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Scollo A, Abbas M, Contiero B, Gottardo F. Undocked Tails, Mycoplasma-like Lesions and Gastric Ulcers in Slaughtering Pigs: What Connection? Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13020305. [PMID: 36670845 PMCID: PMC9854606 DOI: 10.3390/ani13020305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Tail biting is an economical and behavioral problem in the pork production system worldwide and systematic tail docking has been applied for decades to decrease the risk of its onset. However, legal and market-driven requirements are leading pig producers to rear undocked animals. The aim of this work was to monitor tail, pluck (lungs, pleurae, and liver), stomach, carcass, and thigh lesions in slaughtering pigs belonging to either docked or undocked batches. A total of 525 batches were evaluated at slaughter: 442 docked and 83 undocked batches. The presence of tail lesions was only recorded in undocked batches (44.0 ± 0.402 vs. 0.2 ± 0.2% compared to docked ones, p < 0.001), with a prevalence of severe chronic lesions of 27.3% ± 0.032, suggesting that more and alternative wide efforts to manage long-tailed animals are needed. On the contrary, docked animals showed more frequent ear lesions (9.6% ± 0.037 vs. 4.6% ± 0.019; p = 0.0001). Severe lung lesions were found more frequently in undocked animals (9.2% ± 0.043 vs. 6.6% ± 0.011, p = 0.006), as well as gastric ulcers (26.1% ± 0.021 vs. 20.3% ± 0.37, p = 0.006). These lesions might share the same predisposing factors of tail lesions; the latter might be investigated as an iceberg indicator for other pathological conditions in undocked pigs and eventual causal association among lesions in these organs should be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Scollo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Mustansar Abbas
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Barbara Contiero
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, Agripolis, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Flaviana Gottardo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, Agripolis, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
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Merker Breyer G, Malvessi Cattani A, Silveira Schrank I, Maboni Siqueira F. The influence of regulatory elements on Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae 7448 transcriptional response during oxidative stress and heat shock. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 49:139-147. [PMID: 34676505 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06851-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The comprehension of genome organization and gene modulation is essential for understanding pathogens' infection mechanisms. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae 7448 genome is organized in transcriptional units (TUs), which are flanked by regulatory elements such as putative promoters, terminators and repetitive sequences. Yet the relationship between the presence of these elements and bacterial responses during stress conditions remains unclear. Thus, in this study, in silico and RT-qPCR analyses were associated to determine the effect of regulatory elements in gene expression regulation upon heat shock and oxidative stress conditions. METHODS AND RESULTS Thirteen TU's organizational profiles were found based on promoters and terminators distribution. Differential expression in genes sharing the same TUs was observed, suggesting the activity of internal regulatory elements. Moreover, 88.8% of tested genes were differentially expressed under oxidative stress in comparison to the control condition, being 81.3% of them surrounded by their own regulatory elements. Similarly, under heat shock, 44.4% of the genes showed regulation when compared to control condition, being 75.0% of them surrounded by their own regulatory elements. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, this data suggests the activity of internal regulatory elements in gene modulation of M. hyopneumoniae 7448 transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Merker Breyer
- Laboratory of Veterinary Bacteriology, Veterinary Pathology Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Amanda Malvessi Cattani
- Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Biotechnology Center, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Irene Silveira Schrank
- Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Biotechnology Center, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Franciele Maboni Siqueira
- Laboratory of Veterinary Bacteriology, Veterinary Pathology Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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3
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All living cells are cognitive. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 564:134-149. [PMID: 32972747 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.08.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
All living cells sense and respond to changes in external or internal conditions. Without that cognitive capacity, they could not obtain nutrition essential for growth, survive inevitable ecological changes, or correct accidents in the complex processes of reproduction. Wherever examined, even the smallest living cells (prokaryotes) display sophisticated regulatory networks establishing appropriate adaptations to stress conditions that maximize the probability of survival. Supposedly "simple" prokaryotic organisms also display remarkable capabilities for intercellular signalling and multicellular coordination. These observations indicate that all living cells are cognitive.
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Kordafshari S, Shil P, Marenda MS, Olaogun OM, Konsak-Ilievski B, Disint J, Noormohammadi AH. Preliminary comparative analysis of the genomes of selected field reisolates of the Mycoplasma synoviae vaccine strain MS-H reveals both stable and unstable mutations after passage in vivo. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:598. [PMID: 32859151 PMCID: PMC7456371 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-06995-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Genomic comparison of Mycoplasma synoviae vaccine strain MS-H and the MS-H parental strain 86,079/7NS established a preliminary profile of genes related to attenuation of MS-H. In this study we aimed to identify the stability of mutations found in MS-H after passage in experimental or field chickens, and to evaluate if any reverse mutation may be associated with changes in characteristics of MS-H in vitro or in vivo. Results Whole genome sequence analysis of 5 selected MS-H field reisolates revealed that out of 32 mutations reported previously in MS-H, 28 remained stable, while four found to be reversible to the wild-type. Each isolate possessed mutations in one to three of the genes obg, oppF1 and gap and/or a non-coding region. Examination of the 4 reversible mutations by protein modeling predicted that only two of them (in obg and oppF1 genes) could potentially restore the function of the respective protein to that of the wild-type. Conclusions These results suggest that the majority of the MS-H mutations are stable after passage in vaccinated chickens. Characterisation of stable mutations found in MS-H could be utilised to develop rapid diagnostic techniques for differentiation of vaccine from field strains or ts- MS-H reisolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Kordafshari
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary & Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, 3030, Australia.
| | - Pollob Shil
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary & Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, 3030, Australia
| | - Marc S Marenda
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary & Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, 3030, Australia
| | - Olusola M Olaogun
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary & Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, 3030, Australia
| | - Barbara Konsak-Ilievski
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary & Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, 3030, Australia
| | - Jillian Disint
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary & Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, 3030, Australia
| | - Amir H Noormohammadi
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary & Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, 3030, Australia
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5
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Kamminga T, Benis N, Martins Dos Santos V, Bijlsma JJE, Schaap PJ. Combined Transcriptome Sequencing of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Infected Pig Lung Tissue Reveals Up-Regulation of Bacterial F1-Like ATPase and Down-Regulation of the P102 Cilium Adhesin in vivo. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1679. [PMID: 32765473 PMCID: PMC7379848 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyopneumoniae) causes enzootic pneumonia in pigs but it is still largely unknown which host-pathogen interactions enable persistent infection and cause disease. In this study, we analyzed the host and bacterial transcriptomes during infection using RNA sequencing. Comparison of the transcriptome of lung lesion tissue from infected pigs with lung tissue from non-infected animals, identified 424 differentially expressed genes (FDR < 0.01 and fold change > 1.5LOG2). These genes were part of the following major pathways of the immune system: interleukin signaling (type 4, 10, 13, and 18), regulation of Toll-like receptors by endogenous ligand and activation of C3 and C5 in the complement system. Besides analyzing the lung transcriptome, a sampling protocol was developed to obtain enough bacterial mRNA from infected lung tissue for RNA sequencing. This was done by flushing infected lobes in the lung, and subsequently enriching for bacterial RNA. On average, 2.2 million bacterial reads were obtained per biological replicate to analyze the bacterial in vivo transcriptome. We compared the in vivo bacterial transcriptome with the transcriptome of bacteria grown in vitro and identified 22 up-regulated and 30 down-regulated genes (FDR < 0.01 and fold change > 2LOG2). Six out of seven genes in the operon encoding the mycoplasma specific F1-like ATPase (MHP_RS02445-MHP_RS02475) and all genes in the operon MHP_RS01965-MHP_RS01990 with functions related to nucleotide metabolism, spermidine transport and glycerol-3-phoshate transport were up-regulated in vivo. Down-regulated in vivo were genes related to glycerol uptake, cilium adhesion (P102), cell division and myo-inositol metabolism. In addition to providing a novel method to isolate bacterial mRNA from infected lung, this study provided insights into changes in gene expression during infection, which could help development of novel treatment strategies against enzootic pneumonia caused by M. hyopneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tjerko Kamminga
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands.,Bioprocess Technology and Support, MSD Animal Health, Boxmeer, Netherlands
| | - Nirupama Benis
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Vitor Martins Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Peter J Schaap
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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Quantitative Proteomic Analyses of a Pathogenic Strain and Its Highly Passaged Attenuated Strain of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:4165735. [PMID: 31355261 PMCID: PMC6634062 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4165735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is the causative agent of porcine enzootic pneumonia, a chronic respiratory disease in swine resulting in enormous economic losses. To identify the components that contribute to virulence and unveil those biological processes potentially related to attenuation, we used isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification technology (iTRAQ) to compare the protein profiles of the virulent M. hyopneumoniae strain 168 and its attenuated highly passaged strain 168L. We identified 489 proteins in total, 70 of which showing significant differences in level of expression between the two strains. Remarkably, proteins participating in inositol phosphate metabolism were significantly downregulated in the virulent strain, while some proteins involved in nucleoside metabolism were upregulated. We also mined a series of novel promising virulence-associated factors in our study compared with those in previous reports, such as some moonlighting adhesins, transporters, lipoate-protein ligase, and ribonuclease and several hypothetical proteins with conserved functional domains, deserving further research. Our survey constitutes an iTRAQ-based comparative proteomic analysis of a virulent M. hyopneumoniae strain and its attenuated strain originating from a single parent with a well-characterized genetic background and lays the groundwork for future work to mine for potential virulence factors and identify candidate vaccine proteins.
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Petersen AC, Clampitt JM, Minion FC. Analysis of swine antigen-specific antibody responses to Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infection determined by protein microarray. Vet Microbiol 2019; 230:195-201. [PMID: 30827388 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Pigs harbor several different species of mycoplasmas, of which Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae presents the most significant economic impact on the swine industry. While ELISAs are the predominant diagnostic assay to measure antibody responses during infection with M. hyopneumoniae, the assay itself is only a rough estimate of the total antibody response. It lends little information on pathogen-wide antigen-specific responses. In addition, antibody responses to M. hyopneumoniae as measured by ELISA are slow to develop in infected swine. Our goal was to determine if a protein microarray could be more sensitive and informative of the serological responses of pigs to M. hyopneumoniae infection. The gene sequences of approximately 50 M. hyopneumoniae surface proteins or protein fragments were cloned, mutated to remove UGA codons, expressed in Escherichia coli and purified. The arrays were used to interrogate pig sera from various sources. Sera from naturally-infected swine gave some variability in antigen-specific responses, but, unexpectedly, the responses against the C-terminal portion of the major adhesin P97 was weak in all animals, including those that were experimentally infected. In two of four 118-day experimentally-infected caesarian-derived colostrum-deprived pigs, the strongest antibody responses occurred on days 30 and 54 against members of the P97/P102 paralog families. Our Day 0 results in the other two animals indicate that although thought to be mycoplasma free by all known criteria (serology and PCR), they may have harbored an inapparent Mycoplasma infection. In summary, the protein microarray has the potential to identify new targets for assay development to enhance sensitivity of antibody-based assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Petersen
- Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-1134, USA
| | - Jeannett M Clampitt
- Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-1134, USA; Interdepartmental Microbiology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-1134, USA
| | - F Chris Minion
- Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-1134, USA.
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Beier LS, Siqueira FM, Schrank IS. Evaluation of growth and gene expression of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Mycoplasma hyorhinis in defined medium. Mol Biol Rep 2018; 45:2469-2479. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-018-4413-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Henrich B, Kretzmer F, Deenen R, Köhrer K. Validation of a novel Mho microarray for a comprehensive characterisation of the Mycoplasma hominis action in HeLa cell infection. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181383. [PMID: 28753664 PMCID: PMC5533444 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hominis is the second smallest facultative pathogen of the human urogenital tract. With less than 600 protein-encoding genes, it represents an ideal model organism for the study of host-pathogen interactions. For a comprehensive characterisation of the M. hominis action in infection a customized Mho microarray, which was based on two genome sequences (PG21 and LBD-4), was designed to analyze the dynamics of the mycoplasma transcriptome during infection and validated for M. hominis strain FBG. RNA preparation was evaluated and adapted to ensure the highest recovery of mycoplasmal mRNAs from in vitro HeLa cell infection assays. Following cRNA hybridization, the read-out strategy of the hybridization results was optimized and confirmed by RT-PCR. A statistically robust infection assay with M. hominis strain FBG enabled the identification of differentially regulated key effector molecules such as critical cytoadhesins (4 h post infection (pI)), invasins (48 h pI) and proteins associated with establishing chronic infection of the host (336 h pI). Of the 294 differentially regulated genes (>2-fold) 128 (43.5%) encoded hypothetical proteins, including lipoproteins that seem to play a central role as virulence factors at each stage of infection: P75 as a novel cytoadhesin candidate, which is also differentially upregulated in chronic infection; the MHO_2100 protein, a postulated invasin and the MHO_730-protein, a novel ecto-nuclease and domain of an ABC transporter, the function of which in chronic infection has still to be elucidated. Implementation of the M. hominis microarray strategy led to a comprehensive identification of to date unknown candidates for virulence factors at relevant stages of host cell infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Henrich
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Medical Faculty of Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Freya Kretzmer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Medical Faculty of Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
- Biological and Medical Research Centre (BMFZ), Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - René Deenen
- Biological and Medical Research Centre (BMFZ), Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Karl Köhrer
- Biological and Medical Research Centre (BMFZ), Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
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Bacterial pathogen gene regulation: a DNA-structure-centred view of a protein-dominated domain. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 130:1165-77. [PMID: 27252403 DOI: 10.1042/cs20160024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms used by bacterial pathogens to regulate the expression of their genes, especially their virulence genes, have been the subject of intense investigation for several decades. Whole genome sequencing projects, together with more targeted studies, have identified hundreds of DNA-binding proteins that contribute to the patterns of gene expression observed during infection as well as providing important insights into the nature of the gene products whose expression is being controlled by these proteins. Themes that have emerged include the importance of horizontal gene transfer to the evolution of pathogens, the need to impose regulatory discipline upon these imported genes and the important roles played by factors normally associated with the organization of genome architecture as regulatory principles in the control of virulence gene expression. Among these architectural elements is the structure of DNA itself, its variable nature at a topological rather than just at a base-sequence level and its ability to play an active (as well as a passive) part in the gene regulation process.
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Chopra-Dewasthaly R, Korb M, Brunthaler R, Ertl R. Comprehensive RNA-Seq Profiling to Evaluate the Sheep Mammary Gland Transcriptome in Response to Experimental Mycoplasma agalactiae Infection. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170015. [PMID: 28081235 PMCID: PMC5231372 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma agalactiae is a worldwide serious pathogen of small ruminants that usually spreads through the mammary route causing acute to subacute mastitis progressing to chronic persistent disease that is hard to eradicate. Knowledge of mechanisms of its pathogenesis and persistence in the mammary gland are still insufficient, especially the host-pathogen interplay that enables it to reside in a chronic subclinical state. This study reports transcriptome profiling of mammary tissue from udders of sheep experimentally infected with M. agalactiae type strain PG2 in comparison with uninfected control animals using Illumina RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq). Several differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were observed in the infected udders and RT-qPCR analyses of selected DEGs showed their expression profiles to be in agreement with results from RNA-Seq. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis revealed majority of the DEGs to be associated with mycoplasma defense responses that are directly or indirectly involved in host innate and adaptive immune responses. Similar RNA-Seq analyses were also performed with spleen cells of the same sheep to know the specific systemic transcriptome responses. Spleen cells exhibited a comparatively lower number of DEGs suggesting a less prominent host response in this organ. To our knowledge this is the first study that describes host transcriptomics of M. agalactiae infection and the related immune-inflammatory responses. The data provides useful information to further dissect the molecular genetic mechanisms underlying mycoplasma mastitis, which is a prerequisite for designing effective intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohini Chopra-Dewasthaly
- Division of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1,Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
| | - Melanie Korb
- VetCore Facility for Research, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1,Vienna, Austria
| | - René Brunthaler
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, Vienna, Austria
| | - Reinhard Ertl
- VetCore Facility for Research, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1,Vienna, Austria
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12
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Cattani AM, Siqueira FM, Guedes RLM, Schrank IS. Repetitive Elements in Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae Transcriptional Regulation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168626. [PMID: 28005945 PMCID: PMC5179023 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional regulation, a multiple-step process, is still poorly understood in the important pig pathogen Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Basic motifs like promoters and terminators have already been described, but no other cis-regulatory elements have been found. DNA repeat sequences have been shown to be an interesting potential source of cis-regulatory elements. In this work, a genome-wide search for tandem and palindromic repetitive elements was performed in the intergenic regions of all coding sequences from M. hyopneumoniae strain 7448. Computational analysis demonstrated the presence of 144 tandem repeats and 1,171 palindromic elements. The DNA repeat sequences were distributed within the 5' upstream regions of 86% of transcriptional units of M. hyopneumoniae strain 7448. Comparative analysis between distinct repetitive sequences found in related mycoplasma genomes demonstrated different percentages of conservation among pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains. qPCR assays revealed differential expression among genes showing variable numbers of repetitive elements. In addition, repeats found in 206 genes already described to be differentially regulated under different culture conditions of M. hyopneumoniae strain 232 showed almost 80% conservation in relation to M. hyopneumoniae strain 7448 repeats. Altogether, these findings suggest a potential regulatory role of tandem and palindromic DNA repeats in the M. hyopneumoniae transcriptional profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Malvessi Cattani
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Franciele Maboni Siqueira
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Rafael Lucas Muniz Guedes
- Laboratório de Bioinformática, Laboratório Nacional de Computação Científica (LNCC), Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Irene Silveira Schrank
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Mycoplasma flocculare differential domains from orthologous surface proteins induce distinct cellular immune responses in mice. Vet Microbiol 2016; 190:50-57. [PMID: 27283856 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Mycoplasma flocculare are two genetically close species found in the swine respiratory tract. Despite their similarities, while M. hyopneumoniae is the causative agent of porcine enzootic pneumonia, M. flocculare is a commensal bacterium. Genomic and transcriptional comparative analyses so far failed to explain the difference in pathogenicity between these two species. We then hypothesized that such difference might be, at least in part, explained by amino acid sequence and immunological or functional differences between ortholog surface proteins. In line with that, it was verified that approximately 85% of the ortholog surface proteins from M. hyopneumoniae 7448 and M. flocculare present one or more differential domains. To experimentally assess possible immunological implications of this kind of difference, the extracellular differential domains from one pair of orthologous surface proteins (MHP7448_0612, from M. hyopneumoniae, and MF_00357, from M. flocculare) were expressed in E. coli and used to immunize mice. The recombinant polypeptides (rMHP61267-169 and rMF35767-196, respectively) induced distinct cellular immune responses. While, rMHP61267-169 induced both Th1 and Th2 responses, rMF35767-196 induced just an early pro-inflammatory response. These results indicate that immunological properties determined by differential domains in orthologous surface protein might play a role in pathogenicity, contributing to elicit specific and differential immune responses against each species.
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14
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Dubrana MP, Béven L, Arricau-Bouvery N, Duret S, Claverol S, Renaudin J, Saillard C. Differential expression of Spiroplasma citri surface protein genes in the plant and insect hosts. BMC Microbiol 2016; 16:53. [PMID: 27005573 PMCID: PMC4804543 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-016-0666-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Spiroplasma citri is a cell wall-less, plant pathogenic bacteria that colonizes two distinct hosts, the leafhopper vector and the host plant. Given the absence of a cell wall, surface proteins including lipoproteins and transmembrane polypeptides are expected to play key roles in spiroplasma/host interactions. Important functions in spiroplasma/insect interactions have been shown for a few surface proteins such as the major lipoprotein spiralin, the transmembrane S. citri adhesion-related proteins (ScARPs) and the sugar transporter subunit Sc76. S. citri efficient transmission from the insect to the plant is expected to rely on its ability to adapt to the different environments and more specifically to regulate the expression of genes encoding surface-exposed proteins. Results Genes encoding S. citri lipoproteins and ScARPs were investigated for their expression level in axenic medium, in the leafhopper vector Circulifer haematoceps and in the host plant (periwinkle Catharanthus roseus) either insect-infected or graft-inoculated. The vast majority of the lipoprotein genes tested (25/28) differentially responded to the various host environments. Considering their relative expression levels in the different environments, the possible involvement of the targeted genes in spiroplasma host adaptation was discussed. In addition, two S. citri strains differing notably in their ability to express adhesin ScARP2b and pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component differed in their capacity to multiply in the two hosts, the plant and the leafhopper vector. Conclusions This study provided us with a list of genes differentially expressed in the different hosts, leading to the identification of factors that are thought to be involved in the process of S. citri host adaptation. The identification of such factors is a key step for further understanding of S. citri pathogenesis. Moreover the present work highlights the high capacity of S. citri in tightly regulating the expression level of a large set of surface protein genes, despite the small size of its genome. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-016-0666-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Pierre Dubrana
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRA, F-33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France.,UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Université de Bordeaux, F-33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Laure Béven
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRA, F-33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France. .,UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Université de Bordeaux, F-33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France.
| | - Nathalie Arricau-Bouvery
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRA, F-33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France.,UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Université de Bordeaux, F-33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Sybille Duret
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRA, F-33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France.,UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Université de Bordeaux, F-33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Stéphane Claverol
- Plateforme Protéome, CGFB, Université de Bordeaux, F-33076, Bordeaux, France
| | - Joël Renaudin
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRA, F-33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France.,UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Université de Bordeaux, F-33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Colette Saillard
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRA, F-33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France.,UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Université de Bordeaux, F-33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
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15
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Goret J, Le Roy C, Touati A, Mesureur J, Renaudin H, Claverol S, Bébéar C, Béven L, Pereyre S. Surface lipoproteome of Mycoplasma hominis PG21 and differential expression after contact with human dendritic cells. Future Microbiol 2016; 11:179-94. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb.15.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To assess the lipoproteins that are involved in the interaction between Mycoplasma hominis and human dendritic cells. Materials & methods: The surface lipoproteome of M. hominis PG21 was characterized by using Triton X-114 extraction and LC–MS/MS identification. The transcriptional changes in lipoprotein genes upon contact with human dendritic cells were determined by using reverse transcription quantitative PCR after identification of reference genes suitable for normalization. Results: A large-scale overexpression of lipoprotein genes was observed with 21 upregulated transcripts. Seven genes of unknown function were M. hominis species specific and six genes were putatively associated with increased nutrient capture from the host cell and adhesion. Conclusion: M. hominis regulates lipoprotein gene expression and may use species-specific mechanisms during the host colonization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Goret
- Université de Bordeaux, USC EA 3671 Mycoplasmal & Chlamydial Infections in Humans, Bordeaux, France
- INRA, USC EA 3671 Mycoplasmal & Chlamydial Infections in Humans, Bordeaux, France
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Chloé Le Roy
- Université de Bordeaux, USC EA 3671 Mycoplasmal & Chlamydial Infections in Humans, Bordeaux, France
- INRA, USC EA 3671 Mycoplasmal & Chlamydial Infections in Humans, Bordeaux, France
| | - Arabella Touati
- Université de Bordeaux, USC EA 3671 Mycoplasmal & Chlamydial Infections in Humans, Bordeaux, France
- INRA, USC EA 3671 Mycoplasmal & Chlamydial Infections in Humans, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Hélène Renaudin
- Université de Bordeaux, USC EA 3671 Mycoplasmal & Chlamydial Infections in Humans, Bordeaux, France
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Stéphane Claverol
- Pôle Protéomique, Plateforme Génomique Fonctionnelle de Bordeaux, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Cécile Bébéar
- Université de Bordeaux, USC EA 3671 Mycoplasmal & Chlamydial Infections in Humans, Bordeaux, France
- INRA, USC EA 3671 Mycoplasmal & Chlamydial Infections in Humans, Bordeaux, France
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Laure Béven
- INRA, UMR 1332, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Villenave d'Ornon, France
- Université de Bordeaux, UMR 1332, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sabine Pereyre
- Université de Bordeaux, USC EA 3671 Mycoplasmal & Chlamydial Infections in Humans, Bordeaux, France
- INRA, USC EA 3671 Mycoplasmal & Chlamydial Infections in Humans, Bordeaux, France
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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16
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Mobley HLT. Measuring Escherichia coli Gene Expression during Human Urinary Tract Infections. Pathogens 2016; 5:pathogens5010007. [PMID: 26784237 PMCID: PMC4810128 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens5010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Extraintestinal Escherichiacoli (E. coli) evolved by acquisition of pathogenicity islands, phage, plasmids, and DNA segments by horizontal gene transfer. Strains are heterogeneous but virulent uropathogenic isolates more often have specific fimbriae, toxins, and iron receptors than commensal strains. One may ask whether it is the virulence factors alone that are required to establish infection. While these virulence factors clearly contribute strongly to pathogenesis, bacteria must survive by metabolizing nutrients available to them. By constructing mutants in all major metabolic pathways and co-challenging mice transurethrally with each mutant and the wild type strain, we identified which major metabolic pathways are required to infect the urinary tract. We must also ask what else is E. coli doing in vivo? To answer this question, we examined the transcriptome of E. coli CFT073 in the murine model of urinary tract infection (UTI) as well as for E. coli strains collected and analyzed directly from the urine of patients attending either a urology clinic or a university health clinic for symptoms of UTI. Using microarrays and RNA-seq, we measured in vivo gene expression for these uropathogenic E. coli strains, identifying genes upregulated during murine and human UTI. Our findings allow us to propose a new definition of bacterial virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry L T Mobley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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17
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Fisch A, Marchioro SB, Gomes CK, Galli V, de Oliveira NR, Simionatto S, Dellagostin OA, Mendonça M, Moreira ÂN, Conceição FR. Commercial bacterins did not induce detectable levels of antibodies in mice against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae antigens strongly recognized by swine immune system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trivac.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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18
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Miura C, Komatsu K, Maejima K, Nijo T, Kitazawa Y, Tomomitsu T, Yusa A, Himeno M, Oshima K, Namba S. Functional characterization of the principal sigma factor RpoD of phytoplasmas via an in vitro transcription assay. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11893. [PMID: 26150080 PMCID: PMC4493692 DOI: 10.1038/srep11893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytoplasmas (class, Mollicutes) are insect-transmissible and plant-pathogenic bacteria that multiply intracellularly in both plants and insects through host switching. Our previous study revealed that phytoplasmal sigma factor rpoD of OY-M strain (rpoDOY) could be a key regulator of host switching, because the expression level of rpoDOY was higher in insect hosts than in plant hosts. In this study, we developed an in vitro transcription assay system to identify RpoDOY-dependent genes and the consensus promoter elements. The assay revealed that RpoDOY regulated some housekeeping, virulence, and host–phytoplasma interaction genes of OY-M strain. The upstream region of the transcription start sites of these genes contained conserved –35 and –10 promoter sequences, which were similar to the typical bacterial RpoD-dependent promoter elements, while the –35 promoter elements were variable. In addition, we searched putative RpoD-dependent genes based on these promoter elements on the whole genome sequence of phytoplasmas using in silico tools. The phytoplasmal RpoD seems to mediate the transcription of not only many housekeeping genes as the principal sigma factor, but also the virulence- and host-phytoplasma interaction-related genes exhibiting host-specific expression patterns. These results indicate that more complex mechanisms exist than previously thought regarding gene regulation enabling phytoplasmas to switch hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Miura
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Ken Komatsu
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwaicho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Kensaku Maejima
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Takamichi Nijo
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yugo Kitazawa
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Tomomitsu
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Akira Yusa
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Misako Himeno
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kenro Oshima
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Shigetou Namba
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
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19
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Fritsch TE, Siqueira FM, Schrank IS. Intrinsic terminators in Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae transcription. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:273. [PMID: 25886614 PMCID: PMC4411717 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1468-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, an important pathogen of swine, exhibits a low guanine and cytosine (GC) content genome. M. hyopneumoniae genome is organised in long transcriptional units and promoter sequences have been mapped upstream of all transcription units. These analysis provided insights into the gene organisation and transcription initiation at the genome scale. However, the presence of transcriptional terminator sequences in the M. hyopneumoniae genome is poorly understood. Results In silico analyses demonstrated the presence of putative terminators in 82% of the 33 monocistronic units (mCs) and in 74% of the 116 polycistronic units (pCs) considering different classes of terminators. The functional activity of 23 intrinsic terminators was confirmed by RT-PCR and qPCR. Analysis of all terminators found by three software algorithms, combined with experimental results, allowed us to propose a pattern of RNA hairpin formation during the termination process and to predict the location of terminators in the M. hyopneumoniae genome sequence. Conclusions The stem-loop structures of intrinsic terminators of mycoplasma diverge from the pattern of terminators found in other bacteria due the low content of guanine and cytosine. In M. hyopneumoniae, transcription can end after a transcriptional unit and before its terminator sequence and can also continue past the terminator sequence with RNA polymerases gradually releasing the RNA. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1468-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Ebert Fritsch
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Franciele Maboni Siqueira
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Irene Silveira Schrank
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. .,Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, P. 43421, C.P. 15005, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 91501-970, Brazil.
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20
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Pritchard RE, Balish MF. Mycoplasma iowae: relationships among oxygen, virulence, and protection from oxidative stress. Vet Res 2015; 46:36. [PMID: 25880161 PMCID: PMC4367981 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0170-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The poultry-associated bacterium Mycoplasma iowae colonizes multiple sites in embryos, with disease or death resulting. Although M. iowae accumulates in the intestinal tract, it does not cause disease at that site, but rather only in tissues that are exposed to atmospheric O2. The activity of M. iowae catalase, encoded by katE, is capable of rapid removal of damaging H2O2 from solution, and katE confers a substantial reduction in the amount of H2O2 produced by Mycoplasma gallisepticum katE transformants in the presence of glycerol. As catalase-producing bacteria are often beneficial to hosts with inflammatory bowel disease, we explored whether M. iowae was exclusively protective against H2O2-producing bacteria in a Caenorhabditis elegans model, whether its protectiveness changed in response to O2 levels, and whether expression of genes involved in H2O2 metabolism and virulence changed in response to O2 levels. We observed that M. iowae was in fact protective against H2O2-producing Streptococcus pneumoniae, but not HCN-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and that M. iowae cells grown in 1% O2 promoted survival of C. elegans to a greater extent than M. iowae cells grown in atmospheric O2. Transcript levels of an M. iowae gene encoding a homolog of Mycoplasma pneumoniae CARDS toxin were 5-fold lower in cells grown in low O2. These data suggest that reduced O2, representing the intestinal environment, triggers M. iowae to reduce its virulence capabilities, effecting a change from a pathogenic mode to a potentially beneficial one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Pritchard
- Department of Microbiology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA. .,Present address: Division of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Kentucky Wesleyan College, Owensboro, KY, 42301, USA.
| | - Mitchell F Balish
- Department of Microbiology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA.
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21
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Burgos R, Totten PA. MG428 is a novel positive regulator of recombination that triggers mgpB and mgpC gene variation in Mycoplasma genitalium. Mol Microbiol 2014; 94:290-306. [PMID: 25138908 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The human pathogen Mycoplasma genitalium employs homologous recombination to generate antigenic diversity in the immunodominant MgpB and MgpC proteins. Only recently, some of the molecular factors involved in this process have been characterized, but nothing is known about its regulation. Here, we show that M. genitalium expresses N-terminally truncated RecA isoforms via alternative translation initiation, but only the full-length protein is essential for gene variation. We also demonstrate that overexpression of MG428 positively regulates the expression of recombination genes, including recA, ruvA, ruvB and ORF2, a gene of unknown function co-transcribed with ruvAB. The co-ordinated induction of these genes correlated with an increase of mgpBC gene variation. In contrast, cells lacking MG428 were unable to generate variants despite expressing normal levels of RecA. Similarly, deletion analyses of the recA upstream region defined sequences required for gene variation without abolishing RecA expression. The requirement of these sequences is consistent with the presence of promoter elements associated with MG428-dependent recA induction. Sequences upstream of recA also influence the relative abundance of RecA isoforms, possibly through translational regulation. Overall, these results suggest that MG428 is a positive regulator of recombination and that precise control of recA expression is required to initiate mgpBC variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Burgos
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA
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22
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Pendarvis K, Padula MP, Tacchi JL, Petersen AC, Djordjevic SP, Burgess SC, Minion FC. Proteogenomic mapping of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae virulent strain 232. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:576. [PMID: 25005615 PMCID: PMC4102725 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae causes respiratory disease in swine and contributes to the porcine respiratory disease complex, a major disease problem in the swine industry. The M. hyopneumoniae strain 232 genome is one of the smallest and best annotated microbial genomes, containing only 728 annotated genes and 691 known proteins. Standard protein databases for mass spectrometry only allow for the identification of known and predicted proteins, which if incorrect can limit our understanding of the biological processes at work. Proteogenomic mapping is a methodology which allows the entire 6-frame genome translation of an organism to be used as a mass spectrometry database to help identify unknown proteins as well as correct and confirm existing annotations. This methodology will be employed to perform an in-depth analysis of the M. hyopneumoniae proteome. Results Proteomic analysis indicates 483 of 691 (70%) known M. hyopneumoniae strain 232 proteins are expressed under the culture conditions given in this study. Furthermore, 171 of 328 (52%) hypothetical proteins have been confirmed. Proteogenomic mapping resulted in the identification of previously unannotated genes gatC and rpmF and 5-prime extensions to genes mhp063, mhp073, and mhp451, all conserved and annotated in other M. hyopneumoniae strains and Mycoplasma species. Gene prediction with Prodigal, a prokaryotic gene predicting program, completely supports the new genomic coordinates calculated using proteogenomic mapping. Conclusions Proteogenomic mapping showed that the protein coding genes of the M. hyopneumoniae strain 232 identified in this study are well annotated. Only 1.8% of mapped peptides did not correspond to genes defined by the current genome annotation. This study also illustrates how proteogenomic mapping can be an important tool to help confirm, correct and append known gene models when using a genome sequence as search space for peptide mass spectra. Using a gene prediction program which scans for a wide variety of promoters can help ensure genes are accurately predicted or not missed completely. Furthermore, protein extraction using differential detergent fractionation effectively increases the number of membrane and cytoplasmic proteins identifiable my mass spectrometry. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-576) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Pendarvis
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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23
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Genome organization in Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae: identification of promoter-like sequences. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:5395-402. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3411-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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24
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Liu W, Xiao S, Li M, Guo S, Li S, Luo R, Feng Z, Li B, Zhou Z, Shao G, Chen H, Fang L. Comparative genomic analyses of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae pathogenic 168 strain and its high-passaged attenuated strain. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:80. [PMID: 23384176 PMCID: PMC3626624 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is the causative agent of porcine enzootic pneumonia (EP), a mild, chronic pneumonia of swine. Despite presenting with low direct mortality, EP is responsible for major economic losses in the pig industry. To identify the virulence-associated determinants of M. hyopneumoniae, we determined the whole genome sequence of M. hyopneumoniae strain 168 and its attenuated high-passage strain 168-L and carried out comparative genomic analyses. Results We performed the first comprehensive analysis of M. hyopneumoniae strain 168 and its attenuated strain and made a preliminary survey of coding sequences (CDSs) that may be related to virulence. The 168-L genome has a highly similar gene content and order to that of 168, but is 4,483 bp smaller because there are 60 insertions and 43 deletions in 168-L. Besides these indels, 227 single nucleotide variations (SNVs) were identified. We further investigated the variants that affected CDSs, and compared them to reported virulence determinants. Notably, almost all of the reported virulence determinants are included in these variants affected CDSs. In addition to variations previously described in mycoplasma adhesins (P97, P102, P146, P159, P216, and LppT), cell envelope proteins (P95), cell surface antigens (P36), secreted proteins and chaperone protein (DnaK), mutations in genes related to metabolism and growth may also contribute to the attenuated virulence in 168-L. Furthermore, many mutations were located in the previously described repeat motif, which may be of primary importance for virulence. Conclusions We studied the virulence attenuation mechanism of M. hyopneumoniae by comparative genomic analysis of virulent strain 168 and its attenuated high-passage strain 168-L. Our findings provide a preliminary survey of CDSs that may be related to virulence. While these include reported virulence-related genes, other novel virulence determinants were also detected. This new information will form the foundation of future investigations into the pathogenesis of M. hyopneumoniae and facilitate the design of new vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Division of Animal Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
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25
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Moitinho-Silva L, Kondo MY, Oliveira LCG, Okamoto DN, Paes JA, Machado MFM, Veronez CL, Motta G, Andrade SS, Juliano MA, Ferreira HB, Juliano L, Gouvea IE. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in vitro peptidase activities: identification and cleavage of kallikrein-kinin system-like substrates. Vet Microbiol 2013; 163:264-73. [PMID: 23421966 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial proteases are important for metabolic processes and pathogenesis in host organisms. The bacterial swine pathogen Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae has 15 putative protease-encoding genes annotated, but none of them have been functionally characterized. To identify and characterize peptidases that could be relevant for infection of swine hosts, we investigated the peptidase activity present in the pathogenic 7448 strain of M. hyopneumoniae. Combinatorial libraries of fluorescence resonance energy transfer peptides, specific inhibitors and pH profiling were used to screen and characterize endopeptidase, aminopeptidase and carboxypeptidase activities in cell lysates. One metalloendopeptidase, one serine endopeptidase, and one aminopeptidase were detected. The detected metalloendopeptidase activity, prominent at neutral and basic pH ranges, was due to a thimet oligopeptidase family member (M3 family), likely an oligoendopeptidase F (PepF), which cleaved the peptide Abz-GFSPFRQ-EDDnp at the F-S bond. A chymotrypsin-like serine endopeptidase activity, possibly a subtilisin-like serine protease, was prominent at higher pH levels, and was characterized by its preference for a Phe residue at the P1 position of the substrate. The aminopeptidase P (APP) activity showed a similar profile to that of human membrane-bound APP. Genes coding for these three peptidases were identified and their transcription was confirmed in the 7448 strain. Furthermore, M. hyopneumoniae cell lysate peptidases showed effects on kallikrein-kinin system-like substrates, such as bradykinin-derived substrates and human high molecular weight kininogen. The M. hyopneumoniae peptidase activities, here characterized for the first time, may be important for bacterial survival strategies and thus represent possible targets for drug development against M. hyopneumoniae swine infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Moitinho-Silva
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Simionatto S, Marchioro SB, Galli V, Brum CB, Klein CS, Rebelatto R, Silva EF, Borsuk S, Conceição FR, Dellagostin OA. Immunological characterization of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae recombinant proteins. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2012; 35:209-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2012.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Revised: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Moitinho-Silva L, Heineck BL, Reolon LA, Paes JA, Klein CS, Rebelatto R, Schrank IS, Zaha A, Ferreira HB. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae type I signal peptidase: expression and evaluation of its diagnostic potential. Vet Microbiol 2011; 154:282-91. [PMID: 21831542 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Revised: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Type I signal peptidase (SPase I) is a membrane-anchored protease of the general secretory pathway, which is encoded by the sipS gene in Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, the etiological agent of porcine enzootic pneumonia (PEP). In this study, the expression of the M. hyopneumoniae SPase I (MhSPase I) was analyzed in virulent and avirulent strains, and the recombinant protein (rMhSPase I), expressed in Escherichia coli, was evaluated regarding its potential as an immunodiagnostic antigen. It was demonstrated that the sipS coding DNA sequence (CDS) is most likely part of an operon, being co-transcribed along with four other CDSs. Quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR and immunoblot assays showed that MhSPase I is expressed by all three strains analyzed, with no transcriptional difference, but with evidence of a higher protein level in a pathogenic strain (7422), in comparison to another pathogenic (7448) and a non-pathogenic (J) strain. rMhSPase I was strongly immunogenic for mice, and the MhSPase I antigenicity was confirmed. Polyclonal serum anti-rMhSPase I presented no detectable cross-reaction with Mycoplasma flocculare and Mycoplasma hyorhinis. Moreover, phylogenetic analysis demonstrated a low conservation between MhSPase I and orthologous proteins from other porcine respiratory disease complex-related bacteria, Firmicutes and other Mycoplasma species. The potential of an rMhSPase I-based ELISA for PEP immunodiagnosis was demonstrated. Overall, we investigated the expression of sipS and the encoded MhSPase I in three M. hyopneumoniae strains and showed that this protein is a good antigen for use in PEP serodiagnosis and possibly vaccination, as well as a potential target for antibiotic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Moitinho-Silva
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Zhang W, Baseman JB. Transcriptional regulation of MG_149, an osmoinducible lipoprotein gene from Mycoplasma genitalium. Mol Microbiol 2011; 81:327-39. [PMID: 21692875 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2011.07717.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptional regulation remains poorly understood in Mycoplasma genitalium, the smallest self-replicating cell and the causative agent of a spectrum of urogenital diseases. Previously, we reported that MG_149, a lipoprotein-encoding gene, was highly induced under physiological hyperosmolarity conditions. In this study we further analysed MG_149 transcription with a focus on the identification of promoter elements and regulatory mechanisms. We established MG_149 as a genuine osmoinducible gene that exhibited the highest transcript abundance compared with other lipoprotein genes. Using genetic approaches, we demonstrated that the -10 region of the MG_149 promoter was essential for osmoinduction. Moreover, we showed that MG_149 osmoinduction was regulated by DNA supercoiling, as the presence of novobiocin decreased MG_149 expression in a dose-dependent manner. Taken together, these results indicate that DNA supercoiling participates in controlling MG_149 expression during in vivo-like conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
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29
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Dorman CJ. Regulation of transcription by DNA supercoiling in Mycoplasma genitalium: global control in the smallest known self-replicating genome. Mol Microbiol 2011; 81:302-4. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2011.07718.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Zhang W, Baseman JB. Transcriptional response of Mycoplasma genitalium to osmotic stress. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2010; 157:548-556. [PMID: 21051489 PMCID: PMC3090130 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.043984-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma genitalium is the causative agent of non-gonococcal, chlamydia-negative urethritis in men and has been linked to reproductive tract disease syndromes in women. As with other mycoplasmas, M. genitalium lacks many regulatory genes because of its streamlined genome and total dependence on a parasitic existence. Therefore, it is important to understand how gene regulation occurs in M. genitalium, particularly in response to environmental signals likely to be encountered in vivo. In this study, we developed an oligonucleotide-based microarray to investigate transcriptional changes in M. genitalium following osmotic shock. Using a physiologically relevant osmolarity condition (0.3 M sodium chloride), we identified 39 upregulated and 72 downregulated genes. Of the upregulated genes, 21 were of unknown function and 15 encoded membrane-associated proteins. The majority of downregulated genes encoded enzymes involved in energy metabolism and components of the protein translation process. These data provide insights into the in vivo response of M. genitalium to hyperosmolarity conditions and identify candidate genes that may contribute to mycoplasma survival in the urogenital tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Joel B Baseman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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Tang SL, Chang BC, Halgamuge SK. Gene functionality's influence on the second codon: A large-scale survey of second codon composition in three domains. Genomics 2010; 96:92-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2010.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2009] [Revised: 02/03/2010] [Accepted: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Gardner SW, Minion FC. Detection and quantification of intergenic transcription in Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2010; 156:2305-2315. [PMID: 20430814 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.038760-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasmas are thought to control gene expression through simple mechanisms. The switching mechanisms needed to regulate transcription during significant environmental shifts do not seem to be required for these host-adapted organisms. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, a swine respiratory pathogen, undergoes differential gene expression, but as for all mycoplasmas, the mechanisms involved are still unknown. Since mycoplasmas contain only a single sigma factor and few regulator-type proteins, it is likely that other mechanisms control gene regulation, possibly involving intergenic (IG) regions. To study this further, we investigated whether IG regions are transcribed in M. hyopneumoniae, and measured transcription levels across five specific regions. Microarrays were constructed with probes covering 343 IG regions of the M. hyopneumoniae genome, and RNA isolated from laboratory-grown cells was used to interrogate the arrays. Transcriptional signals were identified in 321 (93.6 %) of the IG regions. Five large (>500 bp) IG regions were chosen for further analysis by qRT-PCR by designing primer sets whose products reside in flanking ORFs, bridge flanking ORFs and the IG region, or reside solely within the IG region. The results indicate that no single transcriptional start site can account for transcriptional activity within IG regions. Transcription can end abruptly at the end of an ORF, but this does not seem to occur at high frequency. Rather, transcription continues past the end of the ORF, with RNA polymerase gradually releasing the template. Transcription can also be initiated within IG regions in the absence of accepted promoter-like sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart W Gardner
- Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Interdepartmental Microbiology Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - F Chris Minion
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Interdepartmental Microbiology Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Molnár I, Gibson DM, Krasnoff SB. Secondary metabolites from entomopathogenic Hypocrealean fungi. Nat Prod Rep 2010; 27:1241-75. [DOI: 10.1039/c001459c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Comparative proteomic analysis of pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains from the swine pathogen Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Proteome Sci 2009; 7:45. [PMID: 20025764 PMCID: PMC2804596 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-7-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is a highly infectious swine pathogen and is the causative agent of enzootic pneumonia (EP). Following the previous report of a proteomic survey of the pathogenic 7448 strain of swine pathogen, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, we performed comparative protein profiling of three M. hyopneumoniae strains, namely the non-pathogenic J strain and the two pathogenic strains 7448 and 7422. Results In 2DE comparisons, we were able to identify differences in expression levels for 67 proteins, including the overexpression of some cytoadherence-related proteins only in the pathogenic strains. 2DE immunoblot analyses allowed the identification of differential proteolytic cleavage patterns of the P97 adhesin in the three strains. For more comprehensive protein profiling, an LC-MS/MS strategy was used. Overall, 35% of the M. hyopneumoniae genome coding capacity was covered. Partially overlapping profiles of identified proteins were observed in the strains with 81 proteins identified only in one strain and 54 proteins identified in two strains. Abundance analysis of proteins detected in more than one strain demonstrates the relative overexpression of 64 proteins, including the P97 adhesin in the pathogenic strains. Conclusions Our results indicate the physiological differences between the non-pathogenic strain, with its non-infective proliferate lifestyle, and the pathogenic strains, with its constitutive expression of adhesins, which would render the bacterium competent for adhesion and infection prior to host contact.
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Characterization of a highly immunogenic Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae lipoprotein Mhp366 identified by peptide-spot array. Vet Microbiol 2009; 142:293-302. [PMID: 19913364 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2009] [Revised: 10/05/2009] [Accepted: 10/07/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Enzootic pneumonia (EP) in pigs caused by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is a highly prevalent, chronic respiratory disease, which causes considerable economic losses in the swine industry. Most herds are vaccinated, but classical bacterin vaccines do not prevent colonization and it is not possible to detect flourishing M. hyopneumoniae infections in vaccinated herds since commonly used commercial ELISAs cannot differentiate infected from vaccinated animals. To solve this problem, new immunogenic proteins, up-regulated or solely expressed during infection, need to be identified. For this purpose a peptide-spot array was constructed which presents 105 potential linear B-cell epitopes identified by in silico analysis in 35 putative lipoproteins encoded on the genome of M. hyopneumoniae type strain 232. Subjecting this array to immunoblotting using porcine convalescent serum revealed a single strongly immunoreactive epitope on the Mhp366 protein which did not react with serum from bacterin-immunized pigs. In addition, it was not possible to detect Mhp366 in total cell lysates of in vitro grown M. hyopneumoniae strains, using a polyclonal rabbit serum raised against a recombinant GST-Mhp366 fusion protein. To investigate the possibility of using an Mhp366-based ELISA in the field for differentiating vaccinated herds with and without a flourishing infection it was shown that (i) homologues of the corresponding mhp366 gene were present in all 17 M. hyopneumoniae strains and porcine lung samples tested from different geographic origins and (ii) an ELISA based on epitope-specific synthetic peptides as solid phase antigen allowed a classification of field samples. Therefore, Mhp366 might be the first antigen identified which facilitates the detection of flourishing M. hyopneumoniae infections even in vaccinated herds.
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Calus D, Maes D, Meyns T, Pasmans F, Haesebrouck F. In vivovirulence ofMycoplasma hyopneumoniaeisolates does not correlate within vitroadhesion assessed by a microtitre plate adherence assay. J Appl Microbiol 2009; 106:1951-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04172.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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37
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Oneal MJ, Schafer ER, Madsen ML, Minion FC. Global transcriptional analysis of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae following exposure to norepinephrine. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2008; 154:2581-2588. [PMID: 18757792 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.2008/020230-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, a component of the porcine respiratory disease complex, colonizes the respiratory tract of swine by binding to the cilia of the bronchial epithelial cells. Mechanisms of pathogenesis are poorly understood for M. hyopneumoniae, but previous work has indicated that it responds to the environmental stressors heat shock, iron deprivation and oxidative compounds. For successful infection, M. hyopneumoniae must effectively resist host responses to the colonization of the respiratory tract. Among these are changes in hormonal levels in the mucosal secretions. Recent work in the stress responses of other bacteria has included the response to the catecholamine norepinephrine. The idea that M. hyopneumoniae can respond to a host hormone, however, is novel and has not previously been demonstrated. To test this, organisms in the early exponential phase of growth were exposed to 100 muM norepinephrine for 4 h, and RNA samples from these cultures were collected and compared to RNA samples from control cultures using two-colour PCR-based M. hyopneumoniae microarrays. The M. hyopneumoniae response included slowed growth and changes in mRNA transcript levels of 84 genes, 53 of which were upregulated in response to norepinephrine. A larger proportion of the genes upregulated than those downregulated were involved with transcription and translation. The downregulated genes were mostly involved with metabolism, which correlated with the reduction in growth of the mycoplasma. Approximately 51 % of the genes were hypothetical with no known function. Thus, in response to norepinephrine, M. hyopneumoniae appears to upregulate protein expression while downregulating general metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Oneal
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Erin R Schafer
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Melissa L Madsen
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - F Chris Minion
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Kügler J, Nieswandt S, Gerlach GF, Meens J, Schirrmann T, Hust M. Identification of immunogenic polypeptides from a Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae genome library by phage display. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 80:447-58. [PMID: 18636254 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-008-1576-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2008] [Revised: 06/11/2008] [Accepted: 06/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The identification of immunogenic polypeptides of pathogens is helpful for the development of diagnostic assays and therapeutic applications like vaccines. Routinely, these proteins are identified by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blot using convalescent serum, followed by mass spectrometry. This technology, however, is limited, because low or differentially expressed proteins, e.g. dependent on pathogen-host interaction, cannot be identified. In this work, we developed and improved a M13 genomic phage display-based method for the selection of immunogenic polypeptides of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, a pathogen causing porcine enzootic pneumonia. The fragmented genome of M. hyopneumoniae was cloned into a phage display vector, and the genomic library was packaged using the helperphage Hyperphage to enrich open reading frames (ORFs). Afterwards, the phage display library was screened by panning using convalescent serum. The analysis of individual phage clones resulted in the identification of five genes encoding immunogenic proteins, only two of which had been previously identified and described as immunogenic. This M13 genomic phage display, directly combining ORF enrichment and the presentation of the corresponding polypeptide on the phage surface, complements proteome-based methods for the identification of immunogenic polypeptides and is particularly well suited for the use in mycoplasma species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Kügler
- Abteilung Biotechnologie, Institut für Biochemie und Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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