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Agbayani G, Clark K, Sad S, Murphy SP, Krishnan L. Roles of natural resistance-associated macrophage protein-1 in modulating bacterial distribution and immune responses during Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection in murine pregnancy. Am J Reprod Immunol 2022; 88:e13599. [PMID: 35851978 PMCID: PMC9509426 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S.Tm) infection in Nramp1+/+ mice during pregnancy can lead to profound bacterial growth in the feto-placental unit and adverse pregnancy outcomes, including fetal loss, maternal illness and death. The kinetics and mechanisms by which S.Tm gains entry within individual feto-placental unit, and disseminates through tissues leading to placental resorption and fetal demise remain unclear. METHOD OF STUDY Mice were systemically infected with S.Tm. Bacterial burden within spleen and individual placentas, and placental/fetal resorptions were quantified. Flow cytometric analysis of immune cell types in the spleen and individual placentas was performed. Cytokine expression in maternal serum was determined through cytometric bead array. RESULTS Systemic infection with S.Tm resulted in preferential bacterial proliferation in placentas compared to the spleen in Nramp1+/+ mice. At 24 h post-infection, the mean infection rate of individual placentas per mouse was ∼50%, increasing to >75% by 72 h post-infection, suggesting that initial infection in few sites progresses to rapid spread of infection through the uterine milieu. This correlated with a steady increase in placental/fetal resorption rates. Placental infection was associated with local increased neutrophil percentages, whereas numbers and percentages in the spleen remained unchanged, suggesting dichotomous modulation of inflammation between the systemic compartment and the feto-maternal interface. Reduced survival rates of pregnant mice during infection correlated with decreased serum IFN-γ but increased IL-10 levels relative to non-pregnant controls. CONCLUSION Pregnancy compromises host resistance conferred by Nramp1 against S.Tm through compartment-specific regulation of maternal and placental cellular responses, and modulation of systemic cytokine expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Agbayani
- Division of Life Sciences, Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kristina Clark
- Division of Life Sciences, Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Subash Sad
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shawn P Murphy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Lakshmi Krishnan
- Division of Life Sciences, Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Mishra N, Mallick S, Negi VD. Salmonella Typhimurium infection causes defects and fastening of Caenorhabditis elegans developmental stages. Microbes Infect 2021; 24:104894. [PMID: 34756991 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2021.104894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Neha Mishra
- Laboratory of Infection Immunology, Department of Life Science National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India.
| | - Swarupa Mallick
- Laboratory of Infection Immunology, Department of Life Science National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India.
| | - Vidya Devi Negi
- Laboratory of Infection Immunology, Department of Life Science National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India.
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Agbayani G, Clark K, Sandhu JK, Hewitt M, Sad S, Murphy SP, Krishnan L. IFN-alpha receptor deficiency enhances host resistance to oral Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection during murine pregnancy. Am J Reprod Immunol 2021; 86:e13454. [PMID: 33991140 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Maternal tolerance during pregnancy increases the risk of infection with certain intracellular pathogens. Systemic Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S.Tm) infection during pregnancy in normally resistant 129X1/SvJ mice leads to severe placental infection, as well as fetal and maternal deaths. However, the effect of oral infection with S.Tm in pregnant mice and the roles of infection-induced inflammation and cell death pathways in contributing to susceptibility to infection are unclear. METHOD OF STUDY Non-pregnant and pregnant C57BL/6J wild-type (WT) and cell death pathway-altered mice (IFNAR1-/- , Caspase-1, 11-/- , RIP3-/- ) were infected orally with S.Tm. Host survival and fetal resorption were determined. Bacterial burden in mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs), spleen, liver, and placentas was enumerated at various time points post-infection. Serum cytokine expression was measured through cytometric bead array. RESULTS Oral infection of WT mice with S.Tm on days 9-10 of gestation resulted in systemic dissemination of the bacteria, substantial placental colonization, and fetal loss 5 days post-infection. Histopathological examination of the placentas indicated that infection-induced widespread focal necrosis and neutrophil infiltration throughout the spongiotrophoblast (SpT) layer. In the non-pregnant state, IFNAR1-/- mice exhibited increased survival following oral S.Tm infection relative to Caspase-1, 11-/- , RIP3-/- , and WT mice. The increased resistance to S.Tm infection in IFNAR1-/- mice was seen during pregnancy as well, with decreased bacterial burden within MLNs, spleen, and placenta, which correlated with the decreased resorptions relative to WT and Caspase-1, 11-/- mice. CONCLUSION Oral S.Tm exposure leads to placental infection, inflammation, and resorption, whereas IFNAR1 deficiency enhances host resistance both in the non-pregnant and pregnant states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Agbayani
- Division of Life Sciences, Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Kristina Clark
- Division of Life Sciences, Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jagdeep K Sandhu
- Division of Life Sciences, Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Melissa Hewitt
- Division of Life Sciences, Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Subash Sad
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Shawn P Murphy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Lakshmi Krishnan
- Division of Life Sciences, Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Betancourt DM, Llana MN, Sarnacki SH, Cerquetti MC, Monzalve LS, Pustovrh MC, Giacomodonato MN. Salmonella Enteritidis foodborne infection induces altered placental morphometrics in the murine model. Placenta 2021; 109:11-18. [PMID: 33915480 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2021.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Salmonella foodborne disease during pregnancy causes a significant fetal loss in domestic livestock and preterm birth, chorioamnionitis and miscarriage in humans. These complications could be associated with alterations in placental structure. This study was aimed to determine how a low dose of Salmonella Enteritidis during late gestation affects placental histomorphometric in mice. METHODS We used a self-limiting enterocolitis murine model. BALB/c pregnant animals received a low dose of Salmonella Enteritidis (3-4 x 102 CFU/mouse) on gestational day (GD) 15. At day 3 post infection bacterial loads, serum cytokines expression and placental histomorphometrics parameters were analyzed. RESULTS We found that a sub-lethal infection with Salmonella induced a significant drop in fetal weight -to-placental weight-ratio and an increase in the placental coefficient. After bacterial inoculation maternal organs were colonized, inducing placental morphometric alterations, including increased placental thickness, reduced surface area, and diminished major and minor diameters. Also, foci of necrosis accompanied by acute leukocyte infiltration in decidual zone, reduction of vascular spaces and vascular congestion in labyrinth zone, were also evident in placentas from infected females on GD 18. Our data shows that placentas from infected mothers are phenotypically different from control ones. Furthermore, expression of IFN-gamma and IL-6 was up regulated in response to Salmonella in maternal serum. DISCUSSION Our findings demonstrate that a low dose of Salmonella during late gestation alters the placental morphometry leading to negative consequences on pregnancy outcome such as significant reduction in fetal body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Betancourt
- Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM-UBA-CONICET), Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Mariángeles Noto Llana
- Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM-UBA-CONICET), Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Sebastián H Sarnacki
- Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM-UBA-CONICET), Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - M Cristina Cerquetti
- Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM-UBA-CONICET), Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | | | - María C Pustovrh
- Departamento de Morfología, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Del Valle, Cali, Colombia.
| | - Mónica N Giacomodonato
- Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM-UBA-CONICET), Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Zavattieri L, Ferrero MC, Alonso Paiva IM, Sotelo AD, Canellada AM, Baldi PC. Brucella abortus Proliferates in Decidualized and Non-Decidualized Human Endometrial Cells Inducing a Proinflammatory Response. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9050369. [PMID: 32408491 PMCID: PMC7281465 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9050369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucella spp. have been associated with abortion in humans and animals. Although the mechanisms involved are not well established, it is known that placental Brucella infection is accompanied by inflammatory phenomena. The ability of Brucella abortus to infect and survive in human endometrial stromal cells (T-HESC cell line) and the cytokine response elicited were evaluated. B. abortus was able to infect and proliferate in both non-decidualized and decidualized T-HESC cells. Intracellular proliferation depended on the expression of a functional virB operon in the pathogen. B. abortus internalization was inhibited by cytochalasin D and to a lower extent by colchicine, but was not affected by monodansylcadaverine. The infection did not induce cytotoxicity and did not alter the decidualization status of cells. B. abortus infection elicited the secretion of IL-8 and MCP-1 in either decidualized or non-decidualized T-HESC, a response also induced by heat-killed B. abortus and outer membrane vesicles derived from this bacterium. The stimulation of T-HESC with conditioned media from Brucella-infected macrophages induced the production of IL-6, MCP-1 and IL-8 in a dose-dependent manner, and this effect was shown to depend on IL-1β and TNF-α. The proinflammatory responses of T-HESC to B. abortus and to factors produced by infected macrophages may contribute to the gestational complications of brucellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Zavattieri
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Inmunología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina; (L.Z.); (M.C.F.); (I.M.A.P.); (A.D.S.); (A.M.C.)
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU), Buenos Aires 1033, Argentina
| | - Mariana C. Ferrero
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Inmunología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina; (L.Z.); (M.C.F.); (I.M.A.P.); (A.D.S.); (A.M.C.)
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU), Buenos Aires 1033, Argentina
| | - Iván M. Alonso Paiva
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Inmunología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina; (L.Z.); (M.C.F.); (I.M.A.P.); (A.D.S.); (A.M.C.)
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU), Buenos Aires 1033, Argentina
| | - Agustina D. Sotelo
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Inmunología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina; (L.Z.); (M.C.F.); (I.M.A.P.); (A.D.S.); (A.M.C.)
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU), Buenos Aires 1033, Argentina
| | - Andrea M. Canellada
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Inmunología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina; (L.Z.); (M.C.F.); (I.M.A.P.); (A.D.S.); (A.M.C.)
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU), Buenos Aires 1033, Argentina
| | - Pablo C. Baldi
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Inmunología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina; (L.Z.); (M.C.F.); (I.M.A.P.); (A.D.S.); (A.M.C.)
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU), Buenos Aires 1033, Argentina
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +54-11-5287-4419
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Tao Y, Huang F, Zhang Z, Tao X, Wu Q, Qiu L, Wei H. Probiotic Enterococcus faecalis Symbioflor 1 ameliorates pathobiont-induced miscarriage through bacterial antagonism and Th1-Th2 modulation in pregnant mice. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:5493-5504. [PMID: 32314005 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10609-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The bacterium-bacterium interaction between pathogenic and probiotic Enterococcus as well as the bacterium-host interaction between Enterococcus and intestinal epithelium has drawn increasing attentions, but the influence of those interactions on host pregnancy remains largely unexplored. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of probiotic E. faecalis Symbioflor 1 or/and pathogenic E. faecalis OG1RF on the miscarriage of pregnant mice. Using in vitro assays of competition and exclusion and displacement, antagonistic property of E. faecalis Symbioflor 1 against E. faecalis OG1RF was observed, and the former inhibited the translocation of the later in vivo. The rate of miscarriage induced by E. faecalis OG1RF challenge was significantly reduced by 28% with E. faecalis Symbioflor 1 intervention; and the tissue integrity of ileum, colon, uterus, and placenta and placental blood cell density in pregnant mice were drastically improved by such probiotic intervention. Compared with the controls, probiotic intervention significantly upregulated the level of IL-10 and TGF-β, downregulated levels of IFN-γ, and increased progesterone level that reversed the trend of being Th1 predominance state reported for adverse pregnancy outcome at early pregnancy stage. In conclusion, E. faecalis Symbioflor 1 decreased the translocation of E. faecalis OG1RF, prevented pathogen-induced tissue damage, and changed Th1-Th2 homeostasis toward Th2 predominance during early pregnancy resulting in decreased miscarriage. KEY POINTS: •The mechanism of how probiotic E. faecalis Symbioflor 1 improves pregnancy of mice • Influence of interactions of pathogenic and probiotic Enterococcus on host pregnancy • E. faecalis Symbioflor 1 change Th1-Th2 homeostasis toward Th2 predominance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, Jiangxi, China
| | - Fuqing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zhihong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xueying Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, Jiangxi, China
| | - Qinglong Wu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Texas Children's Microbiome Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Liang Qiu
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Hua Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, Jiangxi, China.
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Cappelletti M, Presicce P, Kallapur SG. Immunobiology of Acute Chorioamnionitis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:649. [PMID: 32373122 PMCID: PMC7177011 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute chorioamnionitis is characterized by neutrophilic infiltration and inflammation at the maternal fetal interface. It is a relatively common complication of pregnancy and can have devastating consequences including preterm labor, maternal infections, fetal infection/inflammation, fetal lung, brain, and gastrointestinal tract injury. In this review, we will discuss current understanding of the pathogenesis, immunobiology, and mechanisms of this condition. Most commonly, acute chorioamnionitis is a result of ascending infection with relatively low-virulence organisms such as the Ureaplasma species. Furthermore, recent vaginal microbiome studies suggest that there is a link between vaginal dysbiosis, vaginal inflammation, and ascending infection. Although less common, microorganisms invading the maternal-fetal interface via hematogenous route (e.g., Zika virus, Cytomegalovirus, and Listeria) can cause placental villitis and severe fetal inflammation and injury. We will provide an overview of the knowledge gleaned from different animal models of acute chorioamnionitis and the role of different immune cells in different maternal-fetal compartments. Lastly, we will discuss how infectious agents can break the maternal tolerance of fetal allograft during pregnancy and highlight the novel future therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Cappelletti
- Divisions of Neonatology and Developmental Biology, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Pietro Presicce
- Divisions of Neonatology and Developmental Biology, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Suhas G Kallapur
- Divisions of Neonatology and Developmental Biology, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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da Silva FC, Magaldi FM, Sato HK, Bevilacqua E. Yellow Fever Vaccination in a Mouse Model Is Associated With Uninterrupted Pregnancies and Viable Neonates Except When Administered at Implantation Period. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:245. [PMID: 32153534 PMCID: PMC7044120 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential risk of yellow fever (YF) infection in unvaccinated pregnant women has aroused serious concerns. In this study, we evaluated the effect of the YF vaccine during gestation using a mouse model, analyzing placental structure, immunolocalization of the virus antigen, and viral activity at the maternal-fetal barrier and in the maternal liver and fetus. The YF vaccine (17DD) was administered subcutaneously at a dose of 2.0 log10 PFU to CD-1 mice on gestational days (gd) 0.5, 5.5, and 11.5 (n = 5–10/group). The control group received sterile saline (n = 5–10/group). Maternal liver, implantation sites with fetus, and placentas were collected on gd18.5. The numbers of implantation sites, reabsorbed embryos, and stillborn fetuses were counted, and placentas and live fetuses were weighed. Tissues (placenta, fetuses, and liver) of vaccinated pregnant mice on gd5.5 (n = 15) were paraffin-embedded in 10% buffered-formalin and collected in TRIzol for immunolocalization of YF vaccine virus and PCR, respectively. PCR products were also subjected to automated sequence analysis. Fetal growth restriction (p < 0.0001) and a significant decrease in fetal viability (p < 0.0001) occurred only when the vaccine was administered on gd5.5. In stillbirths, the viral antigen was consistently immunolocalized at the maternal-fetal barrier and in fetal organs, suggesting a transplacental transfer. In stillbirths, RNA of the vaccine virus was also detected by reverse transcriptase-PCR indicating viral activity in the maternal liver and fetal tissues. In conclusion, the findings of this study in the mouse suggest that vaccination did not cause adverse outcomes with respect to fetal development except when administered during the early gestational stage, indicating the implantation period as a susceptible period in which the YF vaccine virus might interfere with pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda C da Silva
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda M Magaldi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Helena K Sato
- Secretaria do Estado de São Paulo, Epidemiological Surveillance Center, Department of Health, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Estela Bevilacqua
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Stark FC, Akache B, Ponce A, Dudani R, Deschatelets L, Jia Y, Sauvageau J, Williams D, Jamshidi MP, Agbayani G, Wachholz K, Harrison BA, Li X, Krishnan L, Chen W, McCluskie MJ. Archaeal glycolipid adjuvanted vaccines induce strong influenza-specific immune responses through direct immunization in young and aged mice or through passive maternal immunization. Vaccine 2019; 37:7108-7116. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Perry ID, Nguyen T, Sherina V, Love TMT, Miller RK, Krishnan L, Murphy SP. Analysis of the capacity of Salmonella enterica Typhimurium to infect the human Placenta. Placenta 2019; 83:43-52. [PMID: 31477206 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2019.06.386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Salmonella species are gram-negative facultative intracellular bacteria that are common causes of foodborne illness in North America. Infections by Salmonella during pregnancy are a significant cause of fetal loss in domestic livestock, and fetal and maternal mortality in mice. Furthermore, Salmonella infection is associated with miscarriage, stillbirth and preterm birth in pregnant women. Despite these collective associations, the extent to which Salmonella can infect the human placenta has not been investigated. METHODS Human placental villous explants from several gestational ages were exposed to Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (STm) ex vivo. Infection was assessed by colony forming unit assay and whole mount immunofluorescence (WMIF). RESULTS Viable bacteria were recovered from placental villous explants of all gestational ages tested, but the bacterial burden was highest in 1st trimester explants. Bacterial numbers did not change appreciably with time post-infection in explants from any gestational age examined, suggesting that STm does not proliferate in placental villi. Exposure of villous explants to STm strains defective for the type III secretion systems revealed that Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 is essential for optimal invasion. In contrast to placental explants, STm infected and proliferated within villous cytotrophoblast cells isolated from term placentas. WMIF demonstrated that STm was restricted primarily to the syncytiotrophoblast layer in infected placentas. DISCUSSION Our study demonstrates that STm can invade into the syncytiotrophoblast but does not subsequently proliferate. Thus, the syncytiotrophoblast may function as a barrier to STm infection of the fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian D Perry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Tina Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Human Health Therapeutics, Division of Life Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Valeriia Sherina
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Tanzy M T Love
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Richard K Miller
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA; Departments of Environmental Medicine and of Pathology and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Lakshmi Krishnan
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Human Health Therapeutics, Division of Life Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shawn P Murphy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA.
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IL-10 producing B cells rescue mouse fetuses from inflammation-driven fetal death and are able to modulate T cell immune responses. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9335. [PMID: 31249364 PMCID: PMC6597542 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45860-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms leading to fetal death following maternal subclinical infections is crucial to develop new therapeutic strategies. Here we addressed the relevance of IL-10 secreting B cells (B10) in the maintenance of the immune balance during gestation. µMT females lacking mature B cells presented normal pregnancies, although their fetuses were smaller and their Treg pool did not expand as in B cell sufficient controls. Pregnant µMT females were more susceptible to LPS despite having less Treg; their fetuses died at doses compatible with pregnancy in WT animals. Adoptive transfer of IL-10 negative B effector cells or B cells from IL-10 deficient mice did not modify this outcome. The transfer of B10 cells or application of recombinant murine IL-10 reduced the fetal loss, associated with a normalization of Treg numbers and cytokine modulation at the feto-maternal interface. B cell-derived IL-10 suppressed the production of IL-17A and IL-6 by T cells and promoted the conversion of naïve cells into Treg. B10 cells are required to restore the immune balance at the feto-maternal interface when perturbed by inflammatory signals. Our data position B cells in a central role in the maintenance of the balance between immunity and tolerance during pregnancy.
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Ander SE, Diamond MS, Coyne CB. Immune responses at the maternal-fetal interface. Sci Immunol 2019; 4:eaat6114. [PMID: 30635356 PMCID: PMC6744611 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aat6114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy poses an immunological challenge because a genetically distinct (nonself) fetus must be supported within the pregnant female for the required gestational period. Placentation, or the establishment of the fetally derived placenta, is a common strategy used by eutherian mammals to protect the fetus and promote its growth. However, the substantial morphological differences of the placental architecture among species suggest that the process of placentation results from convergent evolution. Although there are considerable similarities in placental function across placental mammals, there are important differences that arise owing to species-specific immunological (and other biological) constraints. This Review focuses on the immunological similarities and differences that occur at the maternal-fetal interface in the context of human and mouse pregnancies. We discuss how the decidua and placenta of these different species form key immunological barriers that sustain maternal tolerance yet generate innate immune responses that prevent microbial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie E Ander
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Carolyn B Coyne
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
- R. K. Mellon Pediatric Research Institute, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
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13
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Agbayani G, Wachholz K, Murphy SP, Sad S, Krishnan L. Type I interferons differentially modulate maternal host immunity to infection by Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium during pregnancy. Am J Reprod Immunol 2018; 81:e13068. [PMID: 30376200 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM IFN-alpha receptor deficiency (IFNAR-/- ) enhances immunity to Listeria monocytogenes (LM) and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (ST) in the non-pregnant state by inhibiting pathogen-induced immune cell death. However, the roles of IFNAR signaling in modulating immunity to infection during pregnancy are not well understood. METHOD OF STUDY C57BL/6J wild-type (WT) and IFNAR-/- mice were infected systemically with LM or ST. Bacterial burden in spleen and individual placentas was enumerated at day 3 post-infection. Immune cell numbers and percentages were quantified in spleen and individual placentas, respectively, through flow cytometry. Cytokine expression in serum, spleen, and individual placentas was measured through cytometric bead array. RESULTS IFNAR-/- mice exhibited decreased splenic monocyte numbers in non-pregnant and pregnant state, and an altered distribution of placental immune cell types in the non-infected state. IFNAR-/- mice controlled LM infection more effectively than WT mice even during pregnancy. This correlated with enhanced serum IL-12 expression, despite reduced splenic monocyte numbers relative to WT controls. In contrast, pregnant IFNAR-/- mice unlike their non-pregnant counterparts exhibited increased susceptibility to ST infection, which was associated with decreased serum IL-12 expression. CONCLUSION Type I IFN responses differentially impact host resistance to LM and ST infection during pregnancy through modulation of immune cell distribution and cytokine responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Agbayani
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Life Sciences, Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kristina Wachholz
- Division of Life Sciences, Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shawn P Murphy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Subash Sad
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lakshmi Krishnan
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Life Sciences, Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Fernández AG, Hielpos MS, Ferrero MC, Fossati CA, Baldi PC. Proinflammatory response of canine trophoblasts to Brucella canis infection. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186561. [PMID: 29036184 PMCID: PMC5643107 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucella canis infection is an important cause of late-term abortion in pregnant bitches. The pathophysiological mechanisms leading to B. canis-induced abortion are unknown, but heavily infected trophoblasts are consistently observed. As trophoblasts responses to other pathogens contribute to placental inflammation leading to abortion, the aim of the present study was to characterize the cytokine response of canine trophoblasts to B. canis infection. To achieve this, trophoblasts isolated from term placenta of healthy female dogs were infected with B. canis, culture supernatants were harvested for cytokine determinations, and the load of intracellular viable B. canis was determined at different times post-infection. Additionally, cytokine responses were assessed in non-infected trophoblasts stimulated with conditioned media (CM) from B. canis-infected canine monocytes and neutrophils. Finally, cytokine response and bacteria replication were assessed in canine placental explants infected ex vivo. B. canis successfully infected and replicated in primary canine trophoblasts, eliciting an increase in IL-8 and RANTES (CCL5) secretion. Moreover, the stimulation of trophoblasts with CM from B. canis-infected monocytes and neutrophils induced a significant increase in IL-8, IL-6 and RANTES secretion. B. canis replication was confirmed in infected placental explants and the infection elicited an increased secretion of TNF-α, IL-8, IL-6 and RANTES. This study shows that canine trophoblasts produce proinflammatory cytokines in response to B. canis infection and/or to stimulation with factors produced by infected monocytes and neutrophils. These cytokines may contribute to placental inflammation leading to abortion in B. canis-infected pregnant bitches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea G. Fernández
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Inmunología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M. Soledad Hielpos
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Inmunología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariana C. Ferrero
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Inmunología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos A. Fossati
- Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos (IIFP, CONICET-UNLP), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Pablo C. Baldi
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Inmunología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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15
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Agbayani G, Wachholz K, Chattopadhyay A, Gurnani K, Murphy SP, Krishnan L. Modulation of Th17 and regulatory T-cell responses during murine pregnancy contributes to increased maternal susceptibility toSalmonellaTyphimurium infection. Am J Reprod Immunol 2017; 78. [DOI: 10.1111/aji.12742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Agbayani
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology; University of Ottawa; Ottawa ON Canada
- Division of Life Sciences; Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada; Ottawa ON Canada
| | - Kristina Wachholz
- Division of Life Sciences; Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada; Ottawa ON Canada
| | - Anindita Chattopadhyay
- Division of Life Sciences; Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada; Ottawa ON Canada
| | - Komal Gurnani
- Division of Life Sciences; Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada; Ottawa ON Canada
| | - Shawn P. Murphy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; University of Rochester; Rochester NY USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; University of Rochester; Rochester NY USA
| | - Lakshmi Krishnan
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology; University of Ottawa; Ottawa ON Canada
- Division of Life Sciences; Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada; Ottawa ON Canada
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16
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Limited Colonization Undermined by Inadequate Early Immune Responses Defines the Dynamics of Decidual Listeriosis. Infect Immun 2017; 85:IAI.00153-17. [PMID: 28507070 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00153-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes causes foodborne systemic disease in pregnant women, which can lead to preterm labor, stillbirth, or severe neonatal disease. Colonization of the maternal decidua appears to be an initial step in the maternal component of the disease as well as bacterial transmission to the placenta and fetus. Host-pathogen interactions in the decidua during this early stage of infection remain poorly understood. Here, we assessed the dynamics of L. monocytogenes infection in primary human decidual organ cultures and in the murine decidua in vivo A high inoculum was necessary to infect both human and mouse deciduas, and the data support the existence of a barrier to initial colonization of the murine decidua. If successful, however, colonization in both species was followed by significant bacterial expansion associated with an inability of the decidua to mount appropriate innate cellular immune responses. The innate immune deficits included the failure of bacterial foci to attract macrophages and NK cells, cell types known to be important for early defenses against L. monocytogenes in the spleen, as well as a decrease in the tissue density of inflammatory Ly6Chi monocytes in vivo These results suggest that the infectivity of the decidua is not the result of an enhanced recruitment of L. monocytogenes to the gestational uterus but rather is due to compromised local innate cellular immune responses.
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17
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Fernández AG, Ferrero MC, Hielpos MS, Fossati CA, Baldi PC. Proinflammatory Response of Human Trophoblastic Cells to Brucella abortus Infection and upon Interactions with Infected Phagocytes. Biol Reprod 2016; 94:48. [PMID: 26792938 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.115.131706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Trophoblasts are targets of infection by Brucella spp. but their role in the pathophysiology of pregnancy complications of brucellosis is unknown. Here we show that Brucella abortus invades and replicates in the human trophoblastic cell line Swan-71 and that the intracellular survival of the bacterium depends on a functional virB operon. The infection elicited significant increments of interleukin 8 (IL8), monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), and IL6 secretion, but levels of IL1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) did not vary significantly. Such proinflammatory response was not modified by the absence of the Brucella TIR domain-containing proteins BtpA and BtpB. The stimulation of Swan-71 cells with conditioned medium (CM) from B. abortus-infected human monocytes (THP-1 cells) or macrophages induced a significant increase of IL8, MCP-1 and IL6 as compared to stimulation with CM from non-infected cells. Similar results were obtained when stimulation was performed with CM from infected neutrophils. Neutralization studies showed that IL1beta and/or TNF-alpha mediated the stimulating effects of CM from infected phagocytes. Reciprocally, stimulation of monocytes and neutrophils with CM from Brucella-infected trophoblasts increased IL8 and/or IL6 secretion. These results suggest that human trophoblasts may provide a local inflammatory environment during B. abortus infections either through a direct response to the pathogen or through interactions with monocytes/macrophages or neutrophils, potentially contributing to the pregnancy complications of brucellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea G Fernández
- Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (CONICET/UBA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariana C Ferrero
- Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (CONICET/UBA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Soledad Hielpos
- Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (CONICET/UBA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos A Fossati
- Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos (UNLP-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Pablo C Baldi
- Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (CONICET/UBA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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18
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Chaturvedi V, Ertelt JM, Jiang TT, Kinder JM, Xin L, Owens KJ, Jones HN, Way SS. CXCR3 blockade protects against Listeria monocytogenes infection-induced fetal wastage. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:1713-25. [PMID: 25751061 DOI: 10.1172/jci78578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian pregnancy requires protection against immunological rejection of the developing fetus bearing discordant paternal antigens. Immune evasion in this developmental context entails silenced expression of chemoattractant proteins (chemokines), thereby preventing harmful immune cells from penetrating the maternal-fetal interface. Here, we demonstrate that fetal wastage triggered by prenatal Listeria monocytogenes infection is driven by placental recruitment of CXCL9-producing inflammatory neutrophils and macrophages that promote infiltration of fetal-specific T cells into the decidua. Maternal CD8+ T cells with fetal specificity upregulated expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR3 and, together with neutrophils and macrophages, were essential for L. monocytogenes-induced fetal resorption. Conversely, decidual accumulation of maternal T cells with fetal specificity and fetal wastage were extinguished by CXCR3 blockade or in CXCR3-deficient mice. Remarkably, protection against fetal wastage and in utero L. monocytogenes invasion was maintained even when CXCR3 neutralization was initiated after infection, and this protective effect extended to fetal resorption triggered by partial ablation of immune-suppressive maternal Tregs, which expand during pregnancy to sustain fetal tolerance. Together, our results indicate that functionally overriding chemokine silencing at the maternal-fetal interface promotes the pathogenesis of prenatal infection and suggest that therapeutically reinforcing this pathway represents a universal approach for mitigating immune-mediated pregnancy complications.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Ampicillin/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Chemokine CXCL9/biosynthesis
- Chemokine CXCL9/genetics
- Chemokine CXCL9/physiology
- Chemokines/metabolism
- Crosses, Genetic
- Decidua/immunology
- Female
- Fetal Death/etiology
- Fetal Death/prevention & control
- Fetal Resorption/immunology
- Fetal Resorption/prevention & control
- Listeriosis/drug therapy
- Listeriosis/immunology
- Macrophages/immunology
- Male
- Maternal-Fetal Exchange
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neutrophils/immunology
- Ovalbumin/genetics
- Ovalbumin/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/genetics
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Pregnancy
- Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/drug therapy
- Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/immunology
- Receptors, CXCR3/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, CXCR3/biosynthesis
- Receptors, CXCR3/deficiency
- Receptors, CXCR3/genetics
- Receptors, CXCR3/physiology
- Spleen/immunology
- T-Cell Antigen Receptor Specificity
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- Up-Regulation
- Virulence
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19
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Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis enterocolitis during late stages of gestation induces an adverse pregnancy outcome in the murine model. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111282. [PMID: 25365504 PMCID: PMC4218719 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Foodborne diseases caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) are a significant health problem. Pregnancy, state of immunological tolerance, is a predisposing condition for the development of infections with intracellular pathogens. Salmonella species can cause pregnancy complications such as chorioamnionitis, transplacental fetal infection, pre term labor, abortions, neonatal and maternal septicemia. However, the specific mechanisms by which Salmonella infections trigger these alterations are not clear. In the present work, using a self-limiting enterocolitis murine model, we show that the ingestion of a low dose of S. Enteritidis at late stages of pregnancy (day 15 of gestation) is sufficient to induce massive maternal infection. We found that Salmonella infection leads to 40% of pre term delivery, 33% of abortion and fetal growth restriction. Placental dysfunction during S. Enteritidis enterocolitis was confirmed through cellular infiltration and hypoxia markers (MPO activity and COX-1 and COX-2 expression, respectively). Apoptosis in placental tissue due to Salmonella infection was also evident at day 18 of gestation when investigated by morphometric procedure, DNA fragmentation and Fas/FasL expression. Also, the expression of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-17 and IL-10 was up regulated in response to Salmonella not only in placenta, but also in amniotic fluid and maternal serum. Altogether, our results demonstrate that S. Enteritidis enterocolitis during late stages of gestation causes detrimental effect on pregnancy outcome.
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20
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First trimester typhoid Fever with vertical transmission of salmonella typhi, an intracellular organism. Case Rep Med 2013; 2013:973297. [PMID: 24459469 PMCID: PMC3891435 DOI: 10.1155/2013/973297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a case in which placental abruption occurred at 16 weeks following first trimester diagnosis and treatment for typhoid fever. Unexpectedly Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) was found in fetal tissues at autopsy. Using information from the murine model of typhoid fever in pregnancy, we draw parallels between S. Typhi and L. monocytogenes to develop a plausible hypothesis to explain how this organism was able to cross the placenta in the first trimester to cause abruption, inflammation, and expulsion of the fetus and placenta. We hope that this model for understanding placental infections by the hematogenous route helps to raise awareness that organisms not typically associated with TORCH infection can nevertheless cause placental infection and pregnancy loss.
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21
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Rowe JH, Ertelt JM, Xin L, Way SS. Regulatory T cells and the immune pathogenesis of prenatal infection. Reproduction 2013; 146:R191-203. [PMID: 23929902 DOI: 10.1530/rep-13-0262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy in placental mammals offers exceptional comprehensive benefits of in utero protection, nutrition, and metabolic waste elimination for the developing fetus. However, these benefits also require durable strategies to mitigate maternal rejection of fetal tissues expressing foreign paternal antigens. Since the initial postulate of expanded maternal immune tolerance by Sir Peter Medawar 60 years ago, an amazingly elaborate assortment of molecular and cellular modifications acting both locally at the maternal-placental interface and systemically have been shown to silence potentially detrimental maternal immune responses. In turn, simultaneously maintaining host defense against the infinite array of potential pathogens during pregnancy is equally important. Fortunately, resistance against most infections is preserved seamlessly throughout gestation. On the other hand, recent studies on pathogens with unique predisposition for prenatal infections have uncovered distinctive holes in host defense associated with the reproductive process. Using these infections to probe the response during pregnancy, the immune suppressive regulatory subset of maternal CD4 T cells has been increasingly shown to dictate the inter-workings between prenatal infection susceptibility and pathogenesis of ensuing pregnancy complications. Herein, the recent literature suggesting a necessity for maternal regulatory T cells (Tregs) in pregnancy-induced immunological shifts that sustain fetal tolerance is reviewed. Additional discussion is focused on how expansion of maternal Treg suppression may become exploited by pathogens that cause prenatal infections and the perilous potential of infection-induced immune activation that may mitigate fetal tolerance and inadvertently inject hostility into the protective in utero environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared H Rowe
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC 7017, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
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22
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Tan Q, Xu H, Xu F, Aguilar ZP, Yang Y, Dong S, Chen T, Wei H. Survival, distribution, and translocation of Enterococcus faecalis and implications for pregnant mice. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2013; 349:32-9. [PMID: 24131236 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6968.12280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnant mothers are susceptible to bacterial infections, which may compromise the health of mothers and offspring. Enterococcus faecalis is a ubiquitous species found in food, restaurants, and hospitals where pregnant woman frequently become exposed to this bacterium. However, the survival, distribution, translocation, and corresponding influence of E. faecalis have not been investigated during the pregnancy period, when the mother and fetus are susceptible to bacterial infection. In this study, a fluorescing E. faecalis strain was used to track the fate of the bacterium in pregnant mice. Orally administered E. faecalis were found to survive and disseminate to all regions of the intestinal tract. It also altered the bacterial community structure by significantly decreasing the diversity of Lactobacillus species, impairing the normal structure and function of the intestinal barrier, which may contribute to the bacterial translocation into the blood, spleen, placenta, and fetus. This may affect fetal and placental growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianglai Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang, China; Jiangxi-OAI Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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23
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Krishnan L, Nguyen T, McComb S. From mice to women: the conundrum of immunity to infection during pregnancy. J Reprod Immunol 2013; 97:62-73. [PMID: 23432873 PMCID: PMC3748615 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2012.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Revised: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to infection is the ability of the host to evoke a strong immune response sufficient to eliminate the infectious agent. In contrast, maternal tolerance to the fetus necessitates careful regulation of immune responses. Successful pregnancy requires the maternal host to effectively balance the opposing processes of maternal immune reactivity and tolerance to the fetus. However, this balance can be perturbed by infections which are recognized as the major cause of adverse pregnancy outcome including pre-term labor. Select pathogens also pose a serious threat of severe maternal illness. These include intracellular and chronic pathogens that have evolved immune evasive strategies. Murine models of intracellular bacteria and parasites that mimic pathogenesis of infection in humans have been developed. While human epidemiological studies provide insight into maternal immunity to infection, experimental infection in pregnant mice is a vital tool to unravel the complex molecular mechanisms of placental infection, congenital transmission and maternal illness. We will provide a comprehensive review of the pathogenesis of several infection models in pregnant mice and their clinical relevance. These models have revealed the immunological function of the placenta in responding to, and resisting infection. Murine feto-placental infection provides an effective way to evaluate new intervention strategies for managing infections during pregnancy, adverse fetal outcome and long-term effects on the offspring and mother.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Krishnan
- Human Health Therapeutics, Division of Life Sciences, National Research Council, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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24
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Lima FA, Gómez-Conde I, Videira PA, Marinho CRF, Olivieri DN, Tadokoro CE. Intravital microscopy technique to study parasite dynamics in the labyrinth layer of the mouse placenta. Parasitol Int 2013; 63:254-9. [PMID: 23845789 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2013.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Intravital imaging techniques are the best approach to investigate in situ cellular behavior under physiological conditions. Many techniques have emerged during these last few years for this purpose. We recently described an intravital imaging technique that allows for the observation of placenta physiological responses at the labyrinth layer of this tissue. This technique will be very useful to study many placental opportunistic infections and in this article we reinforce its usefulness by analyzing placental physiological entrapment of beads and parasites. In particular, our results show that small beads (1.0 μm) or Plasmodium chabaudi-GFP-infected-Red Blood Cells (Pc-GFP-iRBCs) cannot get trapped inside small or large blood vessels of popliteal lymph nodes (PLNs). Inside the placenta, clusters of beads could only be found inside the maternal blood vessels. However, Pc-GFP-iRBCs were found inside and outside the maternal blood vessels. We observed that trophoblasts can ingest infected-Red Blood Cells (iRBCs) in vitro and immunofluorescence of placenta revealed Pc-GFP-iRBCs inside and outside the maternal blood vessels. Taken together, we conclude that fast deposition of particles inside blood vessels seems to be an intrinsic characteristic of placenta blood flow, but iRBCs could be internalized by trophoblast cells. Thus these results represent one of the many possible uses of our intravital imaging technique to address important questions inside the parasitological field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia A Lima
- CEDOC, Departamento de Imunologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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Nguyen T, Robinson N, Allison SE, Coombes BK, Sad S, Krishnan L. IL-10 produced by trophoblast cells inhibits phagosome maturation leading to profound intracellular proliferation of Salmonella enterica Typhimurium. Placenta 2013; 34:765-74. [PMID: 23834952 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Salmonella enterica Typhimurium (ST) is a phagosomal pathogen that can infect placental trophoblast cells leading to abortion and severe maternal illness. It is unclear how the trophoblast cells promote profound bacterial proliferation. METHODS The mechanism of internalization, intracellular growth and phagosomal biogenesis in ST-infected human epithelial (HeLa), macrophage (THP-1) and trophoblast-derived cell lines (JEG-3, BeWo and HTR-8) was studied. Specific inhibitors were used to block bacterial internalization. Phagosomal maturation was determined by confocal microscopy, Western-blotting and release of lysosomal β-galactosidase by infected cells. Bacterial colony forming units were determined by plating infected cell lysates on agar plates. RESULTS ST proliferated minimally in macrophages but replicated profoundly within trophoblast cells. The ST-ΔinvA (a mutant of Salmonella pathogenicity island-1 gene effector proteins) was unable to infect epithelial cells, but was internalized by scavenger receptors on trophoblasts and macrophages. However, ST was contrastingly localized in early (Rab5⁺) or late (LAMP1⁺) phagosomes within trophoblast cells and macrophages respectively. Furthermore trophoblast cells (unlike macrophages) did not exhibit phagoso-lysosomal fusion. ST-infected macrophages produced IL-6 whereas trophoblast cells produced IL-10. Neutralizing IL-10 in JEG-3 cells accelerated phagolysomal fusion and reduced proliferation of ST. Placental bacterial burden was curtailed in vivo in anti-IL-10 antibody treated and IL-10-deficient mice. DISCUSSION Macrophages phagocytose but curtail intracellular replication of ST in late phagosomes. In contrast, phagocytosis by trophoblast cells results in an inappropriate cytokine response and proliferation of ST in early phagosomes. CONCLUSION IL-10 production by trophoblast cells that delays phagosomal maturation may facilitate proliferation of pathogens in placental cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Shukla G, Verma I, Sharma L. Effect of Salmonella enteric Serovar Typhimurium in Pregnant Mice: A Biochemical and Histopathological Study. Gastroenterology Res 2012; 5:103-111. [PMID: 27785189 PMCID: PMC5051123 DOI: 10.4021/gr441w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Food borne infections caused by Salmonella enterica species are increasing globally and pregnancy poses a significant threat in developing countries, where sanitation facilities are inadequate. Thus, the present study was designed to delineate the effect of Salmonella infection during pregnancy. Method Pregnant, BALB/c mice were challenged orally with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium on gestational day 10 and were monitored for bacterial load, hepatic injury, histopathological alterations vis-a-vis oxidant and antioxidant levels. Results Pregnant-Salmonella-infected mice had higher bacterial translocation in the liver, spleen as well as liver enzymes mainly aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase compared with Salmonella-infected mice. The levels of lipid peroxidation were significantly higher in all the organs of both pregnant-Salmonella-infected and Salmonella-infected mice compared with control mice. However, the activities of antioxidant enzymes (reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase and catalase) were lower in the liver, spleen and placenta of pregnant, pregnant-Salmonella-infected and Salmonella-infected mice compared with control mice, but the decrease was more in pregnant-Salmonella-infected mice indicating depression of antioxidant defense system. Histopathologically, pregnant-Salmonella-infected mice had more architectural damage in the liver, spleen and placenta compared with other groups. Conclusion Pregnancy makes the host more vulnerable to typhoid fever by affecting the physiology of pivotal organs and highlighting the importance of early and prompts diagnosis so as to avoid the further materno-fetal complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geeta Shukla
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh- 160014, India
| | - Ishita Verma
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh- 160014, India
| | - Lalita Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh- 160014, India
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Robbins JR, Bakardjiev AI. Pathogens and the placental fortress. Curr Opin Microbiol 2012; 15:36-43. [PMID: 22169833 PMCID: PMC3265690 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2011.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2011] [Revised: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Placental infections are major causes of maternal and fetal disease. This review introduces a new paradigm for placental infections based on current knowledge of placental defenses and how this barrier can be breached. Transmission of pathogens from mother to fetus can occur at two sites of direct contact between maternal cells and specialized fetal cells (trophoblasts) in the human placenta: firstly, maternal immune and endothelial cells juxtaposed to extravillous trophoblasts in the uterine implantation site and secondly, maternal blood surrounding the syncytiotrophoblast (SYN). Recent findings suggest that the primary vulnerability is in the implantation site. We explore evidence that the placental SYN evolved as a defense against pathogens, and that inflammation-mediated spontaneous abortion may benefit mother and pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Robbins
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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