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Cheung GYC, Otto M. Virulence Mechanisms of Staphylococcal Animal Pathogens. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14587. [PMID: 37834035 PMCID: PMC10572719 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococci are major causes of infections in mammals. Mammals are colonized by diverse staphylococcal species, often with moderate to strong host specificity, and colonization is a common source of infection. Staphylococcal infections of animals not only are of major importance for animal well-being but have considerable economic consequences, such as in the case of staphylococcal mastitis, which costs billions of dollars annually. Furthermore, pet animals can be temporary carriers of strains infectious to humans. Moreover, antimicrobial resistance is a great concern in livestock infections, as there is considerable antibiotic overuse, and resistant strains can be transferred to humans. With the number of working antibiotics continuously becoming smaller due to the concomitant spread of resistant strains, alternative approaches, such as anti-virulence, are increasingly being investigated to treat staphylococcal infections. For this, understanding the virulence mechanisms of animal staphylococcal pathogens is crucial. While many virulence factors have similar functions in humans as animals, there are increasingly frequent reports of host-specific virulence factors and mechanisms. Furthermore, we are only beginning to understand virulence mechanisms in animal-specific staphylococcal pathogens. This review gives an overview of animal infections caused by staphylococci and our knowledge about the virulence mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Otto
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA;
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2
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Yang J, Hai Z, Hou L, Liu Y, Zhang D, Zhou X. Baicalin Attenuates Panton-Valentine Leukocidin (PVL)-Induced Cytoskeleton Rearrangement via Regulating the RhoA/ROCK/LIMK and PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β Pathways in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14520. [PMID: 37833969 PMCID: PMC10572466 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Pore-forming toxins (PFTs) exert physiological effects by rearrangement of the host cell cytoskeleton. Staphylococcus aureus-secreted PFTs play an important role in bovine mastitis. In the study, we examined the effects of recombinant Panton-Valentine leukocidin (rPVL) on cytoskeleton rearrangement, and identified the signaling pathways involved in regulating the process in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs) in vitro. Meanwhile, the underlying regulatory mechanism of baicalin for this process was investigated. The results showed that S. aureus induced cytoskeleton rearrangement in BMECs mainly through PVL. S. aureus and rPVL caused alterations in the cell morphology and layer integrity due to microfilament and microtubule rearrangement and focal contact inability. rPVL strongly induced the phosphorylation of cofilin at Ser3 mediating by the activation of the RhoA/ROCK/LIMK pathway, and resulted in the activation of loss of actin stress fibers, or the hyperphosphorylation of Tau at Ser396 inducing by the inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β pathways, and decreased the microtubule assembly. Baicalin significantly attenuated rPVL-stimulated cytoskeleton rearrangement in BMECs. Baicalin inhibited cofilin phosphorylation or Tau hyperphosphorylation via regulating the activation of RhoA/ROCK/LIMK and PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β signaling pathways. These findings provide new insights into the pathogenesis and potential treatment in S. aureus causing bovine mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xuezhang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for the Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources of Western China, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; (J.Y.); (Z.H.)
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3
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Diversity and pathogenesis of Staphylococcus aureus from bovine mastitis: current understanding and future perspectives. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:115. [PMID: 35331225 PMCID: PMC8944054 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03197-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of bovine mastitis worldwide. Despite some improved understanding of disease pathogenesis, progress towards new methods for the control of intramammary infections (IMI) has been limited, particularly in the field of vaccination. Although herd management programs have helped to reduce the number of clinical cases, S. aureus mastitis remains a major disease burden. This review summarizes the past 16 years of research on bovine S. aureus population genetics, and molecular pathogenesis that have been conducted worldwide. We describe the diversity of S. aureus associated with bovine mastitis and the geographical distribution of S. aureus clones in different continents. We also describe studies investigating the evolution of bovine S. aureus and the importance of host-adaptation in its emergence as a mastitis pathogen. The available information on the prevalence of virulence determinants and their functional relevance during the pathogenesis of bovine mastitis are also discussed. Although traits such as biofilm formation and innate immune evasion are critical for the persistence of bacteria, the current understanding of the key host-pathogen interactions that determine the outcome of S. aureus IMI is very limited. We suggest that greater investment in research into the genetic and molecular basis of bovine S. aureus pathogenesis is essential for the identification of novel therapeutic and vaccine targets.
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Progress towards the Elusive Mastitis Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10020296. [PMID: 35214754 PMCID: PMC8876843 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10020296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Mastitis is a major problem in dairy farming. Vaccine prevention of mammary bacterial infections is of particular interest in helping to deal with this issue, all the more so as antibacterial drug inputs in dairy farms must be reduced. Unfortunately, the effectiveness of current vaccines is not satisfactory. In this review, we examine the possible reasons for the current shortcomings of mastitis vaccines. Some reasons stem from the peculiarities of the mammary gland immunobiology, others from the pathogens adapted to the mammary gland niche. Infection does not induce sterilizing protection, and recurrence is common. Efficacious vaccines will have to elicit immune mechanisms different from and more effective than those induced by infection. We propose focusing our research on a few points pertaining to either the current immune knowledge or vaccinology approaches to get out of the current deadlock. A possible solution is to focus on the contribution of cell-mediated immunity to udder protection based on the interactions of T cells with the mammary epithelium. On the vaccinology side, studies on the orientation of the immune response by adjuvants, the route of vaccine administration and the delivery systems are among the keys to success.
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Boreika R, Sitkauskiene B. Interleukin-32 in Pathogenesis of Atopic Diseases: Proinflammatory or Anti-Inflammatory Role? J Interferon Cytokine Res 2021; 41:235-243. [PMID: 34280028 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2020.0230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic diseases, such as atopic dermatitis (AD), allergic asthma (AA), and allergic rhinitis (AR), are increasingly becoming a worldwide issue. This atopic triad originates at an early age and on a multifactorial basis, causing significant discomfort to susceptible individuals. The global case number is now reaching new highs, so exploring immune system regulation and its components is becoming critical. One cytokine, interleukin-32 (IL-32), is involved in inflammation and regulation of the immune system. It has nine isoforms that show varying degrees of expression, both intracellularly and extracellularly. IL-32 is secreted by immune cells, such as monocytes, macrophages, natural killer cells, and T cells, and by nonimmune cells, including fibroblasts, keratinocytes, and endothelial cells. Its production is regulated and augmented by microorganisms, mitogens, and other cytokines. Early studies demonstrated that IL-32 was an immune regulator that functioned to protect against inflammatory diseases, including AD, AA, and AR, and proposed a proinflammatory role for IL-32 in immune regulation and symptom exacerbation. However, several later reports suggested that IL-32 is downregulated in inflammatory diseases and exerts an anti-inflammatory effect. This review article focuses on recent findings regarding the detrimental and protective roles of IL-32 in development and management of inflammatory diseases. The exact role of IL-32 in AD, AA, and AR still remains to be elucidated. Future research should explore new avenues of IL-32 functionality in human inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rytis Boreika
- Department of Immunology and Allergology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Brigita Sitkauskiene
- Department of Immunology and Allergology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
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6
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Leite EL, Gautron A, Deplanche M, Nicolas A, Ossemond J, Nguyen MT, do Carmo FLR, Gilot D, Azevedo V, Goetz F, Le Loir Y, Otto M, Berkova N. Involvement of caspase-1 in inflammasomes activation and bacterial clearance in S. aureus-infected osteoblast-like MG-63 cells. Cell Microbiol 2020; 22:e13204. [PMID: 32176433 PMCID: PMC10988652 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus, a versatile Gram-positive bacterium, is the main cause of bone and joint infections (BJI), which are prone to recurrence. The inflammasome is an immune signaling platform that assembles after pathogen recognition. It activates proteases, most notably caspase-1 that proteolytically matures and promotes the secretion of mature IL-1β and IL-18. The role of inflammasomes and caspase-1 in the secretion of mature IL-1β and in the defence of S. aureus-infected osteoblasts has not yet been fully investigated. We show here that S. aureus-infected osteoblast-like MG-63 but not caspase-1 knock-out CASP1 -/- MG-63 cells, which were generated using CRISPR-Cas9 technology, activate the inflammasome as monitored by the release of mature IL-1β. The effect was strain-dependent. The use of S. aureus deletion and complemented phenole soluble modulins (PSMs) mutants demonstrated a key role of PSMs in inflammasomes-related IL-1β production. Furthermore, we found that the lack of caspase-1 in CASP1 -/- MG-63 cells impairs their defense functions, as bacterial clearance was drastically decreased in CASP1 -/- MG-63 compared to wild-type cells. Our results demonstrate that osteoblast-like MG-63 cells play an important role in the immune response against S. aureus infection through inflammasomes activation and establish a crucial role of caspase-1 in bacterial clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elma Lima Leite
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1253 STLO, Rennes, France; Agrocampus Ouest, Unité Mixtes de Recherche 1253 STLO, Rennes, France
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas - Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte- Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Arthur Gautron
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR [(Institut de génétique et développement de Rennes)]-UMR 6290, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Martine Deplanche
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1253 STLO, Rennes, France; Agrocampus Ouest, Unité Mixtes de Recherche 1253 STLO, Rennes, France
| | - Aurelie Nicolas
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1253 STLO, Rennes, France; Agrocampus Ouest, Unité Mixtes de Recherche 1253 STLO, Rennes, France
| | - Jordane Ossemond
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1253 STLO, Rennes, France; Agrocampus Ouest, Unité Mixtes de Recherche 1253 STLO, Rennes, France
| | - Minh Thu Nguyen
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Federal Regulatory Agency for Vaccines and Biomedicines, Langen 63225, Germany
| | - Fillipe L. R. do Carmo
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1253 STLO, Rennes, France; Agrocampus Ouest, Unité Mixtes de Recherche 1253 STLO, Rennes, France
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas - Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte- Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - David Gilot
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR [(Institut de génétique et développement de Rennes)]-UMR 6290, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Vasco Azevedo
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas - Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte- Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Friedrich Goetz
- Mikrobielle Genetik, Universität Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Yves Le Loir
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1253 STLO, Rennes, France; Agrocampus Ouest, Unité Mixtes de Recherche 1253 STLO, Rennes, France
| | - Michael Otto
- Laboratory of Human Bacterial Pathogenesis, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Nadia Berkova
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1253 STLO, Rennes, France; Agrocampus Ouest, Unité Mixtes de Recherche 1253 STLO, Rennes, France
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7
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Activation of a Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cell Line by Ruminant-Associated Staphylococcus aureus is Lineage Dependent. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7120688. [PMID: 31842337 PMCID: PMC6955728 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7120688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine mastitis is a costly disease to the dairy industry and intramammary infections (IMI) with Staphylococcus aureus are a major cause of mastitis. Staphylococcus aureus strains responsible for mastitis in cattle predominantly belong to ruminant-associated clonal complexes (CCs). Recognition of pathogens by bovine mammary epithelial cells (bMEC) plays a key role in activation of immune responsiveness during IMI. However, it is still largely unknown to what extent the bMEC response differs according to S. aureus CC. The aim of this study was to determine whether ruminant-associated S. aureus CCs differentially activate bMEC. For this purpose, the immortalized bMEC line PS was stimulated with S. aureus mastitis isolates belonging to four different clonal complexes (CCs; CC133, CC479, CC151 and CC425) and interleukin 8 (IL-8) release was measured as indicator of activation. To validate our bMEC model, we first stimulated PS cells with genetically modified S. aureus strains lacking (protein A, wall teichoic acid (WTA) synthesis) or expressing (capsular polysaccharide (CP) type 5 or type 8) factors expected to affect S. aureus recognition by bMEC. The absence of functional WTA synthesis increased IL-8 release by bMEC in response to bacterial stimulation compared to wildtype. In addition, bMEC released more IL-8 after stimulation with S. aureus expressing CP type 5 compared to CP type 8 or a strain lacking CP expression. Among the S. aureus lineages, isolates belonging to CC133 induced a significantly stronger IL-8 release from bMEC than isolates from the other CCs, and the IL-8 response to CC479 was higher compared to CC151 and CC425. Transcription levels of IL-8, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), serum amyloid A3 (SAA3), Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) in bMEC after bacterial stimulation tended to follow a similar pattern as IL-8 release, but there were no significant differences between the CCs. This study demonstrates a differential activation of bMEC by ruminant-associated CCs of S. aureus, which may have implications for the severity of mastitis during IMI by S. aureus belonging to these lineages.
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Prevalence and Expression of PSM A Gene in Biofilm-Producing Staphylococcus aureus Clinical Isolates. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2019. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.89610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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9
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Darisipudi MN, Nordengrün M, Bröker BM, Péton V. Messing with the Sentinels-The Interaction of Staphylococcus aureus with Dendritic Cells. Microorganisms 2018; 6:microorganisms6030087. [PMID: 30111706 PMCID: PMC6163568 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms6030087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a dangerous pathogen as well as a frequent colonizer, threatening human health worldwide. Protection against S. aureus infection is challenging, as the bacteria have sophisticated strategies to escape the host immune response. To maintain equilibrium with S. aureus, both innate and adaptive immune effector mechanisms are required. Dendritic cells (DCs) are critical players at the interface between the two arms of the immune system, indispensable for inducing specific T cell responses. In this review, we highlight the importance of DCs in mounting innate as well as adaptive immune responses against S. aureus with emphasis on their role in S. aureus-induced respiratory diseases. We also review what is known about mechanisms that S. aureus has adopted to evade DCs or manipulate these cells to its advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murthy N Darisipudi
- Department of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Straße DZ7, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Maria Nordengrün
- Department of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Straße DZ7, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Barbara M Bröker
- Department of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Straße DZ7, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Vincent Péton
- Department of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Straße DZ7, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany.
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10
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Souza RFS, Rault L, Seyffert N, Azevedo V, Le Loir Y, Even S. Lactobacillus casei BL23 modulates the innate immune response in Staphylococcus aureus-stimulated bovine mammary epithelial cells. Benef Microbes 2018; 9:985-995. [PMID: 30041534 DOI: 10.3920/bm2018.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Probiotics have been adopted to treat and prevent various diseases in humans and animals. They were notably shown to be a promising alternative to prevent mastitis in dairy cattle. This inflammation of the mammary gland is generally of infectious origin and generates extensive economic losses worldwide. In a previous study, we found that Lactobacillus casei BL23 was able to inhibit the internalisation of Staphylococcus aureus, one of the major pathogens involved in mastitis, into bovine mammary epithelial cells (bMEC). In this study, we further explored the capacity of this strain to modulate the innate immune response of bovine mammary epithelial cells during S. aureus infection. L. casei BL23 was able to decrease the expression of several pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukins 6, 8, 1α and 1β and tumour necrosis factor alpha, in S. aureus-stimulated bMEC, 8 h post-infection. On the other hand, L. casei did not impair the induction of defensins, such as lingual antimicrobial peptide and defensin β1 in the presence of S. aureus, and even slightly increased the induction of tracheal antimicrobial peptide during S. aureus infection. Finally, this strain did not alter the expression of the pattern recognition receptor nucleotide-binding oligomerisation domain proteins (NOD2). This study demonstrates that L. casei BL23 displayed anti-inflammatory properties on S. aureus-stimulated bMEC. These results open the way to further characterisation of the BL23 probiotic potential in a bovine mammary gland context and to a better understanding of how all these beneficial properties combine in vivo to combat mastitis pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F S Souza
- 1 INRA, UMR 1253 STLO, 65 Rue de Saint-Brieuc, 35000 Rennes, France.,2 Agrocampus Ouest, UMR 1253 STLO, 85 Rue de Saint Brieuc, 35042 Rennes, France.,3 Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, 31270-901 MG, Brazil.,4 Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Av. José de Sá Maniçoba, S/N Centro, Petrolina, 56304-917 PE, Brazil
| | - L Rault
- 1 INRA, UMR 1253 STLO, 65 Rue de Saint-Brieuc, 35000 Rennes, France.,2 Agrocampus Ouest, UMR 1253 STLO, 85 Rue de Saint Brieuc, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - N Seyffert
- 3 Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, 31270-901 MG, Brazil
| | - V Azevedo
- 3 Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, 31270-901 MG, Brazil
| | - Y Le Loir
- 1 INRA, UMR 1253 STLO, 65 Rue de Saint-Brieuc, 35000 Rennes, France.,2 Agrocampus Ouest, UMR 1253 STLO, 85 Rue de Saint Brieuc, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - S Even
- 1 INRA, UMR 1253 STLO, 65 Rue de Saint-Brieuc, 35000 Rennes, France.,2 Agrocampus Ouest, UMR 1253 STLO, 85 Rue de Saint Brieuc, 35042 Rennes, France
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11
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Chu M, Zhou M, Jiang C, Chen X, Guo L, Zhang M, Chu Z, Wang Y. Staphylococcus aureus Phenol-Soluble Modulins α1-α3 Act as Novel Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) 4 Antagonists to Inhibit HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB Signaling Pathway. Front Immunol 2018; 9:862. [PMID: 29922279 PMCID: PMC5996891 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenol-soluble modulins (PSMs) have recently emerged as key virulence determinants, particularly in highly aggressive Staphylococcus aureus isolates. These peptides contribute to the pathogenesis of S. aureus infections, participating in multiple inflammatory responses. Here, we report a new role for S. aureus PSMs in high mobility group box-1 protein (HMGB1) induced inflammation by modulating toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 pathway. Direct ligation of TLR4 with S. aureus PSMα1–α3 and PSMβ1–β2 was identified by surface plasmon resonance. Remarkably, the binding affinity of TLR4 with HMGB1 was attenuated by PSMα1–α3. Further study revealed that PSMα1–α3 directly inhibited HMGB1-induced NF-κB activation and proinflammatory cytokines production in vitro using HEK-Blue hTLR4 cells and THP-1 cells. To analyze the molecular interactions between PSMs and TLR4, blast similarity search was performed and identified that PSMα1 and PSMβ2 were ideal templates for homology modeling. The three-dimensional structures of PSMα2, PSMα4, PSMβ1, and δ-toxin were successfully generated with MODELLER, and further refined using CHARMm. PSMs docking into TLR4 were done using ZDOCK, indicating that PSMα1–α3 compete with HMGB1 for interacting with the surrounding residues (336–477) of TLR4 domain. Our study reveals that S. aureus PSMα1–α3 can act as novel TLR4 antagonists, which account at least in part for the staphylococcal immune evasion. Modulation of this process will lead to new therapeutic strategies against S. aureus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Mingya Zhou
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Xi Chen
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Likai Guo
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Mingbo Zhang
- Pharmacy Departments, Liao Ning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhengyun Chu
- Pharmacy Departments, Liao Ning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuedan Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
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12
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Fursova KK, Shchannikova MP, Loskutova IV, Shepelyakovskaya AO, Laman AG, Boutanaev AM, Sokolov SL, Artem'eva OA, Nikanova DA, Zinovieva NA, Brovko FA. Exotoxin diversity of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from milk of cows with subclinical mastitis in Central Russia. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:4325-4331. [PMID: 29477514 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-14074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mastitis, a major veterinary problem widespread in many regions, is caused mainly by Staphylococcus spp. However, there is no current reliable information about the role of Staphylococcus aureus and their toxins in the development of mastitis in cows in the territory of the Russian Federation. The aim of this investigation was to determine the profile of exotoxins of S. aureus from cow milk from farms of Central Russia. A total of 60 isolates of S. aureus were obtained from milk samples of cows with the subclinical form of mastitis. The exotoxin genes were identified using 2 types of PCR assays. The diversity of enterotoxin genes was studied by multiplex PCR. The percentage occurrence of enterotoxin genes was as follows: sea, 53.3%; seb, 3.3%; sec, 50%; sed, 4%; see, 46.6%; seg, 70%; sei, 10%; selp, 3.3%; and tsst1, 1.6%. The seh gene was not detected. The genes of pore-forming toxins and phenol-soluble modulins were identified by singleplex PCR and consisted of the following: hlA, 70%; lucS, 46.6%; psmA, 81.6%; psmB, 95%; and hld, 78.3%. The most abundant genes were psm (psmB, 95%), which codes for pore-forming toxins, and seg (70%), which codes for enterotoxins. The production of some enterotoxins in bacterial culture medium was detected by ELISA. The level of toxin production was near 1 ng/mL for SEA, SEE, SEG, SEI, SELP, and TSST-1 and reached a maximal level of 18 ng/mL for SEE. In the present work, we show that subclinical mastitis in cows is associated with S. aureus in the central region of the Russian Federation. Most of the isolates containing enterotoxin genes also had cytotoxin genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Fursova
- L. K. Ernst All-Russian Research Institute of Animal Husbandry, Federal Agency of Scientific Organizations, Dubrovitsy, 142132, Russia; Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Pushchino, 142290, Russia.
| | - M P Shchannikova
- L. K. Ernst All-Russian Research Institute of Animal Husbandry, Federal Agency of Scientific Organizations, Dubrovitsy, 142132, Russia; Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Pushchino, 142290, Russia
| | - I V Loskutova
- L. K. Ernst All-Russian Research Institute of Animal Husbandry, Federal Agency of Scientific Organizations, Dubrovitsy, 142132, Russia; Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Pushchino, 142290, Russia
| | - A O Shepelyakovskaya
- L. K. Ernst All-Russian Research Institute of Animal Husbandry, Federal Agency of Scientific Organizations, Dubrovitsy, 142132, Russia; Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Pushchino, 142290, Russia
| | - A G Laman
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Pushchino, 142290, Russia
| | - A M Boutanaev
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Pushchino, 142290, Russia
| | - S L Sokolov
- G. K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, 142290, Russia
| | - O A Artem'eva
- L. K. Ernst All-Russian Research Institute of Animal Husbandry, Federal Agency of Scientific Organizations, Dubrovitsy, 142132, Russia
| | - D A Nikanova
- L. K. Ernst All-Russian Research Institute of Animal Husbandry, Federal Agency of Scientific Organizations, Dubrovitsy, 142132, Russia
| | - N A Zinovieva
- L. K. Ernst All-Russian Research Institute of Animal Husbandry, Federal Agency of Scientific Organizations, Dubrovitsy, 142132, Russia
| | - F A Brovko
- L. K. Ernst All-Russian Research Institute of Animal Husbandry, Federal Agency of Scientific Organizations, Dubrovitsy, 142132, Russia; Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Pushchino, 142290, Russia
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13
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Silva-García O, Rico-Mata R, Maldonado-Pichardo MC, Bravo-Patiño A, Valdez-Alarcón JJ, Aguirre-González J, Baizabal-Aguirre VM. Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3α Is the Main Isoform That Regulates the Transcription Factors Nuclear Factor-Kappa B and cAMP Response Element Binding in Bovine Endothelial Cells Infected with Staphylococcus aureus. Front Immunol 2018; 9:92. [PMID: 29434603 PMCID: PMC5796901 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) is a constitutive enzyme implicated in the regulation of cytokine expression and the inflammatory response during bacterial infections. Mammals have two GSK3 isoforms named GSK3α and GSK3β that plays different but often overlapping functions. Although the role of GSK3β in cytokine regulation during the inflammatory response caused by bacteria is well described, GSK3α has not been found to participate in this process. Therefore, we tested if GSK3α may act as a regulatory isoform in the cytokine expression by bovine endothelial cells infected with Staphylococcus aureus because this bacterium is one of the major pathogens that cause tissue damage associated with inflammatory dysfunction. Interestingly, although both isoforms were phosphorylated–inactivated, we consistently observed a higher phosphorylation of GSK3α at Ser21 than that of GSK3β at Ser9 after bacterial challenge. During a temporal course of infection, we characterized a molecular switch from pro-inflammatory cytokine expression (IL-8), promoted by nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), at an early stage (2 h) to an anti-inflammatory cytokine expression (IL-10), promoted by cAMP response element binding (CREB), at a later stage (6 h). We observed an indirect effect of GSK3α activity on NF-κB activation that resulted in a low phosphorylation of CREB at Ser133, a decreased interaction between CREB and the co-activator CREB-binding protein (CBP), and a lower expression level of IL-10. Gene silencing of GSK3α and GSK3β with siRNA indicated that GSK3α knockout promoted the interaction between CREB and CBP that, in turn, increased the expression of IL-10, reduced the interaction of NF-κB with CBP, and reduced the expression of IL-8. These results indicate that GSK3α functions as the primary isoform that regulates the expression of IL-10 in endothelial cells infected with S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Octavio Silva-García
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mexico
| | - Rosa Rico-Mata
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mexico
| | - María Cristina Maldonado-Pichardo
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Bravo-Patiño
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mexico
| | - Juan J Valdez-Alarcón
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mexico
| | | | - Víctor M Baizabal-Aguirre
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mexico
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14
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Breyne K, Steenbrugge J, Demeyere K, Vanden Berghe T, Meyer E. Preconditioning with Lipopolysaccharide or Lipoteichoic Acid Protects against Staphylococcus aureus Mammary Infection in Mice. Front Immunol 2017; 8:833. [PMID: 28791009 PMCID: PMC5522847 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most causative agents of mastitis and is associated with chronic udder infections. The persistency of the pathogen is believed to be the result of an insufficient triggering of local inflammatory signaling. In this study, the preclinical mastitis model was used, aiming to evaluate if lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or lipoteichoic acid (LTA) preconditioning could aid the host in more effectively clearing or at least limiting a subsequent S. aureus infection. A prototypic Gram-negative virulence factor, i.e., LPS and Gram-positive virulence factor, i.e., LTA were screened whether they were able to boost the local immune compartment. Compared to S. aureus-induced inflammation, both toxins had a remarkable high potency to efficiently induce two novel selected innate immunity biomarkers i.e., lipocalin 2 (LCN2) and chitinase 3-like 1 (CHI3L1). When combining mammary inoculation of LPS or LTA prior to a local S. aureus infection, we were able to modulate the innate immune response, reduce local bacterial loads, and induce either LCN2 or CHI3L1 at 24 h post-infection. Clodronate depletion of mammary macrophages also identified that macrophages contribute only to a limited extend to the LPS/LTA-induced immunomodulation upon S. aureus infection. Based on histological neutrophil influx evaluation, concomitant local cytokine profiles and LCN2/CHI3L1 patterns, the macrophage-independent signaling plays a major role in the LPS- or LTA-pretreated S. aureus-infected mouse mammary gland. Our results highlight the importance of a vigilant microenvironment during the innate immune response of the mammary gland and offer novel insights for new approaches concerning effective immunomodulation against a local bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen Breyne
- Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Jonas Steenbrugge
- Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Kristel Demeyere
- Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Tom Vanden Berghe
- Peter Vandenabeele Lab, Inflammation Research Center, Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, VIB, Ghent University, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Evelyne Meyer
- Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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15
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Koshiishi T, Watanabe M, Miyake H, Hisaeda K, Isobe N. Cellular and soluble components decrease the viable pathogen counts in milk from dairy cows with subclinical mastitis. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 79:1389-1393. [PMID: 28690278 PMCID: PMC5573827 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to clarify the factors that reduce the viable pathogen
count in milk collected from the udders of subclinical mastitic cows during preservation.
Milk was centrifuged to divide somatic cells (cellular components, precipitates) and
antimicrobial peptides (soluble components, supernatants without fat layer); each fraction
was cultured with bacteria, and the number of viable bacteria was assessed prior to and
after culture. In 28.8% of milk samples, we noted no viable bacteria immediately after
collection; this value increased significantly after a 5-hr incubation of milk with
cellular components but not with soluble components (48.1 and 28.8%, respectively). After
culture with cellular components, the numbers of bacteria (excluding
Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus uberis) and
yeast decreased dramatically, although the differences were not statistically significant.
After cultivation with soluble components, only yeasts showed a tendency toward decreased
mean viability, whereas the mean bacterial counts of S. uberis and
T. pyogenes tended to increase after 5-hr preservation with soluble
components. These results suggest that most pathogens in high somatic cell count (SCC)
milk decreased during preservation at 15 to 25°C, due to both the cellular components and
antimicrobial components in the milk. Particularly, the cellular components more potently
reduced bacterial counts during preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Koshiishi
- Nanyo Veterinary Clinic, Ehime P.F.A.M.A.A. Seiyo, Ehime 797-1211, Japan
| | - Masako Watanabe
- Touyo Veterinary Clinic, Ehime P.F.A.M.A.A. Saijo, Ehime 799-1312, Japan
| | - Hajime Miyake
- Oozu Veterinary Clinic, Ehime P.F.A.M.A.A. Oozu, Ehime 795-0064, Japan
| | - Keiichi Hisaeda
- Nanyo Veterinary Clinic, Ehime P.F.A.M.A.A. Seiyo, Ehime 797-1211, Japan
| | - Naoki Isobe
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
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16
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Moreau E, Meurens F. Interleukins and large domestic animals, a bibliometric analysis. Heliyon 2017; 3:e00321. [PMID: 28653038 PMCID: PMC5476471 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2017.e00321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukins have been well described in mice and humans. In large domestic animals the situation is drastically different and there is still a need for further researches aiming at identifying all the homologous interleukins and comparing their functions among species. We performed here a bibliometric analysis of all interleukins described in the literature in various large animal species to identify what is known so far and to underline where there is a need for new studies. Using indicators such as H index but also M quotient, A index, G index, GH ratio, and HG index we ranked 39 interleukins identified so far in bovine, caprine, equine, ovine, and porcine, the main large domestic animals. Indexes and ratio under investigations were higher for IL1, IL2, IL4, IL5, IL6, IL8, IL10, IL12, and IL18 than for other interleukins, particularly in bovine and porcine species and to a certain extent in equine species. Recently discovered interleukins presented low values for the different indexes, quotient, and ratio. Even some “old” interleukins showed low values highlighting the need for further developments in comparative immunology. For instance an interleukin such as IL4 demonstrated variation in its functions between species. In conclusion, this study provides the first bibliometric analysis dedicated to large domestic animal interleukins and underlines the need for more studies to fully determine the structure and the functions of interleukins in other mammal species.
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17
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El-Aouar Filho RA, Nicolas A, De Paula Castro TL, Deplanche M, De Carvalho Azevedo VA, Goossens PL, Taieb F, Lina G, Le Loir Y, Berkova N. Heterogeneous Family of Cyclomodulins: Smart Weapons That Allow Bacteria to Hijack the Eukaryotic Cell Cycle and Promote Infections. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:208. [PMID: 28589102 PMCID: PMC5440457 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Some bacterial pathogens modulate signaling pathways of eukaryotic cells in order to subvert the host response for their own benefit, leading to successful colonization and invasion. Pathogenic bacteria produce multiple compounds that generate favorable conditions to their survival and growth during infection in eukaryotic hosts. Many bacterial toxins can alter the cell cycle progression of host cells, impairing essential cellular functions and impeding host cell division. This review summarizes current knowledge regarding cyclomodulins, a heterogeneous family of bacterial effectors that induce eukaryotic cell cycle alterations. We discuss the mechanisms of actions of cyclomodulins according to their biochemical properties, providing examples of various cyclomodulins such as cycle inhibiting factor, γ-glutamyltranspeptidase, cytolethal distending toxins, shiga toxin, subtilase toxin, anthrax toxin, cholera toxin, adenylate cyclase toxins, vacuolating cytotoxin, cytotoxic necrotizing factor, Panton-Valentine leukocidin, phenol soluble modulins, and mycolactone. Special attention is paid to the benefit provided by cyclomodulins to bacteria during colonization of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachid A El-Aouar Filho
- STLO, Agrocampus Ouest Rennes, Institut National de la Recherche AgronomiqueRennes, France.,Departamento de Biologia Geral, Laboratório de Genética Celular e Molecular (LGCM), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Aurélie Nicolas
- STLO, Agrocampus Ouest Rennes, Institut National de la Recherche AgronomiqueRennes, France
| | - Thiago L De Paula Castro
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Laboratório de Genética Celular e Molecular (LGCM), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Martine Deplanche
- STLO, Agrocampus Ouest Rennes, Institut National de la Recherche AgronomiqueRennes, France
| | - Vasco A De Carvalho Azevedo
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Laboratório de Genética Celular e Molecular (LGCM), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Pierre L Goossens
- HistoPathologie et Modèles Animaux/Pathogénie des Toxi-Infections Bactériennes, Institut PasteurParis, France
| | - Frédéric Taieb
- CHU Purpan USC INRA 1360-CPTP, U1043 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Pathogénie Moléculaire et Cellulaire des Infections à Escherichia coliToulouse, France
| | - Gerard Lina
- International Center for Infectiology ResearchLyon, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR5308, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1111, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon 1Lyon, France.,Département de Biologie, Institut des Agents Infectieux, Hospices Civils de LyonLyon, France
| | - Yves Le Loir
- STLO, Agrocampus Ouest Rennes, Institut National de la Recherche AgronomiqueRennes, France
| | - Nadia Berkova
- STLO, Agrocampus Ouest Rennes, Institut National de la Recherche AgronomiqueRennes, France
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