1
|
Govea-Alonso DO, García-Soto MJ, Betancourt-Mendiola L, Padilla-Ortega E, Rosales-Mendoza S, González-Ortega O. Nanoclays: Promising Materials for Vaccinology. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10091549. [PMID: 36146630 PMCID: PMC9505858 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Clay materials and nanoclays have gained recent popularity in the vaccinology field, with biocompatibility, simple functionalization, low toxicity, and low-cost as their main attributes. As elements of nanovaccines, halloysite nanotubes (natural), layered double hydroxides and hectorite (synthetic) are the nanoclays that have advanced into the vaccinology field. Until now, only physisorption has been used to modify the surface of nanoclays with antigens, adjuvants, and/or ligands to create nanovaccines. Protocols to covalently attach these molecules have not been developed with nanoclays, only procedures to develop adsorbents based on nanoclays that could be extended to develop nanovaccine conjugates. In this review, we describe the approaches evaluated on different nanovaccine candidates reported in articles, the immunological results obtained with them and the most advanced approaches in the preclinical field, while describing the nanomaterial itself. In addition, complex systems that use nanoclays were included and described. The safety of nanoclays as carriers is an important key fact to determine their true potential as nanovaccine candidates in humans. Here, we present the evaluations reported in this field. Finally, we point out the perspectives in the development of vaccine prototypes using nanoclays as antigen carriers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dania O. Govea-Alonso
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Manuel Nava 6, Zona Universitaria, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico
- Sección de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Sierra Leona 550, Lomas 2ª. Sección, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico
| | - Mariano J. García-Soto
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Manuel Nava 6, Zona Universitaria, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico
| | - Lourdes Betancourt-Mendiola
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Manuel Nava 6, Zona Universitaria, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico
- Sección de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Sierra Leona 550, Lomas 2ª. Sección, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico
| | - Erika Padilla-Ortega
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Manuel Nava 6, Zona Universitaria, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico
| | - Sergio Rosales-Mendoza
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Manuel Nava 6, Zona Universitaria, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico
- Sección de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Sierra Leona 550, Lomas 2ª. Sección, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico
- Correspondence: (S.R.-M.); (O.G.-O.); Tel.: +52-4448262300 (S.R.-M. & O.G.-O.)
| | - Omar González-Ortega
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Manuel Nava 6, Zona Universitaria, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico
- Sección de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Sierra Leona 550, Lomas 2ª. Sección, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico
- Correspondence: (S.R.-M.); (O.G.-O.); Tel.: +52-4448262300 (S.R.-M. & O.G.-O.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rosales Delgado S, Alzate Arbeláez AF, Zapata Acosta K, Cortés FB, Rojano BA. Improvement of probiotic viability through the design of novel biomaterials using coffee pulp wastes and Lactobacillus rhamnosus. FOOD SCI TECHNOL INT 2022:10820132221100683. [PMID: 35549737 DOI: 10.1177/10820132221100683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The immobilization of bacteria cells has shown to be an efficient technology to improve cell viability. This study used lyophilized and pulverized coffee pulp (LPC) and LPC functionalized with theobromine at two concentrations, 3.1 w/w and 2.4 w/w named as LPF1 and LPF2, respectively, to immobilize Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 53103 cells (biomaterials) and increase the viability of the cell at storage and gastrointestinal conditions. To characterize the biomaterials, SEM, Dynamic Light Scattering, TGA, , FTIR and Isoeletrc Point measurements (or zeta potential measurements) were carried out. To evaluate the effectiveness of immobilization, cell viability as a function of storage time and under simulated gastrointestinal conditions was evaluated. Regarding the characterization of the materials, the particle sizes were 21.7 to 334.4 nm and they experienced mass losses of less than 10% at 100°C. The FTIR indicated the presence of functional groups related to caffeine, chlorogenic acid, sucrose, arabinogalactans, carbohydrates, and proteins in all biomaterials. The sorption kinetic parameters showed an adsorptive capacity between 3.0 × 109 and 8.0 × 109 CFU.g-1, being LPF1 the best materials to immobilize the cells, associated with LPF1 surface properties. The viability was higher for immobilized cells than for free cells, when left in storage and under simulated gastric conditions. Finally, the biomaterials could be used in the preparation of probiotic diets based on lactobacilli. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study regarding the use of waste from coffee agribusiness to develop probiotic biocarriers which opens up possibilities for future developments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephania Rosales Delgado
- Grupo Química de los Productos Naturales y los Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia-Sede Medellín, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Andrés Felipe Alzate Arbeláez
- Grupo Química de los Productos Naturales y los Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia-Sede Medellín, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Karol Zapata Acosta
- Grupo de Fenómenos de Superficie, Michael Polanyi, Departamento de Procesos y Energía, Facultad de Minas, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Farid B Cortés
- Grupo de Fenómenos de Superficie, Michael Polanyi, Departamento de Procesos y Energía, Facultad de Minas, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Benjamín A Rojano
- Grupo Química de los Productos Naturales y los Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia-Sede Medellín, Medellín, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mi X, Bromley EK, Joshi PU, Long F, Heldt CL. Virus Isoelectric Point Determination Using Single-Particle Chemical Force Microscopy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:370-378. [PMID: 31845814 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b03070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Virus colloidal behavior is governed by the interaction of the viral surface and the surrounding environment. One method to characterize the virus surface charge is the isoelectric point (pI). Traditional determination of virus pI has focused on the bulk characterization of a viral solution. However, virus capsids are extremely heterogeneous, and a single-particle method may give more information on the range of surface charge observed across a population. One method to measure the virus pI is chemical force microscopy (CFM). CFM is a single-particle technique that measures the adhesion force of a functionalized atomic force microscope (AFM) probe and, in this case, a virus covalently bound to a surface. Non-enveloped porcine parvovirus (PPV) and enveloped bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) were used to demonstrate the use of CFM for viral particles with different surface properties. We have validated the CFM to determine the pI of PPV to be 4.8-5.1, which has a known pI value of 5.0 in the literature, and to predict the unknown pI of BVDV to be 4.3-4.5. Bulk measurements, ζ-potential, and aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) cross-partitioning methods were also used to validate the new CFM method for the virus pI. Most methods were in good agreement. CFM can detect the surface charge of viral capsids at a single-particle level and enable the comparison of surface charge between different types of viruses.
Collapse
|
4
|
Soon RL, Li J, Boyce JD, Harper M, Adler B, Larson I, Nation RL. Cell surface hydrophobicity of colistin-susceptible vs resistant Acinetobacter baumannii determined by contact angles: methodological considerations and implications. J Appl Microbiol 2013; 113:940-51. [PMID: 22574702 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2012.05337.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Contact angle analysis of cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH) describes the tendency of a water droplet to spread across a lawn of filtered bacterial cells. Colistin-induced disruption of the Gram-negative outer membrane necessitates hydrophobic contacts with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We aimed to characterize the CSH of Acinetobacter baumannii using contact angles, to provide insight into the mechanism of colistin resistance. Contact angles were analysed for five paired colistin-susceptible and resistant Ac. baumannii strains. Drainage of the water droplet through bacterial layers was demonstrated to influence results. Consequently, measurements were performed 0·66s after droplet deposition. Colistin-resistant cells exhibited lower contact angles (38·8±2·8-46·8±1·3°) compared with their paired colistin-susceptible strains (40·7±3·0-48·0±1·4°; anova; P<0·05). Contact angles increased at stationary phase (50·3±2·9-61·5±2·5° and 47·4±2·0-50·8±3·2°, susceptible and resistant, respectively, anova; P<0·05) and in response to colistin 32mgl(-1) exposure (44·5±1·5-50·6±2·8° and 43·5±2·2-48·0±2·2°, susceptible and resistant, respectively; anova; P<0·05). Analysis of complemented strains constructed with an intact lpxA gene, or empty vector, highlighted the contribution of LPS to CSH. Compositional outer-membrane variations likely account for CSH differences between Ac. baumannii phenotypes, which influence the hydrophobic colistin-bacterium interaction. Important insight into the mechanism of colistin resistance has been provided. Greater consideration of contact angle methodology is necessary to ensure accurate analyses are performed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R L Soon
- Facility for Anti-infective Drug Development and Innovation, Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abdillahi SM, Balvanović S, Baumgarten M, Mörgelin M. Collagen VI encodes antimicrobial activity: novel innate host defense properties of the extracellular matrix. J Innate Immun 2012; 4:371-6. [PMID: 22398575 DOI: 10.1159/000335239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Collagen type VI is a subepithelial extracellular matrix component in airways and an adhesive substrate for oral pathogens [Bober et al.: J Innate Immun 2010;2:160-166]. Here, we report that collagen VI displays a dose-dependent antimicrobial activity against group A, C, and G streptococci by membrane disruption in physiological conditions. The data disclose previously unrecognized aspects of the extracellular matrix in innate host defense.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suado M Abdillahi
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Biomedical Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yang Z, Fah MK, Reynolds KA, Sexton JD, Riley MR, Anne ML, Bureau B, Lucas P. Opto-electrophoretic detection of bio-molecules using conducting chalcogenide glass sensors. OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 18:26754-26759. [PMID: 21165025 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.026754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Novel telluride glasses with high electrical conductivity, wide infrared transparency and good resistance to crystallization are used to design an opto-electrophoretic sensor for detection and identification of hazardous microorganisms. The sensor is based on an attenuated total reflectance element made of Ge-As-Te glass that serves as both an optical sensing zone and an electrode for driving the migration of bio-molecules within the evanescent wave of the sensor. An electric field is applied between the optical element and a counter electrode in order to induce the migration of bio-molecules carrying surface charges. The effect of concentration and applied voltage is tested and the migration effect is shown to be reversible upon switching the electric field. The collected signal is of high quality and can be used to identify different bacterial genus through statistical spectral analysis. This technique therefore provides the ability to detect hazardous microorganisms with high specificity and high sensitivity in aqueous environments. This has great potential for online monitoring of water quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
STRÖM GUNNAR, BLOMQUIST GÖRAN, SÖDERSTRÖM BENGT. A chemotaxonomic method for classification of asymmetric penicillia by means of cross-partition in aqueous two-phase systems combined with SIMCA pattern recognition analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1989.tb05116.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
8
|
Ström GB. Cross-point determination ofPenicilliumconidia-Characterization of closely related fungi. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1986.tb01095.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
9
|
Sanin SL. Effect of starvation on resuscitation and the surface characteristics of bacteria. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2003; 38:1517-1528. [PMID: 12929805 DOI: 10.1081/ese-120021476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Resuscitation behavior of bacteria after starvation for carbon and nitrogen was investigated. In addition effect of carbon and nitrogen starvation conditions on the surface characteristics and adhesive properties of bacteria were studied. Two pure culture herbicide degrading bacteria were used in the study: Pseudomonas sp. strain A, and Rhodococcus corallinus strain 11. These bacteria are known to degrade cyanuric acid which is a derivative of s-triazine, a common herbicide used widely. Selected bacteria were starved for carbon (glucose) and nitrogen (cyanuric acid) in different bioreactors and their physiological responses to starvation and resuscitation were measured. Different resuscitation responses were observed under different starvation conditions such that long lag phase was, observed for Rhodococcus corallinus strain 11 subjected to cyanuric acid starvation. Slow exponential growth rates were calculated for both microorganisms subjected to cyanuric acid starvation. The surface properties of both microorganisms were investigated using MATH test with two different hydrocarbons (hexadecane and octane). Hexadecane was observed to be the best organic attachment phase for these tests. Surface hydrophobiciy for all the microorganisms stayed unchanged during carbon starvation conditions. Significant decrease in hydrophobicity was observed for both cultures starved for nitrogen. When the hydrophobicity of the cultures decreased, the attachment capabilities of the microorganisms decreased. The decrease in attachment capabilities is a result of highly hydrated extracellular polysaccharides produced in the presence of carbon in the medium. Results of this study can be used as control tools in soil remediation applications.
Collapse
|
10
|
Sanin SL, Sanin F, Bryers JD. Effect of starvation on the adhesive properties of xenobiotic degrading bacteria. Process Biochem 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-9592(02)00173-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
11
|
Umakoshi H, Kuboi R, Komasawa I. Control of partitioning of bacterial cells and characterization of their surface properties in aqueous two-phase systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0922-338x(97)81914-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
|
12
|
Walter H, Forciniti D. Cross-partitioning: determination of isoelectric point by partitioning. Methods Enzymol 1994; 228:223-33. [PMID: 7519284 DOI: 10.1016/0076-6879(94)28022-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H Walter
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, California 90822
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Affiliation(s)
- G Johansson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Albertsson PA. Separation of cells and cell organelles by partition in aqueous polymer two-phase systems. Methods Enzymol 1989; 171:532-49. [PMID: 2480505 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(89)71029-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
15
|
Beck G, Puchelle E, Plotkowski C, Peslin R. Effect of growth on surface charge and hydrophobicity of Staphylococcus aureus. ANNALES DE L'INSTITUT PASTEUR. MICROBIOLOGY 1988; 139:655-64. [PMID: 3252904 DOI: 10.1016/0769-2609(88)90070-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Modifications in the surface charge and hydrophobicity of Staphylococcus aureus Oxford during growth were studied by analysing electrophoretic mobility and adherence to hydrocarbons (hexadecane), respectively. Bacterial concentration had no effect upon the measurements. Both surface charge and hydrophobicity varied during the exponential phase of growth (1 to 4 h): surface charge decreased significantly (p less than 0.001), while hydrophobicity increased (p less than 0.001). In the stationary phase (4 to 9 h), the surface charge increased significantly (p less than 0.001), whereas hydrophobicity showed no change. Cationized ferritin decreased the surface charge and had no effect on hydrophobicity. These results suggest that in S. aureus, different structures could be responsible for their surface charge and hydrophobic properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Beck
- Unité INSERM U 14, Vandoeuvre lès Nancy, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hogg SD, Manning JE. The hydrophobicity of 'viridans' streptococci isolated from the human mouth. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1987; 63:311-8. [PMID: 3436855 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1987.tb02708.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The hydrophobicity of human oral streptococci was measured with the hexadecane assay modified by the incorporation of polyethylene glycol 6000. Large variability in the hydrophobicity between cultures of some strains grown on different occasions was observed whereas other strains were less variable. The variation in hydrophobicity was significantly reduced by growing the cells in continuous culture in a chemostat under glucose-limiting conditions. The Streptococcus mutans strains used all had low hydrophobicity and the mean hydrophobicity of this species was significantly lower (P less than 0.05) than the mean hydrophobicity of Strep. salivarius, Strep. sanguis Type I and Strep. sanguis Type II strains. This finding supports the view that hydrophobicity is a contributing factor in the adhesion of viridans streptococci to oral surfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S D Hogg
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
The hydrophobicity of the bacterial cell surface was determined by using nonionic surfactants. The method is based on the adsorption of nonionic surfactants at the hydrophobic sites of the cell surface. Among many nonionic surfactants, C18H37O(CH2CH2O)13H was preferred. The surfactant was added in excess to a bacterial suspension, and the suspension was mixed by sonication or mechanical stirring. The amount of surfactant remaining in the supernatant after centrifugation was determined spectrophotometrically by measuring the absorbance of tetrabromophenolphthalein ethylester. Effective dispersion of bacterial cells such as Staphylococcus aureus and Mycobacterium smegmatis was achieved by sonication in the presence of the nonionic surfactant. Adsorption measurements coincided with Langmuir's equation, indicative of monolayer adsorption. The method is useful for the determination of the hydrophobicity of various bacterial cell surfaces.
Collapse
|
18
|
Miörner H, Havlícek J, Kronvall G. Surface characteristics of group A streptococci with and without M-protein. ACTA PATHOLOGICA, MICROBIOLOGICA, ET IMMUNOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA. SECTION B, MICROBIOLOGY 1984; 92:23-30. [PMID: 6424406 DOI: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1984.tb02789.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Twenty M protein-positive and eight M protein-negative strains of group A streptococci were investigated with respect to surface hydrophobicity and amount of lipoteichoic acid (LTA). Surface hydrophobicity as determined in polymer two-phase systems varied substantially between individual strains and there was no correlation to the presence of antiphagocytic M protein. The amount of LTA on the surface of the bacteria varied with hydrophobic affinity of the cells. Strains with a high content of surface LTA were found among both M-positive and M-negative streptococci. Cellular and extracellular LTA was estimated on six strains by the ability of hot phenol extracts and culture fluids to sensitize erythrocytes and by rocket immunoelectrophoretic quantitation. Differences in content of surface LTA did not correlate to differences in the total amount of cellular LTA. Pepsin digestion of M-positive group A streptococci at suboptimal pH resulted in a loss of M antigen whereas surface LTA and the hydrophobic interaction liability was retained. The results indicate that the degree of surface hydrophobicity as measured by two-phase partitioning is not correlated to either the type-specific or the antiphagocytic moiety of M protein. The results support the correlation between surface LTA and surface hydrophobicity of group A streptococci.
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
A number of isolates of Vibrio cholerae were examined with respect to their (i) surface hydrophobicity as measured by hydrophobic interaction chromatography, (ii) capacity to agglutinate erythrocytes, and (iii) ability to bind to an ion-exchange matrix. V. cholerae isolates, cultured under a variety of growth conditions, were conspicuously hydrophobic. The hydrophobicity was accentuated when these strains were (i) cultivated in a chemically defined synthetic medium, (ii) harvested at the exponential phase of growth, and (iii) cultured at a lower temperature. Rough strains were more hydrophobic than smooth strains. Of the various surface components examined, the outer membrane proteins were conspicuously hydrophobic. The cell-bound hemagglutinating activity of V. cholerae strains was increased when these strains were cultured in synthetic medium and harvested at the stationary phase of growth. This property was unaffected by the growth temperature. Only D-mannose, at a high concentration, inhibited hemagglutination of 80% of the isolates examined. L-Fucose did not inhibit the hemagglutinating activity. V. cholerae strains adhered strongly to the anion-exchange matrix DEAE-cellulose. The surface charge density was accentuated when these strains were grown in synthetic medium. These results suggest that the V. cholerae surface contains both specific (hemagglutinating) and nonspecific (hydrophobic and ionic) factors which may influence its eventual adherence to the host cell surface.
Collapse
|
20
|
Miörner H, Johansson G, Kronvall G. Lipoteichoic acid is the major cell wall component responsible for surface hydrophobicity of group A streptococci. Infect Immun 1983; 39:336-43. [PMID: 6337099 PMCID: PMC347944 DOI: 10.1128/iai.39.1.336-343.1983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The contribution of lipoteichoic acid (LTA) to the hydrophobic surface properties of group A streptococci was investigated in aqueous dextran-polyethylene glycol two-phase systems. Enzymatic digestions were performed to characterize the hydrophobic surface structure. The results obtained indicated that LTA is a major factor responsible for the hydrophobic character of the cell surface of group A streptococci. This was further supported by the similarity of partition in polymer two-phase systems between whole group A streptococci and tritiated LTA extracted from a group A streptococcal strain. Surface LTA was also determined on intact organisms by a new method measuring the adsorption of antibodies to LTA to the bacterial surface. A correlation was found between the content of surface LTA and the hydrophobicity of the group A streptococci. We conclude that surface-associated LTA is the major factor determining surface hydrophobicity of group A streptococci.
Collapse
|
21
|
Nesbitt WE, Doyle RJ, Taylor KG. Hydrophobic interactions and the adherence of Streptococcus sanguis to hydroxylapatite. Infect Immun 1982; 38:637-44. [PMID: 6292108 PMCID: PMC347787 DOI: 10.1128/iai.38.2.637-644.1982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus sanguis demonstrated a high affinity for hydrocarbon solvents. When aqueous suspensions of the organism were mixed with either hexadecane or toluene, the cells tended to bind to the nonaqueous solvent. Increases in temperature resulted in a greater affinity of cells for hexadecane. Interaction between the cells and hexadecane was also enhanced by dilute aqueous sodium chloride and by low pH (pH less than 5). The results suggest that the cell surface of S. sanguis has hydrophobic properties. Isolated cell walls also tended to partition into the nonaqueous solvent. Amino acid analyses of the walls revealed the presence of several amino acids which possess hydrophobic side chains. It is likely that the hydrophobic amino acids associated with the cell wall contribute to the hydrophobicity of intact S. sanguis. When the adherence of S. sanguis to saliva-coated hydroxylapatite was measured, it was found that hydrophobic bond-disrupting agents, such as the Li+ cation, the SCN- anion, and sodium dodecyl sulfate, were capable of inhibiting the cell-hydroxylapatite union. In addition, it was observed that both urea and tetramethylurea were inhibitors of the adherence, although the latter reagent was the superior inhibitor. The results suggest that the adherence of S. sanguis to saliva-coated smooth surfaces is at least partially dependent on the formation of hydrophobic bonds between the cell and adsorbed salivary proteins. Hydrophobic bonding may contribute to cooperative interactions involving S. sanguis and saliva-coated hydroxylapatite (Nesbitt et al., Infect. Immun. 35:157-165, 1982).
Collapse
|