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Zhao S, Wu X, Tan Z, Ren Y, Li L, Ou J, Lin Y, Song H, Feng L, Seto D, Wu J, Zhang Q, Rong Z. Generation of Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Lung Organoids for Modeling Infection and Replication Differences between Human Adenovirus Types 3 and 55 and Evaluating Potential Antiviral Drugs. J Virol 2023; 97:e0020923. [PMID: 37120831 PMCID: PMC10231139 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00209-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Human adenoviruses type 3 (HAdV-3) and type 55 (HAdV-55) are frequently encountered, highly contagious respiratory pathogens with high morbidity rate. In contrast to HAdV-3, one of the most predominant types in children, HAdV-55 is a reemergent pathogen associated with more severe community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in adults, especially in military camps. However, the infectivity and pathogenicity differences between these viruses remain unknown as in vivo models are not available. Here, we report a novel system utilizing human embryonic stem cells-derived 3-dimensional airway organoids (hAWOs) and alveolar organoids (hALOs) to investigate these two viruses. Firstly, HAdV-55 replicated more robustly than HAdV-3. Secondly, cell tropism analysis in hAWOs and hALOs by immunofluorescence staining revealed that HAdV-55 infected more airway and alveolar stem cells (basal and AT2 cells) than HAdV-3, which may lead to impairment of self-renewal functions post-injury and the loss of cell differentiation in lungs. Additionally, the viral life cycles of HAdV-3 and -55 in organoids were also observed using Transmission Electron Microscopy. This study presents a useful pair of lung organoids for modeling infection and replication differences between respiratory pathogens, illustrating that HAdV-55 has relatively higher replication efficiency and more specific cell tropism in human lung organoids than HAdV-3, which may result in relatively higher pathogenicity and virulence of HAdV-55 in human lungs. The model system is also suitable for evaluating potential antiviral drugs, as demonstrated with cidofovir. IMPORTANCE Human adenovirus (HAdV) infections are a major threat worldwide. HAdV-3 is one of the most predominant respiratory pathogen types found in children. Many clinical studies have reported that HAdV-3 causes less severe disease. In contrast, HAdV-55, a reemergent acute respiratory disease pathogen, is associated with severe community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Currently, no ideal in vivo models are available for studying HAdVs. Therefore, the mechanism of infectivity and pathogenicity differences between human adenoviruses remain unknown. In this study, a useful pair of 3-dimensional (3D) airway organoids (hAWOs) and alveolar organoids (hALOs) were developed to serve as a model. The life cycles of HAdV-3 and HAdV-55 in these human lung organoids were documented for the first time. These 3D organoids harbor different cell types, which are similar to the ones found in humans. This allows for the study of the natural target cells for infection. The finding of differences in replication efficiency and cell tropism between HAdV-55 and -3 may provide insights into the mechanism of clinical pathogenicity differences between these two important HAdV types. Additionally, this study provides a viable and effective in vitro tool for evaluating potential anti-adenoviral treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Zhao
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research (Ministry of Education), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xiaowei Wu
- BSL-3 Laboratory (Guangdong), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhihong Tan
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research (Ministry of Education), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yi Ren
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Viral Pathogenesis & Infection Prevention and Control, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lian Li
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research (Ministry of Education), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Junxian Ou
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Viral Pathogenesis & Infection Prevention and Control, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Lin
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research (Ministry of Education), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Experimental Education/Administration Center, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongbin Song
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Liqiang Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Donald Seto
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, USA
| | - Jianguo Wu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Viral Pathogenesis & Infection Prevention and Control, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiwei Zhang
- BSL-3 Laboratory (Guangdong), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Viral Pathogenesis & Infection Prevention and Control, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhili Rong
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research (Ministry of Education), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Experimental Education/Administration Center, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Cox A, Schmierer J, D’Angelo J, Smith A, Levenson D, Treanor J, Kim B, Dewhurst S. A Mutated PB1 Residue 319 Synergizes with the PB2 N265S Mutation of the Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine to Convey Temperature Sensitivity. Viruses 2020; 12:E1246. [PMID: 33142846 PMCID: PMC7693792 DOI: 10.3390/v12111246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Current influenza vaccines have modest efficacy. This is especially true for current live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIV), which have been inferior to the inactivated versions in recent years. Therefore, a new generation of live vaccines may be needed. We previously showed that a mutation at PB1 residue 319 confers enhanced temperature sensitivity and attenuation in an LAIV constructed in the genetic background of the mouse-adapted Influenza A Virus (IAV) strain A/PR/8/34 (PR8). Here, we describe the origin/discovery of this unique mutation and demonstrate that, when combined with the PB2 N265S mutation of LAIV, it conveys an even greater level of temperature sensitivity and attenuation on PR8 than the complete set of attenuating mutations from LAIV. Furthermore, we show that the combined PB1 L319Q and PB2 N265S mutations confer temperature sensitivity on IAV polymerase activity in two different genetic backgrounds, PR8 and A/Cal/04/09. Collectively, these findings show that the PB2 LAIV mutation synergizes with a mutation in PB1 and may have potential utility for improving LAIVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Cox
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, NY 14642, USA; (A.C.); (J.S.); (J.D.); (A.S.); (D.L.); (J.T.); (B.K.)
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, NY 14642, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Residency Program, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Jordana Schmierer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, NY 14642, USA; (A.C.); (J.S.); (J.D.); (A.S.); (D.L.); (J.T.); (B.K.)
| | - Josephine D’Angelo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, NY 14642, USA; (A.C.); (J.S.); (J.D.); (A.S.); (D.L.); (J.T.); (B.K.)
- Upstate Medical School, State University of New York, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Andrew Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, NY 14642, USA; (A.C.); (J.S.); (J.D.); (A.S.); (D.L.); (J.T.); (B.K.)
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, NY 14642, USA
| | - Dustyn Levenson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, NY 14642, USA; (A.C.); (J.S.); (J.D.); (A.S.); (D.L.); (J.T.); (B.K.)
- M.D./Ph.D. Training Program, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - John Treanor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, NY 14642, USA; (A.C.); (J.S.); (J.D.); (A.S.); (D.L.); (J.T.); (B.K.)
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, NY 14642, USA
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA)/HHS/ASPR, Influenza and Emerging Diseases Division 21J14, 200 C St SW, Washington, DC 20515, USA
| | - Baek Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, NY 14642, USA; (A.C.); (J.S.); (J.D.); (A.S.); (D.L.); (J.T.); (B.K.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Center for Drug Discovery, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Stephen Dewhurst
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, NY 14642, USA; (A.C.); (J.S.); (J.D.); (A.S.); (D.L.); (J.T.); (B.K.)
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Lee KH, Seo SU, Song JM, Lee CM, Kim HA, Seong BL. Characterization of live influenza vaccine donor strain derived from cold-adaptation of X-31 virus. Vaccine 2005; 24:1966-74. [PMID: 16343703 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2004] [Revised: 10/06/2005] [Accepted: 10/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A human influenza A virus X-31 (high-yielding strain) was cold-adapted for possible future use as live attenuated vaccine. Mutant influenza viruses were selected during successive serial passage in embryonated hens' eggs at progressively lower sub-optimal temperature (30, 27 degrees C followed by 24 degrees C). The cold-passaged mutant exhibited both temperature-sensitivity (ts) and cold-adapted (ca) phenotypes. The pathogenicity and immunogenicity of X-31 ca virus were studied in mice following intranasal inoculation. The mice did not show clinical signs even at high titer infection. Immunization of mice with X-31 ca virus elicited high titers of neutralizing antibody and provided complete protection against homologous and heterologous virus challenges. To assess the genetic stability, the X-31 ca virus was passaged at 37 degrees C in MDCK cells or inoculated into mice. Revertant virus was not found in the lungs of any of the mice and the supernatants of the MDCK culture. We conclude that the X-31 ca candidate vaccine virus exhibits the desired level of attenuation, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy required for live attenuated vaccine and merits further evaluation at clinical level.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptation, Physiological
- Administration, Intranasal
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Body Weight
- Cell Line
- Chick Embryo
- Cold Temperature
- Dogs
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Female
- Influenza A Virus, H2N2 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A virus/genetics
- Influenza A virus/growth & development
- Influenza A virus/immunology
- Influenza A virus/pathogenicity
- Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Influenza Vaccines/adverse effects
- Influenza Vaccines/genetics
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Lung/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Neutralization Tests
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/prevention & control
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/virology
- Phenotype
- Vaccines, Attenuated/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Attenuated/adverse effects
- Vaccines, Attenuated/genetics
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
- Viral Plaque Assay
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-Hee Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering, Yonsei University, 134 Shinchon-Dong, Sodaemun-Gu, Seoul 120-749, South Korea
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Neumann G, Kawaoka Y. Genetic engineering of influenza and other negative-strand RNA viruses containing segmented genomes. Adv Virus Res 2000; 53:265-300. [PMID: 10582103 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3527(08)60352-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G Neumann
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706, USA
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Potter CW, Jennings R. Intranasal immunization with inactivated influenza vaccine. PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY TODAY 1999; 2:402-408. [PMID: 10498920 DOI: 10.1016/s1461-5347(99)00194-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The development of improved vaccines against epidemic and pandemic influenza virus infection remains a priority in vaccine research. Killed vaccines given by injection are both cost-effective and induce immunity; however, their limitations are well known. Live vaccines have been in development for many years, but difficulties and safety concerns have prohibited their licensing in Western countries. However, the newer technologies of vaccine development, including DNA vaccines and attenuated virus vaccines produced by reverse genetics, remain a hope for the future. With these problems in mind, emphasis has been given to the development of inactivated vaccines that are administered intranasally, either as repeated doses of saline vaccine or in conjunction with suitable carriers or adjuvants. This review describes these latter developments and concludes that this approach offers advantages and should be vigorously researched.
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Affiliation(s)
- CW Potter
- Sheffield Institute for Vaccine Studies, Division of Molecular and Genetic Medicine and Division of Child Health, University of Sheffield Medical School, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
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Piedra PA, Glezen WP, Mbawuike I, Gruber WC, Baxter BD, Boland FJ, Byrd RW, Fan LL, Lewis JK, Rhodes LJ. Studies on reactogenicity and immunogenicity of attenuated bivalent cold recombinant influenza type A (CRA) and inactivated trivalent influenza virus (TI) vaccines in infants and young children. Vaccine 1993; 11:718-24. [PMID: 8342319 DOI: 10.1016/0264-410x(93)90255-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Fifty-two infants seronegative to or without prior infection with influenza type A viruses were enrolled in a study to evaluate reactogenicity and immunogenicity of three bivalent cold recombinant type A (CRA) and two trivalent inactivated influenza (TI) vaccines. Controls consisted of infants receiving normal saline by nose drops (Pli.n.) or intramuscularly (Pli.m.). CRA and TI vaccines were monitored for local and systemic reactions after vaccination. Serum specimens obtained prior to and 6 weeks postvaccination were analysed for neutralizing antibody to influenza H1N1 and H3N2 viruses. CRA vaccines and Pli.n. recipients had similar numbers of acute respiratory infections and comparable rates of illnesses during the trial. Significantly fewer CRA vaccinees without an intercurrent viral infection had fever (0/16 versus 4/10, p = 0.04) and cough (4/16 versus 9/10, p = 0.002) than CRA vaccinees with a confirmed intercurrent viral infection. Recipients of TI vaccine and Pli.m. did not develop reactions at the injection site. For each of the CRA vaccines tested, a dominant CRA virus was identified. The dominant CRA viruses were isolated from a greater number of infants or for a longer duration than the non-dominant CRA viruses. All 14 non-dominant CRA viruses were recovered from infants within the first week after vaccination; 24 of 77 dominant CRA viruses were recovered more than 7 days after vaccination. The immunogenicity of CRA vaccines was not affected by a confirmed intercurrent viral infection or low titres of influenza-specific antibody.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Piedra
- Department of Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Influenza Research Center, Houston, TX 77030
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Odagiri T, Tanaka T, Tobita K. Temperature-sensitive defect of influenza A/Ann Arbor/6/60 cold-adapted variant leads to a blockage of matrix polypeptide incorporation into the plasma membrane of the infected cells. Virus Res 1987; 7:203-18. [PMID: 3604455 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1702(87)90028-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A temperature-sensitive (ts) defect in growth of the A/Ann Arbor/6/60 (A/AA/60) cold-adapted (ca) and ts variant strain has been studied. At the restrictive temperature of 38.5 degrees C, the variant synthesized all the viral polypeptides in normal amounts within the infected cells, but the virions released into the culture fluid contained greatly reduced amounts of the matrix (M1) polypeptide and showed significantly low infectivity per unit hemagglutinin activity. Cell fractionation experiments revealed that incorporation of the M1 polypeptide into plasma membranes of the variant-infected cells was selectively reduced at 38.5 degrees C, whilst it occurred normally at 34 degrees C. The ts reassortants between the A/AA/60 variant and the A/AA/1/80 wild type (wt) strain (non-ts), which had the M gene derived from the wt parent, also showed similar patterns. These results suggest that the ts defect of the variant and its ts reassortants involves the process of incorporation of the M1 polypeptide into the plasma membranes of the infected cells and that this defect is not attributable to the M gene of the variant.
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Snyder MH, Clements ML, De Borde D, Maassab HF, Murphy BR. Attenuation of wild-type human influenza A virus by acquisition of the PA polymerase and matrix protein genes of influenza A/Ann Arbor/6/60 cold-adapted donor virus. J Clin Microbiol 1985; 22:719-25. [PMID: 4056002 PMCID: PMC268513 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.22.5.719-725.1985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Wild-type influenza A viruses can be attenuated for humans by the acquisition of genes from the A/Ann Arbor/6/60 cold-adapted (ca) donor virus. Six-gene reassortants, that is, viruses containing the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase surface glycoprotein genes of the wild-type virus and the six remaining RNA segments of the ca donor virus, are consistently attenuated for humans. During the production of a six-gene reassortant virus containing the surface glycoproteins of the A/Washington/897/80 (H3N2) wild-type virus, a reassortant virus was isolated that contained RNA segments 3 (coding for the polymerase PA protein) and 7 (coding for matrix [M] proteins) from the ca parent and all other genes from the wild-type virus. This reassortant virus is referred to as a two-gene reassortant. Because the gene or set of genes responsible for the attenuation of ca reassortant viruses has not been defined, we evaluated the two-gene reassortant for level of replication and level of virulence in ferrets and in humans, and we compared its characteristics to those of a six-gene reassortant virus derived from the same two parents. The two-gene reassortant virus infected each of 14 adult seronegative (serum hemagglutination inhibition titer of less than or equal to 1:8) volunteers when administered intranasally at a dose of 10(7) 50% tissue culture infectious doses, yet it did not produce illness. The level of replication of the two-gene reassortant virus in the upper respiratory tract was equivalent to that of the six-gene reassortant virus. This demonstrates that transfer of the A/Ann Arbor/6/60 ca PA polymerase and M genes is sufficient to confer the attenuation phenotype on wild-type influenza A viruses. In the context of previous observations, these results suggest that the A/Ann Arbor/6/60 ca donor virus PA polymerase gene plays a major role in the attenuation of ca reassortant viruses.
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Murphy BR, Markoff LJ, Hosier NT, Massicot JG, Chanock RM. Production and level of genetic stability of an influenza A virus temperature-sensitive mutant containing two genes with ts mutations. Infect Immun 1982; 37:235-42. [PMID: 7107005 PMCID: PMC347518 DOI: 10.1128/iai.37.1.235-242.1982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Temperature-sensitive (ts) reassortant vaccine strains derived from the A/Udorn/72 ts-1A2 donor virus were not sufficiently stable genetically in humans. We therefore sought to produce a new, more stable donor virus. We had previously identified a stable ts virus with a ts P3 gene and in the current study identified another relatively stable single-lesion ts virus with a ts mutation in the NP gene. A new ts reassortant virus was constructed by mating these two single mutants and by isolating three reassortant progeny, clones 20, 53, and 55, that contained both a ts P3 and a ts NP gene. These reassortant progeny possessed a 37 to 38 degrees C shutoff temperature and were as restricted in their replication in hamster lungs as the A/Udorn/72 ts-1A2 virus. All isolates from the lungs and nasal turbinates of hamsters were temperature sensitive. An in vitro stress test was used to determine whether the new ts P3 ts NP reassortant virus would undergo loss of its ts phenotype after replication at semipermissive temperature. Clone 20 and 55 reassortants underwent progressive loss of their ts phenotype in vitro, although at a rate slightly less than that of the A/Udorn/72 ts-1A2 virus. The level of genetic stability after replication in vivo was assessed in cyclophosphamide-treated hamsters in which virus replication continued for up to 15 days. Again, both the A/Udorn/72 ts-1A2 and the new ts P3 ts NP reassortant clone 55 manifested a progressive loss of temperature sensitivity after 7 days of replication. Clone 55 virus lost temperature sensitivity significantly less rapidly than the A/Udorn/72 ts-1A2 virus. These results indicated that, although the new ts P3 ts NP reassortant virus was more stable than the A/Udorn/72 ts-1A2 virus, it nevertheless underwent progressive loss of temperature sensitivity after replication in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, it does not appear to be a satisfactory donor virus. This experience plus that gained earlier with other ts mutants of influenza A virus suggest that influenza A virus mutants that rely solely upon their ts phenotype for attenuation are unlikely to exhibit the phenotypic stability required of a vaccine virus. Other genetic techniques are needed to produce more stable influenza A virus strains.
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12
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Odagiri T, DeBorde DC, Maassab HF. Cold-adapted recombinants of influenza A virus in MDCK cells. I. Development and characterization of A/Ann Arbor/6/60 X A/Alaska/6/77 recombinant viruses. Virology 1982; 119:82-95. [PMID: 7072155 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(82)90067-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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13
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Development of cold-adapted recombinant live, attenuated influenza A vaccines in the U.S.A. and U.S.S.R. Antiviral Res 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/0166-3542(82)90034-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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