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Chen M, Zhang J, Xia J, Sun J, Zhang X, Xu J, Deng S, Han Y, Jiang L, Song H, Cheng C. Listeria monocytogenes GshF contributes to oxidative stress tolerance via regulation of the phosphoenolpyruvate-carbohydrate phosphotransferase system. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0236523. [PMID: 37668404 PMCID: PMC10580955 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02365-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is an essential component of the glutaredoxin (Grx) system, and it is synthesized by the enzyme glutathione synthase GshF in Listeria monocytogenes. GSH plays a crucial role in regulating Listeria virulence by modifying the virulence factors LLO and PrfA. In this study, we investigated the involvement of L. monocytogenes GshF in oxidative tolerance and intracellular infection. Our findings revealed that the deletion of gshF resulted in a significant reduction in bacterial growth in vitro when exposed to diamide and copper ions stress. More importantly, this deletion also impaired the efficiency of invasion and proliferation in macrophages and mice organs. Furthermore, GshF influenced global transcriptional profiles, including carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism, particularly those related to the phosphoenolpyruvate-carbohydrate phosphotransferase system (PTS) genes lmo1997-lmo2004, under oxidative stress conditions. In the wild-type strain, the transcription of lmo1997-lmo2004 was notably downregulated in response to copper ions and diamide stress compared to normal conditions. However, in the absence of gshF, the transcripts of lmo1997-lmo2004 were upregulated in response to these stress conditions. Notably, the deletion of iiBman (lmo2002) enhanced oxidative stress tolerance to copper ions, whereas overexpression of iiBman reduced this resistance. In conclusion, our study provides the first evidence that L. monocytogenes GshF plays a crucial role in bacterial antioxidation through the regulation of iiBman.IMPORTANCEListeria monocytogenes has developed various mechanisms to withstand oxidative stress, including the thioredoxin and glutaredoxin systems. However, the specific role of the glutathione synthase GshF, responsible for synthesizing GSH in L. monocytogenes, in oxidative tolerance remains unclear. This study aimed to elucidate the relationship between GshF and oxidative tolerance in L. monocytogenes by examining the efficiency of invasion and proliferation in macrophages and mice organs, as well as analyzing global transcriptional profiles under oxidative stress conditions. The results revealed that GshF plays a significant role in L. monocytogenes' response to oxidative stress. Notably, GshF acts to suppress the transcription of phosphoenolpyruvate-carbohydrate phosphotransferase system genes lmo1997-lmo2004, among which iiBman (lmo2002) was identified as the most critical gene for resisting oxidative stress. These findings enhance our understanding of how L. monocytogenes adapts to its environment and provide valuable insights for investigating the environmental adaptation mechanisms of other pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mianmian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiaxue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Xia
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiali Xu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Simin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yue Han
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lingli Jiang
- Ningbo College of Health Sciences, Ningbo, China
| | - Houhui Song
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Changyong Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
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Dumitrescu DG, Hatzios SK. Emerging roles of low-molecular-weight thiols at the host-microbe interface. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2023; 75:102322. [PMID: 37201290 PMCID: PMC10524283 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.102322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Low-molecular-weight (LMW) thiols are an abundant class of cysteine-derived small molecules found in all forms of life that maintain reducing conditions within cells. While their contributions to cellular redox homeostasis are well established, LMW thiols can also mediate other aspects of cellular physiology, including intercellular interactions between microbial and host cells. Here we discuss emerging roles for these redox-active metabolites at the host-microbe interface. We begin by providing an overview of chemical and computational approaches to LMW-thiol discovery. Next, we highlight mechanisms of virulence regulation by LMW thiols in infected cells. Finally, we describe how microbial metabolism of these compounds may influence host physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Dumitrescu
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA; Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA; Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA
| | - Stavroula K Hatzios
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA; Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA; Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA.
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3
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Quereda JJ, Morón-García A, Palacios-Gorba C, Dessaux C, García-del Portillo F, Pucciarelli MG, Ortega AD. Pathogenicity and virulence of Listeria monocytogenes: A trip from environmental to medical microbiology. Virulence 2021; 12:2509-2545. [PMID: 34612177 PMCID: PMC8496543 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1975526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a saprophytic gram-positive bacterium, and an opportunistic foodborne pathogen that can produce listeriosis in humans and animals. It has evolved an exceptional ability to adapt to stress conditions encountered in different environments, resulting in a ubiquitous distribution. Because some food preservation methods and disinfection protocols in food-processing environments cannot efficiently prevent contaminations, L. monocytogenes constitutes a threat to human health and a challenge to food safety. In the host, Listeria colonizes the gastrointestinal tract, crosses the intestinal barrier, and disseminates through the blood to target organs. In immunocompromised individuals, the elderly, and pregnant women, the pathogen can cross the blood-brain and placental barriers, leading to neurolisteriosis and materno-fetal listeriosis. Molecular and cell biology studies of infection have proven L. monocytogenes to be a versatile pathogen that deploys unique strategies to invade different cell types, survive and move inside the eukaryotic host cell, and spread from cell to cell. Here, we present the multifaceted Listeria life cycle from a comprehensive perspective. We discuss genetic features of pathogenic Listeria species, analyze factors involved in food contamination, and review bacterial strategies to tolerate stresses encountered both during food processing and along the host's gastrointestinal tract. Then we dissect host-pathogen interactions underlying listerial pathogenesis in mammals from a cell biology and systemic point of view. Finally, we summarize the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical features of listeriosis in humans and animals. This work aims to gather information from different fields crucial for a comprehensive understanding of the pathogenesis of L. monocytogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan J. Quereda
- Departamento de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities. Valencia, Spain
| | - Alvaro Morón-García
- Departamento de Biología Celular. Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Madrid, Spain
| | - Carla Palacios-Gorba
- Departamento de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities. Valencia, Spain
| | - Charlotte Dessaux
- Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB)- Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco García-del Portillo
- Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB)- Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Graciela Pucciarelli
- Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB)- Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Biología Molecular ‘Severo Ochoa’. Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Madrid, Spain
| | - Alvaro D. Ortega
- Departamento de Biología Celular. Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB)- Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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Ku JWK, Gan YH. New roles for glutathione: Modulators of bacterial virulence and pathogenesis. Redox Biol 2021; 44:102012. [PMID: 34090244 PMCID: PMC8182430 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Low molecular weight (LMW) thiols contain reducing sulfhydryl groups that are important for maintaining antioxidant defense in the cell. Aside from the traditional roles of LMW thiols as redox regulators in bacteria, glutathione (GSH) has been reported to affect virulence and bacterial pathogenesis. The role of GSH in virulence is diverse, including the activation of virulence gene expression and contributing to optimal biofilm formation. GSH can also be converted to hydrogen sulfide (H2S) which is important for the pathogenesis of certain bacteria. Besides GSH, some bacteria produce other LMW thiols such as mycothiol and bacillithiol that affect bacterial virulence. We discuss these newer reported functions of LMW thiols modulating bacterial pathogenesis either directly or indirectly and via modulation of the host immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Wei Kay Ku
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, 8 Medical Drive, 117596, Singapore
| | - Yunn-Hwen Gan
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, 8 Medical Drive, 117596, Singapore.
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YjbH Requires Its Thioredoxin Active Motif for the Nitrosative Stress Response, Cell-to-Cell Spread, and Protein-Protein Interactions in Listeria monocytogenes. J Bacteriol 2020; 202:JB.00099-20. [PMID: 32253340 PMCID: PMC7253607 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00099-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a model facultative intracellular pathogen. Tight regulation of virulence proteins is essential for a successful infection, and the gene encoding the annotated thioredoxin YjbH was identified in two forward genetic screens as required for virulence factor production. Accordingly, an L. monocytogenes strain lacking yjbH is attenuated in a murine model of infection. However, the function of YjbH in L. monocytogenes has not been investigated. Here, we provide evidence that L. monocytogenes YjbH is involved in the nitrosative stress response, likely through its interaction with the redox-responsive transcriptional regulator SpxA1. YjbH physically interacted with SpxA1, and our data support a model in which YjbH is a protease adaptor that regulates SpxA1 protein abundance. Whole-cell proteomics identified eight additional proteins whose abundance was altered by YjbH, and we demonstrated that YjbH physically interacted with each in bacterial two-hybrid assays. Thioredoxin proteins canonically require active motif cysteines for function, but thioredoxin activity has not been tested for L. monocytogenes YjbH. We demonstrated that cysteine residues of the YjbH thioredoxin domain active motif are essential for L. monocytogenes sensitivity to nitrosative stress, cell-to-cell spread in a tissue culture model of infection, and several protein-protein interactions. Together, these results demonstrated that the function of YjbH in L. monocytogenes requires its thioredoxin active motif and that YjbH has a role in the posttranslational regulation of several proteins, including SpxA1.IMPORTANCE The annotated thioredoxin YjbH in Listeria monocytogenes has been implicated in virulence, but its function in the cell is unknown. In other bacterial species, YjbH is a protease adaptor that mediates degradation of the transcriptional regulator Spx. Here, we investigated the function of L. monocytogenes YjbH and demonstrated its role in the nitrosative stress response and posttranslational regulation of several proteins with which YjbH physically interacts, including SpxA1. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the cysteine residues of the YjbH thioredoxin active motif are required for the nitrosative stress response, cell-to-cell spread, and some protein-protein interactions. YjbH is widely conserved among Firmicutes, and this work reveals its unique requirement of the thioredoxin-active motif in L. monocytogenes.
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La Pietra L, Hudel M, Pillich H, Abu Mraheil M, Berisha B, Aden S, Hodnik V, Lochnit G, Rafiq A, Perniss A, Anderluh G, Chakraborty T. Phosphocholine Antagonizes Listeriolysin O-Induced Host Cell Responses of Listeria monocytogenes. J Infect Dis 2020; 222:1505-1516. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Bacterial toxins disrupt plasma membrane integrity with multitudinous effects on host cells. The secreted pore-forming toxin listeriolysin O (LLO) of the intracellular pathogen Listeria monocytogenes promotes egress of the bacteria from vacuolar compartments into the host cytosol often without overt destruction of the infected cell. Intracellular LLO activity is tightly controlled by host factors including compartmental pH, redox, proteolytic, and proteostatic factors, and inhibited by cholesterol.
Methods
Combining infection studies of L. monocytogenes wild type and isogenic mutants together with biochemical studies with purified phospholipases, we investigate the effect of their enzymatic activities on LLO.
Results
Here, we show that phosphocholine (ChoP), a reaction product of the phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C (PC-PLC) of L. monocytogenes, is a potent inhibitor of intra- and extracellular LLO activities. Binding of ChoP to LLO is redox-independent and leads to the inhibition of LLO-dependent induction of calcium flux, mitochondrial damage, and apoptosis. ChoP also inhibits the hemolytic activities of the related cholesterol-dependent cytolysins (CDC), pneumolysin and streptolysin.
Conclusions
Our study uncovers a strategy used by L. monocytogenes to modulate cytotoxic LLO activity through the enzymatic activity of its PC-PLC. This mechanism appears to be widespread and also used by other CDC pore-forming toxin-producing bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi La Pietra
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, German Center for Infection Research, Partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Martina Hudel
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, German Center for Infection Research, Partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Helena Pillich
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, German Center for Infection Research, Partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Mobarak Abu Mraheil
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, German Center for Infection Research, Partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Besim Berisha
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, German Center for Infection Research, Partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Saša Aden
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vesna Hodnik
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Günter Lochnit
- Protein Analytics, Institute of Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Amir Rafiq
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Cardiopulmonary Institute, German Center for Lung Research, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Alexander Perniss
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Cardiopulmonary Institute, German Center for Lung Research, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Gregor Anderluh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Trinad Chakraborty
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, German Center for Infection Research, Partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Duport C, Alpha-Bazin B, Armengaud J. Advanced Proteomics as a Powerful Tool for Studying Toxins of Human Bacterial Pathogens. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11100576. [PMID: 31590258 PMCID: PMC6832400 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11100576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Exotoxins contribute to the infectious processes of many bacterial pathogens, mainly by causing host tissue damages. The production of exotoxins varies according to the bacterial species. Recent advances in proteomics revealed that pathogenic bacteria are capable of simultaneously producing more than a dozen exotoxins. Interestingly, these toxins may be subject to post-transcriptional modifications in response to environmental conditions. In this review, we give an outline of different bacterial exotoxins and their mechanism of action. We also report how proteomics contributed to immense progress in the study of toxinogenic potential of pathogenic bacteria over the last two decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Duport
- SQPOV, UMR0408, Avignon Université, INRA, F-84914 Avignon, France
- Correspondence:
| | - Béatrice Alpha-Bazin
- Laboratoire Innovations technologiques pour la Détection et le Diagnostic (Li2D), Service de Pharmacologie et Immunoanalyse (SPI), CEA, INRA, F-30207 Bagnols sur Cèze, France; (B.A.-B.); (J.A.)
| | - Jean Armengaud
- Laboratoire Innovations technologiques pour la Détection et le Diagnostic (Li2D), Service de Pharmacologie et Immunoanalyse (SPI), CEA, INRA, F-30207 Bagnols sur Cèze, France; (B.A.-B.); (J.A.)
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Omersa N, Podobnik M, Anderluh G. Inhibition of Pore-Forming Proteins. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E545. [PMID: 31546810 PMCID: PMC6784129 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11090545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Perforation of cellular membranes by pore-forming proteins can affect cell physiology, tissue integrity, or immune response. Since many pore-forming proteins are toxins or highly potent virulence factors, they represent an attractive target for the development of molecules that neutralize their actions with high efficacy. There has been an assortment of inhibitors developed to specifically obstruct the activity of pore-forming proteins, in addition to vaccination and antibiotics that serve as a plausible treatment for the majority of diseases caused by bacterial infections. Here we review a wide range of potential inhibitors that can specifically and effectively block the activity of pore-forming proteins, from small molecules to more specific macromolecular systems, such as synthetic nanoparticles, antibodies, antibody mimetics, polyvalent inhibitors, and dominant negative mutants. We discuss their mechanism of inhibition, as well as advantages and disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neža Omersa
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Marjetka Podobnik
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Gregor Anderluh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Cross Talk between SigB and PrfA in Listeria monocytogenes Facilitates Transitions between Extra- and Intracellular Environments. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2019; 83:83/4/e00034-19. [PMID: 31484692 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00034-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The foodborne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes can modulate its transcriptome and proteome to ensure its survival during transmission through vastly differing environmental conditions. While L. monocytogenes utilizes a large array of regulators to achieve survival and growth in different intra- and extrahost environments, the alternative sigma factor σB and the transcriptional activator of virulence genes protein PrfA are two key transcriptional regulators essential for responding to environmental stress conditions and for host infection. Importantly, emerging evidence suggests that the shift from extrahost environments to the host gastrointestinal tract and, subsequently, to intracellular environments requires regulatory interplay between σB and PrfA at transcriptional, posttranscriptional, and protein activity levels. Here, we review the current evidence for cross talk and interplay between σB and PrfA and their respective regulons and highlight the plasticity of σB and PrfA cross talk and the role of this cross talk in facilitating successful transition of L. monocytogenes from diverse extrahost to diverse extra- and intracellular host environments.
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10
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Miao X, Liu H, Zheng Y, Guo D, Shi C, Xu Y, Xia X. Inhibitory Effect of Thymoquinone on Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19115 Biofilm Formation and Virulence Attributes Critical for Human Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:304. [PMID: 31508379 PMCID: PMC6718631 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the antimicrobial activity of thymoquinone (TQ) against Listeria monocytogenes, and to examine its inhibitory effects on biofilm formation, motility, hemolysin production, and attachment-invasion of host cells. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of TQ against eight different L. monocytogenes strains ranged from 6.25-12.50 μg/mL. Crystal violet staining showed that TQ clearly reduced biofilm biomass at sub-MICs in a dose-dependent manner. Scanning electron microscopy suggested that TQ inhibited biofilm formation on glass slides and induced an apparent collapse of biofilm architecture. At sub-MICs, TQ effectively inhibited the motility of L. monocytogenes ATCC 19115, and significantly impacted adhesion to and invasion of human colon adenocarcinoma cells as well as the secretion of listeriolysin O. Supporting these findings, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that TQ down-regulated the transcription of genes associated with motility, biofilm formation, hemolysin secretion, and attachment-invasion in host cells. Overall, these findings confirm that TQ has the potential to be used to combat L. monocytogenes infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Miao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Huanhuan Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yangyang Zheng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Du Guo
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Chao Shi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yunfeng Xu
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Xiaodong Xia
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Sino-US Joint Research Center for Food Safety, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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11
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Role of Glutathionylation in Infection and Inflammation. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11081952. [PMID: 31434242 PMCID: PMC6723385 DOI: 10.3390/nu11081952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathionylation, that is, the formation of mixed disulfides between protein cysteines and glutathione (GSH) cysteines, is a reversible post-translational modification catalyzed by different cellular oxidoreductases, by which the redox state of the cell modulates protein function. So far, most studies on the identification of glutathionylated proteins have focused on cellular proteins, including proteins involved in host response to infection, but there is a growing number of reports showing that microbial proteins also undergo glutathionylation, with modification of their characteristics and functions. In the present review, we highlight the signaling role of GSH through glutathionylation, particularly focusing on microbial (viral and bacterial) glutathionylated proteins (GSSPs) and host GSSPs involved in the immune/inflammatory response to infection; moreover, we discuss the biological role of the process in microbial infections and related host responses.
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12
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Abstract
Bacterial metabolism represents the biochemical space that bacteria can manipulate to produce energy, reducing equivalents and building blocks for replication. Gram-positive pathogens, such as Listeria monocytogenes, show remarkable flexibility, which allows for exploitation of diverse biological niches from the soil to the intracytosolic space. Although the human host represents a potentially rich source for nutrient acquisition, competition for nutrients with the host and hostile host defenses can constrain bacterial metabolism by various mechanisms, including nutrient sequestration. Here, we review metabolism in the model Gram-positive bacterium, L. monocytogenes, and highlight pathways that enable the replication, survival, and virulence of this bacterial pathogen.
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13
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Nguyen BN, Peterson BN, Portnoy DA. Listeriolysin O: A phagosome-specific cytolysin revisited. Cell Microbiol 2019; 21:e12988. [PMID: 30511471 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Listeriolysin O (LLO) is an essential determinant of Listeria monocytogenes pathogenesis that mediates the escape of L. monocytogenes from host cell vacuoles, thereby allowing replication in the cytosol without causing appreciable cell death. As a member of the cholesterol-dependent cytolysin (CDC) family of pore-forming toxins, LLO is unique in that it is secreted by a facultative intracellular pathogen, whereas all other CDCs are produced by pathogens that are largely extracellular. Replacement of LLO with other CDCs results in strains that are extremely cytotoxic and 10,000-fold less virulent in mice. LLO has structural and regulatory features that allow it to function intracellularly without causing cell death, most of which map to a unique N-terminal region of LLO referred to as the proline, glutamic acid, serine, threonine (PEST)-like sequence. Yet, while LLO has unique properties required for its intracellular site of action, extracellular LLO, like other CDCs, affects cells in a myriad of ways. Because all CDCs form pores in cholesterol-containing membranes that lead to rapid Ca2+ influx and K+ efflux, they consequently trigger a wide range of host cell responses, including mitogen-activated protein kinase activation, histone modification, and caspase-1 activation. There is no debate that extracellular LLO, like all other CDCs, can stimulate multiple cellular activities, but the primary question we wish to address in this perspective is whether these activities contribute to L. monocytogenes pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittney N Nguyen
- Graduate Group in Microbiology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Bret N Peterson
- Graduate Group in Microbiology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Daniel A Portnoy
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California.,Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
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14
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Tung QN, Linzner N, Loi VV, Antelmann H. Application of genetically encoded redox biosensors to measure dynamic changes in the glutathione, bacillithiol and mycothiol redox potentials in pathogenic bacteria. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 128:84-96. [PMID: 29454879 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Gram-negative bacteria utilize glutathione (GSH) as their major LMW thiol. However, most Gram-positive bacteria do not encode enzymes for GSH biosynthesis and produce instead alternative LMW thiols, such as bacillithiol (BSH) and mycothiol (MSH). BSH is utilized by Firmicutes and MSH is the major LMW thiol of Actinomycetes. LMW thiols are required to maintain the reduced state of the cytoplasm, but are also involved in virulence mechanisms in human pathogens, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Salmonella enterica subsp. Typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes. Infection conditions often cause perturbations of the intrabacterial redox balance in pathogens, which is further affected under antibiotics treatments. During the last years, novel glutaredoxin-fused roGFP2 biosensors have been engineered in many eukaryotic organisms, including parasites, yeast, plants and human cells for dynamic live-imaging of the GSH redox potential in different compartments. Likewise bacterial roGFP2-based biosensors are now available to measure the dynamic changes in the GSH, BSH and MSH redox potentials in model and pathogenic Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. In this review, we present an overview of novel functions of the bacterial LMW thiols GSH, MSH and BSH in pathogenic bacteria in virulence regulation. Moreover, recent results about the application of genetically encoded redox biosensors are summarized to study the mechanisms of host-pathogen interactions, persistence and antibiotics resistance. In particularly, we highlight recent biosensor results on the redox changes in the intracellular food-borne pathogen Salmonella Typhimurium as well as in the Gram-positive pathogens S. aureus and M. tuberculosis during infection conditions and under antibiotics treatments. These studies established a link between ROS and antibiotics resistance with the intracellular LMW thiol-redox potential. Future applications should be directed to compare the redox potentials among different clinical isolates of these pathogens in relation to their antibiotics resistance and to screen for new ROS-producing drugs as promising strategy to combat antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quach Ngoc Tung
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Biology-Microbiology, Königin-Luise-Strasse 12-16, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nico Linzner
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Biology-Microbiology, Königin-Luise-Strasse 12-16, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Vu Van Loi
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Biology-Microbiology, Königin-Luise-Strasse 12-16, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Haike Antelmann
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Biology-Microbiology, Königin-Luise-Strasse 12-16, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
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15
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Ku JW, Gan YH. Modulation of bacterial virulence and fitness by host glutathione. Curr Opin Microbiol 2018; 47:8-13. [PMID: 30396015 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione is a low molecular weight thiol that is important for maintaining intracellular redox homeostasis. Some bacteria are able to import exogenous glutathione as a nutritional source and to counter oxidative stress. In cytosolic pathogens Burkholderia pseudomallei and Listeria monocytogenes, host glutathione regulates bacterial virulence. In B. pseudomallei, glutathione activates the membrane-bound histidine kinase sensor VirA that leads to activation of the Type VI Secretion System. In L. monocytogenes, host glutathione leads to the binding of bacterial glutathione to the master virulence regulator PrfA as an allosteric activator. Glutathione can also modulate virulence factors to control their activity by S-glutathionylation. Thus, host glutathione acts as a spacio-temporal cue for some pathogens to switch on their virulence programs at the right time and place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Wk Ku
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yunn-Hwen Gan
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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16
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Abstract
The abundance of oxidants and reductants must be balanced for an organism to thrive. Bacteria have evolved methods to prevent redox imbalances and to mitigate their deleterious consequences through the expression of detoxification enzymes, antioxidants, and systems to repair or degrade damaged proteins and DNA. Regulating these processes in response to redox changes requires sophisticated surveillance strategies ranging from metal chelation to direct sensing of toxic reactive oxygen species. In the case of bacterial pathogens, stress that threatens to disrupt redox homeostasis can derive from endogenous sources (produced by the bacteria) or exogenous sources (produced by the host). This minireview summarizes the sources of redox stress encountered during infection, the mechanisms by which bacterial pathogens diminish the damaging effects of redox stress, and the clever ways some organisms have evolved to thrive in the face of redox challenges during infection.
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17
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Cheng C, Jiang L, Ma T, Wang H, Han X, Sun J, Yang Y, Chen Z, Yu H, Hang Y, Liu F, Wang B, Fang W, Huang H, Fang C, Cai C, Freitag N, Song H. Carboxyl-Terminal Residues N478 and V479 Required for the Cytolytic Activity of Listeriolysin O Play a Critical Role in Listeria monocytogenes Pathogenicity. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1439. [PMID: 29163512 PMCID: PMC5671954 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a facultative intracellular pathogen that secretes the cytolysin listeriolysin O (LLO), which enables the bacteria to cross the phagosomal membrane. L. monocytogenes regulates LLO activity in the phagosome and minimizes its activity in the host cytosol. Mutants that fail to compartmentalize LLO activity are cytotoxic and have attenuated virulence. Here, we showed that residues N478 and V479 of LLO are required for LLO hemolytic activity and bacterial virulence. A single N478A mutation (LLON478A) significantly increased the hemolytic activity of LLO at a neutral pH, while no difference was observed at the optimum acidic pH, compared with wild-type LLO. Conversely, the mutant LLOV479A exhibited lower hemolytic activity at the acidic pH, but not at the neutral pH. The double mutant LLON478AV479A showed a greater decrease in hemolytic activity at both the acidic and neutral pHs. Interestingly, strains producing LLON478A or LLOV479A lysed erythrocytes similarly to the wild-type strain. Surprisingly, bacteria-secreting LLON478AV479A had barely detectable hemolytic activity, but exhibited host cell cytotoxicity, escaped from the phagosome, grew intracellularly, and spread cell-to-cell with the same efficiency as the wild-type strain, but were highly attenuated in virulence in mice. These data demonstrate that these two residues are required for LLO hemolytic activity and pathogenicity in mice, but not for escape from the phagosome and cell-to-cell spreading. The finding that the nearly non-hemolytic LLON478AV479A mutant grew intracellularly indicates that mutagenesis of a virulence determinant is a novel approach for the development of live vaccine strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyong Cheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology of Zhejiang A&F University, China-Australian Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Lin'an, China
| | - Li Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology of Zhejiang A&F University, China-Australian Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Lin'an, China
| | - Tiantian Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology of Zhejiang A&F University, China-Australian Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Lin'an, China
| | - Hang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology of Zhejiang A&F University, China-Australian Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Lin'an, China
| | - Xiao Han
- College of Animal Science and Technology of Zhejiang A&F University, China-Australian Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Lin'an, China
| | - Jing Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology of Zhejiang A&F University, China-Australian Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Lin'an, China
| | - Yongchun Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology of Zhejiang A&F University, China-Australian Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Lin'an, China
| | - Zhongwei Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology of Zhejiang A&F University, China-Australian Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Lin'an, China
| | - Huifei Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology of Zhejiang A&F University, China-Australian Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Lin'an, China
| | - Yi Hang
- College of Animal Science and Technology of Zhejiang A&F University, China-Australian Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Lin'an, China
| | - Fengdan Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology of Zhejiang A&F University, China-Australian Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Lin'an, China
| | - Bosen Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology of Zhejiang A&F University, China-Australian Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Lin'an, China
| | - Weihuan Fang
- College of Animal Science and Technology of Zhejiang A&F University, China-Australian Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Lin'an, China.,Zhejiang University Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huarong Huang
- College of Biological and Environmental Science, Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chun Fang
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Hubei, China
| | - Chang Cai
- College of Animal Science and Technology of Zhejiang A&F University, China-Australian Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Lin'an, China.,School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Nancy Freitag
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Houhui Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology of Zhejiang A&F University, China-Australian Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Lin'an, China
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18
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David DJV, Cossart P. Recent advances in understanding Listeria monocytogenes infection: the importance of subcellular and physiological context. F1000Res 2017; 6. [PMID: 28781746 PMCID: PMC5516218 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.11363.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The bacterial pathogen
Listeria monocytogenes (
Lm) is the causative agent of listeriosis, a rare but fatal foodborne disease. During infection,
Lm can traverse several host barriers and enter the cytosol of a variety of cell types. Thus, consideration of the extracellular and intracellular niches of
Lm is critical for understanding the infection process. Here, we review advances in our understanding of
Lm infection and highlight how the interactions between the host and the pathogen are context dependent. We discuss discoveries of how
Lm senses entry into the host cell cytosol. We present findings concerning how the nature of the various cytoskeleton components subverted by
Lm changes depending on both the stage of infection and the subcellular context. We present discoveries of critical components required for
Lm traversal of physiological barriers. Interactions between the host gut microbiota and
Lm will be briefly discussed. Finally, the importance of
Lm biodiversity and post-genomics approaches as a promising way to discover novel virulence factors will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daryl J V David
- Unité des Interactions Bactéries-Cellules, Department of Cell Biology and Infection, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Pascale Cossart
- Unité des Interactions Bactéries-Cellules, Department of Cell Biology and Infection, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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19
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Cheng C, Dong Z, Han X, Wang H, Jiang L, Sun J, Yang Y, Ma T, Shao C, Wang X, Chen Z, Fang W, Freitag NE, Huang H, Song H. Thioredoxin A Is Essential for Motility and Contributes to Host Infection of Listeria monocytogenes via Redox Interactions. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:287. [PMID: 28702378 PMCID: PMC5487381 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbes employ the thioredoxin system to defend against oxidative stress and ensure correct disulfide bonding to maintain protein function. Listeria monocytogenes has been shown to encode a putative thioredoxin, TrxA, but its biological roles and underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Here, we showed that expression of L. monocytogenes TrxA is significantly induced in bacteria treated with the thiol-specific oxidizing agent, diamide. Deletion of trxA markedly compromised tolerance of the pathogen to diamide, and mainly impaired early stages of infection in human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells. In addition, most trxA mutant bacteria were not associated with polymerized actin, and the rare bacteria that were associated with polymerized actin displayed very short tails or clouds during infection. Deletion or constitutive overexpression of TrxA, which was regulated by SigH, severely attenuated the virulence of the pathogen. Transcriptome analysis of L. monocytogenes revealed over 270 genes that were differentially transcribed in the ΔtrxA mutant compared to the wild-type, especially for the virulence-associated genes plcA, mpl, hly, actA, and plcB. Particularly, deletion of TrxA completely reduced LLO expression, and thereby led to a thoroughly impaired hemolytic activity. Expression of these virulence factors are positively regulated by the master regulator PrfA that was found here to use TrxA to maintain its reduced forms for activation. Interestingly, the trxA deletion mutant completely lacked flagella and was non-motile. We further confirmed that this deficiency is attributable to TrxA in maintaining the reduced intracellular monomer status of MogR, the key regulator for flagellar formation, to ensure correct dimerization. In summary, we demonstrated for the first time that L. monocytogenes thioredoxin A as a vital cellular reductase is essential for maintaining a highly reducing environment in the bacterial cytosol, which provides a favorable condition for protein folding and activation, and therefore contributes to bacterial virulence and motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyong Cheng
- China-Australian Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection and Internet Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology of Zhejiang A&F UniversityLin'an, China
| | - Zhimei Dong
- China-Australian Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection and Internet Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology of Zhejiang A&F UniversityLin'an, China
| | - Xiao Han
- China-Australian Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection and Internet Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology of Zhejiang A&F UniversityLin'an, China
| | - Hang Wang
- China-Australian Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection and Internet Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology of Zhejiang A&F UniversityLin'an, China
| | - Li Jiang
- China-Australian Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection and Internet Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology of Zhejiang A&F UniversityLin'an, China
| | - Jing Sun
- China-Australian Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection and Internet Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology of Zhejiang A&F UniversityLin'an, China
| | - Yongchun Yang
- China-Australian Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection and Internet Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology of Zhejiang A&F UniversityLin'an, China
| | - Tiantian Ma
- China-Australian Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection and Internet Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology of Zhejiang A&F UniversityLin'an, China
| | - Chunyan Shao
- China-Australian Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection and Internet Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology of Zhejiang A&F UniversityLin'an, China
| | - Xiaodu Wang
- China-Australian Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection and Internet Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology of Zhejiang A&F UniversityLin'an, China
| | - Zhongwei Chen
- China-Australian Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection and Internet Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology of Zhejiang A&F UniversityLin'an, China
| | - Weihuan Fang
- China-Australian Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection and Internet Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology of Zhejiang A&F UniversityLin'an, China.,Zhejiang University Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary MedicineHangzhou, China
| | - Nancy E Freitag
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at ChicagoChicago, IL, United States
| | - Huarong Huang
- Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, College of Biological and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal UniversityZhejiang, China
| | - Houhui Song
- China-Australian Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection and Internet Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology of Zhejiang A&F UniversityLin'an, China
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