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Niciura SCM, Cardoso TF, Ibelli AMG, Okino CH, Andrade BG, Benavides MV, Chagas ACDS, Esteves SN, Minho AP, Regitano LCDA, Gondro C. Multi-omics data elucidate parasite-host-microbiota interactions and resistance to Haemonchus contortus in sheep. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:102. [PMID: 38429820 PMCID: PMC10908167 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06205-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The integration of molecular data from hosts, parasites, and microbiota can enhance our understanding of the complex biological interactions underlying the resistance of hosts to parasites. Haemonchus contortus, the predominant sheep gastrointestinal parasite species in the tropics, causes significant production and economic losses, which are further compounded by the diminishing efficiency of chemical control owing to anthelmintic resistance. Knowledge of how the host responds to infection and how the parasite, in combination with microbiota, modulates host immunity can guide selection decisions to breed animals with improved parasite resistance. This understanding will help refine management practices and advance the development of new therapeutics for long-term helminth control. METHODS Eggs per gram (EPG) of feces were obtained from Morada Nova sheep subjected to two artificial infections with H. contortus and used as a proxy to select animals with high resistance or susceptibility for transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) of the abomasum and 50 K single-nucleotide genotyping. Additionally, RNA-seq data for H. contortus were generated, and amplicon sequence variants (ASV) were obtained using polymerase chain reaction amplification and sequencing of bacterial and archaeal 16S ribosomal RNA genes from sheep feces and rumen content. RESULTS The heritability estimate for EPG was 0.12. GAST, GNLY, IL13, MGRN1, FGF14, and RORC genes and transcripts were differentially expressed between resistant and susceptible animals. A genome-wide association study identified regions on chromosomes 2 and 11 that harbor candidate genes for resistance, immune response, body weight, and adaptation. Trans-expression quantitative trait loci were found between significant variants and differentially expressed transcripts. Functional co-expression modules based on sheep genes and ASVs correlated with resistance to H. contortus, showing enrichment in pathways of response to bacteria, immune and inflammatory responses, and hub features of the Christensenellaceae, Bacteroides, and Methanobrevibacter genera; Prevotellaceae family; and Verrucomicrobiota phylum. In H. contortus, some mitochondrial, collagen-, and cuticle-related genes were expressed only in parasites isolated from susceptible sheep. CONCLUSIONS The present study identified chromosome regions, genes, transcripts, and pathways involved in the elaborate interactions between the sheep host, its gastrointestinal microbiota, and the H. contortus parasite. These findings will assist in the development of animal selection strategies for parasite resistance and interdisciplinary approaches to control H. contortus infection in sheep.
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Cuesta LM, Verna A, Pérez S. Modulation of granzymes mRNA expression in neural tissue of BoAHV-1 and BoAHV-5-infected cattle. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2023; 260:110610. [PMID: 37196596 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2023.110610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Bovine alphaherpesviruses (BoAHV)-1 and 5 are neurotropic viruses of cattle which differ in their neuropathogenic potential. BoAHV-5 is responsible for non-suppurative meningoencephalitis in calves while BoAHV-1 can occasionally cause encephalitis. Granzymes (GZMs) are serine-proteases that participate in CD8+ T cells-mediated killing of virally-infected cells upon release through perforin (PFN)-formed pores in the cell membrane. Recently, six GZMs have been identified in cattle (A, B, K, H, M and O). However, their expression in bovine tissues has not been evaluated. In this study, the mRNA expression levels of PFN and GZMs A, B, K, H and M in the nervous system of calves experimentally-inoculated with BoAHV-1 or BoAHV-5 were analyzed at the three distinct stages of the infectious cycle of alphaherpesviruses: acute infection, latency and reactivation. This is the first report describing the expression of GZMs in bovine neural tissue and the first analysis of GZM expression in the context of bovine alphaherpesviruses neuropathogenesis. The findings revealed that PFN and GZM K are upregulated during BoAHV-1 or BoAHV-5 acute infection. In contrast to BoAHV-1, during BoAHV-5 latency a significant up-regulation of PFN, GZM K and GZM H was detected. PFN and GZM A, K and H expression was also up-regulated during BoAHV-5 reactivation. Therefore, a distinct pattern of PFN and GZM expression is evident along the infectious cycle of each alphaherpesvirus and this might contribute to the differences in BoAHV-1 and BoAHV-5 neuropathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Martínez Cuesta
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN)-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Paraje Arroyo Seco S/N, Tandil 7000, Argentina
| | - Andrea Verna
- Área de Producción Animal, Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS, CONICET-INTA), Ruta Nacional 226 km 73,5, Balcarce, 7620 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sandra Pérez
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN)-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Paraje Arroyo Seco S/N, Tandil 7000, Argentina.
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Cheng Z, McLaughlin DL, Little MW, Ferris C, Salavati M, Ingvartsen KL, Crowe MA, Wathes DC. Proportion of Concentrate in the Diet of Early Lactation Dairy Cows Has Contrasting Effects on Circulating Leukocyte Global Transcriptomic Profiles, Health and Fertility According to Parity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010039. [PMID: 36613482 PMCID: PMC9820068 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The functionality of circulating leukocytes in dairy cows is suppressed after calving, with negative energy balance as a risk factor. Leukocyte transcriptomic profiles were compared separately in 44 multiparous (MP) and 18 primiparous (PP) Holstein-Friesian cows receiving diets differing in concentrate proportion to test whether immune dysfunction could be mitigated by appropriate nutrition. After calving, cows were offered either (1) low concentrate (LC); (2) medium concentrate (MC) or (3) high concentrate (HC) diets with proportions of concentrate to grass silage of 30%:70%, 50%:50% and 70%:30%, respectively. Cow phenotype data collected included circulating metabolites, milk yield and health and fertility records. RNA sequencing of circulating leukocytes at 14 days in milk was performed. The HC diet improved energy balance in both age groups. There were more differentially expressed genes in PP than MP cows (460 vs. 173, HC vs. LC comparison) with few overlaps. The MP cows on the LC diet showed upregulation of the complement and coagulation cascade and innate immune defence mechanisms against pathogens and had a trend of more cases of mastitis and poorer fertility. In contrast, the PP cows on the HC diet showed greater immune responses based on both gene expression and phenotypic data and longer interval of calving to conception. The leukocytes of MP and PP cows therefore responded differentially to the diets between age, nutrient supply and immunity affecting their health and subsequent fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangrui Cheng
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Danielle L. McLaughlin
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Mark W. Little
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast BT9 5PX, UK
| | - Conrad Ferris
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast BT9 5PX, UK
| | - Mazdak Salavati
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Campus, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Klaus L. Ingvartsen
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Science, Aarhus University, 8000 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Mark A. Crowe
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
| | - D. Claire Wathes
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK
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Ariyaratne A, Kim SY, Pollo SMJ, Perera S, Liu H, Nguyen WNT, Coria AL, Luzzi MDC, Bowron J, Szabo EK, Patel KD, Wasmuth JD, Nair MG, Finney CAM. Trickle infection with Heligmosomoides polygyrus results in decreased worm burdens but increased intestinal inflammation and scarring. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1020056. [PMID: 36569914 PMCID: PMC9773095 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1020056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Intestinal roundworms cause chronic debilitating disease in animals, including humans. Traditional experimental models of these types of infection use a large single-dose infection. However, in natural settings, hosts are exposed to parasites on a regular basis and when mice are exposed to frequent, smaller doses of Heligmosomoides polygyrus, the parasites are cleared more quickly. Whether this more effective host response has any negative consequences for the host is not known. Results Using a trickle model of infection, we found that worm clearance was associated with known resistance-related host responses: increased granuloma and tuft cell numbers, increased levels of granuloma IgG and decreased intestinal transit time, as well as higher serum IgE levels. However, we found that the improved worm clearance was also associated with an inflammatory phenotype in and around the granuloma, increased smooth muscle hypertrophy/hyperplasia, and elevated levels of Adamts gene expression. Discussion To our knowledge, we are the first to identify the involvement of this protein family of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in host responses to helminth infections. Our results highlight the delicate balance between parasite clearance and host tissue damage, which both contribute to host pathology. When continually exposed to parasitic worms, improved clearance comes at a cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupama Ariyaratne
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Host Parasite Interactions Training Network, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Sang Yong Kim
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Stephen M. J. Pollo
- Host Parasite Interactions Training Network, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Shashini Perera
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Host Parasite Interactions Training Network, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Hongrui Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Host Parasite Interactions Training Network, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - William N. T. Nguyen
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Aralia Leon Coria
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Host Parasite Interactions Training Network, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Mayara de Cassia Luzzi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Host Parasite Interactions Training Network, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Joel Bowron
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Host Parasite Interactions Training Network, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Edina K. Szabo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Host Parasite Interactions Training Network, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Kamala D. Patel
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - James D. Wasmuth
- Host Parasite Interactions Training Network, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Meera G. Nair
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Constance A. M. Finney
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Host Parasite Interactions Training Network, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Transcriptomic Analysis of the Porcine Gut in Response to Heat Stress and Dietary Soluble Fiber from Beet Pulp. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13081456. [PMID: 36011367 PMCID: PMC9408315 DOI: 10.3390/genes13081456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the impact of heat stress (HS) and the effects of dietary soluble fiber from beet pulp (BP) on gene expression (differentially expressed genes, DEGs) of the porcine jejunum. Out of the 82 DEGs, 47 genes were up-regulated, and 35 genes were downregulated between treatments. The gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis showed that the DEGs were related mainly to the actin cytoskeleton organization and muscle structure development in biological processes, cytoplasm, stress fibers, Z disc, cytoskeleton, and the extracellular regions in cellular composition, and actin binding, calcium ion binding, actin filament binding, and pyridoxal phosphate binding in the molecular function. The KEGG pathway analysis showed that the DEGs were involved in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy, vascular smooth muscle contraction, regulation of actin cytoskeleton, mucin type O-glycan biosynthesis, and African trypanosomiasis. Several of the genes (HSPB6, HSP70, TPM1, TAGLN, CCL4) in the HS group were involved in cellular oxidative stress, immune responses, and cellular differentiation. In contrast, the DEGs in the dietary BP group were related to intestinal epithelium integrity and immune response to pathogens, including S100A2, GCNT3, LYZ, SCGB1A1, SAA3, and ST3GAL1. These findings might help understand the HS response and the effect of dietary fiber (DF) regarding HS and be a valuable reference for future studies.
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Dong H, Dong Z, Wang F, Wang G, Luo X, Lei C, Chen J. Whole Genome Sequencing Provides New Insights Into the Genetic Diversity and Coat Color of Asiatic Wild Ass and Its Hybrids. Front Genet 2022; 13:818420. [PMID: 35646088 PMCID: PMC9135160 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.818420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The diversity of livestock coat color results from human positive selection and is an indispensable part of breed registration. As an important biodiversity resource, Asiatic wild ass has many special characteristics, including the most visualized feature, its yellowish-brown coat color, and excellent adaptation. To explore the genetic mechanisms of phenotypic characteristics in Asiatic wild ass and its hybrids, we resequenced the whole genome of one Mongolian Kulan (a subspecies of Asiatic wild ass) and 29 Kulan hybrids (Mongolian Kulan ♂×Xinjiang♀), and the ancestor composition indicated the true lineage of the hybrids. XP-EHH (Cross Population Extended Haplotype Homozygosity), θπ-ratio (Nucleotide Diversity Ratio), CLR (Composite Likelihood Ratio) and θπ (Nucleotide Diversity) methods were used to detect the candidate regions of positive selection in Asiatic wild ass and its hybrids. Several immune genes (DEFA1, DEFA5, DEFA7, GIMAP4, GIMAP1, IGLC1, IGLL5, GZMB and HLA) were observed by the CLR and θπ methods. XP-EHH and θπ-ratio revealed that these genes are potentially responsible for coat color (KITLG) and meat quality traits (PDE1B and MYLK2). Furthermore, the heatmap was able to show the clear difference in the haplotype of the KITLG gene between the Kulan hybrids and Asiatic wild ass group and the Guanzhong black donkey group, which is a powerful demonstration of the key role of KITLG in donkey color. Therefore, our study may provide new insights into the genetic basis of coat color, meat quality traits and immunity of Asiatic wild ass and its hybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Dong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, SHIHEZI University, Shihezi, China
| | - Zheng Dong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Fuwen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiaoyu Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Chuzhao Lei
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jingbo Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, SHIHEZI University, Shihezi, China
- *Correspondence: Jingbo Chen,
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7
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Perera DJ, Ndao M. Promising Technologies in the Field of Helminth Vaccines. Front Immunol 2021; 12:711650. [PMID: 34489961 PMCID: PMC8418310 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.711650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Helminths contribute a larger global burden of disease than both malaria and tuberculosis. These eukaryotes have caused human infections since before our earliest recorded history (i.e.: earlier than 1200 B.C. for Schistosoma spp.). Despite the prevalence and importance of these infections, helminths are considered a neglected tropical disease for which there are no vaccines approved for human use. Similar to other parasites, helminths are complex organisms which employ a plethora of features such as: complex life cycles, chronic infections, and antigenic mimicry to name a few, making them difficult to target by conventional vaccine strategies. With novel vaccine strategies such as viral vectors and genetic elements, numerous constructs are being defined for a wide range of helminth parasites; however, it has yet to be discussed which of these approaches may be the most effective. With human trials being conducted, and a pipeline of potential anti-helminthic antigens, greater understanding of helminth vaccine-induced immunity is necessary for the development of potent vaccine platforms and their optimal design. This review outlines the conventional and the most promising approaches in clinical and preclinical helminth vaccinology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilhan J Perera
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Program of Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Momar Ndao
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Program of Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,National Reference Centre for Parasitology, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
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8
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Zhang R, Liu F, Hunt P, Li C, Zhang L, Ingham A, Li RW. Transcriptome analysis unraveled potential mechanisms of resistance to Haemonchus contortus infection in Merino sheep populations bred for parasite resistance. Vet Res 2019; 50:7. [PMID: 30678719 PMCID: PMC6345051 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0622-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Haemonchus contortus is one of the most pathogenic gastrointestinal nematodes in small ruminants. To understand molecular mechanisms underlying host resistance to this parasite, we used RNA-sequencing technology to compare the transcriptomic response of the abomasal tissue, the site of the host-parasite interaction, of Merino sheep bred to be either genetically resistant or susceptible to H. contortus infection. Two different selection flocks, the Haemonchus selection flock (HSF) and the Trichostrongylus selection flock (TSF), and each contains a resistant and susceptible line, were studied. The TSF flock was seemingly more responsive to both primary and repeated infections than HSF. A total of 127 and 726 genes displayed a significant difference in abundance between resistant and susceptible animals in response to a primary infection in HSF and TSF, respectively. Among them, 38 genes were significantly affected by infection in both flocks. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment of the differentially expressed genes identified in this study predicted the likely involvement of extracellular exosomes in the immune response to H. contortus infection. While the resistant lines in HSF and TSF relied on different mechanisms for the development of host resistance, adhesion and diapedesis of both agranulocytes and granulocytes, coagulation and complement cascades, and multiple pathways related to tissue repair likely played critical roles in the process. Our results offered a quantitative snapshot of changes in the host transcriptome induced by H. contortus infection and provided novel insights into molecular mechanisms of host resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runfeng Zhang
- College of Life Science, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, Hubei, China
| | - Fang Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Peter Hunt
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Congjun Li
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Lichun Zhang
- Branch of Husbandry, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Science, Gongzhuling, Jilin, China
| | - Aaron Ingham
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Robert W Li
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, USA.
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Yang J, Vrettou C, Connelley T, Morrison WI. Identification and annotation of bovine granzyme genes reveals a novel granzyme encoded within the trypsin-like locus. Immunogenetics 2018; 70:585-597. [PMID: 29947943 PMCID: PMC6096847 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-018-1062-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Granzymes are a family of serine proteases found in the lytic granules of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells, which are involved in killing of susceptible target cells. Most information on granzymes and their enzymatic specificities derive from studies in humans and mice. Although granzymes shared by both species show a high level of conservation, the complement of granzyme genes differs between the species. The aim of this study was to identify granzyme genes expressed in cattle, determine their genomic locations and analyse their sequences to predict likely functional specificities. Orthologues of the five granzyme genes found in humans (A, B, H, K and M) were identified, as well a novel gene designated granzyme O, most closely related to granzyme A. An orthologue of granzyme O was found in pigs and a non-function version was detected in the human genome. Use of specific PCRs demonstrated that all of these genes, including granzyme O, are expressed in activated subsets of bovine lymphocytes, with particularly high levels in CD8 T cells. Consistent with findings in humans and mice, the granzyme-encoding genes were located on three distinct genomic loci, which correspond to different proteolytic enzymatic activities, namely trypsin-like, chymotrypsin-like and metase-like. Analysis of amino acid sequences indicated that the granzyme proteins have broadly similar enzymatic specificities to their human and murine counterparts but indicated that granzyme B has a different secondary specificity. These findings provide the basis for further work to examine their role in the cytotoxic activity of bovine CD8 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9YL, UK.,Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, London, NW3 2QG, UK
| | - Christina Vrettou
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9YL, UK
| | - Tim Connelley
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9YL, UK
| | - W Ivan Morrison
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9YL, UK.
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Matthews JB, Geldhof P, Tzelos T, Claerebout E. Progress in the development of subunit vaccines for gastrointestinal nematodes of ruminants. Parasite Immunol 2017; 38:744-753. [PMID: 27726158 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The global increase in anthelmintic resistant nematodes of ruminants, together with consumer concerns about chemicals in food, necessitates the development of alternative methods of control for these pathogens. Subunit recombinant vaccines are ideally placed to fill this gap. Indeed, they are probably the only valid option for the long-term control of ruminant parasitic nematodes given the increasing ubiquity of multidrug resistance in a range of worm species across the world. The development of a subunit multicellular parasite vaccine to the point of practical application would be a groundbreaking step in the control of these important endemic infections of livestock. This review summarizes the current status of subunit vaccine development for a number of important gastrointestinal nematodes of cattle and sheep, with a focus on the limitations and problems encountered thus far, and suggestions as to how these hurdles might be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Matthews
- Vaccines Division, Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Edinburgh, UK
| | - P Geldhof
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - T Tzelos
- Vaccines Division, Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Edinburgh, UK
| | - E Claerebout
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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11
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Vogel P, Janke L, Gravano DM, Lu M, Sawant DV, Bush D, Shuyu E, Vignali DAA, Pillai A, Rehg JE. Globule Leukocytes and Other Mast Cells in the Mouse Intestine. Vet Pathol 2017; 55:76-97. [PMID: 28494703 DOI: 10.1177/0300985817705174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Only 2 major mast cell (MC) subtypes are commonly recognized in the mouse: the large connective tissue mast cells (CTMCs) and the mucosal mast cells (MMCs). Interepithelial mucosal inflammatory cells, most commonly identified as globule leukocytes (GLs), represent a third MC subtype in mice, which we term interepithelial mucosal mast cells (ieMMCs). This term clearly distinguishes ieMMCs from lamina proprial MMCs (lpMMCs) while clearly communicating their common MC lineage. Both lpMMCs and ieMMCs are rare in normal mouse intestinal mucosa, but increased numbers of ieMMCs are seen as part of type 2 immune responses to intestinal helminth infections and in food allergies. Interestingly, we found that increased ieMMCs were consistently associated with decreased mucosal inflammation and damage, suggesting that they might have a role in controlling helminth-induced immunopathology. We also found that ieMMC hyperplasia can develop in the absence of helminth infections, for example, in Treg-deficient mice, Arf null mice, some nude mice, and certain graft-vs-host responses. Since tuft cell hyperplasia plays a critical role in type 2 immune responses to intestinal helminths, we looked for (but did not find) any direct relationship between ieMMC and tuft cell numbers in the intestinal mucosa. Much remains to be learned about the differing functions of ieMMCs and lpMMCs in the intestinal mucosa, but an essential step in deciphering their roles in mucosal immune responses will be to apply immunohistochemistry methods to consistently and accurately identify them in tissue sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Vogel
- 1 Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Laura Janke
- 1 Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Meifen Lu
- 1 Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Deepali V Sawant
- 3 Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Dorothy Bush
- 1 Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - E Shuyu
- 4 University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Dario A A Vignali
- 3 Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Asha Pillai
- 4 University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jerold E Rehg
- 1 Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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12
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Host protective ASP-based vaccine against the parasitic nematode Ostertagia ostertagi triggers NK cell activation and mixed IgG1-IgG2 response. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29496. [PMID: 27403891 PMCID: PMC4941725 DOI: 10.1038/srep29496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The mucus-dwelling parasite Ostertagia ostertagi is one of the most important gastrointestinal nematodes in cattle. Our group has previously demonstrated the protective capacity of a vaccine against this parasite based on a native activation-associated secreted protein ASP1 (nASP) in combination with the saponin adjuvant QuilA. The aim of the current study was to analyse the effect of both antigen and adjuvant on the cellular and humoral vaccine-induced immune responses by comparing the native ASP to a recombinant version expressed in Pichia pastoris (pASP) and replacing QuilA by Al(OH)3. Immunization of cattle with the protective nASP+QuilA vaccine was associated with antigen-induced proliferation of natural killer (NK) cells combined with IFN-γ secretion and the induction of a mixed IgG1/IgG2 antibody response. ASP-specific activation and proliferation of NK cells was also observed in mice following the same vaccination regime. Replacing QuilA by Al(OH)3 or nASP by pASP significantly decreased the capacity of the vaccines to trigger both NK cell activation and antibody responses and failed to induce protection against a challenge infection. Reduction of the structurally anchoring disulphide bonds of the nASP completely abolished its ability to induce NK cell activation and antibody responses, highlighting the importance of protein conformation for the immunostimulatory activity.
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13
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Fang Y, Xiang Z. Roles and relevance of mast cells in infection and vaccination. J Biomed Res 2015; 30:253-63. [PMID: 26565602 PMCID: PMC4946316 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.30.20150038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to their well-established role in allergy mast cells have been described as contributing to functional regulation of both innate and adaptive immune responses in host defense. Mast cells are of hematopoietic origin but typically complete their differentiation in tissues where they express immune regulatory functions by releasing diverse mediators and cytokines. Mast cells are abundant at mucosal tissues which are portals of entry for common infectious agents in addition to allergens. Here, we review the current understanding of the participation of mast cells in defense against infection. We also discuss possibilities of exploiting mast cell activation to provide adequate adjuvant activity that is needed in high-quality vaccination against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Zou Xiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Mucosal Immunobiology and Vaccine Research Center, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 40530, Sweden.
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14
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Van Meulder F, Ratman D, Van Coppernolle S, Borloo J, Li RW, Chiers K, Van den Broeck W, De Bosscher K, Claerebout E, Geldhof P. Analysis of the protective immune response following intramuscular vaccination of calves against the intestinal parasite Cooperia oncophora. Int J Parasitol 2015; 45:637-46. [PMID: 25937360 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recently we reported the successful vaccination of calves against Cooperia oncophora with a double domain activation-associated secreted protein, purified from the excretory-secretory material of adult stage parasites. In an attempt to elucidate the immune mechanisms involved in protection, the humoral and cell-mediated immune responses following vaccination and infection were compared with non-vaccinated control animals. Antigen-specific IgG1, IgG2 and IgA levels were significantly increased in sera of vaccinated animals post vaccination, whereas no effect was observed for IgM. Antigen-specific intestinal IgG1 levels were significantly increased in the vaccinated animals, whereas no differences were observed for antigen-specific IgA, IgM and IgG2 levels. Upon re-stimulation in vitro with the vaccine antigen, a significant proliferation of both αβ- and γδ-T cells, and B cells, collected from mesenteric lymph nodes, was only observed in vaccinated animals. RNA-seq analysis of intestinal tissue yielded a list of 67 genes that were differentially expressed in vaccinated animals following challenge infection, amongst which were several cell adhesion molecules, lectins and glycosyl transferases. A correlation analysis between all immunological and parasitological parameters indicated that intestinal anti-double domain activation-associated secreted protein IgG1 levels correlated negatively with cumulative faecal egg counts and positively with the proportion of L4s and L5s. The proportion of immature stages was also positively correlated with the proliferation of αβ T cells. Worm length was negatively correlated with the transcript levels of several lectins and cell adhesion molecules. Overall, the results indicate that intramuscular administration of the vaccine resulted in an immune memory response particularly characterised by increased antigen-specific IgG1 levels in the intestinal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Van Meulder
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - D Ratman
- Receptor Research Laboratories, Nuclear Receptor Lab, VIB-Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - S Van Coppernolle
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - J Borloo
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - R W Li
- Bovine Functional Genomics Laboratory, Animal and Natural Resources Institute, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, USA
| | - K Chiers
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - W Van den Broeck
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - K De Bosscher
- Receptor Research Laboratories, Nuclear Receptor Lab, VIB-Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - E Claerebout
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - P Geldhof
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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15
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Fuertes M, Pérez V, Benavides J, González-Lanza MC, Mezo M, González-Warleta M, Giráldez FJ, Fernández M, Manga-González MY, Ferreras MC. Pathological changes in cattle naturally infected by Calicophoron daubneyi adult flukes. Vet Parasitol 2015; 209:188-96. [PMID: 25801360 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Local host response and parasite distribution were studied in the forestomachs, abomasum, duodenum and regional lymph nodes of cattle suffering from bovine paramphistomosis. The parasites were found attached, by its ventral sucker, to small conical papillae of the rumen and reticulum. Affected papillae, showed morphological changes denoted by very narrow stalks and expanded heads. Histologically, these changes were characterized by epithelial acanthosis-hyperkeratosis of the epithelium. Infiltration of inflammatory cells was often related with the epithelial changes, although it was also found in the duodenal mucosa and submucosa. These cells were arranged as aggregates or follicles but sparse infiltration of eosinophils, globule leukocytes, mast cells or macrophages was also observed in the lamina propria. Tissue damage and inflammatory reaction were more severe in the ruminal atrium, where the largest number of flukes and affected papillae were observed. In contrast, lesions in the ruminal dorsal sac were absent or mild. Statistical correlation between lesion severity and parasite burden was confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Fuertes
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña CSIC-ULE, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Valentín Pérez
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña CSIC-ULE, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Julio Benavides
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña CSIC-ULE, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
| | - M Camino González-Lanza
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña CSIC-ULE, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Mercedes Mezo
- Centro de Investigaciones Agrarias de Mabegondo-INGACAL, Xunta de Galicia, Carretera Betanzos-Mesón do Vento, km 7, 15318 Abegondo, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Marta González-Warleta
- Centro de Investigaciones Agrarias de Mabegondo-INGACAL, Xunta de Galicia, Carretera Betanzos-Mesón do Vento, km 7, 15318 Abegondo, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Giráldez
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña CSIC-ULE, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Miguel Fernández
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña CSIC-ULE, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
| | - M Yolanda Manga-González
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña CSIC-ULE, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
| | - M Carmen Ferreras
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña CSIC-ULE, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain.
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16
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Vlaminck J, Borloo J, Vercruysse J, Geldhof P, Claerebout E. Vaccination of calves against Cooperia oncophora with a double-domain activation-associated secreted protein reduces parasite egg output and pasture contamination. Int J Parasitol 2015; 45:209-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Abstract
Helminth parasites infect over one fourth of the human population and are highly prevalent in livestock worldwide. In model systems, parasites are strongly immunomodulatory, but the immune system can be driven to expel them by prior vaccination. However, no vaccines are currently available for human use. Recent advances in vaccination with recombinant helminth antigens have been successful against cestode infections of livestock and new vaccines are being tested against nematode parasites of animals. Numerous vaccine antigens are being defined for a wide range of helminth parasite species, but greater understanding is needed to define the mechanisms of vaccine-induced immunity, to lay a rational platform for new vaccines and their optimal design. With human trials underway for hookworm and schistosomiasis vaccines, a greater integration between veterinary and human studies will highlight the common molecular and mechanistic pathways, and accelerate progress towards reducing the global health burden of helminth infection.
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18
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Mihi B, van Meulder F, Vancoppernolle S, Rinaldi M, Chiers K, van den Broeck W, Goddeeris BM, Vercruysse J, Claerebout E, Geldhof P. Analysis of the mucosal immune responses induced by single and trickle infections with the bovine abomasal nematode Ostertagia ostertagi. Parasite Immunol 2014; 36:150-6. [PMID: 24372091 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to provide more information on the kinetics of the immunological changes occurring in the abomasal mucosa after single and trickle infections with the bovine parasite Ostertagia ostertagi. The time course analysis of gene expression revealed that the major changes coincided with the emergence of adult worms from the gastric glands. These changes consisted of a simultaneous upregulation of Th1- and Th2-type cytokines. In addition, a single O. ostertagi infection elicited an upregulation of the epithelial-derived cytokine IL33, while TSLP expression levels were not impacted. Apart from the massive increase in inflammatory cytokines IL6, IL17 and IL21, O. ostertagi infection also elicited an upregulation of the immunosuppressors TGFB, IL10 and ARG1, as well as NK and γδ-T cell markers. Furthermore, the cytotoxic factors granulysin, perforin and granzyme B were upregulated following an O. ostertagi infection. Analysis of cytokine transcript levels in animals receiving trickle infections for 60 days showed a similar trend as observed following a single infection except for IL33, IL6, GATA-3, TBX21 and NCR1, which were no longer upregulated after trickle infections. Finally, the long trickle infections were associated with mucosal eosinophilia and mastocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Mihi
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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