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Yang M, Zhu L. Osteoimmunology: The Crosstalk between T Cells, B Cells, and Osteoclasts in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2688. [PMID: 38473934 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an ongoing inflammatory condition that affects the joints and can lead to severe damage to cartilage and bones, resulting in significant disability. This condition occurs when the immune system becomes overactive, causing osteoclasts, cells responsible for breaking down bone, to become more active than necessary, leading to bone breakdown. RA disrupts the equilibrium between osteoclasts and osteoblasts, resulting in serious complications such as localized bone erosion, weakened bones surrounding the joints, and even widespread osteoporosis. Antibodies against the receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL), a crucial stimulator of osteoclast differentiation, have shown great effectiveness both in laboratory settings and actual patient cases. Researchers are increasingly focusing on osteoclasts as significant contributors to bone erosion in RA. Given that RA involves an overactive immune system, T cells and B cells play a pivotal role by intensifying the immune response. The imbalance between Th17 cells and Treg cells, premature aging of T cells, and excessive production of antibodies by B cells not only exacerbate inflammation but also accelerate bone destruction. Understanding the connection between the immune system and osteoclasts is crucial for comprehending the impact of RA on bone health. By delving into the immune mechanisms that lead to joint damage, exploring the interactions between the immune system and osteoclasts, and investigating new biomarkers for RA, we can significantly improve early diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
- Medical Epigenetics Research Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
- Medical Epigenetics Research Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China
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Asngari NJM, Bakar KA, Feroz SR, Razak FA, Halim AAA. Interaction mechanism of a cysteine protease inhibitor, odanacatib, with human serum albumin: In vitro and bioinformatics studies. Biophys Chem 2024; 305:107140. [PMID: 38118338 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2023.107140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Odanacatib (ODN) is a selective cathepsin K inhibitor that acts as an anti-resorptive agent to treat osteoporosis. ODN is also found effective in reducing the effect of severe periodontitis. The interaction between ODN and human serum albumin (HSA) was investigated using spectroscopic, microscopic, and in silico approaches to characterize their binding. The fluorescence intensity of HSA increased upon the addition of increasing concentrations of ODN accompanied by blueshift in the fluorescence spectrum, which suggested hydrophobic formation around the microenvironment of the fluorophores upon ODN binding. A moderate binding affinity was obtained for ODN-HSA binding, with binding constant (Ka) values of ∼104 M-1. Circular dichroism results suggested that the overall secondary and tertiary structures of HSA were both only slightly altered upon ODN binding. The surface morphology of HSA was also affected upon ODN binding, showing aggregate formation. Drug displacement and molecular docking results revealed that ODN preferably binds to site III in subdomain IB of HSA, while molecular dynamics simulations indicated formation of a stable protein complex when site III was occupied by ODN. The ODN-HSA complex was mainly stabilized by a combination of hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions, and van der Waals forces. These findings provide additional information to understand the interaction mechanism of ODN in blood circulation and may help in future improvements on the adverse effects of ODN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Jannah Mohd Asngari
- Department of Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Khairul Azreena Bakar
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Shevin Rizal Feroz
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Fathilah Abdul Razak
- Department of Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Adjunct Professor, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Adyani Azizah Abd Halim
- Department of Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Wang J, McVicar A, Chen Y, Deng HW, Zhao Z, Chen W, Li YP. Atp6i deficient mouse model uncovers transforming growth factor-β1 /Smad2/3 as a key signaling pathway regulating odontoblast differentiation and tooth root formation. Int J Oral Sci 2023; 15:35. [PMID: 37599332 PMCID: PMC10440342 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-023-00235-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The biomolecular mechanisms that regulate tooth root development and odontoblast differentiation are poorly understood. We found that Atp6i deficient mice (Atp6i-/-) arrested tooth root formation, indicated by truncated Hertwig's epithelial root sheath (HERS) progression. Furthermore, Atp6i deficiency significantly reduced the proliferation and differentiation of radicular odontogenic cells responsible for root formation. Atp6i-/- mice had largely decreased expression of odontoblast differentiation marker gene expression profiles (Col1a1, Nfic, Dspp, and Osx) in the alveolar bone. Atp6i-/- mice sample RNA-seq analysis results showed decreased expression levels of odontoblast markers. Additionally, there was a significant reduction in Smad2/3 activation, inhibiting transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling in Atp6i-/- odontoblasts. Through treating pulp precursor cells with Atp6i-/- or wild-type OC bone resorption-conditioned medium, we found the latter medium to promote odontoblast differentiation, as shown by increased odontoblast differentiation marker genes expression (Nfic, Dspp, Osx, and Runx2). This increased expression was significantly blocked by anti-TGF-β1 antibody neutralization, whereas odontoblast differentiation and Smad2/3 activation were significantly attenuated by Atp6i-/- OC conditioned medium. Importantly, ectopic TGF-β1 partially rescued root development and root dentin deposition of Atp6i-/- mice tooth germs were transplanted under mouse kidney capsules. Collectively, our novel data shows that the prevention of TGF-β1 release from the alveolar bone matrix due to OC dysfunction may lead to osteopetrosis-associated root formation via impaired radicular odontoblast differentiation. As such, this study uncovers TGF-β1 /Smad2/3 as a key signaling pathway regulating odontoblast differentiation and tooth root formation and may contribute to future therapeutic approaches to tooth root regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue Wang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Abigail McVicar
- Division in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Yilin Chen
- Division in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Hong-Wen Deng
- Tulane Center of Biomedical Informatics and Genomics, Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Zhihe Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
- Division in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA.
| | - Yi-Ping Li
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
- Division in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA.
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Zhang Q, Yang J, Hu N, Liu J, Yu H, Pan H, Chen D, Ruan C. Small-molecule amines: a big role in the regulation of bone homeostasis. Bone Res 2023; 11:40. [PMID: 37482549 PMCID: PMC10363555 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-023-00262-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous small-molecule amines (SMAs) play critical roles in maintaining bone homeostasis and promoting bone regeneration regardless of whether they are applied as drugs or biomaterials. On the one hand, SMAs promote bone formation or inhibit bone resorption through the regulation of key molecular signaling pathways in osteoblasts/osteoclasts; on the other hand, owing to their alkaline properties as well as their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory features, most SMAs create a favorable microenvironment for bone homeostasis. However, due to a lack of information on their structure/bioactivity and underlying mechanisms of action, certain SMAs cannot be developed into drugs or biomaterials for bone disease treatment. In this review, we thoroughly summarize the current understanding of SMA effects on bone homeostasis, including descriptions of their classifications, biochemical features, recent research advances in bone biology and related regulatory mechanisms in bone regeneration. In addition, we discuss the challenges and prospects of SMA translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Research Center for Human Tissue and Organs Degeneration, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jirong Yang
- Research Center for Human Tissue and Organs Degeneration, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Nan Hu
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Research Center for Human Tissue and Organs Degeneration, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Huan Yu
- Research Center for Computer-Aided Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Haobo Pan
- Research Center for Human Tissue and Organs Degeneration, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Shenzhen Healthemes Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, 518102, China
| | - Di Chen
- Research Center for Computer-Aided Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Changshun Ruan
- Research Center for Human Tissue and Organs Degeneration, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Arias Z, Nizami MZI, Chen X, Chai X, Xu B, Kuang C, Omori K, Takashiba S. Recent Advances in Apical Periodontitis Treatment: A Narrative Review. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10040488. [PMID: 37106675 PMCID: PMC10136087 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10040488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Apical periodontitis is an inflammatory response caused by pulp infection. It induces bone resorption in the apical and periapical regions of the tooth. The most conservative approach to treat this condition is nonsurgical endodontic treatment. However, clinical failure has been reported with this approach; thus, alternative procedures are required. This review highlights recent literature regarding advanced approaches for the treatment of apical periodontitis. Various therapies, including biological medications, antioxidants, specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators, and stem cell therapy, have been tested to increase the success rate of treatment for apical periodontitis. Some of these approaches remain in the in vivo phase of research, while others have just entered the translational research phase to validate clinical application. However, a detailed understanding of the molecular mechanisms that occur during development of the immunoinflammatory reaction in apical periodontitis remains unclear. The aim of this review was to summarize advanced approaches for the treatment of apical periodontitis. Further research can confirm the potential of these alternative nonsurgical endodontic treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulema Arias
- Department of Pathophysiology-Periodontal Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Mohammed Zahedul Islam Nizami
- Restorative Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, 34 Hospital Road, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Xiaoting Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology-Periodontal Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Xinyi Chai
- Department of Pathophysiology-Periodontal Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Bin Xu
- Department of Pathophysiology-Periodontal Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Canyan Kuang
- Department of Pathophysiology-Periodontal Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Omori
- Department of Pathophysiology-Periodontal Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Shogo Takashiba
- Department of Pathophysiology-Periodontal Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
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Bafail A, Carneiro KMM, Kishen A, Prakki A. Effect of Odanacatib on the release of NTX (Amino Terminal Telopeptide) from LPS contaminated type I dentin collagen. Dent Mater 2023; 39:162-169. [PMID: 36608993 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2022.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluated the Odanacatib inhibitor treatment on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) contamination effect on cathepsin-K mediated dentin degradation by analysis of type I collagen C- and N-termini telopeptides. METHODS Pulverized and disks of human dentin were demineralized and LPS contaminated, or stored in deionized water (DW) for 12 h. Samples were challenged with lactic acid (LA). Aliquots of dentin powder were treated with 1 mL Odanacatib or stored in DW for 30 min. Dentin collagen degradation was determined by sub-product release of C-terminal (ICTP and CTX) and N-terminal (NTX) telopeptides, normalized to total protein (tp) concentration (n = 3). Dentin matrix was evaluated for gravimetric (n = 8) and ultrastructural changes. Data were analyzed by Student t-test, one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (α = 5 %). RESULTS LA incubation significantly increased telopeptide release compared with DW (p < 0.05). In untreated groups, significantly higher CTXtp, NTXtp telopeptide rates were observed for LA+LPS samples compared with DW (p < 0.01). Odanacatib significantly reduced ICTPtp, CTXtp, and NTXtp telopeptide release for LPS, LA, and LA+LPS conditions. In untreated groups, LPS and LA+LPS challenge significantly increased dentin weight loss (p = 0.02). Within each storage condition, Odanacatib treatment did not affect weight change (p > 0.05) of dentin disks. SIGNIFICANCE This study showed that LPS contamination resulted in significantly higher rates of NTX than CTX from dentin matrix. Odanacatib significantly reduced telopeptide release rates of LPS contaminated dentin matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arwa Bafail
- Dental Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Restorative Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
| | - Karina Midori Mori Carneiro
- Dental Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anil Kishen
- Dental Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anuradha Prakki
- Dental Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Mohd Asngari NJ, Bakar KA, Feroz S, Razak F, Halim AAA. Interaction Mechanism of a Cysteine Protease Inhibitor, Odanacatib, with Human Serum Albumin: In-Vitro and Molecular Docking Studies.. [DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.4533988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Innate Immune Sensing of Nucleic Acid in Endodontic Infection. Int Endod J 2022; 55:1335-1346. [DOI: 10.1111/iej.13831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Fernández A, Astorga J, Bordagaray MJ, Lira MJ, Gebicke-Haerter PJ, Hernández M. Effect of TLR9 methylation on its transcription in apical inflammation. Int Endod J 2022; 55:784-794. [PMID: 35416307 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AIM to explore the methylation pattern, its role on transcriptional regulation and potential modifiers of methylation of theTLR9 gene in chronic periapical inflammation. METHODOLOGY In this cross-sectional study, apical lesions of endodontic origin (ALEO, n=61) and healthy periodontal ligaments (HPL, n=15) were included. Products from bisulfited and PCR-amplified DNA were analyzed for their methylation profiles in the promoter region and at each CpG island. Additionally, TLR9 mRNA levels were quantified by qPCR and bivariate and multiple modelling were performed to better understand the influence of methylations on gene transcription. RESULTS TLR9 mRNA levels were upregulated in ALEO compared to HPL (p<0.001). TLR9 promoter CpG sites and CpG +2086 in the intragenic island 1 were demethylated in ALEO compared to HPL (p<0.05). Multivariate analysis, adjusted by smoking and gender, revealed that demethylation of TLR9 promoter sites enhanced transcriptional activity, specifically demethylated CpGs at positions -736 and -683, (p=0.02), which are close to CRE binding. Whereas ALEO reduced the global methylation of the gene-promoter and intragenic-island 2 (p<0.05) by -42.5 and -9.5 percentage points, respectively, age reduced the global methylation of intragenic-island 3 within the exon 2. CONCLUSIONS Demethylations of TLR9 promoter CpG sites, along with the intragenic DNA methylation status, were involved in higher transcription in ALEO. Hence, chronic periapical inflammation and aging modify the methylation status both in the gene promoter and in intragenic CpG islands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Fernández
- Laboratory of Periodontal Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jessica Astorga
- Laboratory of Periodontal Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María José Bordagaray
- Laboratory of Periodontal Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Jesús Lira
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Peter J Gebicke-Haerter
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Marcela Hernández
- Laboratory of Periodontal Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Pathology and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Vashum Y, Kottaiswamy A, Loganathan T, Sheriff FB, Samuel S. Anti-carcinogenic Effect of Cathepsin K Inhibitor, Odanacatib with a Low Dose of Cisplatin Against Human Breast Carcinoma MCF-7 and MDA-MB231 Cells. CURRENT CANCER THERAPY REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1573394716666201222101925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
A cross-linking agent commonly used for cancer chemotherapy is a platinum
compound such as cisplatin. However, with the acquisition of cellular drug resistance and adverse
side effects, the potency of cisplatin is, therefore, often tempered. To overcome these issues,
the present study has established the use of cathepsin k (CTSK) inhibitor as a potent chemosensitizer.
Methods:
The cytotoxic effect of cisplatin and odanacatib (ODN) on two different breast cancer patient-
derived cell lines, MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7, was assessed by MTT-based colorimetric assay.
The drug interaction coefficient CDI was used to evaluate the synergistically inhibitory impact
of the drug combination and immunoblot was used to examine the expression of certain proteins responsible
for cell survival and the mechanism of apoptosis.
Results:
In this study, we found that IC50 of ODN in combination with cisplatin (half of IC25) induced
a synergistic cytotoxic effect in different breast cancer cells. Diminished expression of Bcl-2
and increased expression of Bax aroused the cytochrome release, that triggered caspase-9 and -3 activation
in the combinatorial group. ODN with a lower dose of cisplatin significantly inhibited the
protein expression of novel chemoresistant factors such as STAT3, NFκB and IL-6.
Conclusion:
This study highlights the potential effects of the combination of ODN with a reduced
dose of cisplatin on improving the growth inhibition and apoptosis-inducing effect on breast cancer
cells via combined inhibition of NF-κB-induced IL-6 and STAT3 activation. The study result
suggests that the further development of this novel inhibitor in combination with a low dose of standard
cisplatin-based chemotherapy may contribute to an alternative treatment option for certain
cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaongamphi Vashum
- Department of Biochemistry, VRR Institute of Biomedical Science (Affiliated to University of Madras), Chennai- 600056, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Amuthavalli Kottaiswamy
- Department of Biochemistry, VRR Institute of Biomedical Science (Affiliated to University of Madras), Chennai- 600056, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Tholcopiyan Loganathan
- Department of Biochemistry, VRR Institute of Biomedical Science (Affiliated to University of Madras), Chennai- 600056, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Fathima B. Sheriff
- Department of Biochemistry, VRR Institute of Biomedical Science (Affiliated to University of Madras), Chennai- 600056, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Shila Samuel
- Department of Biochemistry, VRR Institute of Biomedical Science (Affiliated to University of Madras), Chennai- 600056, Tamilnadu, India
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de França GM, Felix FA, de Morais EF, Medeiros MRDS, Andrade ACDM, Galvão HC. Osteomyelitis of the jaws in patients with pycnodysostosis: a systematic review. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 2021; 87:620-628. [PMID: 33579598 PMCID: PMC9422419 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjorl.2020.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Pycnodysostosis is a rare autosomal recessive syndrome that provides the abnormal bone metabolism that increases the susceptibility of patients to develop osteomyelitis. Objective This systematic review was conducted to analyze the risk factors associated with the development of complications in the jaws (fractures and osteomyelitis), as well as their clinical-pathological characteristics and therapeutic approaches in patients with pycnodysostosis. Methods Searches were performed in the PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Lilacs, and Cochrane databases. Case reports or case series that met the eligibility criteria according to the PRISMA statement were included. The full texts of 31 articles were retrieved. Twenty of these articles published between 1969 and 2018 were selected, which described 26 cases of osteomyelitis in patients with pycnodysostosis. Results The mean age of the patients was 37.84 years; the male-to-female was 1.36:1. The mandible was the most affected site (76.9%). Tooth extraction was the main risk factor for osteomyelitis (61.5%), followed by infection (26.8%) and mandibular fracture (23.0%). Antibiotic therapy alone or combined with some surgical procedure was the treatment used in most cases (80.7%). Conclusion The findings of this review showed that patients with pycnodysostosis are more likely to develop osteomyelitis of the jaws after surgical procedures, especially tooth extraction which remains the main risk factor for its establishment. In addition, prophylactic antibiotic-therapy in the pre- and postoperative periods may prevent the development of osteomyelitis in pycnodysostosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glória Maria de França
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Departamento de Odontologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Odontológicas, Área de Concentração em Patologia Oral e Estomatologia, Natal, RN, Brazil.
| | - Fernanda Aragão Felix
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Centro de Biociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Odontológicas, Área de Concentração em Biologia Oral, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Everton Freitas de Morais
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Departamento de Odontologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Odontológicas, Área de Concentração em Patologia Oral e Estomatologia, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Maurília Raquel de Souto Medeiros
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Departamento de Odontologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Odontológicas, Área de Concentração em Patologia Oral e Estomatologia, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Ana Cláudia de Macedo Andrade
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Departamento de Odontologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Odontológicas, Área de Concentração em Patologia Oral e Estomatologia, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Hébel Cavalcanti Galvão
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Departamento de Odontologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Odontológicas, Área de Concentração em Patologia Oral e Estomatologia, Natal, RN, Brazil
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Silencing of Ac45 Simultaneously Inhibits Osteoclast-Mediated Bone Resorption and Attenuates Dendritic Cell-Mediated Inflammation through Impairing Acidification and Cathepsin K Secretion. Infect Immun 2020; 89:IAI.00436-20. [PMID: 33077625 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00436-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Endodontic disease is characterized by inflammation and destruction of periapical tissues, leading to severe bone resorption and tooth loss. ATP6AP1 (Ac45) has been implicated in human immune diseases, yet the mechanism underlying how Ac45 regulates immune response and reaction in inflammatory diseases remains unknown. We generated endodontic disease mice through bacterial infection as an inflammatory disease model and used adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated Ac45 RNA interference knockdown to study the function of Ac45 in periapical inflammation and bone resorption. We demonstrated that the AAV small hairpin RNA targeting Ac45 (AAV-sh-Ac45) impaired cellular acidification, extracellular acidification, and bone resorption. Our results showed that local delivery of AAV-sh-Ac45 in periapical tissues in bacterium-induced inflammatory lesions largely reduced bone destruction, inhibited inflammation, and dramatically reduced mononuclear immune cells. T-cell, macrophage, and dendritic cell infiltration in the periapical lesion was dramatically reduced, and the periodontal ligament was protected from inflammation-induced destruction. Furthermore, AAV-sh-Ac45 significantly reduced osteoclast formation and the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-10 (IL-10), IL-12, IL-1α, IL-6, and IL-17. Interestingly, AAV-sh-Ac45 impaired mature cathepsin K secretion more significantly than that by AAV-sh-C1 and AAV-sh-CtsK Unbiased genome-wide transcriptome sequencing analysis of Ctsk -/- dendritic cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide demonstrated that the ablation of Ctsk dramatically reduced dendritic cell-mediated inflammatory signaling. Taken together, our results indicated that AAV-sh-Ac45 simultaneously inhibits osteoclast-mediated bone resorption and attenuates dendritic cell-mediated inflammation through impairing acidification and cathepsin K secretion. Thus, Ac45 may be a novel target for therapeutic approaches to attenuate inflammation and bone erosion in endodontic disease and other inflammation-related osteolytic diseases.
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Bafail A, Carrilho MR, Kishen A, Prakki A. Effect of protease inhibitor specificity on dentin matrix properties. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 109:103861. [PMID: 32543386 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.103861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate protease activity of dentin matrices subjected to treatment with non-specific (chlorhexidine - CHX), cysteine cathepsin specific (E-64), and cysteine cathepsin-K (CT-K) specific (Odanacatib - ODN) inhibitors. METHODS Pulverized dentin powder obtained from human dentin disks (0.5 mm thickness) completely demineralized with 10% H3PO4 were challenged in 1 mL lactic acid (LA) (0.1M, pH 5.5) or stored in deionized water for 30 min. Aliquots of dentin powder were then immersed in 1 mL of CHX (2%), E-64 (10 μM and 20 μM) or Odanacatib (0.2 nM and 1 μM) for 30min. Degradation of dentin collagen was determined by telopeptide assays measuring the sub-product release of C-terminal cross-linked telopeptides (ICTP) and C-terminal peptide (CTX) in incubation media, which correlates with matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) and CT-K activities respectively (n = 3). The ICTP and CTX data were normalized to concentration of total protein (ICTPtp and CTXtp) in the media, measured by bicinchoninic acid assay. Dentin matrix properties were also measured by gravimetric change (n = 8) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) (n = 10). Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post-hoc test and independent t-test (α = 5%). RESULTS Telopeptide assays showed significantly lower CTXtp values after treatment with E-64 and Odanacatib. E-64 and Odanacatib at all tested concentrations significantly reduced the release of ICTPtp. Gravimetric analysis showed no significant difference between the tested inhibitors and control except for CHX after lactic acid challenge. UTS results showed significantly higher values for E-64 (20 μM) and Odanacatib (0.2 nM and 1 μM) groups in deionized water. SIGNIFICANCE Dentin therapies targeting enzymes such as CT-K by specific inhibitors may provide superior pharmacokinetics and optimum efficacy due to precise protein binding, consequently limiting collagen degradation directly or indirectly by enzyme related pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arwa Bafail
- Dental Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 124 Edward St, Toronto, ON, M5G 1G6, Canada; Restorative Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Taibah University, Janadah Bin Umayyah Road, Tayba, Medina, 42353, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marcela Rocha Carrilho
- College of Dental Medicine Illinois, Midwestern University, 555 31st Street, Downers Grove, IL, 60515, USA
| | - Anil Kishen
- Dental Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 124 Edward St, Toronto, ON, M5G 1G6, Canada
| | - Anuradha Prakki
- Dental Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 124 Edward St, Toronto, ON, M5G 1G6, Canada.
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Song M. Dental care for patients taking antiresorptive drugs: a literature review. Restor Dent Endod 2019; 44:e42. [PMID: 31799170 PMCID: PMC6875544 DOI: 10.5395/rde.2019.44.e42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiresorptive drugs (ARDs), such as bisphosphonates or denosumab, that prevent bone resorption are widely used in patients with osteoporosis or with cancer that has metastasized to the bones. Although osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) is a well-documented complication of ARD use, the benefits ARDs outweigh the complication. Thus, research has focused on finding ways to prevent or reduce the risk of developing ONJ. Dentists, as part of a multi-professional team, have a critical role in preventing ONJ. However, many dentists tend to hesitate to provide dental care to patients with ONJ, or tend to think that it is a problem to be dealt with by oral surgeons. This review gives an overview of ARD-related ONJ and provides the guidelines for dental care in patients taking ARDs to lower the risk of developing ONJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minju Song
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
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15
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Backus KM, Cao J, Maddox SM. Opportunities and challenges for the development of covalent chemical immunomodulators. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:3421-3439. [PMID: 31204229 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Compounds that react irreversibly with cysteines have reemerged as potent and selective tools for altering protein function, serving as chemical probes and even clinically approved drugs. The exquisite sensitivity of human immune cell signaling pathways to oxidative stress indicates the likely, yet still underexploited, general utility of covalent probes for selective chemical immunomodulation. Here, we provide an overview of immunomodulatory cysteines, including identification of electrophilic compounds available to label these residues. We focus our discussion on three protein classes essential for cell signaling, which span the 'druggability' spectrum from amenable to chemical probes (kinases), somewhat druggable (proteases), to inaccessible (phosphatases). Using existing inhibitors as a guide, we identify general strategies to guide the development of covalent probes for selected undruggable classes of proteins and propose the application of such compounds to alter immune cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keriann M Backus
- Departments of Biological Chemistry and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, USA.
| | - Jian Cao
- Departments of Biological Chemistry and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | - Sean M Maddox
- Departments of Biological Chemistry and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, USA
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16
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Sarıtekin E, Üreyen Kaya B, Aşcı H, Özmen Ö. Anti-inflammatory and antiresorptive functions of melatonin on experimentally induced periapical lesions. Int Endod J 2019; 52:1466-1478. [PMID: 31063611 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effects of systemically administered melatonin on inflammation and alveolar bone resorption in rats with experimentally induced periapical lesions. METHODOLOGY Thirty adult Sprague Dawley rats were divided equally into negative, positive control and melatonin groups. The pulp chambers of their mandibular first molars were exposed to the oral environment to induce experimental periapical lesions in the positive control and melatonin groups. The melatonin group received daily intraperitoneal injections of melatonin at a dose of 10 mg kg-1 . After 21 days, the animals were euthanized; the hemi-mandible parts were prepared for radiological, histopathological, immunohistochemical (IL-1β, RANK, RANKL, OPG and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and Brown-Brenn (bacteria) evaluations. Data were analysed by Kruskal-Wallis (for non-parametric data) and one-way anova tests (for parametric data) (P < 0.05). RESULTS The area of radiographic periapical bone loss was significantly smaller in rats that were given daily intraperitoneal injections of melatonin (P < 0.01). The histopathological scores of the melatonin group were significantly lower than those of positive control group (P < 0.01). Histomorphometrically, the area of periapical bone loss in the melatonin group was significantly smaller than the positive control group (P < 0.01). The expression of IL1-β, RANK and RANKL was significantly higher in the positive control group, whereas OPG was significantly higher in the melatonin group (P < 0.01). The number of osteoclasts was significantly greater in the positive control group by TRAP staining analyses (P < 0.01). The scores for bacteria localization using Brown-Brenn staining in the melatonin group was significantly lower than that of the positive control group (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Melatonin demonstrated antiresorptive effects on bone associated with experimentally induced periapical lesions in rats via its anti-inflammatory activity. Further studies are necessary to evaluate its possible effects on the healing of periapical lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sarıtekin
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - B Üreyen Kaya
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - H Aşcı
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Ö Özmen
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, Turkey
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17
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Kim HS, Kim S, Ko H, Song M, Kim M. Effects of the cathepsin K inhibitor with mineral trioxide aggregate cements on osteoclastic activity. Restor Dent Endod 2019; 44:e17. [PMID: 31149615 PMCID: PMC6529801 DOI: 10.5395/rde.2019.44.e17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Root resorption is an unexpected complication after replantation procedures. Combining anti-osteoclastic medicaments with retrograde root filling materials may avert this resorptive activity. The purpose of this study was to assess effects of a cathepsin K inhibitor with calcium silicate-based cements on osteoclastic activity. Methods MC3T3-E1 cells were cultured for biocompatibility analyses. RAW 264.7 cells were cultured in the presence of the receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B and lipopolysaccharide, followed by treatment with Biodentine (BIOD) or ProRoot MTA with or without medicaments (Odanacatib [ODN], a cathepsin inhibitor and alendronate, a bisphosphonate). After drug treatment, the cell counting kit-8 assay and Alizarin red staining were performed to evaluate biocompatibility in MC3T3-E1 cells. Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were performed in RAW 264.7 cells to determine the expression levels of inflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test (p < 0.05). Results Biocompatibility results showed that there were no significant differences among any of the groups. RAW 264.7 cells treated with BIOD and ODN showed the lowest levels of TNF-α and PGE2. Treatments with BIOD + ODN were more potent suppressors of inflammatory cytokine expression (p < 0.05). Conclusion The cathepsin K inhibitor with calcium silicate-based cement inhibits osteoclastic activity. This may have clinical application in preventing inflammatory root resorption in replanted teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Sun Kim
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Seoul Metropolitan Governance-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soojung Kim
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, University of Ulsan, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyunjung Ko
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, University of Ulsan, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Minju Song
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Miri Kim
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, University of Ulsan, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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Kim M, Kim S, Ko H, Song M. Effect of ProRoot MTA® and Biodentine® on osteoclastic differentiation and activity of mouse bone marrow macrophages. J Appl Oral Sci 2019; 27:e20180150. [PMID: 30624466 PMCID: PMC6322722 DOI: 10.1590/1678-7757-2018-0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This investigation aimed to assess the differentiation inhibitory effects of ProRoot MTA® (PMTA) and Biodentine® (BIOD) on osteoclasts originated from murine bone marrow macrophages (BMMs) and compare these effects with those of alendronate (ALD). Materials and Methods Mouse BMMs were cultured to differentiate into osteoclasts with macrophage colony-stimulating factor and receptor activator of NF-κB (RANKL), treated with lipopolysaccharide. After application with PMTA, BIOD, or ALD, cell toxicities were examined using WST-1 assay kit, and RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation and activities were determined by resorption pit formation assay and tartrate-resistant acid phosphate (TRAP) staining. The mRNA levels of osteoclast activity-related genes were detected with quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction. Expressions of molecular signaling pathways were assessed by western blot. All data were statistically analyzed with one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc test (p<0.05). Results Mouse BMMs applied with PMTA, BIOD, or ALD showed highly reduced levels of TRAP-positive osteoclasts. The BIOD treated specimens suppressed mRNA expressions of cathepsin K, TRAP, and c-Fos. Nonetheless, it showed a lower effect than PMTA or ALD applications. Compared with ALD, PMTA and BIOD decreased RANKL-mediated phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and IκBα. Conclusions PMTA and BIOD showed the inhibitory effect on osteoclast differentiation and activities similar to that of ALD through IκB phosphorylation and suppression of ERK signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miri Kim
- Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan, Department of Conservative Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soojung Kim
- Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan, Department of Conservative Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyunjung Ko
- Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan, Department of Conservative Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Minju Song
- Dankook University, College of Dentistry, Department of Conservative Dentistry, Cheonan, Korea
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Romualdo PC, Cunha NBFF, Leoni GB, Sousa-Neto MD, Consolaro A, de Queiroz AM, da Silva RAB, da Silva LAB, Nelson-Filho P. The effect of ovariectomy and 2 antiresorptive therapeutic agents on bone response in rats: A 3-dimensional imaging analysis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2018; 126:218-225. [PMID: 29748038 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate bone mineral density (BMD) and microarchitecture in femurs and maxillary bones of ovariectomized (OVX) rats treated or not treated with alendronate (ALD) or odanacatib (ODN). STUDY DESIGN Twenty rats were divided into groups: SHAM, OVX, OVX/ALD, and OVX/ODN. After 12 weeks, the femurs and maxillae were removed and subjected to 3-dimensional analysis by micro-computed tomography. Results were analyzed with 1-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test (α = 0.05). RESULTS OVX decreased maxillary and femoral BMD and altered femoral microarchitecture (P < .05). The drugs increased BMD of both types of bones, but only ALD maintained the phenotype similar to the SHAM group. The action of ALD was limited to the femoral trabecular separation (Tb.Sp). OVX and the drugs had no effect on the microarchitecture of the maxilla (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS ALD and ODN therapy increased BMD in both bones after ovariectomy. ALD was more successful than ODN in preserving the morphology of bone similar to the SHAM group. ALD maintained the phenotype for Tb.Sp in the femur, but ODN did not. In the maxillae, neither ovariectomy nor the 2 antiresorptive drugs had significant effects on microarchitecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla Coutinho Romualdo
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Graziela Bianchi Leoni
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Manoel Damião Sousa-Neto
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Alberto Consolaro
- Department of Oral Pathology, Bauru Dental School, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexandra Mussolino de Queiroz
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Raquel Assed Bezerra da Silva
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Lea Assed Bezerra da Silva
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo Nelson-Filho
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Huang H, Wang J, Zhang Y, Zhu G, Li YP, Ping J, Chen W. Bone resorption deficiency affects tooth root development in RANKL mutant mice due to attenuated IGF-1 signaling in radicular odontoblasts. Bone 2018; 114:161-171. [PMID: 29292230 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2017.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The tooth root is essential for normal tooth physiological function. Studies on mice with mutations or targeted gene deletions revealed that osteoclasts (OCs) play an important role in tooth root development. However, knowledge on the cellular and molecular mechanism underlying how OCs mediate root formation is limited. During bone formation, growth factors (e.g. Insulin-like growth factor-1, IGF-1) liberated from bone matrix by osteoclastic bone resorption stimulate osteoblast differentiation. Thus, we hypothesize that OC-osteoblast coupling may also apply to OC-odontoblast coupling; therefore OCs may have a direct impact on odontoblast differentiation through the release of growth factor(s) from bone matrix, and consequently regulate tooth root formation. To test this hypothesis, we used a receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) knockout mouse model in which OC differentiation and function was entirely blocked. We found that molar root formation and tooth eruption were defective in RANKL-/- mice. Disrupted elongation and disorganization of Hertwig's epithelial root sheath (HERS) was observed in RANKL-/- mice. Reduced expression of nuclear factor I C (NFIC), osterix, and dentin sialoprotein, markers essential for radicular (root) odontogenic cell differentiation indicated that odontoblast differentiation was disrupted in RANKL deficient mice likely contributing to the defect in root formation. Moreover, down-regulation of IGF/AKT/mTOR activity in odontoblast indicated that IGF signaling transduction in odontoblasts of the mutant mice was impaired. Treating odontoblast cells in vitro with conditioned medium from RANKL-/- OCs cultured on bone slices resulted in inhibition of odontoblast differentiation. Moreover, depletion of IGF-1 in bone resorption-conditioned medium (BRCM) from wild-type (WT) OC significantly compromised the ability of WT osteoclastic BRCM to induce odontoblast differentiation while addition of IGF-1 into RANKL-/- osteoclastic BRCM rescued impaired odontoblast differentiation, confirming that root and eruption defect in RANKL deficiency mice may result from failure of releasing of IGF-1 from bone matrix through OC bone resorption. These results suggest that OCs are important for odontoblast differentiation and tooth root formation, possibly through IGF/AKT/mTOR signaling mediated by cell-bone matrix interaction. These findings provide significant insights into regulatory mechanism of tooth root development, and also lay the foundation for root regeneration studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Huang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, 5 Shangqingsi Rd, Yuzhong Qu, Chongqing Shi 400065, China; Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1825 University Blvd., Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Jue Wang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1825 University Blvd., Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, 5 Shangqingsi Rd, Yuzhong Qu, Chongqing Shi 400065, China; Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1825 University Blvd., Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Guochun Zhu
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1825 University Blvd., Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Yi-Ping Li
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1825 University Blvd., Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Ji Ping
- The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, 5 Shangqingsi Rd, Yuzhong Qu, Chongqing Shi 400065, China.
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1825 University Blvd., Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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Li J, Xiao X, Wei W, Ding H, Yue Y, Tian Y, Nabar NR, Liu Z, Yang Z, Wang M. Inhibition of angiotensin II receptor I prevents inflammation and bone loss in periodontitis. J Periodontol 2018; 90:208-216. [PMID: 30066953 DOI: 10.1002/jper.17-0753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periodontal disease is characterized by alveolar bone destruction and degenerative lesions of the periodontal ligament (PDL); it is initiated by bacterial infection of the oral cavity, but the clinical effects are secondary to an aberrant host immune response. Primary hypertension (PH), which causes significant morbidity and mortality worldwide, has also been shown to be an inflammatory disease characterized by aberrant immune cell infiltration and activation. Clinical retrospective studies have shown a link between PH and periodontitis with PH exacerbating periodontitis and vice versa, but the pathophysiologic mechanisms responsible for this remain unknown. METHODS In this study, we investigate the underlying mechanisms behind PH exacerbation of periodontitis by using a bacteria-induced periodontitis model in normotensive and hypertensive (Nos3-/- ) mice treated with or without an Angiotensin II (Ang II) specific receptor 1 (AT1) antagonist, losartan. The histologic analyses including immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence were carried out. The qRT-PCR and ELISAs were applied for the target gene and protein detection. RESULTS We find that PH worsens bone resorption and PDL destruction in periodontitis and that treatment with losartan, rescues this. We also show that PH increases dendritic cell (DC) and osteoclast (OC) infiltration in periodontitis, which is also dependent on Ang II. Finally, we show that PH augments the pro-inflammatory state in periodontitis infiltrating DCs in an Ang II-dependent manner and use in vitro studies to show that Ang II directly augments DC Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling. CONCLUSION Our studies show a central role for Ang II as a pro-inflammatory Toll-like receptor mediator in the pathogenesis of PH-exacerbated periodontitis, indicating that Ang II may be a reasonable target in patients with PH and periodontitis comorbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinle Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xun Xiao
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wei
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Handong Ding
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Yue
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Tian
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Neel R Nabar
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Zhaohui Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
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Kwon Y, Ko H, Kim S, Kim M. The effect of cathepsin K inhibitor surface treatment on delayed tooth replantation in dogs. Dent Traumatol 2018. [PMID: 29533502 DOI: 10.1111/edt.12397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Continuous research efforts have been focusing on promoting healing of delayed replantation of avulsed teeth. The aim of this in vivo study was to assess the effect of cathepsin K inhibitor surface treatment on delayed tooth replantation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-four premolar roots of 4 beagle dogs were extracted, and conventional root canal treatment was performed. The canals were filled with gutta-percha and cement. All extracted teeth were air-dried for 1 hour. Teeth were divided into 2 groups according to the root surface treatment prior to replantation: control (n = 13) and cathepsin K inhibitor (n = 21). Treated teeth were replanted in their original sockets and stabilized with a resin-wire splint for 1 week. After 12 weeks, the dogs were euthanized and micro-computed tomography was performed. Tissues were then further processed as resin-embedded specimens stained with hematoxylin and eosin. In each evaluation, data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test (P < .05). RESULTS In the micro-computed tomography evaluation, inflammation scores of both groups were not statistically different (P > .05). In the histological evaluation, the mean proportions of inflammatory resorption and replacement resorption in the control group were similar to those in the cathepsin K inhibitor group (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS Cathepsin K inhibitor did not demonstrate significant inhibitory effects on root resorption after delayed replantation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngil Kwon
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, University of Ulsan, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyunjung Ko
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, University of Ulsan, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soojung Kim
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, University of Ulsan, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Miri Kim
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, University of Ulsan, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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Romualdo PC, Lucisano MP, Paula-Silva FWG, Leoni GB, Sousa-Neto MD, Silva RAB, Silva LAB, Nelson-Filho P. Ovariectomy Exacerbates Apical Periodontitis in Rats with an Increase in Expression of Proinflammatory Cytokines and Matrix Metalloproteinases. J Endod 2018; 44:780-785. [PMID: 29550006 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to evaluate the gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and cathepsin K in apical periodontitis (AP) and the volume of lesions in ovariectomized and sham-operated rats. METHODS Twenty 12-week-old female Wistar rats were subjected to ovariectomy (OVX) or sham surgery. After 9 weeks, access cavities were prepared in the maxillary and mandibular first molars, pulp tissue was removed, and canals were exposed to the oral environment during 21 days for the induction of AP. The groups were as follows: sham, OVX, sham+AP, and OVX+AP. Animals were euthanized, and blocks containing the maxillary first molar and the surrounding bone were removed for quantification of proinflammatory cytokines cathepsin K and MMP genes by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The hemimandibles containing the mandibular first molars were used for analysis of the AP lesion volume by micro-computed tomographic imaging. RESULTS AP in OVX rats showed an increased expression of interleukin 1 beta, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 6, MMP-8, and MMP-13 (P < .05). OVX alone, without AP induction, did not affect the expression of the evaluated genes. Additionally, AP induced an increase in cathepsin K expression, without significant differences between AP in the sham and OVX groups (P > .05). Micro-computed tomographic imaging showed a significantly greater AP lesion mean volume in OVX compared with sham animals (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS AP lesions in ovariectomized rats are larger and have an increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines and MMPs, indicating that the infection combined with ovariectomy has an important role in the regulation of these signaling molecules and enzymes during the development of AP. Based on that, it may be assumed that the hypoestrogenic condition aggravates inflammation and degradation of extracellular matrix components in AP, which may provide insight into understanding the development of AP in female postmenopausal patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla Coutinho Romualdo
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Marília P Lucisano
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francisco Wanderley G Paula-Silva
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Graziela B Leoni
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Manoel D Sousa-Neto
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raquel Assed B Silva
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lea Assed B Silva
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo Nelson-Filho
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Cheng R, Feng Y, Zhang R, Liu W, Lei L, Hu T. The extent of pyroptosis varies in different stages of apical periodontitis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:226-237. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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25
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Santos SCLT, Couto LA, Fonseca JM, Xavier FCA, Figueiredo ACL, Freitas VS, Freitas RA, Santos JN, Henriques ACG. Participation of osteoclastogenic factors in immunopathogenesis of human chronic periapical lesions. J Oral Pathol Med 2017; 46:846-852. [PMID: 28731540 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic periapical lesions (CPLs) are common lesions of the oral cavity and are the result of caries, tooth fracture, iatrogenic causes, or factors causing contamination and pulp necrosis. Inflammatory cells participate in the expansion of CPLs by releasing factors that stimulate or inhibit osteolytic activity. The objective of this study was to investigate the participation of RANKL, TNF-α, cathepsin K, IL-33, and OPG in the development of radicular cysts (RCs) and periapical granulomas (PGs). METHODS Paraffin-embedded sections of 30 RCs and 22 PGs were submitted to immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Immunoexpression of the proteins studied was observed in the epithelium and capsule of RCs, as well as in connective tissue of PGs. The expression of the osteoclastogenic factors studied differed significantly in RCs and PGs (P < .001), with lower expression of OPG in RCs. In PGs, the lowest expression was observed for cathepsin K. Comparison of the 2 lesions showed a similar participation of RANKL and IL33, while a significant difference was observed for OPG (P < .001), TNF-α (P = .002), and cathepsin K (P = .016). No association of the expression of the proteins with lesions size was observed. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated the participation of RANKL, TNF-α, IL-33, cathepsin K, and OPG in the development of RCs and PGs, with emphasis on the highest immunoreactivity of cathepsin in RCs and TNF-α and OPG in PGs. OPG possibly determines the slower growth of PGs compared to RCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C L T Santos
- Postgraduation Program in Dentistry and Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - L A Couto
- Postgraduation Program in Dentistry and Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - J M Fonseca
- Postgraduation Program in Dentistry and Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - F C A Xavier
- Postgraduation Program in Dentistry and Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - A C L Figueiredo
- Postgraduation Program in Dentistry and Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - V S Freitas
- Postgraduation Program in Public Health, State University of Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil
| | - R A Freitas
- Postgraduation Program in Oral Pathology, Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - J N Santos
- Postgraduation Program in Dentistry and Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - A C G Henriques
- Postgraduation Program in Dentistry and Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
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Drake MT, Clarke BL, Oursler MJ, Khosla S. Cathepsin K Inhibitors for Osteoporosis: Biology, Potential Clinical Utility, and Lessons Learned. Endocr Rev 2017; 38:325-350. [PMID: 28651365 PMCID: PMC5546879 DOI: 10.1210/er.2015-1114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin K is a cysteine protease member of the cathepsin lysosomal protease family. Although cathepsin K is highly expressed in osteoclasts, lower levels of cathepsin K are also found in a variety of other tissues. Secretion of cathepsin K from the osteoclast into the sealed osteoclast-bone cell interface results in efficient degradation of type I collagen. The absence of cathepsin K activity in humans results in pycnodysostosis, characterized by increased bone mineral density and fractures. Pharmacologic cathepsin K inhibition leads to continuous increases in bone mineral density for ≤5 years of treatment and improves bone strength at the spine and hip. Compared with other antiresorptive agents, cathepsin K inhibition is nearly equally efficacious for reducing biochemical markers of bone resorption but comparatively less active for reducing bone formation markers. Despite multiple efforts to develop cathepsin K inhibitors, potential concerns related to off-target effects of the inhibitors against other cathepsins and cathepsin K inhibition at nonbone sites, including skin and perhaps cardiovascular and cerebrovascular sites, prolonged the regulatory approval process. A large multinational randomized, double-blind phase III study of odanacatib in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis was recently completed. Although that study demonstrated clinically relevant reductions in fractures at multiple sites, odanacatib was ultimately withdrawn from the regulatory approval process after it was found to be associated with an increased risk of cerebrovascular accidents. Nonetheless, the underlying biology and clinical effects of cathepsin K inhibition remain of considerable interest and could guide future therapeutic approaches for osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T. Drake
- Division of Endocrinology and Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Bart L. Clarke
- Division of Endocrinology and Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Merry Jo Oursler
- Division of Endocrinology and Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Sundeep Khosla
- Division of Endocrinology and Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
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Yoneda N, Noiri Y, Matsui S, Kuremoto K, Maezono H, Ishimoto T, Nakano T, Ebisu S, Hayashi M. Development of a root canal treatment model in the rat. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3315. [PMID: 28607360 PMCID: PMC5468248 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03628-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Root canal treatment is performed to treat apical periodontitis, and various procedures and techniques are currently used. Although animal models have been used in the developmental research of root canal treatment, little of this research has used small animals such as rats, because of their small size. In this study, root canal treatment was performed on the rat mandibular first molar, which had four root canals, using a microscope, and the therapeutic effect was evaluated bacteriologically, radiologically and histopathologically. By performing root canal treatment, the level of bacteria in the mesial root of the treated teeth was reduced by 75% compared with the control. Additionally, the volume of the periapical lesions of the treated teeth as measured by micro-computed tomography decreased significantly 2 weeks after the root canal treatment when compared with the control. Histological evidence of healing was observed in the treatment group 8 weeks after root canal treatment. These results suggest that a root canal treatment model using rats can be used in developmental research for novel methods of root canal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomichi Yoneda
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Noiri
- Division of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Department of Oral Health Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274, Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8514, Japan.
| | - Saori Matsui
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Katsutaka Kuremoto
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hazuki Maezono
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takuya Ishimoto
- Department of Biomaterials and Structural Materials Design, Osaka University Graduate School of Engineering, 1-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Nakano
- Department of Biomaterials and Structural Materials Design, Osaka University Graduate School of Engineering, 1-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Ebisu
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Mikako Hayashi
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
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Abstract
Bone is in a constant state of remodeling, a process which was once attributed solely to osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Decades of research has identified many other populations of cells in the bone that participate and mediate skeletal homeostasis. Recently, osteal macrophages emerged as vital participants in skeletal remodeling and osseous repair. The exact mechanistic roles of these tissue-resident macrophages are currently under investigation. Macrophages are highly plastic in response to their micro-environment and are typically classified as being pro- or anti-inflammatory (pro-resolving) in nature. Given that inflammatory states result in decreased bone mass, proinflammatory macrophages may be negative regulators of bone turnover. Pro-resolving macrophages have been shown to release anabolic factors and may present a target for therapeutic intervention in inflammation-induced bone loss and fracture healing. The process of apoptotic cell clearance, termed efferocytosis, is mediated by pro-resolving macrophages and may contribute to steady-state bone turnover as well as fracture healing and anabolic effects of osteoporosis therapies. Parathyroid hormone is an anabolic agent in bone that is more effective in the presence of mature phagocytic macrophages, further supporting the hypothesis that efferocytic macrophages are positive contributors to bone turnover. Therapies which alter macrophage plasticity in tissues other than bone should be explored for their potential to treat bone loss either alone or in conjunction with current bone therapeutics. A better understanding of the exact mechanisms by which macrophages mediate bone homeostasis will lead to an expansion of pharmacologic targets for the treatment of osteoporosis and inflammation-induced bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan N Michalski
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Laurie K McCauley
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
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Bahuguna R, Jain A, Khan SA, Arvind MS. Role of odanacatib in reducing bone loss due to endodontic disease: An overview. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 2017; 6:S175-S181. [PMID: 28217533 PMCID: PMC5285591 DOI: 10.4103/2231-0762.197183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims and Objectives: Through a comprehensive literature review, this article provides an overview of the potential role of odanacatib (ODN) in reducing bone loss due to endodontic disease. Materials and Methods: A literature review was performed in PubMed Central, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, and EBSCO databases. The articles identified included those published between 2002 and 2016. Based on the predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria, out of 237 articles found, 50 were selected for this review. Results: Cathepsin K (CstK), which is indispensible to the immune system, also plays an important role in osteoclastic bone resorption. ODN, which is an orally active, selective, and effective inhibitor of CstK, decreases bone resorption by selectively inhibiting proteolysis of matrix proteins by CstK, without affecting other osteoclastic activity or osteoblast viability. Conclusion: The goal of endodontic treatment is to achieve a clinically asymptomatic state along with formation of reparative bone. This process could take 6 months or longer, hence, an earlier reversal of the resorption process could lead to faster healing and resolution of the periapical lesion. Use of ODN can be of help in achieving this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachana Bahuguna
- Department of Pedodontics, RKDF Dental College and Research Centre, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Atul Jain
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, RKDF Dental College and Research Centre, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Suleman Abbas Khan
- Department of Pedodontics, RKDF Dental College and Research Centre, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - M S Arvind
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, RKDF Dental College and Research Centre, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
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Hussein H, Boyaka P, Dulin J, Bertone A. Cathepsin K inhibition renders equine bone marrow nucleated cells hypo-responsive to LPS and unmethylated CpG stimulation in vitro. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 45:40-7. [PMID: 27012920 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin K (CatK) is an important enzyme regulating bone degradation and has been shown to contribute to the immune response. We have studied two inflammatory models in equine bone marrow nucleated cells (BMNCs); the LPS and the unmethylated CpG stimulation with the following objectives to: 1.determine whether CatK inhibition will alter the cytokine secretion by stimulated BMNCs; specifically IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, and 2.determine the changes in BMNCs surface markers' expression and MHC II molecule under CatK inhibition. Cathepsin K inhibition promoted BMNCs viability and reduced cell apoptosis. Moreover, CatK inhibition significantly decreased cytokine secretion of either naïve or stimulated BMNCs, and altered their MHC II molecule expression. In conclusion, CatK inhibition in horses did affect BMNCs other than mature osteoclasts rendering them hypo-responsive to both TLR4- and TLR9-induced inflammation, predicting a proteolytic activity for CatK within the MyD88 pathway and/or the following proteolytic events required for the cytokines secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayam Hussein
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Prosper Boyaka
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jennifer Dulin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Alicia Bertone
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.
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31
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Li S, Hao L, Wang L, Lu Y, Li Q, Zhu Z, Shao JZ, Chen W. Targeting Atp6v1c1 Prevents Inflammation and Bone Erosion Caused by Periodontitis and Reveals Its Critical Function in Osteoimmunology. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134903. [PMID: 26274612 PMCID: PMC4537256 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontal disease (Periodontitis) is a serious disease that affects a majority of adult Americans and is associated with other systemic diseases, including diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and other inflammatory diseases. While great efforts have been devoted toward understanding the pathogenesis of periodontitis, there remains a pressing need for developing potent therapeutic strategies for targeting this pervasive and destructive disease. In this study, we utilized novel adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated Atp6v1c1 knockdown gene therapy to treat bone erosion and inflammatory caused by periodontitis in mouse model. Atp6v1c1 is a subunit of the V-ATPase complex and regulator of the assembly of the V0 and V1 domains of the V-ATPase complex. We demonstrated previously that Atp6v1c1 has an essential function in osteoclast mediated bone resorption. We hypothesized that Atp6v1c1 may be an ideal target to prevent the bone erosion and inflammation caused by periodontitis. To test the hypothesis, we employed AAV RNAi knockdown of Atp6v1c1 gene expression to prevent bone erosion and gingival inflammation simultaneously. We found that lesion-specific injection of AAV-shRNA-Atp6v1c1 into the periodontal disease lesions protected against bone erosion (>85%) and gingival inflammation caused by P. gingivalis W50 infection. AAV-mediated Atp6v1c1 knockdown dramatically reduced osteoclast numbers and inhibited the infiltration of dendritic cells and macrophages in the bacteria-induced inflammatory lesions in periodontitis. Silencing of Atp6v1c1 expression also prevented the expressions of osteoclast-related genes and pro-inflammatory cytokine genes. Our data suggests that AAV-shRNA-Atp6v1c1 treatment can significantly attenuate the bone erosion and inflammation caused by periodontitis, indicating the dual function of AAV-shRNA-Atp6v1c1 as an inhibitor of bone erosion mediated by osteoclasts, and as an inhibitor of inflammation through down-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. This study demonstrated that Atp6v1c1 RNAi knockdown gene therapy mediated by AAV-shRNA-Atp6v1c1 is a promising novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of bone erosion and inflammatory related diseases, such as periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Li
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, United States of America
- College of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liang Hao
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, United States of America
| | - Lin Wang
- College of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yun Lu
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, United States of America
| | - Qian Li
- Life Science College, Zhejiang University, 388 Yuhang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Zhu
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, United States of America
- College of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian-Zhong Shao
- Life Science College, Zhejiang University, 388 Yuhang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Zhu Z, Chen W, Hao L, Zhu G, Lu Y, Li S, Wang L, Li YP. Ac45 silencing mediated by AAV-sh-Ac45-RNAi prevents both bone loss and inflammation caused by periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 2015; 42:599-608. [PMID: 25952706 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
AIM Periodontitis induced by oral pathogens leads to severe periodontal tissue damage and osteoclast-mediated bone resorption caused by inflammation. On the basis of the importance of Ac45 in osteoclast formation and function, we performed this study to evaluate the therapeutic potential of periodontitis by local adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated Ac45 gene knockdown. MATERIAL AND METHODS We used AAV-mediated short hairpin RNAi knockdown of Ac45 gene expression (AAV-sh-Ac45) to inhibit bone erosion and gingival inflammation simultaneously in a well-established periodontitis mouse model induced by Porphyromonas gingivalis W50. Histological studies were performed to evaluate the bone protection of AAV-sh-Ac45. Immunochemistry, ELISA and qRT-PCR were performed to reveal the role of Ac45 knockdown on inflammation, immune response and expression of cytokine. RESULTS We found that Ac45 knockdown impaired osteoclast-mediated extracellular acidification and bone resorption in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, local administration of AAV-sh-Ac45 protected mice from bone erosion by >85% and attenuated inflammation and decreased infiltration of T cells, dendritic cells and macrophages in the periodontal lesion. Notably, the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines was also reduced. CONCLUSIONS Local AAV-sh-Ac45 gene therapy efficiently protects against periodontal tissue damage and bone erosion through both inhibition of osteoclast function and attenuating inflammation, and may represent a powerful new treatment strategy for periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Liang Hao
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Guochun Zhu
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Yun Lu
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Sheng Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Lin Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi-Ping Li
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Deficiency of cathepsin K prevents inflammation and bone erosion in rheumatoid arthritis and periodontitis and reveals its shared osteoimmune role. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:1331-1339. [PMID: 25896020 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Using rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and periodontitis mouse models, we demonstrate that RA and periodontitis share many pathological features, such as deregulated cytokine production, increased immune-cell infiltration, increased expression of Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and enhanced osteoclast activity and bone erosion. We reveal that genetic deletion of cathepsin K (Ctsk) caused a radical reduction in inflammation and bone erosion within RA joint capsules and periodontal lesions, a drastic decrease in immune-cell infiltration, and a significant reduction in osteoclasts, macrophages, dendritic and T-cells. Deficiency of Ctsk greatly decreased the expression of TLR-4, 5, and 9 and their downstream cytokines in periodontal gingival epithelial lesions and synovial RA lesions. Hence, Ctsk may be targeted to treat RA and periodontitis simultaneously due to its shared osteoimmune role.
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