1
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Singh S, Kanzin D, Chavez S, Saavedra-Avila NA, Ng TW, Lukose R, Mayer O, Kim J, Chen B, Chen M, Porcelli SA, Jacobs WR, Tiwari S. Boosting Immunogenicity of a Recombinant Mycobacterium smegmatis Strain via Zinc-Dependent Ribosomal Proteins. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1571. [PMID: 39062144 PMCID: PMC11274837 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12071571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be a major global health burden and kills over a million people annually. New immunization strategies are required for the development of an efficacious TB vaccine that can potentially induce sterilizing immunity. In this study, we first confirmed that a live vaccine strain of Mycobacterium smegmatis, previously designated as IKEPLUS, conferred a higher survival benefit than the Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) in a murine model of intravenous Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. We have shown that there was a significant increase in the expression of the Rv0282 gene, which is encoded in the esx-3 locus, which played an important role in iron uptake when IKEPLUS was grown in both low zinc and iron-containing Sauton medium. We then confirmed using in vitro assays of biofilm formation that zinc plays a vital role in the growth and formation of M. smegmatis biofilms. IKEPLUS grown in low zinc media led to the better protection of mice after intravenous challenge with a very high dosage of Mtb. We also showed that various variants of IKEPLUS induced apoptotic cell-death of infected macrophages at a higher rate than wild-type M. smegmatis. We next attempted to determine if zinc containing ribosomal proteins such as rpmb2 could contribute to protective efficacy against Mtb infection. Since BCG has an established role in anti-mycobacterial efficacy, we boosted BCG vaccinated mice with rmpb2, but this did not lead to an increment in the protection mediated by BCG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Singh
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - David Kanzin
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Sarah Chavez
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | | | - Tony W. Ng
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Regy Lukose
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Oren Mayer
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - John Kim
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Bing Chen
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Mei Chen
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Steven A. Porcelli
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - William R. Jacobs
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Sangeeta Tiwari
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
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2
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Chugh S, Bahal RK, Dhiman R, Singh R. Antigen identification strategies and preclinical evaluation models for advancing tuberculosis vaccine development. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:57. [PMID: 38461350 PMCID: PMC10924964 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00834-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024] Open
Abstract
In its myriad devastating forms, Tuberculosis (TB) has existed for centuries, and humanity is still affected by it. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis), the causative agent of TB, was the foremost killer among infectious agents until the COVID-19 pandemic. One of the key healthcare strategies available to reduce the risk of TB is immunization with bacilli Calmette-Guerin (BCG). Although BCG has been widely used to protect against TB, reports show that BCG confers highly variable efficacy (0-80%) against adult pulmonary TB. Unwavering efforts have been made over the past 20 years to develop and evaluate new TB vaccine candidates. The failure of conventional preclinical animal models to fully recapitulate human response to TB, as also seen for the failure of MVA85A in clinical trials, signifies the need to develop better preclinical models for TB vaccine evaluation. In the present review article, we outline various approaches used to identify protective mycobacterial antigens and recent advancements in preclinical models for assessing the efficacy of candidate TB vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Chugh
- Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Tuberculosis Research Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Ritika Kar Bahal
- Marshall Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Rohan Dhiman
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Ramandeep Singh
- Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Tuberculosis Research Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, 121001, Haryana, India.
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3
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Singh S, Kanzin D, Chavez S, Saavedra-Avila NA, Ng TW, Lukose R, Mayer O, Kim J, Chen B, Chen M, Porcelli SA, Jacobs WR, Tiwari S. Boosting bactericidal immunity of a recombinant Mycobacterium smegmatis strain via zinc-dependent ribosomal proteins. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.11.571163. [PMID: 38168334 PMCID: PMC10760040 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.11.571163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be a major global health burden and kills over a million people annually. New immunization strategies are required for the development of an efficacious TB vaccine that can potentially induce sterilizing immunity. In this study, we first confirmed that various strains of the IKEPLUS vaccine confer a higher survival benefit than BCG in a murine model of intravenous Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. We have shown that there was a significant increase in the expression of the Rv0282 when IKEPLUS was grown in low zinc and iron containing Sauton medium. We confirmed on biofilm assays that zinc plays a vital role in the growth and formation of Mycobacterium smegmatis ( M. smegmatis ) biofilms. IKEPLUS grown in low zinc media led to better protection of mice after intravenous challenge with very high dosage of Mtb. We also showed that various variants of IKEPLUS induced apoptotic cell-death of infected macrophages at a higher rate than wild type M. smegmatis . We next attempted to determine if zinc containing ribosomal proteins such as rpmb2 could contribute to protective efficacy against Mtb infection. Since BCG has an established role in anti-mycobacterial efficacy, we boosted BCG vaccinated mice with rmpb2 but this did not lead to an increment in the protection mediated by BCG.
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4
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Srivastava S, Dey S, Mukhopadhyay S. Vaccines against Tuberculosis: Where Are We Now? Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11051013. [PMID: 37243117 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11051013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is among the top 10 leading causes of death in low-income countries. Statistically, TB kills more than 30,000 people each week and leads to more deaths than any other infectious disease, such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and malaria. TB treatment is largely dependent on BCG vaccination and impacted by the inefficacy of drugs, absence of advanced vaccines, misdiagnosis improper treatment, and social stigma. The BCG vaccine provides partial effectiveness in demographically distinct populations and the prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) TB incidences demands the design of novel TB vaccines. Various strategies have been employed to design vaccines against TB, such as: (a) The protein subunit vaccine; (b) The viral vector vaccine; (c) The inactivation of whole-cell vaccine, using related mycobacteria, (d) Recombinant BCG (rBCG) expressing Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) protein or some non-essential gene deleted BCG. There are, approximately, 19 vaccine candidates in different phases of clinical trials. In this article, we review the development of TB vaccines, their status and potential in the treatment of TB. Heterologous immune responses generated by advanced vaccines will contribute to long-lasting immunity and might protect us from both drug-sensitive and drug-resistant TB. Therefore, advanced vaccine candidates need to be identified and developed to boost the human immune system against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Srivastava
- Research and Development Office, Ashoka University, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Sonipat 131029, Haryana, India
| | - Sajal Dey
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), Inner Ring Road, Uppal, Hyderabad 500039, Telangana, India
- Graduate Studies, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Sangita Mukhopadhyay
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), Inner Ring Road, Uppal, Hyderabad 500039, Telangana, India
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5
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Sharma A, Sagar K, Chauhan NK, Venkataraman B, Gupta N, Gosain TP, Bhalla N, Singh R, Gupta A. HigB1 Toxin in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Is Upregulated During Stress and Required to Establish Infection in Guinea Pigs. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:748890. [PMID: 34917044 PMCID: PMC8669151 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.748890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The extraordinary expansion of Toxin Antitoxin (TA) modules in the genome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis has received significant attention over the last few decades. The cumulative evidence suggests that TA systems are activated in response to stress conditions and are essential for M. tuberculosis pathogenesis. In M. tuberculosis, Rv1955-Rv1956-Rv1957 constitutes the only tripartite TAC (Toxin Antitoxin Chaperone) module. In this locus, Rv1955 (HigB1) encodes for the toxin and Rv1956 (HigA1) encodes for antitoxin. Rv1957 encodes for a SecB-like chaperone that regulates HigBA1 toxin antitoxin system by preventing HigA1 degradation. Here, we have investigated the physiological role of HigB1 toxin in stress adaptation and pathogenesis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. qPCR studies revealed that higBA1 is upregulated in nutrient limiting conditions and upon exposure to levofloxacin. We also show that the promoter activity of higBA1 locus in M. tuberculosis is (p)ppGpp dependent. We observed that HigB1 locus is non-essential for M. tuberculosis growth under different stress conditions in vitro. However, guinea pigs infected with higB1 deletion strain exhibited significantly reduced bacterial loads and pathological damage in comparison to the animals infected with the parental strain. Transcriptome analysis suggested that deletion of higB1 reduced the expression of genes involved in virulence, detoxification and adaptation. The present study describes the role of higB1 toxin in M. tuberculosis physiology and highlights the importance of higBA1 locus during infection in host tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Sharma
- Tuberculosis Research Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Kalpana Sagar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India.,Centre for Innovation in Infectious Disease Research, Education and Training, New Delhi, India
| | - Neeraj Kumar Chauhan
- Tuberculosis Research Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Balaji Venkataraman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Nidhi Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Tannu Priya Gosain
- Tuberculosis Research Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Nikhil Bhalla
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Ramandeep Singh
- Tuberculosis Research Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Amita Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India.,Centre for Innovation in Infectious Disease Research, Education and Training, New Delhi, India
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6
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Ng TW, Wirchnianski AS, Wec AZ, Fels JM, Johndrow CT, Saunders KO, Liao HX, Chan J, Jacobs WR, Chandran K, Porcelli SA. Exploiting Pre-Existing CD4 + T Cell Help from Bacille Calmette-Guérin Vaccination to Improve Antiviral Antibody Responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:425-437. [PMID: 32513849 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The continuing emergence of viral pathogens and their rapid spread into heavily populated areas around the world underscore the urgency for development of highly effective vaccines to generate protective antiviral Ab responses. Many established and newly emerging viral pathogens, including HIV and Ebola viruses, are most prevalent in regions of the world in which Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection remains endemic and vaccination at birth with M. bovis bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is widely used. We have investigated the potential for using CD4+ T cells arising in response to BCG as a source of help for driving Ab responses against viral vaccines. To test this approach, we designed vaccines comprised of protein immunogens fused to an immunodominant CD4+ T cell epitope of the secreted Ag 85B protein of BCG. Proof-of-concept experiments showed that the presence of BCG-specific Th cells in previously BCG-vaccinated mice had a dose-sparing effect for subsequent vaccination with fusion proteins containing the Ag 85B epitope and consistently induced isotype switching to the IgG2c subclass. Studies using an Ebola virus glycoprotein fused to the Ag 85B epitope showed that prior BCG vaccination promoted high-affinity IgG1 responses that neutralized viral infection. The design of fusion protein vaccines with the ability to recruit BCG-specific CD4+ Th cells may be a useful and broadly applicable approach to generating improved vaccines against a range of established and newly emergent viral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony W Ng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Ariel S Wirchnianski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Anna Z Wec
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461.,Adimab, Lebanon, NH 03766
| | - J Maximilian Fels
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Christopher T Johndrow
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Kevin O Saunders
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710; and
| | - Hua-Xin Liao
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710; and
| | - John Chan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461.,Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - William R Jacobs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Kartik Chandran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Steven A Porcelli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461; .,Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
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7
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Kunnath-Velayudhan S, Goldberg MF, Saini NK, Ng TW, Arora P, Johndrow CT, Saavedra-Avila NA, Johnson AJ, Xu J, Kim J, Khajoueinejad N, Petro CD, Herold BC, Lauvau G, Chan J, Jacobs WR, Porcelli SA. Generation of IL-3-Secreting CD4 + T Cells by Microbial Challenge at Skin and Mucosal Barriers. Immunohorizons 2019; 3:161-171. [PMID: 31356170 PMCID: PMC6668923 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.1900028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
During Ag priming, naive CD4+ T cells differentiate into subsets with distinct patterns of cytokine expression that dictate to a major extent their functional roles in immune responses. We identified a subset of CD4+ T cells defined by secretion of IL-3 that was induced by Ag stimulation under conditions different from those associated with previously defined functional subsets. Using mouse models of bacterial and viral infections, we showed that IL-3–secreting CD4+ T cells were generated by infection at the skin and mucosa but not by infections introduced directly into the blood. Most IL-3–producing T cells coexpressed GM-CSF and other cytokines that define multifunctionality. Generation of IL-3–secreting T cells in vitro was dependent on IL-1 family cytokines and was inhibited by cytokines that induce canonical Th1 or Th2 cells. Our results identify IL-3–secreting CD4+ T cells as a potential functional subset that arises during priming of naive T cells in specific tissue locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shajo Kunnath-Velayudhan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461
| | - Michael F Goldberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461
| | - Neeraj K Saini
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461
| | - Tony W Ng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461
| | - Pooja Arora
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461
| | - Christopher T Johndrow
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461
| | | | - Alison J Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461
| | - Jiayong Xu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461
| | - John Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461
| | - Nazanin Khajoueinejad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461.,Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461; and
| | - Christopher D Petro
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461.,Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461; and
| | - Betsy C Herold
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461.,Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461; and
| | - Gregoire Lauvau
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461
| | - John Chan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461.,Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461
| | - William R Jacobs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461
| | - Steven A Porcelli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461; .,Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461
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8
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Tian Y, da Silva Antunes R, Sidney J, Lindestam Arlehamn CS, Grifoni A, Dhanda SK, Paul S, Peters B, Weiskopf D, Sette A. A Review on T Cell Epitopes Identified Using Prediction and Cell-Mediated Immune Models for Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Bordetella pertussis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2778. [PMID: 30555469 PMCID: PMC6281829 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present review, we summarize work from our as well as other groups related to the characterization of bacterial T cell epitopes, with a specific focus on two important pathogens, namely, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the bacterium that causes tuberculosis (TB), and Bordetella pertussis (BP), the bacterium that causes whooping cough. Both bacteria and their associated diseases are of large societal significance. Although vaccines exist for both pathogens, their efficacy is incomplete. It is widely thought that defects and/or alteration in T cell compartments are associated with limited vaccine effectiveness. As discussed below, a full genome-wide map was performed in the case of Mtb. For BP, our focus has thus far been on the antigens contained in the acellular vaccine; a full genome-wide screen is in the planning stage. Nevertheless, the sum-total of the results in the two different bacterial systems allows us to exemplify approaches and techniques that we believe are generally applicable to the mapping and characterization of human immune responses to bacterial pathogens. Finally, we add, as a disclaimer, that this review by design is focused on the work produced by our laboratory as an illustration of approaches to the study of T cell responses to Mtb and BP, and is not meant to be comprehensive, nor to detract from the excellent work performed by many other groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Tian
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | | | - John Sidney
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | | | - Alba Grifoni
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Sandeep Kumar Dhanda
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Sinu Paul
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Bjoern Peters
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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9
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Identification of Mycobacterial Ribosomal Proteins as Targets for CD4 + T Cells That Enhance Protective Immunity in Tuberculosis. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00009-18. [PMID: 29891545 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00009-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains a threat to global health, and a more efficacious vaccine is needed to prevent disease caused by M. tuberculosis We previously reported that the mycobacterial ribosome is a major target of CD4+ T cells in mice immunized with a genetically modified Mycobacterium smegmatis strain (IKEPLUS) but not in mice immunized with Mycobacterium bovis BCG. Two specific ribosomal proteins, RplJ and RpsA, were identified as cross-reactive targets of M. tuberculosis, but the breadth of the CD4+ T cell response to M. tuberculosis ribosomes was not determined. In the present study, a library of M. tuberculosis ribosomal proteins and in silico-predicted peptide libraries were used to screen CD4+ T cell responses in IKEPLUS-immunized mice. This identified 24 out of 57 M. tuberculosis ribosomal proteins distributed over both large and small ribosome subunits as specific CD4+ T cell targets. Although BCG did not induce detectable responses against ribosomal proteins or peptide epitopes, the M. tuberculosis ribosomal protein RplJ produced a robust and multifunctional Th1-like CD4+ T cell population when administered as a booster vaccine to previously BCG-primed mice. Boosting of BCG-primed immunity with the M. tuberculosis RplJ protein led to significantly reduced lung pathology compared to that in BCG-immunized animals and reductions in the bacterial burdens in the mediastinal lymph node compared to those in naive and standard BCG-vaccinated mice. These results identify the mycobacterial ribosome as a potential source of cryptic or subdominant antigenic targets of protective CD4+ T cell responses and suggest that supplementing BCG with ribosomal antigens may enhance protective vaccination against M. tuberculosis.
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10
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Abstract
Enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) is an assay used to detect secretion of cytokines from immune cells. The resolution and sensitivity of ELISPOT allow for the detection of rare T cell specificities and small quantities of molecules produced by individual cells. In this chapter, we describe an epitope screening method that uses CD4+ T cell ELISPOT assays to identify specific novel mycobacterial antigens as potential vaccine candidates. In order to screen a large number of candidate epitopes simultaneously, pools of predicted MHC class II peptides were used to identify mycobacterial specific CD4+ T cells. Using this method, we identified novel mycobacterial antigens as vaccine candidates.
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11
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Chennamadhavuni D, Saavedra-Avila NA, Carreño LJ, Guberman-Pfeffer MJ, Arora P, Yongqing T, Pryce R, Koay HF, Godfrey DI, Keshipeddy S, Richardson SK, Sundararaj S, Lo JH, Wen X, Gascón JA, Yuan W, Rossjohn J, Le Nours J, Porcelli SA, Howell AR. Dual Modifications of α-Galactosylceramide Synergize to Promote Activation of Human Invariant Natural Killer T Cells and Stimulate Anti-tumor Immunity. Cell Chem Biol 2018; 25:571-584.e8. [PMID: 29576533 PMCID: PMC6025895 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylceramides that activate CD1d-restricted invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells have potential therapeutic applications for augmenting immune responses against cancer and infections. Previous studies using mouse models identified sphinganine variants of α-galactosylceramide as promising iNKT cell activators that stimulate cytokine responses with a strongly proinflammatory bias. However, the activities of sphinganine variants in mice have generally not translated well to studies of human iNKT cell responses. Here, we show that strongly proinflammatory and anti-tumor iNKT cell responses were achieved in mice by a variant of α-galactosylceramide that combines a sphinganine base with a hydrocinnamoyl ester on C6″ of the sugar. Importantly, the activities observed with this variant were largely preserved for human iNKT cell responses. Structural and in silico modeling studies provided a mechanistic basis for these findings and suggested basic principles for capturing useful properties of sphinganine analogs of synthetic iNKT cell activators in the design of immunotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Leandro J Carreño
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Programa de Inmunologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Pooja Arora
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Tang Yongqing
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Rhys Pryce
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Hui-Fern Koay
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Dale I Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging at the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Santosh Keshipeddy
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3060, USA
| | - Stewart K Richardson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3060, USA
| | - Srinivasan Sundararaj
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Jae Ho Lo
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Xiangshu Wen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - José A Gascón
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3060, USA
| | - Weiming Yuan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Jérôme Le Nours
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Steven A Porcelli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
| | - Amy R Howell
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3060, USA.
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Kunnath-Velayudhan S, Goldberg MF, Saini NK, Johndrow CT, Ng TW, Johnson AJ, Xu J, Chan J, Jacobs WR, Porcelli SA. Transcriptome Analysis of Mycobacteria-Specific CD4 + T Cells Identified by Activation-Induced Expression of CD154. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:2596-2606. [PMID: 28821584 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of Ag-specific CD4+ T cells in mycobacterial infections at the transcriptome level is informative but technically challenging. Although several methods exist for identifying Ag-specific T cells, including intracellular cytokine staining, cell surface cytokine-capture assays, and staining with peptide:MHC class II multimers, all of these have significant technical constraints that limit their usefulness. Measurement of activation-induced expression of CD154 has been reported to detect live Ag-specific CD4+ T cells, but this approach remains underexplored and, to our knowledge, has not previously been applied in mycobacteria-infected animals. In this article, we show that CD154 expression identifies adoptively transferred or endogenous Ag-specific CD4+ T cells induced by Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccination. We confirmed that Ag-specific cytokine production was positively correlated with CD154 expression by CD4+ T cells from bacillus Calmette-Guérin-vaccinated mice and show that high-quality microarrays can be performed from RNA isolated from CD154+ cells purified by cell sorting. Analysis of microarray data demonstrated that the transcriptome of CD4+ CD154+ cells was distinct from that of CD154- cells and showed major enrichment of transcripts encoding multiple cytokines and pathways of cellular activation. One notable finding was the identification of a previously unrecognized subset of mycobacteria-specific CD4+ T cells that is characterized by the production of IL-3. Our results support the use of CD154 expression as a practical and reliable method to isolate live Ag-specific CD4+ T cells for transcriptomic analysis and potentially for a range of other studies in infected or previously immunized hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shajo Kunnath-Velayudhan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461
| | - Michael F Goldberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461
| | - Neeraj K Saini
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461
| | - Christopher T Johndrow
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461
| | - Tony W Ng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461
| | - Alison J Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461
| | - Jiayong Xu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461.,Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461; and
| | - John Chan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461.,Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461; and
| | - William R Jacobs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461
| | - Steven A Porcelli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461; .,Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461; and
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13
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Izzo AA. Tuberculosis vaccines - perspectives from the NIH/NIAID Mycobacteria vaccine testing program. Curr Opin Immunol 2017; 47:78-84. [PMID: 28750280 PMCID: PMC5626602 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The development of novel vaccine candidates against infections with Mycobacterium tuberculosis has highlighted our limited understanding of immune mechanisms required to kill M. tuberculosis. The induction of a Th1 immunity is vital, but new studies are required to identify other mechanisms that may be necessary. Novel vaccines formulations that invoke effector cells such as innate lymphoid cells may provide an environment that promote effector mechanisms including T cell and B cell mediated immunity. Identifying pathways associated with killing this highly successful infectious agent has become critical to achieving the goal of reducing the global tuberculosis burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo A Izzo
- Colorado State University, Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, 1682 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States.
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14
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Poland GA, Ovsyannikova IG, Kennedy RB. Personalized vaccinology: A review. Vaccine 2017; 36:5350-5357. [PMID: 28774561 PMCID: PMC5792371 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
At the current time, the field of vaccinology remains empirical in many respects. Vaccine development, vaccine immunogenicity, and vaccine efficacy have, for the most part, historically been driven by an empiric “isolate-inactivate-inject” paradigm. In turn, a population-level public health paradigm of “the same dose for everyone for every disease” model has been the normative thinking in regard to prevention of vaccine-preventable infectious diseases. In addition, up until recently, no vaccines had been designed specifically to overcome the immunosenescence of aging, consistent with a post-WWII mentality of developing vaccines and vaccine programs for children. It is now recognized that the current lack of knowledge concerning how immune responses to vaccines are generated is a critical barrier to understanding poor vaccine responses in the elderly and in immunoimmaturity, discovery of new correlates of vaccine immunogenicity (vaccine response biomarkers), and a directed approach to new vaccine development. The new fields of vaccinomics and adversomics provide models that permit global profiling of the innate, humoral, and cellular immune responses integrated at a systems biology level. This has advanced the science beyond that of reductionist scientific approaches by revealing novel interactions between and within the immune system and other biological systems (beyond transcriptional level), which are critical to developing “downstream” adaptive humoral and cellular responses to infectious pathogens and vaccines. Others have applied systems level approaches to the study of antibody responses (a.k.a. “systems serology”), [1] high-dimensional cell subset immunophenotyping through CyTOF, [2,3] and vaccine induced metabolic changes [4]. In turn, this knowledge is being utilized to better understand the following: identifying who is at risk for which infections; the level of risk that exists regarding poor immunogenicity and/or serious adverse events; and the type or dose of vaccine needed to fully protect an individual. In toto, such approaches allow for a personalized approach to the practice of vaccinology, analogous to the substantial inroads that individualized medicine is playing in other fields of human health and medicine. Herein we briefly review the field of vaccinomics, adversomics, and personalized vaccinology.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Poland
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - I G Ovsyannikova
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - R B Kennedy
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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