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Kitajima H, Fujimura M, Takeuchi M, Kawamoto Y, Sumi K, Matsunami K, Shiraishi J, Hirano S, Nakura Y, Yanagihara I. Intrauterine Ureaplasma is associated with small airway obstruction in extremely preterm infants. Pediatr Pulmonol 2022; 57:2763-2773. [PMID: 35931924 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.26098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The long-term follow-up of lung function (LF) in extremely preterm (EP) infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) has shown a worldwide increase in small airway obstructions (SAO). OBJECTIVES We investigated the relationships between intrauterine Ureplasma infection in EP infants and bubbly/cystic lung, BPD, and SAO at school age. METHODS Placental pathology, placental Ureaplasma DNA (pU-DNA), and cord blood immunoglobulin M (IgM) (C-IgM) were investigated in 360 EP infants born from 1981 to 2004. Maternal amniotic inflammatory response (M-AIR) scores and hemosiderin deposition (HD) were estimated in the chorioamnion. The study subjects were divided into groups based on their M-AIR scores. Their LF at school age was compared with those of 33 healthy siblings. FINDINGS pU-DNA and C-IgM were significantly related to SAO at school age (p < 0.012). M-AIR score 3 and pU-DNA >1000 units had an odds ratio (OR) of 35 (95% confidence interval: 10-172) and 18 (5.6-67) for bubbly/cystic lung, and 11 (3.1 - 43) and 31 (4.5-349) for severe BPD, and 5.3 (2.1-11) and 12 (2.4-74) for SAO, respectively. The ORs of surfactant treatment, BPD grade III, O2 at 40 weeks, HD, and C-IgM >30 mg/dl for SAO were 0.21 (0.075-0.58), 5.3 (2.1-15), 2.5 (1.4-4.6), 3.6 (1.5-9.1) and 2.5 (1.0-5.2). 84% (90/107) SAO infants showed no or mild BPD in infancy, and 61% of infants had no severe CAM. CONCLUSION Our long-term cohort study of LF in EP infants revealed that intrauterine Ureaplasma was associated with bubbly/cystic lung, severe BPD, and SAO at school age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kitajima
- Department of Developmental Medicine, Research Institute, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Neonatology, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masanori Fujimura
- Department of Neonatology, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Makoto Takeuchi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kawamoto
- Department of Neonatology, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kiyoaki Sumi
- Department of Neonatology, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Katsura Matsunami
- Department of Neonatology, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jun Shiraishi
- Department of Neonatology, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinya Hirano
- Department of Neonatology, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yukiko Nakura
- Department of Developmental Medicine, Research Institute, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Itaru Yanagihara
- Department of Developmental Medicine, Research Institute, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Osaka, Japan
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Razin S, Kahane I, Banai M, Bredt W. Adhesion of mycoplasmas to eukaryotic cells. CIBA FOUNDATION SYMPOSIUM 2008; 80:98-118. [PMID: 6790254 DOI: 10.1002/9780470720639.ch8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Many pathogenic mycoplasmas are surface parasites, adhering to the epithelial linings of the respiratory and urogenital tracts. Since mycoplasmas lack cell walls their plasma membrane comes in close contact with that of their host, allowing exchange of components between the two membranes and possibly fusion. The tight association of the parasite with its host is illustrated in scanning electron micrographs of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and M. gallisepticum adhering to human red blood cells. Specialized structure at the tips of the mycoplasma cells appear to function as attachment organelles. Our main aim has been to chemically define the receptors on the host cell and the binding sites on the mycoplasma cells responsible for adhesion. Glycophorin (the major sialoglycoprotein of human red blood cells) serves as the main or sole receptor for M. gallisepticum whereas M. pneumoniae binds to additional receptors on human red blood cells. Trypsin treatment of M. pneumoniae cells abolishes their ability to attach to human red cells, suggesting the protein nature of the binding sites. M. pneumoniae membranes solubilized by detergents were subjected to affinity chromatography on glycophorin-Sepharose so that membrane components with high affinity for glycophorin could be isolated. The fraction isolated consisted of several proteins (relative molecular mass 25 000 and 45 000). The binding of this fraction to red cells was relatively low but appeared to be specific, as it was inhibited by glycophorin but not by its hydrophobic moiety. The possibility is discussed that the exposure of the binding sites on the mycoplasma cell surface is influenced by the electrochemical ion gradient across the membrane.
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Keeler CL, Hnatow LL, Whetzel PL, Dohms JE. Cloning and characterization of a putative cytadhesin gene (mgc1) from Mycoplasma gallisepticum. Infect Immun 1996; 64:1541-7. [PMID: 8613358 PMCID: PMC173959 DOI: 10.1128/iai.64.5.1541-1547.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
A 150-kDa cytadhesin-like protein from Mycoplasma gallisepticum has been identified. A previously described 583-bp fragment (J.E. Dohms, L.L. Hnatow, P. Whetzel, R. Morgan and C.L. Keeler, Jr., Avian Dis. 37:380-388, 1993) was used to probe a genomic library of M. gallisepticum DNA. An 8.0-kb SacI fragment was identified, cloned, and partially sequenced. Analysis of the resulting 3,750-bp sequence revealed the presence of a 3,366-nucleotide open reading frame, mgc1. The 1,122-amino-acid protein encoded by this open reading frame, MGC1, has characteristics of a class I membrane protein and has homology with the MgPa cytadhesin of Mycoplasma genitalium (26.3%) and the P1 cytadhesin of Mycoplasma pneumoniae (28.7%). A portion of MGC1 was expressed as a glutathione S-transferase fusion protein and used to produce antiserum in rabbits. The antiserum recognizes a 150-kDa protein from M. gallisepticum. The protein is sensitive to trypsin, confirming that it is surface exposed. Primer extension analysis indicates that the mgc1 RNA starts within an upstream open reading frame, suggesting complex control of its expression. This is the first description of a functional gene from M. gallisepticum showing homology to cytadhesin genes from human mycoplasmas.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Keeler
- Delaware Agricultural Experiment Station, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark 19717-1303, USA.
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Abdul-Wahab OM, Ross G, Bradbury JM. Pathogenicity and cytadherence of Mycoplasma imitans in chicken and duck embryo tracheal organ cultures. Infect Immun 1996; 64:563-8. [PMID: 8550208 PMCID: PMC173802 DOI: 10.1128/iai.64.2.563-568.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Two strains of the avian organism Mycoplasma imitans were examined for pathogenicity and cytadherence in chicken and duck embryo tracheal organ cultures, and a virulent strain of the related pathogen Mycoplasma gallisepticum was included for comparison. All consistently cause ciliostasis in tracheal explants from both hosts, and examination of infected tissues by immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy demonstrated that M. imitans proliferated on the epithelial surface and adhered to the respiratory epithelium by means of its terminal tip structure in the same manner as M. gallisepticum. These observations endorse the striking phenotypic similarities between M. imitans and M. gallisepticum and suggest that M. imitans may have pathogenic potential in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- O M Abdul-Wahab
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, South Wirral, United Kingdom
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Jensen JS, Blom J, Lind K. Intracellular location of Mycoplasma genitalium in cultured Vero cells as demonstrated by electron microscopy. Int J Exp Pathol 1994; 75:91-8. [PMID: 8199010 PMCID: PMC2002111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The original two strains of Mycoplasma genitalium were isolated from the human urogenital tract. No other strains have been isolated from this site since then. We have recently succeeded in propagating a third strain from a urogenital specimen from a patient with urethritis in Vero cell cultures. By electron microscopy mycoplasmas were demonstrated intracellularly in about 10% of the examined Vero cells. Various stages of penetration into the cells could be observed. The flask-shaped organisms seemed to penetrate into the cells by the tip-end which included a rodlike structure. The intracellular location of normal mycoplasmas were in membrane-bound vacuoles very close to the nucleus, occasionally together with a few disintegrated organisms. In a few cells additional material was entangling the mycoplasmas in the cytoplasmic vacuoles. The potential for intracellular survival of M. genitalium may help the organism to evade the defence mechanisms of the human body. This trait may be considered a pathogenic property which supports the presumption that M. genitalium has clinical importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Jensen
- Statens Seruminstitut, Neisseria Department, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Franzoso G, Hu PC, Meloni GA, Barile MF. The immunodominant 90-kilodalton protein is localized on the terminal tip structure of Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Infect Immun 1993; 61:1523-30. [PMID: 8454358 PMCID: PMC281395 DOI: 10.1128/iai.61.4.1523-1530.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunoblot analysis of convalescent-phase sera of experimentally infected chimpanzees or monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific to the 90- and 40-kDa proteins of Mycoplasma pneumoniae indicated that both proteins were present in cytadsorbing, pathogenic strains PI-1428, M129, and FH but absent in noncytadsorbing, nonpathogenic strain M129-B176. Adsorption of convalescent-phase chimpanzee sera with virulent strain PI-1428 removed reactivity, whereas adsorption with avirulent strain M129-B176 did not remove reactivity to these two proteins. By using proteolysis and specific MAbs, we demonstrated that the 90- and 40-kDa proteins were surface exposed. Immunoelectron microscopy employing specific MAbs showed that the 90-kDa protein is localized on the terminal tip attachment apparatus. However, the MAb specific for the 40-kDa protein failed to indicate a similar localization. Nevertheless, these data, taken together, indicate that the immunodominant 90- and 40-kDa proteins are surface exposed, are localized on the terminal tip apparatus, and might be involved in the attachment mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Franzoso
- Laboratory of Mycoplasma, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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7
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Hengge UR, Kirschfink M, König AL, Nicklas W, Roelcke D. Characterization of I/F1 glycoprotein as a receptor for Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Infect Immun 1992; 60:79-83. [PMID: 1370278 PMCID: PMC257505 DOI: 10.1128/iai.60.1.79-83.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Serologic evidence of anti-I and anti-Fl cold agglutinins occurring in mycoplasma infections led to the isolation of I/Fl glycoprotein from human erythrocyte membranes. Mycoplasma pneumoniae bound to purified I/Fl glycoprotein in a dose-dependent fashion depending on sialylated carbohydrate determinants. This was shown by the decreased binding of mycoplasmas to either sialidase-treated I/Fl glycoprotein (dot blot analysis) or sialidase-treated erythrocytes (hemagglutination test). Structural properties of the receptor for optimal binding could be explored by hemagglutination inhibition assays. Glycophorins were excluded as receptors. These results indicate that Fl (and I) antigens are receptors for M. pneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- U R Hengge
- Institute of Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Germany
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8
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Krivan HC, Olson LD, Barile MF, Ginsburg V, Roberts DD. Adhesion of Mycoplasma pneumoniae to Sulfated Glycolipids and Inhibition by Dextran Sulfate. J Biol Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)60527-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Geary SJ, Gabridge MG, Intres R, Draper DL, Gladd MF. Identification of Mycoplasma binding proteins utilizing a 100 kilodalton lung fibroblast receptor. JOURNAL OF RECEPTOR RESEARCH 1989; 9:465-78. [PMID: 2517989 DOI: 10.3109/10799898909066071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A 100 kilodalton glycoprotein receptor for Mycoplasma pneumoniae has been isolated from MRC-5 human lung fibroblasts. This receptor, as well as anti-receptor serum, were both capable of inhibiting the attachment of 14C-labelled M. pneumoniae to MRC-5 fibroblasts. The receptor was also capable of inhibiting the attachment of C-labelled M. gallisepticum and M. genitalium, but not M. pulmonis, to MRC-5 fibroblasts. This indicates that a common sequence may exist in these binding proteins of M. pneumoniae, M. genitalium, and M. gallisepticum. This receptor and anti-receptor serum were utilized to probe M. pneumoniae, M. genitalium, and M. gallisepticum for their corresponding binding proteins. A 32 kilodalton protein in M. pneumoniae, a 90 kilodalton protein in M. genitalium and a 139 kilodalton protein in M. gallisepticum were recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Geary
- Bionique Laboratories, Inc., Saranac Lake, New York 12983
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11
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Ishikawa H, Isayama Y. Evidence for sialyl glycoconjugates as receptors for Bordetella bronchiseptica on swine nasal mucosa. Infect Immun 1987; 55:1607-9. [PMID: 3036708 PMCID: PMC260565 DOI: 10.1128/iai.55.7.1607-1609.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The nature of the receptors for Bordetella bronchiseptica was investigated by using the in vitro adherence assay system. The results indicated that sialyl glycoconjugates acted as receptors on swine nasal mucosa. These results were obtained by two independent approaches: inhibition of epithelial cell adherence with sialic acid-containing compounds but not with compounds lacking sialic acid residues and loss of adherence after treatment of epithelial cells with periodate or neuraminidase. B. bronchiseptica seems to have strong affinity for mucin. This may help the bacterium to colonize the mucosal surfaces of the swine nasal cavity.
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Abstract
The adherence of Bordetella bronchiseptica smooth-, intermediate-, and rough-phase isolates to hamster lung fibroblasts (HLF) (Don line) was characterized by competitive inhibition studies and enzyme and chemical treatments of both the bacteria and the HLF. The adherence of the rough- and intermediate-phase isolates (n = 13) was altered by coincubation of the bacteria and HLF with cationic chelators, including EGTA and citrate. EGTA inhibition of the adherence of the rough- and intermediate-phase isolates could be overcome by the addition of Ca2+, Mn2+, Cd2+, or Sr2+ to the reaction mixture. In addition, citrate released bound bacteria from the HLF. Although the adherence of the smooth-phase isolates (n = 4) was unaltered by cationic chelators, binding was inhibited by N-acetylated amino sugars, with N-acetylglucosamine inhibiting 98% of the adherence of the smooth-phase isolates. Homogenization, protease K, and heat treatment (60 min, 60 degrees C) of the bacteria also resulted in a loss of adherence. It was concluded that B. bronchiseptica can adhere to HLF by at least two mechanisms and that the ligand responsible appears to be a proteinacious, heat labile cell surface component.
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13
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Upchurch S, Gabridge MG. Differential cytopathogenicity accompanying Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection of human lung fibroblasts maintained in newborn bovine serum or fetal bovine serum. IN VITRO 1983; 19:203-209. [PMID: 6187665 DOI: 10.1007/bf02618060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
MRC-5 human lung fibroblasts maintained in Eagle's basal medium (BME) with either 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) or 10% newborn bovine serum (NBS) did not respond identically to infection by Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Fibroblasts grown in NBS did not develop any cytopathic effect (CPE) when infected with M. pneumoniae, whereas those maintained in FBS developed a pronounced CPE. There was also a difference in sensitivity to infection for fibroblasts maintained in the two sera before the infection. Fibroblasts maintained in NBS, then transferred to FBS 48 h before infection, were still less sensitive to M. pneumoniae infection than cells maintained constantly in FBS. Mycoplasma pneumoniae attached comparably to the fibroblasts grown in the two sera, so the differences in CPE development could not be attributed to differences in mycoplasma attachment. Measurements of DNA, RNA, and protein syntheses of the fibroblasts grown in NBS and FBS indicate that the cells in NBS were growing more rapidly than those in FBS. A determination of the doubling times shows that the doubling time of cells in NBS was 44 h, whereas that of cells in FBS was 51 h. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of samples of NBS and FBS showed significant differences in serum protein composition. The NBS had several protein bands that were lacking in the FBS. This study demonstrates the importance of serum effects in the study of M. pneumoniae infection.
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Gabridge MG. Attachment of Mycoplasma pneumoniae to tracheal monolayer outgrowths. THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 1983; 56:657-63. [PMID: 6433577 PMCID: PMC2590516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a human pathogen of the respiratory tract. It attaches to the ciliated respiratory epithelium by means of its attachment tip and the sialoglycoprotein receptor site on host cells. To study the mechanical and biochemical features of the attachment process, we developed a new in vitro biological model of respiratory tissue. The ciliated monolayer system involved a collagenase treatment of rodent tracheal explants, followed by incubation in Waymouth's MAB 87/3 medium. Epithelial migration led to the development of patches of cell monolayers both interior and exterior to the tracheal lumen. After seven days of incubation, monolayer patches contained 20 percent ciliated cells. Ciliary motion was active for several days after the explant was removed. When exposed to M. pneumoniae for two hours, the ciliated cells became covered with pathogen. The mycoplasmas were in close association with the host cell membranes, and could lie horizontally along the membrane when not physically held in a vertical orientation by cilia. Cytonecrosis developed within 48 to 72 hours.
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Upchurch S, Gabridge MG. De novo purine synthesis, purine salvage, and DNA synthesis in normal and Lesch-Nyhan fibroblasts infected with Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Infect Immun 1983; 39:164-71. [PMID: 6401690 PMCID: PMC347920 DOI: 10.1128/iai.39.1.164-171.1983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of Mycoplasma pneumoniae on host cell metabolism were studied by using two types of host cells, MRC-5 human lung fibroblasts, a normal cell line, and Lesch-Nyhan fibroblasts, a cell line deficient in hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (EC 2.4.2.8). The susceptibilities of the two cell types were determined by infecting the cells with M. pneumoniae at different multiplicities of infection (MOI). Our data indicate that the Lesch-Nyhan cells were four times more susceptible to damage by M. pneumoniae than the MRC-5 cells. The effects of different MOIs (10 and 50) on de novo purine synthesis. DNA synthesis, and the development of a cytopathic effect were determined. In both cell types, the higher MOI inhibited de novo purine synthesis to a greater extent than the lower MOI. This correlated closely with the cytopathic effect which developed in the monolayers (i.e., the more the inhibition of de novo purine synthesis, the greater the cytopathic effect which developed). In the Lesch-Nyhan cells, DNA synthesis was completely inhibited by the high MOI, whereas in the MRC-5 cells, DNA synthesis was stimulated by the high MOI. In the MRC-5 cells infected with M. pneumoniae, purine salvage activity increased, as indicated by an increase in adenosine deaminase (EC 3.5.4.4) activity. These data indicate that M. pneumoniae alters host cell metabolism, particularly the nucleic acid metabolic pathways. This may explain in part the mechanism of pathogenesis of M. pneumoniae infection.
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Chandler DK, Grabowski MW, Barile MF. Mycoplasma pneumoniae attachment: competitive inhibition by mycoplasmal binding component and by sialic acid-containing glycoconjugates. Infect Immun 1982; 38:598-603. [PMID: 6815097 PMCID: PMC347781 DOI: 10.1128/iai.38.2.598-603.1982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Attachment of Mycoplasma pneumoniae to human WiDr cell culture monolayers was examined by using radiolabeled M. pneumoniae. The amount of attachment was proportional to the density of the WiDr cells and to the concentration of M. pneumoniae in the assay. Saturation of the monolayers was achieved with 40 micrograms of virulent strain M129 per assay, whereas binding of avirulent strain B176 was 70% less than that of strain M129. A competitive attachment inhibition assay was used to measure specific binding component activity. Attachment was inhibited when WiDr cells were pretreated with unlabeled virulent strain M129, whereas avirulent noncytadsorbing strain B176 did not inhibit attachment as well as the virulent strain. A protein-rich extract prepared from virulent, cytadsorbing strains of M. pneumoniae also inhibited attachment. The amount of inhibition was dependent on the amount of extract used, and units for binding component activity in the extract were calculated from the competitive attachment inhibition assays. The competitive attachment inhibition assay was also used to investigate the nature of the receptor site on the WiDr cells. Attachment was inhibited when the radiolabeled M. pneumoniae suspensions were pretreated with human sialoglycoproteins, such as orosomucoid and ceruloplasmin, and bovine gangliosides. These findings support the present concept that the mammalian receptor site for M. pneumoniae is a sialic acid-containing glycoprotein.
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Upchurch S, Gabridge MG. Alterations in nucleotide content of human lung fibroblasts infected with Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Infect Immun 1982; 38:631-6. [PMID: 6815098 PMCID: PMC347786 DOI: 10.1128/iai.38.2.631-636.1982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The nucleotide content of normal MRC-5 human lung fibroblasts and fibroblasts infected with Mycoplasma pneumoniae PI 1428 was determined. Nucleotides from control and infected fibroblasts were extracted with 5% trichloracetic acid. After neutralization of the extracts, the nucleotides in the extracts were separated by anion-exchange chromatography. Significant differences were found between the nucleotide content of the control and infected cells. Nucleotide triphosphate levels were twofold higher in the control fibroblasts than in the infected fibroblasts 4 h after the initiation of infection. At the same time, nucleotide diphosphate and monophosphate levels were higher in the infected fibroblasts than in the control fibroblasts. Determination of the energy charge ratio for each set of nucleotides (adenosine, guanosine, cytidine, and uridine) demonstrated a shift of nucleotide content in the infected fibroblasts. Immediately after infection, the energy charge for each set of nucleotides was higher for the control fibroblasts than it was for the infected fibroblasts. This pattern continued throughout the infection period with only minor exceptions. The work presented here indicates a loss of energy charge in fibroblasts infected with M. pneumoniae and may help to explain some of the metabolic changes and cell damage which accompany infection.
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Abstract
Hemadsorbing (HA+) virulent Mycoplasma pneumoniae and spontaneously derived nonhemadsorbing (HA-) avirulent mutants were compared by biochemical and ultrastructural techniques in an attempt to understand the molecular basis for cytadsorption. Lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination of intact mycoplasmas indicated that both virulent and avirulent mycoplasmas displayed similar surface protein patterns. A specific external protein, P1 (molecular weight, 165,000), previously implicated as a major ligand mediating attachment, was readily detected in HA+ and HA- mycoplasma strains. However, immunoferritin electron microscopy, with monospecific antibody against P1, revealed that differences in P1 topography existed among these strains. Only virulent mycoplasmas exhibited high concentrations of P1 at the terminal organelle. Avirulent mycoplasmas which possessed P1 showed no P1 clustering at the terminus. Both virulent M. pneumoniae and avirulent P1-containing mutants possessed numerous less dense P1 regions along the mycoplasma surface. Not surprisingly, an HA- mutant lacking P1 exhibited only background immunoferritin labeling. Negative staining of intact mycoplasmas revealed a well-defined, naplike terminus (associated with P1 clusters) confined at the tip of virulent M. pneumoniae. Previous characterization of HA+ virulent and HA- avirulent strains of M. pneumoniae by one- and two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis suggests that identified groups of mycoplasma proteins, lacking in specific HA- mycoplasmas, regulate the physical arrangement of P1 and the ultrastructure of the terminus, thus influencing adherence to the respiratory epithelium and virulence.
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Chandler DK, Collier AM, Barile MF. Attachment of Mycoplasma pneumoniae to hamster tracheal organ cultures, tracheal outgrowth monolayers, human erythrocytes, and WiDr human tissue culture cells. Infect Immun 1982; 35:937-42. [PMID: 6802763 PMCID: PMC351137 DOI: 10.1128/iai.35.3.937-942.1982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Virulent strains of Mycoplasma pneumoniae, PI-1428 and M129, were radiolabeled wtih [3H]palmitic acid or [3H]thymidine and examined for attachment to hamster tracheal organ cultures, tracheal outgrowth monolayers, human O-positive erythrocytes, and human WiDr carcinoma cell cultures. Although attachment to each cell substrate was readily detected, the WiDr cell culture monolayers provided the most satisfactory substrate for quantitating mycoplasma attachment. Serious technical limitations were encountered with each of the other substrates that we examined; these limitations interfered with reproducibility or sensitivity and rendered tracheal organ cultures and erythrocyte suspensions unsuitable for routine attachment and attachment inhibition assays. Moreover, the WiDr cell monolayer was the most sensitive substrate for determining attachment inhibition activity in protein-containing extracts prepared from M. pneumoniae. The significance of these findings is discussed.
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Gabridge MG, Bright MJ, Richards HR. Scanning electron microscopy of Mycoplasma pneumoniae on the membrane of individual ciliated tracheal cells. IN VITRO 1982; 18:55-62. [PMID: 6303945 DOI: 10.1007/bf02796385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Cell monolayer cultures were prepared from hamster tracheal explants by a collagenase exposure and subsequent incubation in Waymouth's MAB 87/3 medium. The epithelial outgrowth occurred on glass cover slips. Cilia on the monolayers continued to beat normally after the "parent" explant was removed. Monolayer cultures infected with Mycoplasma pneumoniae had significant amounts of attachment. A morphological analysis of the attachment was conducted with scanning electron microscopy. Clusters, cocci, and filaments of M. pneumoniae all attached to the epithelial cells, but the filaments were especially common. Mycoplasmas were seen in association with both ciliated and nonciliated cell membranes. On ciliated cells, mycoplasmas were on the ciliary strands and on the cell membrane. When located immediately adjacent to or in between cilia, mycoplasmas were oriented vertically with the constricted attachment tip oriented down toward the host cell membrane. When located more than a micron away from the ciliary fibers, mycoplasmas lay horizontally along the epithelial cell membrane. The photographic data suggest that clusters or "sperules" of mycoplasmas may liberate individual mycoplasmas that attach to the cell membrane. It appears that the receptor sites for M. pneumoniae are rather uniformly distributed along the ciliated cell membrane, and are not restricted to the interciliary areas.
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Gabridge MG, Hoglund LE. Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection of intact guinea pig tracheas cultured in a unique matrix-embed/perfusion system. IN VITRO 1981; 17:847-58. [PMID: 6796499 DOI: 10.1007/bf02618279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A new method for the in vitro culture of entire, intact tracheas from adult guinea pigs is described. Matrix-embed/perfusion (MEP) culture is based on an immobilization of the tissue in nutrient agar The tubular piece of agar-embedded organ was contained in a special perfusion block with two wells for liquid medium at either end. When incubated on a rocker platform, liquid medium flows through the trachea and supplies oxygen an nutrients. In this configuration, tracheas maintain near-normal metabolism (ATP content and dehydrogenase activity), structure (as determined by light and electron microscopy), and function (ciliary motion). Tissues could be maintained in vitro in a normal for at least 4 wk, with reduced ciliary motion and cell metabolism detectable for at least 6 wk. Agar-embedded tissues from the MEP cultures were nearly identical to those cultivated with standard tracheal ring explant techniques. Tracheas in the MEP cultures were infected with Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Attachment was neuraminidase-sensitive. Mycoplasma attachment was lowest on the epithelium along the dorsal ridge, but was uniform along the length of the trachea. Ciliostasis and cytonecrosis induced by M. pneumoniae was dose dependent. The matrix-embed/perfuse technique appears to have considerable potential for several types of in vitro studies on trachea or other tubular organs.
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Kihara K, Yamada K, Sasaki T, Shintani M, Okumura H. Attachment of Mycoplasma hominis and M. orale to human diploid lung fibroblasts. Microbiol Immunol 1981; 25:745-9. [PMID: 6793814 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1981.tb00078.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The process of attachment of Mycoplasma hominis and M. orale to HAIN-55 cells, derived from normal embryonic human lung, was investigated quantitatively. The attachment reached its maximum within about 2-4 hr at 37 degrees C and increased linearly as a function of the number of organisms present in the system. The relative attachment efficiency of M. hominis was approximately 1% under our experimental conditions. Trypsin and EDTA were effective in detaching particles of M. hominis and M. orale from the surfaces of HAIN-55 cells. Therefore it was suggested that some proteinaceous substance and salt bridges might be involved in the attachment of these mycoplasmas to HAIN-55 cells.
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Prakash G, Gabridge MG. Influence of the fusogenic agent polyethylene glycol on attachment of Mycoplasma pneumoniae to other cells. Infect Immun 1981; 32:969-72. [PMID: 6788705 PMCID: PMC351539 DOI: 10.1128/iai.32.2.969-972.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of fusogenic agents on the interaction of Mycoplasma pneumoniae with human lung fibroblasts was evaluated. A 60-s exposure of the fibroblasts to polyethylene glycol (molecular weight 200; 10%) significantly increased attachment of mycoplasmas to the fibroblasts.
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Abstract
A vessel consisting of a Teflon well former, metal base plate, rubber gasket, and variable growth surface has been constructed. It is nontoxic, autoclavable, and reusable. It provides for ready access into the growth chamber, plus an optically clear lower surface for improved microscopic resolution. The vessel has been used successfully with several different eucaryotic and procaryotic cell systems. Morphology of cells and yields (as measured by total protein and ATP) are comparable to those noted with other vessels. This Chamber/Dish can accommodate almost any type of growth substrate in the form of films or sheets. It appears to have widespread application for the growth of cells and explants in vitro.
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Upchurch S, Gabridge MG. Role of host cell metabolism in the pathogenesis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Infect Immun 1981; 31:174-81. [PMID: 6163715 PMCID: PMC351767 DOI: 10.1128/iai.31.1.174-181.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Human lung fibroblasts develop a cytopathic effect (CPE) when infected with Mycoplasma pneumoniae. This study was designed to determine the relationship between host cell metabolism and the formation of the CPE. Human lung fibroblasts were grown in different serum concentrations, plated at different densities, and grown for different periods of time to alter the metabolic activity of the cells. Deoxyribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid, and protein syntheses were measured by the ability of the cells to incorporate thymidine, uridine, and leucine, respectively. With each treatment, leucine incorporation remained constant. Thymidine and uridine incorporation was higher when the cells were in high serum, at low cell densities, or grown for 2 or 3 days. The appearance of an observable CPE, which was corroborated with a protein synthesis assay, correlated closely with thymidine and uridine incorporation. A more pronounced CPE was seen when thymidine and uridine incorporation was high. In addition, it was found that the first 2 h after infection by M. pneumoniae were the critical hours in determining whether a CPE would develop. This was accomplished by altering the serum concentration of the culture medium at different times postinfection and thereby altering the metabolism of the fibroblasts. These results demonstrate the importance of the metabolic state of the host cells in studying mycoplasma infections and establish a correlation between the nucleic acid metabolism of the cells and the production of a CPE.
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Banai M, Razin S, Bredt W, Kahane I. Isolation of binding sites to glycophorin from Mycoplasma pneumoniae membranes. Infect Immun 1980; 30:628-34. [PMID: 6785229 PMCID: PMC551361 DOI: 10.1128/iai.30.3.628-634.1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Sialoglycoproteins are major receptor sites for attachment of Mycoplasma pneumoniae to respiratory epithelium and erythrocytes (RBC). We used glycophorin, the major sialoglycoprotein of human RBC, as a ligand in affinity chromatography for the isolation of the binding sites from M. pneumoniae membranes. Membranes isolated from M. pneumoniae cells, radioiodinated by the lactoperoxidase technique, were treated with 0.5% deoxycholate. The insoluble residue, exhibiting an increased capacity to bind to RBC, was solubilized by 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate. The solubilized material was subjected to chromatography on a glycophorin-Sepharose column. The fraction retained on the column was eluted with 0.2% sodium dodecyl sulfate. It lacked the high-molecular-weight polypeptides and was highly enriched with two polypeptides (apparent molecular weights, 45,000 and 25,000). The eluted fraction exhibited a high capacity to bind to glycophorin-Sepharose beads and a lower capacity to bind to RBC. The binding of the eluted fraction to RBC was almost completely abolished by glycophorin, but not by its hydrophobic moiety. Binding of the fraction to glycophorin-Sepharose beads was inhibited to about the same extent by both glycophorin and its hydrophobic moiety, suggesting that components of the eluted fraction are also capable of binding to the hydrophobic moiety of glycophorin, which is apparently exposed on the beads but not on the RBC surface.
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Abstract
Much attention has been devoted to the study of bacterial adherence to mammalian surfaces in vitro during the past several years. Some in vivo evidence also suggests that this process may indeed be an integral part of the pathogenesis of colonization and certain infections. The biochemical basis of attachment and definition of the actual receptor sites involved are just starting to become known and seem to be different amongst individual bacteria genera. However, pili may mediate attachment of a variety of gram-negative organisms to receptor cells, and streptococcal lipoteichoic acids probably serve a similar function. Some recent study methods and results in this field are reviewed.
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Gabridge MG, Taylor-Robinson D. Interaction of Mycoplasma pneumoniae with human lung fibroblasts: role of receptor sites. Infect Immun 1979; 25:455-9. [PMID: 113349 PMCID: PMC414471 DOI: 10.1128/iai.25.1.455-459.1979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The biochemical nature of the neuraminidase-sensitive Mycoplasma pneumoniae receptor site on human lung fibroblast cells was studied. Purified, mixed sialoglycolipid (ganglioside) preparations from human and bovine tissues did not bind to M. pneumoniae organisms and block their subsequent attachment to fibroblasts. Fibroblasts incubated for 24 h in sialoglycolipid solutions to increase the ganglioside content of their membranes did not show increased pathogen attachment when later incubated with mycoplasmas. HeLa cells grown in the presence of sodium butyrate to increase GM3 ganglioside levels likewise did not have significantly increased uptake of M. pneumoniae organisms. Treatment of fibroblasts with enzymes indicated that the mycoplasma receptor site is trypsin and papain resistant but Pronase sensitive. Pronase digests of fibroblast membranes contained a product(s) which combined with M. pneumoniae cellls and cosedimented with them during centrifugation. Glycoproteins, purified from fibroblast membranes by a lithium diiodosalicylate solubilization technique, similarly bound to M. pneumoniae organisms. Collectively, these data suggest that the major component of the M. pneumoniae receptor site is a sialoglycoprotein with little or no lipid.
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