PMC7076114 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The micromilieu within respiratory papillomas supports persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and disease recurrence in patients with recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP). These patients show polarized (TH2-/Treg) adaptive immunity in papillomas and blood, enriched immature Langerhans cell (iLC) numbers, and overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2/prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in the upper airway. Blood monocyte-derived, and tissue-derived iLCs from RRP patients and controls were now studied to more fully understand innate immune dysregulation in RRP. Patients' monocytes generated fewer iLCs than controls, due to a reduced fraction of classical monocytes that generated most but not all the iLCs. Prostaglandin E2, which was elevated in RRP plasma, reduced monocyte-iLC differentiation from controls to the levels of RRP patients, but had no effect on subsequent iLC maturation. Cytokine/chemokine responses by iLCs from papillomas, foreskin, and abdominal skin differed significantly. Freshly derived tissue iLCs expressed low CCL-1 and high CCL-20 mRNAs and were unresponsive to IL-36γ stimulation. Papilloma iLCs uniquely expressed IL-36γ at baseline and expressed CCL1 when cultured overnight outside their immunosuppressive microenvironment without additional stimulation. We conclude that monocyte/iLC innate immunity is impaired in RRP, in part due to increased PGE2 exposure in vivo. The immunosuppressive papilloma microenvironment likely alters iLC responses, and vice versa, supporting TH2-like/Treg HPV-specific adaptive immunity in RRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Israr
- Barbara and Donald Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - James A DeVoti
- Barbara and Donald Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Fung Lam
- Barbara and Donald Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Allan L Abramson
- Department of Otolaryngology, Long Island Jewish Medical Center, Barbara and Donald Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, New Hyde Park, NY, United States
| | - Bettie M Steinberg
- Barbara and Donald Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States.,Department of Otolaryngology, Long Island Jewish Medical Center, Barbara and Donald Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, New Hyde Park, NY, United States
| | - Vincent R Bonagura
- Barbara and Donald Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Steven and Alexandra Cohen Children's Medical Center of New York, Barbara and Donald Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, New Hyde Park, NY, United States
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13
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A CD4 + T Cell-NK Cell Axis of Gammaherpesvirus Control. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01545-19. [PMID: 31694958 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01545-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cells are essential to control herpesviruses. Murid herpesvirus 4 (MuHV-4)-driven lung disease in CD4+ T-cell-deficient mice provides a well-studied example. Protective CD4+ T cells have been hypothesized to kill infected cells directly. However, removing major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) from LysM+ or CD11c+ cells increased MuHV-4 replication not in those cells but in type 1 alveolar epithelial cells, which lack MHCII, LysM, or CD11c. Disruption of MHCII in infected cells had no effect. Therefore, CD4+ T cells engaged uninfected presenting cells and protected indirectly. Mice lacking MHCII in LysM+ or CD11c+ cells maintained systemic antiviral CD4+ T cell responses, but recruited fewer CD4+ T cells into infected lungs. NK cell infiltration was also reduced, and NK cell depletion normalized infection between MHCII-deficient and control mice. Therefore, NK cell recruitment seemed to be an important component of CD4+ T-cell-dependent protection. Disruption of viral CD8+ T cell evasion made this defense redundant, suggesting that it is important mainly to control CD8-evasive pathogens.IMPORTANCE Gammaherpesviruses are widespread and cause cancers. CD4+ T cells are a key defense. We found that they defend indirectly, engaging uninfected presenting cells and recruiting innate immune cells to attack infected targets. This segregation of CD4+ T cells from immediate contact with infection helps the immune system to cope with viral evasion. Priming this defense by vaccination offers a way to protect against gammaherpesvirus-induced cancers.
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14
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Lawler C, Simas JP, Stevenson PG. Vaccine protection against murid herpesvirus-4 is maintained when the priming virus lacks known latency genes. Immunol Cell Biol 2019; 98:67-78. [PMID: 31630452 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
γ-Herpesviruses establish latent infections of lymphocytes and drive their proliferation, causing cancers and motivating a search for vaccines. Effective vaccination against murid herpesvirus-4 (MuHV-4)-driven lymphoproliferation by latency-impaired mutant viruses suggests that lytic access to the latency reservoir is a viable target for control. However, the vaccines retained the immunogenic MuHV-4 M2 latency gene. Here, a strong reduction in challenge virus load was maintained when the challenge virus lacked the main latency-associated CD8+ T-cell epitope of M2, or when the vaccine virus lacked M2 entirely. This protection was maintained also when the vaccine virus lacked both episome maintenance and the genomic region encompassing M1, M2, M3, M4 and ORF4. Therefore, protection did not require immunity to known MuHV-4 latency genes. As the remaining vaccine virus genes have clear homologs in human γ-herpesviruses, this approach of deleting viral latency genes could also be applied to them, to generate safe and effective vaccines against human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Lawler
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - João Pedro Simas
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Philip G Stevenson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Royal Children's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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15
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Sumbria D, Berber E, Rouse BT. Factors Affecting the Tissue Damaging Consequences of Viral Infections. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2314. [PMID: 31636623 PMCID: PMC6787772 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans and animals are infected by multiple endogenous and exogenous viruses but few agents cause overt tissue damage. We review the circumstances which favor overt disease expression. These can include intrinsic virulence of the agent, new agents acquired from heterologous species, the circumstances of infection such as dose and route, current infection with other agents which includes the composition of the microbiome at mucosal and other sites, past history of exposure to other infections as well as the immune status of the host. We also briefly discuss promising therapeutic strategies that can expand immune response patterns that minimize tissue damaging responses to viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Barry T. Rouse
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
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16
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Abstract
Vaccination against γ-herpesviruses has been hampered by our limited understanding of their normal control. Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)-transformed B cells are killed by viral latency antigen-specific CD8+ T cells in vitro, but attempts to block B cell infection with antibody or to prime anti-viral CD8+ T cells have protected poorly in vivo. The Doherty laboratory used Murid Herpesvirus-4 (MuHV-4) to analyze γ-herpesvirus control in mice and found CD4+ T cell dependence, with viral evasion limiting CD8+ T cell function. MuHV-4 colonizes germinal center (GC) B cells via lytic transfer from myeloid cells, and CD4+ T cells control myeloid infection. GC colonization and protective, lytic antigen-specific CD4+ T cells are now evident also for EBV. Subunit vaccines have protected only transiently against MuHV-4, but whole virus vaccines give long-term protection, via CD4+ T cells and antibody. They block infection transfer to B cells, and need include no known viral latency gene, nor any MuHV-4-specific gene. Thus, the Doherty approach of in vivo murine analysis has led to a plausible vaccine strategy for EBV and, perhaps, some insight into what CD8+ T cells really do.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip G Stevenson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland and Brisbane, Australia.,Child Health Research Center, Brisbane, Australia
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17
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Tereshchenko SY, Smolnikova MV. Congenitally impaired pattern-recognition receptors in pathogenesis of pediatric invasive and recurrent pneumococcal infection. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTION AND IMMUNITY 2019. [DOI: 10.15789/2220-7619-2019-2-229-238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Here we review currently available data showing that innate immune signs predisposing to recurrent and invasive pneumococcal infections were identified in children. Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) belongs to Grampositive bacteria being the major cause of morbidity and mortality in infants, especially in developing countries and in communities with low socioeconomic status. Due to the lack of anti-pneumococcal vaccination, the significant proportion of pneumococcus carriers develop non-invasive (pneumonia, otitis media, sinusitis) and severe invasive (bacteremia/septicemia, meningitis) pneumococcal infection. A great deal of diverse factors related to pneumococcus biological features (virulence factors) as well individualized host-specific immunity are implicated in efficient bacterial penetration across the mucous membranes. The TLR signaling system plays a crucial role in the human nonspecific defense upon the first encounter with the pathogen. Various TLRs comprise the first pattern recognition receptor fami ly ever described which sense ligands derived from the outer bacterial wall. The complement system is the ancient innate immunity component mainly involved in intravascular elimination of bacterial agents. In addition, the complement proteins serve as a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity, ensuring optimal conditions for B- and T-cell maturation and differentiation. Because pneumococcus secretes the IgA protease, a local protective effects related to IgA antibodies might not be so prominent. Therefore, B-cell immunodeficiency and impaired complement system hold a lead place among congenital causes resulting in severe and recurrent pneumococcal infections in children. Thus, based on available data, we concluded that impaired B-cell function, the complement components deficiency as well as receptor-recognition receptors (TLR-2, -9, -4, MYD88 adapter protein, TLR cascade enzymes: IRAK4, NEMO, NOD-like receptors: NOD2, NLRP3; C-type lectins: MBL, Dextin-2, and, possibly, ficoline) play the most important role among congenital immunodeficiencies predisposing to invasive and recurrent pneumococcal infections play the most important role among congenital immunodeficiencies predisposing to invasive and recurrent pneumococcal infections, and should be used as a rationale for immunological surveillance and organizing immunogenetics screening in these patients.
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18
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Noll KE, Ferris MT, Heise MT. The Collaborative Cross: A Systems Genetics Resource for Studying Host-Pathogen Interactions. Cell Host Microbe 2019; 25:484-498. [PMID: 30974083 PMCID: PMC6494101 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Host genetic variation has a major impact on infectious disease susceptibility. The study of pathogen resistance genes, largely aided by mouse models, has significantly advanced our understanding of infectious disease pathogenesis. The Collaborative Cross (CC), a newly developed multi-parental mouse genetic reference population, serves as a tractable model system to study how pathogens interact with genetically diverse populations. In this review, we summarize progress utilizing the CC as a platform to develop improved models of pathogen-induced disease and to map polymorphic host response loci associated with variation in susceptibility to pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey E Noll
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Martin T Ferris
- Department of Genetics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Mark T Heise
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Genetics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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19
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Krüger S, Eichler E, Strobel L, Schubert-Unkmeir A, Johswich KO. Differential influences of complement on neutrophil responses to Neisseria meningitidis infection. Pathog Dis 2018; 76:5195519. [PMID: 30476070 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/fty086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system is the primary innate immune determinant protecting against invasive diseases caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Neisseria meningitidis (Nme, meningococcus), as evidenced by the extreme susceptibility of individuals with complement deficiencies. In contrast, the role of phagocytes such as neutrophils is much less well understood, although they are recruited in great numbers to the cerebrospinal fluid during meningococcal meningitis. Here, we consider the interaction of Nme with primary human neutrophils using either purified cells or a whole blood model of infection. We found that neutrophils are capable of non-opsonic uptake and killing of different Nme strains. However, in the presence of immune serum featuring active complement, Nme association is strongly increased, whereas this is not the case in heat-inactivated immune serum. Blockade of complement at the level of C3 using the inhibitor compstatin Cp20 reduces the uptake dramatically. In addition, purified neutrophils did not mount an oxidative burst towards Nme unless complement was added and, vice versa, the oxidative burst was strongly reduced in whole blood upon complement inhibition. In contrast, there was no significant impact of complement on neutrophil degranulation or IL-8 secretion. Taken together, neutrophils require complement activation in order to mount a full response towards Nme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sören Krüger
- Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Emma Eichler
- Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lea Strobel
- Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Kay O Johswich
- Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
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20
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Carter-Timofte ME, Paludan SR, Mogensen TH. RNA Polymerase III as a Gatekeeper to Prevent Severe VZV Infections. Trends Mol Med 2018; 24:904-915. [PMID: 30115567 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In most individuals, varicella zoster virus (VZV) causes varicella upon primary infection and zoster during reactivation. However, in a subset of individuals, VZV may cause severe disease, including encephalitis. Host genetics is believed to be the main determinant of exacerbated disease manifestations. Recent studies have demonstrated that defects in the DNA sensor RNA polymerase III (POL III) confer selective increased susceptibility to VZV infection, thus providing fundamental new insight into VZV immunity. Here we describe the roles of POL III in housekeeping and immune surveillance during VZV infection. We present the latest knowledge on the role of POL III in VZV infection and discuss outstanding questions related to the role of POL III in VZV immunity, and how this insight can be translated into clinical medicine.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Chickenpox/genetics
- Chickenpox/immunology
- Chickenpox/pathology
- Chickenpox/virology
- DEAD Box Protein 58/genetics
- DEAD Box Protein 58/immunology
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- DNA, Viral/immunology
- Encephalitis, Varicella Zoster/genetics
- Encephalitis, Varicella Zoster/immunology
- Encephalitis, Varicella Zoster/pathology
- Encephalitis, Varicella Zoster/virology
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Herpes Zoster/genetics
- Herpes Zoster/immunology
- Herpes Zoster/pathology
- Herpes Zoster/virology
- Herpesvirus 3, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 3, Human/immunology
- Host-Pathogen Interactions
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate
- Immunologic Surveillance
- Interferons/genetics
- Interferons/immunology
- Protein Subunits/genetics
- Protein Subunits/immunology
- RNA Polymerase III/genetics
- RNA Polymerase III/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic
- Virus Activation
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Affiliation(s)
- Madalina E Carter-Timofte
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark; Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Alle 4, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Søren R Paludan
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Alle 4, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Trine H Mogensen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark; Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Alle 4, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul Jensens Boulevard 82, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark.
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21
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Luk ADW, Ni K, Wu Y, Lam KT, Chan KW, Lee PP, Tu W, Mao H, Lau YL. Type I and III Interferon Productions Are Impaired in X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia Patients Toward Poliovirus but Not Influenza Virus. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1826. [PMID: 30147693 PMCID: PMC6095995 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) is a primary immunodeficiency caused by Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) mutation. Patients are susceptible to severe enterovirus infections. The underlying mechanism remains unknown. BTK is involved in toll-like receptors pathway, which initiates antiviral responses including interferon (IFN) productions. Objective To demonstrate type I and III IFN productions in dendritic cells of XLA patients is decreased in response to oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) but not H1N1 virus. Methods Monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs) were derived from nine XLA patients aged 22-32 years old and 23 buffy coats from Hong Kong Red Cross blood donors. LFM-A13 was used to inhibit BTK. OPV Sabin type 1 and H1N1 influenza virus were used to stimulate MoDCs with RPMI as mock stimulation. The antiviral cytokine productions and phenotypic maturation of MoDCs were determined 24 h post-stimulation. OPV RNA was determined at 0, 6, 12, and 24 h post-stimulation. Results Upon OPV stimulation, IFN-α2, IFN-β, and IFN-λ1 productions in MoDCs from XLA patients and BTK-inhibited MoDCs of healthy controls were significantly lower than that from healthy controls. Whereas upon H1N1 stimulation, the IFN-α2, IFN-β, and IFN-λ1 productions were similar in MoDCs from XLA patients, BTK-inhibited MoDCs of healthy controls and healthy controls. The mean fluorescent intensities (MFI) of CD83, CD86, and MHC-II in MoDCs from XLA patients in response to OPV was similar to that in response to mock stimulation, while the MFI of CD83, CD86, and MHC-II were significantly higher in response to H1N1 stimulation than that in response to mock stimulation. Whereas, the MFI of CD83, CD86, and MHC-II in MoDCs of healthy controls were significantly higher in response to both OPV and H1N1 stimulation compared to that in response to mock stimulation. Conclusion Production of type I and III IFN in response to OPV was deficient in MoDCs from XLA patients, but was normal in response to H1N1 due to deficient BTK function. Moreover, phenotypic maturation of MoDCs from XLA patients was impaired in response to OPV but not to H1N1. These selective impairments may account for the unique susceptibility of XLA patients toward severe enterovirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson Dik Wai Luk
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Ke Ni
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuet Wu
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Kwok-Tai Lam
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Koon-Wing Chan
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Pamela P. Lee
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Shenzhen Primary Immunodeficiency Diagnostic and Therapeutic Laboratory, Department of Paediatrics, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenwei Tu
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Shenzhen Primary Immunodeficiency Diagnostic and Therapeutic Laboratory, Department of Paediatrics, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huawei Mao
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorder, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Lung Lau
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Shenzhen Primary Immunodeficiency Diagnostic and Therapeutic Laboratory, Department of Paediatrics, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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22
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Ochs HD, Melamed I, Borte M, Moy JN, Pyringer B, D Kobayashi AL, Knutsen AP, Smits W, Pituch-Noworolska A, Kobayashi RH. Intravenous immunoglobulin 10% in children with primary immunodeficiency diseases. Immunotherapy 2018; 10:1193-1202. [PMID: 30088423 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2018-0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To assess the safety and efficacy of an intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) 10% preparation (Panzyga®; Octapharma AG, Lachen, Switzerland) in predominantly antibody-deficient children with primary immunodeficiency disease. METHODS Data from two prospective, open-label and noncontrolled multicenter Phase III studies of IVIG 10% that included 25 patients <16 years of age were analyzed for efficacy, pharmacokinetics and safety. RESULTS The rate of serious bacterial infections was 0.04/patient-year. A maximal infusion rate of 0.14 ml/kg/min was achieved in 82% of pediatric patients (n = 9). Infusions of immunoglobulin G trough levels between infusions remained ≥5-6 g/l; median half-life was 32.79-36.62 days. Abdominal pain, headache and chills were the most common treatment-related adverse events. CONCLUSION IVIG 10% is safe and effective for the treatment of predominantly antibody-deficient children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans D Ochs
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington & Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Isaac Melamed
- IMMUNOe Research Centers, 6801 South Yosemite Street, Centennial, CO 80112, USA
| | - Michael Borte
- Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Klinikum St. Georg gGmbH, Delitzscher Str. 141, 04129 Leipzig, Germany
| | - James N Moy
- Division of Pediatric Allergy/Immunology, Stroger Hospital of Cook County, 1901 W. Harrison Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Barbara Pyringer
- Octapharma Pharmazeutika Produktionsges.m.b.H., Oberlaaer Str. 235, 1100 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ai Lan D Kobayashi
- Midlands Pediatrics PC, 401 E. Gold Coast Road, Suite 325, Papillion, NE 68046, USA
| | - Alan P Knutsen
- Cardinal Glennon Children's Hospital, Saint Louis University, 1 N Grand Blvd, St Louis, MO 63103, USA
| | - William Smits
- The Allergy & Asthma Center, 7222 Engle Rd, Fort Wayne, IN 46804, USA
| | - Anna Pituch-Noworolska
- Department of Pediatrics, University Children Hospital, Jagiellonian University, Wielicka st 265, 30-663 Kraków, Poland
| | - Roger H Kobayashi
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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23
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Murine cytomegalovirus degrades MHC class II to colonize the salivary glands. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006905. [PMID: 29447285 PMCID: PMC5831752 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) persistently and systemically infect the myeloid cells of immunocompetent hosts. Persistence implies immune evasion, and CMVs evade CD8+ T cells by inhibiting MHC class I-restricted antigen presentation. Myeloid cells can also interact with CD4+ T cells via MHC class II (MHC II). Human CMV (HCMV) attacks the MHC II presentation pathway in vitro, but what role this evasion might play in host colonization is unknown. We show that Murine CMV (MCMV) down-regulates MHC II via M78, a multi-membrane spanning viral protein that captured MHC II from the cell surface and was necessary although not sufficient for its degradation in low pH endosomes. M78-deficient MCMV down-regulated MHC I but not MHC II. After intranasal inoculation, it showed a severe defect in salivary gland colonization that was associated with increased MHC II expression on infected cells, and was significantly rescued by CD4+ T cell loss. Therefore MCMV requires CD4+ T cell evasion by M78 to colonize the salivary glands, its main site of long-term shedding. Human cytomegalovirus is the commonest infectious cause of harm to unborn children. Vaccines have not stopped it establishing chronic, systemic infections. Murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) provides an accessible model to understand why. We show that MCMV evades CD4+ T cells via its M78 protein, and that this helps infection to spread despite the immune response. Thus while CD4+ T cells are important for host defence, viral evasion limits their capacity to act alone in controlling infection.
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24
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Farnia P, Ghanavi J, Saif S, Farnia P, Velayati AA. Association of Interferon- γ Receptor-1 Gene Polymorphism with Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Lung Infection among Iranian Patients with Pulmonary Disease. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017; 97:57-61. [PMID: 28719321 PMCID: PMC5508906 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) cause significant pulmonary infections in humans. Researchers have reported an association between interferon-gamma receptor-1 (IFN-γR1 or IFNGR1) deficiency and susceptibility to NTM, but the relevance of polymorphism within these genes is not yet clear. In this study, a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), T to C, at position-56 in NTM patients with pulmonary disease was investigated. Molecular identification of Mycobacterium isolates was performed with hsp65 genes using polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Then, the host genomic DNA from confirmed NTM patients (N = 80) and control subjects (N = 80) were screened for SNPs of IFNGR1 (T-56C) by PCR-RFLP. The results indicated that NTM patients had higher TC (26/80; 32.5%) or CC (46/80; 57.5%) genotypes in comparison with control groups (TC genotypes [22/80, 27.5%]; CC genotypes [6/80, 7.5%]) (P < 0.05). In this regard, all the patients infected with rapid-growing Mycobacterium (RGM, i.e., Mycobacterium chelonae and Mycobacterium fortuitum) had CC genotypes (100%). In contrary, only 50.7% (35/69) of infected patients with slow-growing Mycobacterium (i.e., Mycobacterium simiae, Mycobacterium kansasii, and Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare) had CC genotypes. Thus, patients with CC mutation in IFNGR1 at position-56 are more likely to develop RGM infection. In overall, there is a significant association between SNP of IFNGR1 at position-56 and susceptibility to NTM infection. Based on these data, we propose SNP of IFNGR1 at position-56 as a suitable "biomarker" for identifying populations at higher risk of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poopak Farnia
- Mycobacteriology Research Centre (MRC), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Biotechnology, Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jalaledin Ghanavi
- Mycobacteriology Research Centre (MRC), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shima Saif
- Mycobacteriology Research Centre (MRC), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parissa Farnia
- Mycobacteriology Research Centre (MRC), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Velayati
- Mycobacteriology Research Centre (MRC), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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25
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Tan CSE, Lawler C, Stevenson PG. CD8+ T cell evasion mandates CD4+ T cell control of chronic gamma-herpesvirus infection. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006311. [PMID: 28394921 PMCID: PMC5398720 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma-herpesvirus infections are regulated by both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. However clinical disease occurs mainly in CD4+ T cell-deficient hosts. In CD4+ T cell-deficient mice, CD8+ T cells control acute but not chronic lung infection by Murid Herpesvirus-4 (MuHV-4). We show that acute and chronic lung infections differ in distribution: most acute infection was epithelial, whereas most chronic infection was in myeloid cells. CD8+ T cells controlled epithelial infection, but CD4+ T cells and IFNγ were required to control myeloid cell infection. Disrupting the MuHV-4 K3, which degrades MHC class I heavy chains, increased viral epitope presentation by infected lung alveolar macrophages and allowed CD8+ T cells to prevent disease. Thus, viral CD8+ T cell evasion led to niche-specific immune control, and an essential role for CD4+ T cells in limiting chronic infection. Gamma-herpesviruses chronically infect most people. While infection is usually asymptomatic, disease occurs if the immune system is weakened. Understanding how immune control normally works should provide a basis for preventing disease. In mice, CD8+ T cells can control acute gamma-herpesvirus infection but not chronic infection. We show that acute and chronic infections involve different cell types. CD8+ T cells controlled epithelial cell infection, which predominated acutely, but they could not control chronic macrophage infection unless viral immune evasion was disabled. Instead CD4+ T cells were required. Thus, viral evasion made host defence cell type-specific: CD8+ T cells controlled epithelial cell infection; CD4+ T cells controlled macrophage infection; and comprehensive control required both T cell subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy S. E. Tan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland and Royal Children’s Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Clara Lawler
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland and Royal Children’s Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Philip G. Stevenson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland and Royal Children’s Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Type I Interferons and NK Cells Restrict Gammaherpesvirus Lymph Node Infection. J Virol 2016; 90:9046-57. [PMID: 27466430 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01108-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Gammaherpesviruses establish persistent, systemic infections and cause cancers. Murid herpesvirus 4 (MuHV-4) provides a unique window into the early events of host colonization. It spreads via lymph nodes. While dendritic cells (DC) pass MuHV-4 to lymph node B cells, subcapsular sinus macrophages (SSM), which capture virions from the afferent lymph, restrict its spread. Understanding how this restriction works offers potential clues to a more comprehensive defense. Type I interferon (IFN-I) blocked SSM lytic infection and reduced lytic cycle-independent viral reporter gene expression. Plasmacytoid DC were not required, but neither were SSM the only source of IFN-I, as IFN-I blockade increased infection in both intact and SSM-depleted mice. NK cells restricted lytic SSM infection independently of IFN-I, and SSM-derived virions spread to the spleen only when both IFN-I responses and NK cells were lacking. Thus, multiple innate defenses allowed SSM to adsorb virions from the afferent lymph with relative impunity. Enhancing IFN-I and NK cell recruitment could potentially also restrict DC infection and thus improve infection control. IMPORTANCE Human gammaherpesviruses cause cancers by infecting B cells. However, vaccines designed to block virus binding to B cells have not stopped infection. Using a related gammaherpesvirus of mice, we have shown that B cells are infected not via cell-free virus but via infected myeloid cells. This suggests a different strategy to stop B cell infection: stop virus production by myeloid cells. Not all myeloid infection is productive. We show that subcapsular sinus macrophages, which do not pass infection to B cells, restrict gammaherpesvirus production by recruiting type I interferons and natural killer cells. Therefore, a vaccine that speeds the recruitment of these defenses might stop B cell infection.
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Sakai S, Kauffman KD, Sallin MA, Sharpe AH, Young HA, Ganusov VV, Barber DL. CD4 T Cell-Derived IFN-γ Plays a Minimal Role in Control of Pulmonary Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection and Must Be Actively Repressed by PD-1 to Prevent Lethal Disease. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005667. [PMID: 27244558 PMCID: PMC4887085 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
IFN-γ–producing CD4 T cells are required for protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection, but the extent to which IFN-γ contributes to overall CD4 T cell-mediated protection remains unclear. Furthermore, it is not known if increasing IFN-γ production by CD4 T cells is desirable in Mtb infection. Here we show that IFN-γ accounts for only ~30% of CD4 T cell-dependent cumulative bacterial control in the lungs over the first six weeks of infection, but >80% of control in the spleen. Moreover, increasing the IFN-γ–producing capacity of CD4 T cells by ~2 fold exacerbates lung infection and leads to the early death of the host, despite enhancing control in the spleen. In addition, we show that the inhibitory receptor PD-1 facilitates host resistance to Mtb by preventing the detrimental over-production of IFN-γ by CD4 T cells. Specifically, PD-1 suppressed the parenchymal accumulation of and pathogenic IFN-γ production by the CXCR3+KLRG1-CX3CR1- subset of lung-homing CD4 T cells that otherwise mediates control of Mtb infection. Therefore, the primary role for T cell-derived IFN-γ in Mtb infection is at extra-pulmonary sites, and the host-protective subset of CD4 T cells requires negative regulation of IFN-γ production by PD-1 to prevent lethal immune-mediated pathology. The development of novel tuberculosis vaccines has been hindered by the poor understanding of the mechanisms of host-protection. It has been long-held that IFN-γ is the principle effector of CD4 T cell-mediated resistance to Mtb infection, but Mtb-specific CD4 T cells produce low amounts of IFN-γ in vivo, leading to the possibility that increasing IFN-γ production by Th1 cells might enhance control of Mtb infection. However, the precise contribution of IFN-γ to CD4 T cell-dependent protection and the outcome of increasing IFN-γ production by CD4 T cells have not been evaluated. Here we show that IFN-γ accounts for only ~30% of the cumulative CD4 T cell-mediated reduction in lung bacterial loads over the first 1.5 months of infection. Moreover, we find that increasing the per capita production of IFN-γ by CD4 T cells leads to the early death of the host. Lastly, we show that suppression of CD4 T cell-derived IFN-γ by the inhibitory receptor PD-1 is essential to prevent lethal disease. Therefore, poor control Mtb infection does not result from defective production of IFN-γ, and strategies to selectively boost it are unwarranted. Furthermore, identifying the primary mechanisms of CD4 T cell-dependent control of Mtb infection should be a priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Sakai
- T lymphocyte Biology Unit, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Keith D. Kauffman
- T lymphocyte Biology Unit, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michelle A. Sallin
- T lymphocyte Biology Unit, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Arlene H. Sharpe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, and Evergrande Center for Immunological Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Howard A. Young
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Vitaly V. Ganusov
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Daniel L. Barber
- T lymphocyte Biology Unit, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Stevenson P. Editorial overview: Viral immunology: Early events in viral infection. Curr Opin Virol 2015; 15:vii-ix. [PMID: 26589740 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Stevenson
- ARC Future Fellow, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia.
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Duncan CJ, Hambleton S. Varicella zoster virus immunity: A primer. J Infect 2015; 71 Suppl 1:S47-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2015.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Recurrent invasive pneumococcal disease (rIPD) occurs mostly in children with an underlying disease, but some cases remain unexplained. Immunodeficiency has been described in children with rIPD, but the prevalence is unknown. We used a nationwide registry of all laboratory-confirmed cases of rIPD to identify cases of unexplained rIPD and examine them for immunodeficiency. METHODS Cases of rIPD in children 0-15 years of age from 1980 to 2008 were identified. Children without an obvious underlying disease were screened for complement function, T-cell, B-cell, natural killer--cell counts and concentration of immunoglobulins. B-cell function was evaluated by measuring antibody response to polysaccharide-based pneumococcal vaccination and the extent of fraction of somatic hypermutation. Toll-Like receptor (TLR) signaling function and mutations in key TLR-signaling molecules were examined. RESULTS In total, rIPD were observed in 54 children (68 cases of rIPD of 2192 IPD cases). Children with classical risk factors for IPD were excluded, and among the remaining 22 children, 15 were eligible for analysis. Of these 6 (40%) were complement C2-deficient. Impaired vaccination response was found in 6 children of whom 3 were C2 deficient. One patient had a severe TLR signaling dysfunction. No mutations in IRAK4, IKBKG or MYD88 were found. CONCLUSION Of an unselected cohort of children with rIPD at least 11% were C2 deficient. Data suggest that screening for complement deficiencies and deficient antibody response to pneumococcal vaccines in patients with more than 1 episode of IPD is warranted.
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Barbuto JAM. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: a rare diagnosis, an even rarer opportunity to appraise our understanding of the immune system. AUTOPSY AND CASE REPORTS 2015; 5:1-5. [PMID: 26484317 PMCID: PMC4608163 DOI: 10.4322/acr.2014.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- José Alexandre Marzagão Barbuto
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences; Discipline of Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, Brazil
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Structural determinants of host specificity of complement Factor H recruitment by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Biochem J 2015; 465:325-35. [PMID: 25330773 DOI: 10.1042/bj20141069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Many human pathogens have strict host specificity, which affects not only their epidemiology but also the development of animal models and vaccines. Complement Factor H (FH) is recruited to pneumococcal cell surface in a human-specific manner via the N-terminal domain of the pneumococcal protein virulence factor choline-binding protein A (CbpAN). FH recruitment enables Streptococcus pneumoniae to evade surveillance by human complement system and contributes to pneumococcal host specificity. The molecular determinants of host specificity of complement evasion are unknown. In the present study, we show that a single human FH (hFH) domain is sufficient for tight binding of CbpAN, present the crystal structure of the complex and identify the critical structural determinants for host-specific FH recruitment. The results offer new approaches to the development of better animal models for pneumococcal infection and redesign of the virulence factor for pneumococcal vaccine development and reveal how FH recruitment can serve as a mechanism for both pneumococcal complement evasion and adherence.
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West ES, Kingsbery MY, Mintz EM, Hsu AP, Holland SM, Rady PL, Tyring SK, Grossman ME. Generalized verrucosis in a patient with GATA2 deficiency. Br J Dermatol 2015; 170:1182-6. [PMID: 24359037 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.12794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Generalized verrucosis is a characteristic of several genetic and immunodeficiency disorders including epidermodysplasia verruciformis; warts, hypogammaglobulinaemia, infections and myelokathexis (WHIM) syndrome; warts, immunodeficiency, lymphoedema and anogenital dysplasia (WILD) syndrome; severe combined immune deficiency and HIV, among others. In recent years, it has been consistently recognized in patients with GATA2 deficiency, a novel immunodeficiency syndrome characterized by monocytopenia, B-cell and natural killer-cell lymphopenia, and a tendency to develop myeloid leukaemias and disseminated mycobacterial, human papillomavirus (HPV) and opportunistic fungal infections. Mutations in GATA2 cause haploinsufficiency and track in families as an autosomal dominant immunodeficiency. GATA2 is a transcription factor involved in early haematopoietic differentiation and lymphatic and vascular development. We describe a case of generalized verrucosis with HPV type 57 presenting in a young man with GATA2 deficiency. GATA2 deficiency is a novel dominant immunodeficiency that is often recognized later in life and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients with generalized verrucosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S West
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Medical Center, 161 Fort Washington Avenue 12th Floor, New York, NY, 10032, U.S.A
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Clinical features and genetic analysis of 20 Chinese patients with X-linked hyper-IgM syndrome. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:683160. [PMID: 25215306 PMCID: PMC4158165 DOI: 10.1155/2014/683160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked hyper-IgM syndrome (XHIGM) is one type of primary immunodeficiency diseases, resulting from defects in the CD40 ligand/CD40 signaling pathways. We retrospectively analyzed the clinical and molecular features of 20 Chinese patients diagnosed and followed up in hospitals affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine from 1999 to 2013. The median onset age of these patients was 8.5 months (range: 20 days–21 months). Half of them had positive family histories, with a shorter diagnosis lag. The most common symptoms were recurrent sinopulmonary infections (18 patients, 90%), neutropenia (14 patients, 70%), oral ulcer (13 patients, 65%), and protracted diarrhea (13 patients, 65%). Six patients had BCGitis. Six patients received hematopoietic stem cell transplantations and four of them had immune reconstructions and clinical remissions. Eighteen unique mutations in CD40L gene were identified in these 20 patients from 19 unrelated families, with 12 novel mutations. We compared with reported mutation results and used bioinformatics software to predict the effects of mutations on the target protein. These mutations reflected the heterogeneity of CD40L gene and expanded our understanding of XHIGM.
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McAllister SC, Schleiss MR. Prospects and perspectives for development of a vaccine against herpes simplex virus infections. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 13:1349-60. [PMID: 25077372 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2014.932694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2 are human pathogens that lead to significant morbidity and mortality in certain clinical settings. The development of effective antiviral medications, however, has had little discernible impact on the epidemiology of these pathogens, largely because the majority of infections are clinically silent. Decades of work have gone into various candidate HSV vaccines, but to date none has demonstrated sufficient efficacy to warrant licensure. This review examines developments in HSV immunology and vaccine development published since 2010, and assesses the prospects for improved immunization strategies that may result in an effective, licensed vaccine in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane C McAllister
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Minnesota, 3-216 McGuire Translational Research Facility, 2001 6th Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Gabra N, Alromaih S, Endam LM, Brito RM, Larivière F, Al-Mot S, LeDeist F, Desrosiers M. Clinical features of cytotoxic CD8+ T-lymphocyte deficiency in chronic rhinosinusitis patients: a demographic and functional study. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2014; 4:495-501. [PMID: 24639246 DOI: 10.1002/alr.21313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2013] [Revised: 01/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identification of Staphylococcus aureus intracellularly in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) suggests an underlying cellular immunodeficiency. Supporting this, we have previously reported low CD8+ (cytotoxic) T-lymphocyte levels in a subpopulation of CRS patients and identified polymorphisms in the CD8A gene associated with CRS. In order to better understand the role of low CD8+ in CRS, we wished to determine the phenotype for CRS/Low CD8+ in comparison to that of conventional CRS. METHODS Sixty-seven low CD8+ CRS patients identified during investigation of CRS were compared for demographics, disease evolution, and bacteriology on endoscopic culture were compared with an existing population of 480 patients with CRS with nasal polyposis previously recruited for genetic association studies. RESULTS Mean level of CD8+ in the CRS/Low CD8+ population was 0.15 × 10(9)/L (range, 0.20-1.5 × 10(9)/L). There was no difference between both groups in terms of history of allergy, asthma, eczema, acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) intolerance or smoking. The bacteriology was similar between both groups (S. aureus: CRS/Low CD8+: 35%; CRS 32%, p = 0.643). Evolution of disease was somewhat milder in CRS/Low CD8+, with fewer patients requiring surgery, and first surgery performed at a more advanced age. However, antibiotic use was higher in CRS/Low CD8+. Subgroup analysis restricted to CRS with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP)/Low CD8 or CRS without nasal polyposis (CRSsNP)/Low CD8 phenotypes did not substantially alter these results. CONCLUSION Low CD8+ levels are often identified in CRS patients; however, these patients have disease remarkably similar to those with conventional CRS. This suggests that immune deficiency, whether systemic or locally mediated, is well tolerated and may be present in other forms in CRS. CRS patients with low CD8+ levels may possibly require antibacterial therapies as part of ongoing management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Gabra
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Barbuto JAM. Are dysfunctional monocyte-derived dendritic cells in cancer an explanation for cancer vaccine failures? Immunotherapy 2013; 5:105-7. [PMID: 23413899 DOI: 10.2217/imt.12.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Wynn JL, Li L, Cotten CM, Phelps DL, Shankaran S, Goldberg RN, Carlo WA, Van Meurs K, Das A, Vohr BR, Higgins RD, Stoll BJ, D'Angio CT. Blood stream infection is associated with altered heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine immune responses in very low birth weight infants. J Perinatol 2013; 33:613-8. [PMID: 23370608 PMCID: PMC3722279 DOI: 10.1038/jp.2013.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sepsis in older children and adults modifies immune system function. We compared serotype-specific antibody responses to heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) in very low birth weight infants (<1500 g,VLBWs) with and without blood stream infection (BSI) during their birth hospitalization. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data for the Neonatal Research Network study of PCV7 responses among VLBWs. Infants received PCV7 at 2, 4 and 6 months after birth with blood drawn 4 to 6 weeks after third dose. Serotype antibodies were compared between infants with or without a history of BSI. Regression models were constructed with BW groups and other confounding factors identified in the primary study. RESULT In all, 244 infants completed the vaccine series and had serum antibody available; 82 had BSI. After adjustment, BSI was not associated with reduced odds of serum antibody 0.35 μg ml(-1). CONCLUSION BSI was not associated with reduced odds of World Health Organization-defined protective PCV7 responses in VLBWs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Wynn
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Pediatrics/Neonatology, Nashville, TN, USA.
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Walton S, Mandaric S, Oxenius A. CD4 T cell responses in latent and chronic viral infections. Front Immunol 2013; 4:105. [PMID: 23717308 PMCID: PMC3651995 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The spectrum of tasks which is fulfilled by CD4 T cells in the setting of viral infections is large, ranging from support of CD8 T cells and humoral immunity to exertion of direct antiviral effector functions. While our knowledge about the differentiation pathways, plasticity, and memory of CD4 T cell responses upon acute infections or immunizations has significantly increased during the past years, much less is still known about CD4 T cell differentiation and their beneficial or pathological functions during persistent viral infections. In this review we summarize current knowledge about the differentiation, direct or indirect antiviral effector functions, and the regulation of virus-specific CD4 T cells in the setting of persistent latent or active chronic viral infections with a particular emphasis on herpes virus infections for the former and chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection for the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senta Walton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia Nedlands, WA, Australia
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Varadhi A, Hageman JR, Yu KOA. The 'five fingers' of the diagnostic evaluation for suspected immunodeficiency. Pediatr Ann 2013; 42:210-5. [PMID: 23641892 DOI: 10.3928/00904481-20130426-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashvini Varadhi
- Department of Pediatrics, Comer Children’s Hospital, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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Lortholary O, Charlier C, Lebeaux D, Lecuit M, Consigny PH. Fungal Infections in Immunocompromised Travelers. Clin Infect Dis 2012; 56:861-9. [DOI: 10.1093/cid/cis935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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GATA-2 anomaly and clinical phenotype of a sporadic case of lymphedema, dendritic cell, monocyte, B- and NK-cell (DCML) deficiency, and myelodysplasia. Eur J Pediatr 2012; 171:1273-6. [PMID: 22430350 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-012-1715-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A Japanese patient presented with lymphedema, severe Varicella zoster, and Salmonella infection, recurrent respiratory infections, panniculitis, monocytopenia, B- and NK-cell lymphopenia, and myelodysplasia. The phenotype was a mixture of the monocytopenia and mycobacterial infection (MonoMAC) and Emberger syndromes. Sequencing of the GATA-2 cDNA revealed the heterozygous missense mutation 1187 G > A. This mutation resulted in the amino acid mutation Arg396Gln in the zinc fingers-2 domain, which is predicted to cause significant structural change and prevent a critical interaction with DNA. Functional analysis of the patient's GATA-2 mutation is required to understand the relationship between these distinctive syndromes.
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Mirkov I, Belij S, Kataranovski M, Zolotarevski L, Glamoclija J, Stojanovic I, Stosic-Grujicic S. The relevance of the migration inhibitory factor (MIF) for peripheral tissue response in murine sublethal systemicAspergillus fumigatusinfection. Med Mycol 2012; 50:476-87. [DOI: 10.3109/13693786.2011.645893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Cunha C, Romani L, Carvalho A. Cracking the Toll-like receptor code in fungal infections. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2011; 8:1121-37. [PMID: 20954879 DOI: 10.1586/eri.10.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Innate control of fungal infection requires the specific recognition of invariant fungal molecular structures by a variety of innate immune receptors, including Toll-like receptors. In addition to the role in inducing protective immune responses, Toll-like receptor engagement may paradoxically favor fungal infections, by inducing inflammatory pathology and impairing antifungal immunity. Although the dissection of complex genetic traits modulating susceptibility to fungal infections is complex, the contribution of host genetics may hold the key to elucidating new risk factors for these severe, often fatal diseases. Understanding host-pathogen interactions at the innate immune interface will eventually lead to the development of new therapeutics and genetic markers in fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Cunha
- Microbiology Section, Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06126 Perugia, Italy
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Zelante T, Iannitti R, De Luca A, Romani L. IL-22 in antifungal immunity. Eur J Immunol 2011; 41:270-5. [PMID: 21267995 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201041246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Revised: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Deciphering cellular and molecular mechanisms that maintain host immune homeostasis with fungi and the breakdown of this homeostatic tolerance during fungal infections disease is a challenge in medical mycology. In fact, the virulence of fungi may be determined by the interaction between fungi and the host immune status and its classification as a commensal microorganism or a pathogen may shift depending on the balance. In addition to the central role of the IL-12/IFN-γ-dependent Th1 responses in cell-mediated immune protection against fungi, Th17 cells provide protection and inflammation at mucosal surfaces, and Tregs fine-tune immune responses to prevent damage to the host. Recent evidence indicates that IL-22-producing cells, employing primitive antifungal effector mechanisms, contribute to antifungal resistance at mucosal surfaces under conditions of defective adaptive immunity. The fact that IL-22 production is driven by commensals points to the need of an integrated, systems biology approach to improve our understanding of the inherent and intimate mechanisms underlying multilevel host-fungus interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Zelante
- Microbiology Section, Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Santos A, Dias A, Cordeiro A, Cordinhã C, Lemos S, Rocha G, Faria E. Severe axillary lymphadenitis after BCG vaccination: alert for primary immunodeficiencies. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2010; 43:530-7. [PMID: 21195982 DOI: 10.1016/s1684-1182(10)60082-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2008] [Revised: 02/27/2009] [Accepted: 04/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The bacilli Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine is administered to all newborns in countries where tuberculosis is endemic. Immunocompromised hosts, namely patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection or primary immunodeficiencies, are especially prone to serious complications from this vaccine. We report three cases of BCG disease in children with primary immunodeficiencies: one with a partial recessive interferon-γ receptor 1 deficiency, who developed BCG dissemination; and two relatives with ZAP70 deficiency, a severe combined immunodeficiency, both of whom presented with regional and distant BCG disease. All had severe axillary lymphadenitis. These clinical cases underline the importance of considering the diagnosis of immunodeficiency in a child with severe axillary lymphadenitis after BCG vaccination and of disseminated BCG disease in an immunodeficient child in the appropriate clinical setting. Moreover, BCG vaccination should be delayed in every newborn with a family history of primary immunodeficiency until the condition has been ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Santos
- Medical Inpatient Department, Coimbra Pediatric Hospital, Coimbra, Portugal.
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47
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Torres LC, Sugayama SMM, Arslanian C, Sales MM, Carneiro-Sampaio M. Evaluation of the immune humoral response of Brazilian patients with Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome. Braz J Med Biol Res 2010; 43:1215-24. [PMID: 21085895 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2010007500119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome (RTS) is a rare developmental disorder characterized by craniofacial dysmorphisms, broad thumbs and toes, mental and growth deficiency, and recurrent respiratory infections. RTS has been associated with CREBBP gene mutations, but EP300 gene mutations have recently been reported in 6 individuals. In the present study, the humoral immune response in 16 RTS patients with recurrent respiratory infections of possible bacterial etiology was evaluated. No significant differences between patients and 16 healthy controls were detected to explain the high susceptibility to respiratory infections: normal or elevated serum immunoglobulin levels, normal salivary IgA levels, and a good antibody response to both polysaccharide and protein antigens were observed. However, most patients presented high serum IgM levels, a high number of total B cell and B subsets, and also high percentiles of apoptosis, suggesting that they could present B dysregulation. The CREBBP/p300 family gene is extremely important for B-cell regulation, and RTS may represent an interesting human model for studying the molecular mechanisms involved in B-cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Torres
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
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48
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Gutierrez FRS, Mineo TWP, Pavanelli WR, Guedes PMM, Silva JS. The effects of nitric oxide on the immune system during Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2010; 104 Suppl 1:236-45. [PMID: 19753479 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762009000900030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2009] [Accepted: 05/29/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi infection triggers substantial production of nitric oxide (NO), which has been shown to have protective and toxic effects on the host's immune system. Sensing of trypomastigotes by phagocytes activates the inducible NO-synthase (NOS2) pathway, which produces NO and is largely responsible for macrophage-mediated killing of T. cruzi. NO is also responsible for modulating virtually all steps of innate and adaptive immunity. However, NO can also cause oxidative stress, which is especially damaging to the host due to increased tissue damage. The cytokines IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha, as well as chemokines, are strong inducers of NOS2 and are produced in large amounts during T. cruzi acute infection. Conversely, TGF-beta and IL-10 negatively regulate NO production. Here we discuss the recent evidence describing the mechanisms by which NO is able to exert its antimicrobial and immune regulatory effects, the mechanisms involved in the oxidative stress response during infection and the implications of NO for the development of therapeutic strategies against T. cruzi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredy R S Gutierrez
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
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49
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Yuste J, Khandavilli S, Ansari N, Muttardi K, Ismail L, Hyams C, Weiser J, Mitchell T, Brown JS. The effects of PspC on complement-mediated immunity to Streptococcus pneumoniae vary with strain background and capsular serotype. Infect Immun 2010; 78:283-92. [PMID: 19884335 PMCID: PMC2798213 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00541-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2009] [Revised: 06/20/2009] [Accepted: 10/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae may evade complement activity by binding of factor H (FH), a negative regulator of the alternative pathway, to the surface protein PspC. However, existing data on the effects of FH binding to PspC on complement activity are conflicting, and there is also considerable allelic variation in PspC structure between S. pneumoniae strains that may influence PspC-dependent effects on complement. We have investigated interactions with complement for several S. pneumoniae strains in which the gene encoding PspC has been deleted. The degree of FH binding varied between strains and was entirely dependent on PspC for seven strains. Data obtained with TIGR4 strains expressing different capsular serotypes suggest that FH binding is affected by capsular serotype. Results of immunoblot analysis for C3 degradation products and iC3b deposition assays suggested that FH bound to PspC retained functional activity, but loss of PspC had strikingly varied effects on C3b/iC3b deposition on S. pneumoniae, with large increases on serotype 4, 6A, 6B, and 9V strains but only small increases or even decreases on serotype 2, 3, 17, and 23F strains. Repeating C3b/iC3b assays with TIGR4 strains expressing different capsular serotypes suggested that differences in the effect of PspC on C3b/iC3b deposition were largely independent of capsular serotype and depend on strain background. However, data obtained from infection in complement-deficient mice demonstrated that differences between strains in the effects of PspC on complement surprisingly did not influence the development of septicemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Yuste
- Centre for Respiratory Research, Department of Medicine, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Rayne Institute, London WC1E 6JJ, United Kingdom, Departments of Microbiology and Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, 402A Johnson Pavilion, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6076, Division of Infection and Immunity, IBLS, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Suneeta Khandavilli
- Centre for Respiratory Research, Department of Medicine, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Rayne Institute, London WC1E 6JJ, United Kingdom, Departments of Microbiology and Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, 402A Johnson Pavilion, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6076, Division of Infection and Immunity, IBLS, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Naadir Ansari
- Centre for Respiratory Research, Department of Medicine, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Rayne Institute, London WC1E 6JJ, United Kingdom, Departments of Microbiology and Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, 402A Johnson Pavilion, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6076, Division of Infection and Immunity, IBLS, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Kairya Muttardi
- Centre for Respiratory Research, Department of Medicine, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Rayne Institute, London WC1E 6JJ, United Kingdom, Departments of Microbiology and Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, 402A Johnson Pavilion, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6076, Division of Infection and Immunity, IBLS, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Ismail
- Centre for Respiratory Research, Department of Medicine, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Rayne Institute, London WC1E 6JJ, United Kingdom, Departments of Microbiology and Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, 402A Johnson Pavilion, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6076, Division of Infection and Immunity, IBLS, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - C. Hyams
- Centre for Respiratory Research, Department of Medicine, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Rayne Institute, London WC1E 6JJ, United Kingdom, Departments of Microbiology and Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, 402A Johnson Pavilion, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6076, Division of Infection and Immunity, IBLS, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey Weiser
- Centre for Respiratory Research, Department of Medicine, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Rayne Institute, London WC1E 6JJ, United Kingdom, Departments of Microbiology and Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, 402A Johnson Pavilion, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6076, Division of Infection and Immunity, IBLS, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy Mitchell
- Centre for Respiratory Research, Department of Medicine, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Rayne Institute, London WC1E 6JJ, United Kingdom, Departments of Microbiology and Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, 402A Johnson Pavilion, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6076, Division of Infection and Immunity, IBLS, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy S. Brown
- Centre for Respiratory Research, Department of Medicine, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Rayne Institute, London WC1E 6JJ, United Kingdom, Departments of Microbiology and Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, 402A Johnson Pavilion, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6076, Division of Infection and Immunity, IBLS, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom
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50
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Abstract
Meningococcus is a well known cause of meningitis and septicaemia. It is less well known as a cause of arthritis. This case report describes an infant with meningococcal arthritis and with further discussion of the role of meningococcal serogroup W135 in disease, as well as current and future immunisation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan McMullan
- Department of Microbiology, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.
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