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Rocha CM, Kawamoto D, Martins FH, Bueno MR, Ishikawa KH, Ando-Suguimoto ES, Carlucci AR, Arroteia LS, Casarin RV, Saraiva L, Simionato MRL, Mayer MPA. Experimental Inoculation of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Streptococcus gordonii and Its Impact on Alveolar Bone Loss and Oral and Gut Microbiomes. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8090. [PMID: 39125663 PMCID: PMC11312116 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Oral bacteria are implicated not only in oral diseases but also in gut dysbiosis and inflammatory conditions throughout the body. The periodontal pathogen Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) often occurs in complex oral biofilms with Streptococcus gordonii (Sg), and this interaction might influence the pathogenic potential of this pathogen. This study aims to assess the impact of oral inoculation with Aa, Sg, and their association (Aa+Sg) on alveolar bone loss, oral microbiome, and their potential effects on intestinal health in a murine model. Sg and/or Aa were orally administered to C57Bl/6 mice, three times per week, for 4 weeks. Aa was also injected into the gingiva three times during the initial experimental week. After 30 days, alveolar bone loss, expression of genes related to inflammation and mucosal permeability in the intestine, serum LPS levels, and the composition of oral and intestinal microbiomes were determined. Alveolar bone resorption was detected in Aa, Sg, and Aa+Sg groups, although Aa bone levels did not differ from that of the SHAM-inoculated group. Il-1β expression was upregulated in the Aa group relative to the other infected groups, while Il-6 expression was downregulated in infected groups. Aa or Sg downregulated the expression of tight junction genes Cldn 1, Cldn 2, Ocdn, and Zo-1 whereas infection with Aa+Sg led to their upregulation, except for Cldn 1. Aa was detected in the oral biofilm of the Aa+Sg group but not in the gut. Infections altered oral and gut microbiomes. The oral biofilm of the Aa group showed increased abundance of Gammaproteobacteria, Enterobacterales, and Alloprevotella, while Sg administration enhanced the abundance of Alloprevotella and Rothia. The gut microbiome of infected groups showed reduced abundance of Erysipelotrichaceae. Infection with Aa or Sg disrupts both oral and gut microbiomes, impacting oral and gut homeostasis. While the combination of Aa with Sg promotes Aa survival in the oral cavity, it mitigates the adverse effects of Aa in the gut, suggesting a beneficial role of Sg associations in gut health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Medeiros Rocha
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil; (C.M.R.); (D.K.); (F.H.M.); (M.R.B.); (K.H.I.); (E.S.A.-S.); (A.R.C.); (M.R.L.S.)
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Dione Kawamoto
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil; (C.M.R.); (D.K.); (F.H.M.); (M.R.B.); (K.H.I.); (E.S.A.-S.); (A.R.C.); (M.R.L.S.)
| | - Fernando Henrique Martins
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil; (C.M.R.); (D.K.); (F.H.M.); (M.R.B.); (K.H.I.); (E.S.A.-S.); (A.R.C.); (M.R.L.S.)
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Manuela Rocha Bueno
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil; (C.M.R.); (D.K.); (F.H.M.); (M.R.B.); (K.H.I.); (E.S.A.-S.); (A.R.C.); (M.R.L.S.)
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil
- Division of Periodontics, Faculdade São Leopoldo Mandic, São Leopoldo Mandic Research Institute, Campinas 13045-755, SP, Brazil
| | - Karin H. Ishikawa
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil; (C.M.R.); (D.K.); (F.H.M.); (M.R.B.); (K.H.I.); (E.S.A.-S.); (A.R.C.); (M.R.L.S.)
| | - Ellen Sayuri Ando-Suguimoto
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil; (C.M.R.); (D.K.); (F.H.M.); (M.R.B.); (K.H.I.); (E.S.A.-S.); (A.R.C.); (M.R.L.S.)
| | - Aline Ramos Carlucci
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil; (C.M.R.); (D.K.); (F.H.M.); (M.R.B.); (K.H.I.); (E.S.A.-S.); (A.R.C.); (M.R.L.S.)
| | - Leticia Sandoli Arroteia
- Department of Prosthesis and Periodontology, School of Dentistry, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-875, SP, Brazil; (L.S.A.); (R.V.C.)
| | - Renato V. Casarin
- Department of Prosthesis and Periodontology, School of Dentistry, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-875, SP, Brazil; (L.S.A.); (R.V.C.)
| | - Luciana Saraiva
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Regina Lorenzetti Simionato
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil; (C.M.R.); (D.K.); (F.H.M.); (M.R.B.); (K.H.I.); (E.S.A.-S.); (A.R.C.); (M.R.L.S.)
| | - Marcia Pinto Alves Mayer
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil; (C.M.R.); (D.K.); (F.H.M.); (M.R.B.); (K.H.I.); (E.S.A.-S.); (A.R.C.); (M.R.L.S.)
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil
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Claridge B, Lozano J, Poh QH, Greening DW. Development of Extracellular Vesicle Therapeutics: Challenges, Considerations, and Opportunities. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:734720. [PMID: 34616741 PMCID: PMC8488228 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.734720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) hold great promise as therapeutic modalities due to their endogenous characteristics, however, further bioengineering refinement is required to address clinical and commercial limitations. Clinical applications of EV-based therapeutics are being trialed in immunomodulation, tissue regeneration and recovery, and as delivery vectors for combination therapies. Native/biological EVs possess diverse endogenous properties that offer stability and facilitate crossing of biological barriers for delivery of molecular cargo to cells, acting as a form of intercellular communication to regulate function and phenotype. Moreover, EVs are important components of paracrine signaling in stem/progenitor cell-based therapies, are employed as standalone therapies, and can be used as a drug delivery system. Despite remarkable utility of native/biological EVs, they can be improved using bio/engineering approaches to further therapeutic potential. EVs can be engineered to harbor specific pharmaceutical content, enhance their stability, and modify surface epitopes for improved tropism and targeting to cells and tissues in vivo. Limitations currently challenging the full realization of their therapeutic utility include scalability and standardization of generation, molecular characterization for design and regulation, therapeutic potency assessment, and targeted delivery. The fields' utilization of advanced technologies (imaging, quantitative analyses, multi-omics, labeling/live-cell reporters), and utility of biocompatible natural sources for producing EVs (plants, bacteria, milk) will play an important role in overcoming these limitations. Advancements in EV engineering methodologies and design will facilitate the development of EV-based therapeutics, revolutionizing the current pharmaceutical landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany Claridge
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science (LIMS), La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jonathan Lozano
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Qi Hui Poh
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science (LIMS), La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David W. Greening
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science (LIMS), La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Ratliff ML, Shankar M, Guthridge JM, James JA, Webb CF. TLR engagement induces ARID3a in human blood hematopoietic progenitors and modulates IFNα production. Cell Immunol 2020; 357:104201. [PMID: 32979763 PMCID: PMC7737244 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The DNA binding protein AT-rich interacting domain 3a (ARID3a)2 is expressed in healthy human hematopoietic cord blood progenitors where its modulation influences myeloid versus B lineage development. ARID3a is also variably expressed in subsets of adult peripheral blood hematopoietic progenitors where the consequences of ARID3a expression are unknown. In B lymphocytes, Toll-like receptor (TLR)3 signaling induces ARID3a expression in association with Type I interferon inflammatory cytokines. We hypothesized that TLR ligand stimulation of peripheral blood hematopoietic progenitors would induce ARID3a expression resulting in interferon production, and potentially influencing lineage decisions. Our data revealed that the TLR9 agonist CpG induces ARID3a expression with interferon alpha synthesis in human hematopoietic progenitors. However, ARID3a expression was not associated with increased B lineage development. These results demonstrate the need for further experiments to better define how pathogen-associated responses influence hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Ratliff
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Malini Shankar
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Joel M Guthridge
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Resource Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Judith A James
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Resource Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Carol F Webb
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA; Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
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Kentner A, Takeuchi A, James J, Miki T, Seino S, Hayley S, Bielajew C. The effects of rewarding ventral tegmental area stimulation and environmental enrichment on lipopolysaccharide-induced sickness behavior and cytokine expression in female rats. Brain Res 2008; 1217:50-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2007] [Revised: 04/15/2008] [Accepted: 04/20/2008] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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5
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Esin S, Batoni G, Pardini M, Favilli F, Bottai D, Maisetta G, Florio W, Vanacore R, Wigzell H, Campa M. Functional characterization of human natural killer cells responding to Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guérin. Immunology 2004; 112:143-52. [PMID: 15096193 PMCID: PMC1782452 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2004.01858.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The kinetics of activation and induction of several effector functions of human natural killer (NK) cells in response to Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) were investigated. Owing to the central role of monocytes/macrophages (MM) in the initiation and maintenance of the immune response to pathogens, two different experimental culture conditions were analysed. In the first, monocyte-depleted nylon wool non-adherent (NW) cells from healthy donors were stimulated with autologous MM preinfected with BCG (intracellular BCG). In the second, the NW cells were directly incubated with BCG, which was therefore extracellular. In the presence of MM, CD4+ T lymphocytes were the cell subset mainly expressing the activation marker, CD25, and proliferating with a peak after 7 days of culture. In contrast, in response to extracellular BCG, the peak of the proliferative response was observed after 6 days of stimulation, and CD56+ CD3- cells (NK cells) were the cell subset preferentially involved. Such proliferation of NK cells did not require a prior sensitization to mycobacterial antigens, and appeared to be dependent upon contact between cell populations and bacteria. Following stimulation with extracellular BCG, the majority of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)-producing cells were NK cells, with a peak IFN-gamma production at 24-30 hr. Interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-4 were not detectable in NK cells or in CD3+ T lymphocytes at any time tested. IL-12 was not detectable in the culture supernatant of NW cells stimulated with extracellular BCG. Compared to the non-stimulated NW cells, the NW cells incubated for 16-20 hr with BCG induced the highest levels of expression of apoptotic/death marker on the NK-sensitive K562 cell line. BCG also induced expression of the activation marker, CD25, and proliferation, IFN-gamma production and cytotoxic activity, on negatively selected CD56+ CD3- cells. Altogether, the results of this study demonstrate that extracellular mycobacteria activate several NK-cell functions and suggest a possible alternative mechanism of NK-cell activation as the first line of defence against mycobacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semih Esin
- Dipartimento di Patologia Sperimentale, Biotecnologie Mediche, Infettivologia ed Epidemiologia, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
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6
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Lindemann RA, Kjeldsen M, Cabret M. Effect of whole oral bacteria and extracted lipopolysaccharides on peripheral blood leukocyte interleukin-2 receptor expression. J Periodontal Res 1995; 30:264-71. [PMID: 7562323 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.1995.tb02132.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Expression of the interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) on T cells is the molecular mechanism that initiates the G0 to G1 transition and is the critical first step for T cell proliferation in response to antigen. The effect of whole periodontal bacteria and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) on peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) IL-2R expression was examined in vitro. LPS induced a modest but significant increase in high affinity IL-2R alpha/beta (p55/p75 positive) expression on PBMC over untreated cells after 48 h culture. Addition of LPS to PBMC cultures depleted of monocytes had no effect on IL-2R expression compared to untreated cultures. Interleukin-1 (IL-1) caused a similar effect to LPS in 48 h PBMC cultures but IL-1 also increased high affinity IL-2R expression in cultures depleted of adherent mononuclear cells. When antibody to IL-1 was simultaneously added with LPS to PBMC cultures, the high affinity IL-2R inductive effect was reversed at 48 h, suggesting that the LPS effect on PBMC IL-2R was indirect, via monocytes. Whole pathogenic oral bacteria cultured with PBMC at high (100:1), but not low (10:1) bacteria:PBMC ratios had a similar effect to LPS, inducing high affinity IL-2R expression at 48 h. Increases in soluble IL-2R alpha were also measured in supernatants of PBMC incubated with periodontal bacteria compared to untreated controls. In this system, a critical threshold of bacteria was required to activate PBMC perhaps related to the quantity of cell-surface LPS presented to adherent mononuclear cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Lindemann
- Section of Oral Biology, UCLA School of Dentistry 90024-1668, USA
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7
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Abstract
Natural killer cells were first identified by their cytotoxic activity against tumor cells, suggesting a role in immunological surveillance against neoplasia. However, there is now increasing evidence that natural killer cells are important mediators of innate resistance against a variety of pathogenic micro-organisms. Recently, several important advances have been made in our understanding of how these cells are activated during infection, the contribution of cytokines derived from natural killer cells to host resistance and their influence on the development of antigen-specific T-cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Bancroft
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK
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8
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Elkins KL, Leiby DA, Winegar RK, Nacy CA, Fortier AH. Rapid generation of specific protective immunity to Francisella tularensis. Infect Immun 1992; 60:4571-7. [PMID: 1398969 PMCID: PMC258204 DOI: 10.1128/iai.60.11.4571-4577.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice inoculated either subcutaneously (s.c.) or intradermally (i.d.) with a sublethal dose of Francisella tularensis LVS are immune to a lethal intraperitoneal (i.p.) or intravenous (i.v.) challenge of LVS. Here, we show that this immunity developed quite rapidly: mice given a sublethal dose of live LVS s.c. or i.d. (but not i.v.) withstood lethal i.p., i.v., or i.d. challenge as early as 2 days after the initial inoculation, despite the presence of bacterial burdens already in tissues. The magnitude of this early protection was quite impressive. The i.p. 50% lethal dose (LD50) in naive C3H/HeN mice was only 2 bacteria, while the i.p. LD50 in mice given 10(4) LVS i.d. 3 days previously was 3 x 10(6) bacteria. Similarly, the i.v. LD50 in C3H/HeN mice shifted from 3 x 10(2) in naive mice to 5 x 10(6) in primed mice within 3 days after i.d. LVS infection. Comparable changes in the i.p. and i.v. LD50 were observed in C57BL/6J mice. This rapid generation of protective immunity was specific for LVS, in that mice given a sublethal i.d. inoculation of LVS did not survive a lethal challenge with either Salmonella typhimurium W118 or Escherichia coli O118 BORT at any time, nor could mice given sublethal doses of S. typhimurium, E. coli, or Mycobacterium bovis BCG survive lethal doses of LVS. Although an increase in the mean time to death from S. typhimurium infection was noted when mice were given a sublethal i.d. dose of LVS 4 to 14 days earlier, no overall increase in protection or change in the S. typhimurium LD50 was observed. Thus, sublethal infection with LVS at skin sites induced rapid and specific protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Elkins
- Department of Cellular Immunology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Rockville, Maryland 20850
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9
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Pinola M, Saksela E. Adhesion molecules involved in the interaction of LGL/NK cells and human endothelial cells stimulated with Salmonella bacteria. Scand J Immunol 1992; 36:671-9. [PMID: 1279781 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1992.tb03127.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Previously we showed that pretreatment of LGL/NK or HUVE cells with Salmonella bacteria augments the adhesion of LGL/NK cells to endothelium. Here we analyse the roles of HUVEC adhesion molecules VCAM-1, ICAM-1 and E-selectin, and the counter-receptors VLA-4, LFA-1 and SLex in the increase of LGL/NK adhesion to HUVEC, stimulated with Salmonella Minnesota mR595 bacteria, LPS or TNF-alpha. On Salmonella-stimulated HUVEC, VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 were the major binding structures involved, and their effect was additive in monoclonal antibody inhibition experiments. We could demonstrate the induction of both structures on cultured HUVEC after 24 h of Salmonella stimulation in flow cytometric analysis. For Salmonella-stimulated LGL/NK, the principal binding structure was LFA-1. Stimulation of LGL/NK cells did not alter the expression of the adhesion structures (subunits CD11a/CD18, CD49d/CD29), as determined by flow cytometric analysis, and thus the increased adherence is presumably produced by an increased avidity of the receptors on LGL/NK cells. Pretreatment of endothelium or lymphocytes with various stimuli, including Salmonella bacteria or LPS, leads to an activation state which provides for characteristic anchorage sites for the increased migration of LGL/NK cells towards the site of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pinola
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, Finland
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Blanchard DK, McMillen S, Hoffman SL, Djeu JY. Mycobacterial induction of activated killer cells: possible role of tyrosine kinase activity in interleukin-2 receptor alpha expression. Infect Immun 1992; 60:2843-9. [PMID: 1612749 PMCID: PMC257243 DOI: 10.1128/iai.60.7.2843-2849.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium is an intracellular opportunistic pathogen commonly seen in AIDS patients. M. avium-infected monocytes have been recently shown to be lysed by interleukin-2 (IL-2)-activated killer cells. Since some bacterial products can directly augment natural killer activity, we examined the ability of these microorganisms to induce killer cell activity. Coculture of M. avium with large granular lymphocytes (LGL) was found to augment the ability of LGL to lyse both tumor cells and bacterially infected autologous monocytes. The induction of tumoricidal activity by M. avium was only partially neutralized by the presence of anti-IL-2 antibodies, indicating that both IL-2-dependent and IL-2-independent mechanisms are responsible for activation of killer cells. Furthermore, only the direct interaction between bacterium and LGL could induce the expression of both IL-2 receptor alpha protein and mRNA, an effect which was abrogated by the presence of genistein, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Thus, M. avium was seen to induce killer cells, an activity that is concomitant with the up-regulation of IL-2 receptor alpha, or Tac antigen, expression and which involves signal transduction mechanisms mediated by tyrosine kinase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Blanchard
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa 33612
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11
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Guo Y, Niesel DW, Ziegler HK, Klimpel GR. Listeria monocytogenes activation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes: induction of non-major histocompatibility complex-restricted cytotoxic activity and cytokine production. Infect Immun 1992; 60:1813-9. [PMID: 1373400 PMCID: PMC257078 DOI: 10.1128/iai.60.5.1813-1819.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gram-negative bacteria have been shown to activate human natural killer (NK) cells. In this report, we show that the gram-positive bacterium Listeria monocytogenes can also activate human NK cells with regard to non-major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted killing and the production of cytokines. Overnight incubation of peripheral blood mononuclear (PBM) cells or enriched NK cell populations with live or Formalin-fixed L. monocytogenes resulted in high levels of non-MHC-restricted cytotoxic activity. Listeria-stimulated non-MHC-restricted cytotoxic activity could be achieved with pathogenic as well as nonpathogenic Listeria strains. PBM cells also produced tumor necrosis factor alpha and different interferons (IFNs) after incubation with Listeria strains. Optimal cytokine production appeared to be dependent on nylon wool- and plastic-adherent cells. Different IFNs were produced by Listeria-stimulated PBM cells obtained from different donors. IFN-gamma was always produced but was sometimes associated with IFN-alpha and/or IFN-beta. Interleukin-2 (IL-2) activity was never detected in culture supernatants obtained from Listeria-stimulated PBM cell cultures. However, IL-2 appeared to be produced by Listeria-stimulated PBM cells, since antibody to IL-2 inhibited Listeria-stimulated NK cell cytotoxic activity. Listeria activation of NK cell cytotoxic activity was also dependent on tumor necrosis factor alpha production. Antibody to IFN-gamma, IFN-beta, or IFN-alpha had no effect on Listeria-stimulated NK cell cytotoxic activity. These results demonstrate that NK cells can be activated by Listeria strains and add further evidence that NK cells may play an important role in host defense against bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Guo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77550
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12
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Vaillier D, Daculsi R, Gualde N. Effects of lipopolysaccharide on interleukin-2-induced cytotoxic activity of murine splenocyte cultures: role of prostaglandin E2 and interferons. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1992; 35:395-400. [PMID: 1382857 PMCID: PMC11038597 DOI: 10.1007/bf01789018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/1992] [Accepted: 06/02/1992] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Splenocytes cultured for 24 h in the presence of interleukin-2 (IL-2), lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or both together expressed a cytotoxic activity against the YAC-1 lymphoma cell line and to a lesser extent against P815 mastocytoma cells. The association of IL-2 and LPS had an additive effect on induction of cytotoxicity. The IL-2-induced cytotoxic activity lasted for the whole of the culture; however, the addition of LPS at the initiation of the culture increased the cytotoxic activity during its the early phase, the increment being followed by a fall of lytic activity after 72 h of culture. Assessment of interferon (IFN) in the culture supernatants showed (a) a production of IFN gamma by IL-2-supplemented cultures, (b) a more potent IFN production by cultures treated with IL-2 plus LPS (including 20% IFN alpha/beta, (c) and that indomethacin (1 microM) potentiated the effect of either IL-2 or LPS used alone but did not significantly increase the cytotoxic activity of cultures treated with IL-2 plus LPS (the one that produced a high level of IFN). When cultures were treated by an anti-IFN gamma antibody we observed no change in the cytotoxic activity; however, in the presence of anti-IFN alpha/beta serum the cytotoxic activity of cultures treated with IL-2 plus LPS was inhibited after 24 h but stimulated after 72 h. When cultures treated with IL-2 plus LPS were supplemented with both indomethacin and anti-IFN alpha/beta the cytotoxic activity assessed after 72 h of culture was maintained at the same level as that of IL-2-treated cultures, hence the fall after 72 h of the cytotoxicity of cultures initiated in the presence of LPS alone was affected by both the immune serum and the cyclooxygenase inhibitor. Altogether these data show that when splenocytes are cultured for more than 72 h in the presence of IL-2 and LPS their cytotoxic activity decreases, and it is likely that this diminution is linked to the endogenous production of prostaglandin E2 and INF alpha/beta.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Vaillier
- URA 1456 CNRS, Université de Bordeaux II, France
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13
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Lindemann RA. The regulatory effects of monocytes on human natural killer cells activated by lipopolysaccharides. J Periodontal Res 1991; 26:486-90. [PMID: 1837053 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.1991.tb01799.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) rapidly enhance cytotoxicity of human natural killer (NK) cells against tumor targets. The regulatory effects of peripheral blood monocytes (MO) on this activation were measured. When lymphocytes were kept at a constant number in culture containing LPS from oral and enteric bacteria, increasing the percentage of MO caused a dose-dependent suppression of NK cytotoxicity. This suppression was reversed by adding the prostaglandin (PG) inhibitor indomethacin which indicates that PGE was released by MO stimulated by LPS. PGE is known to suppress NK activity by its effects on cAMP. MO separated from lymphocytes by transwell membranes also suppressed NK cells in the presence of LPS but this action was again reversed by indomethacin. This suggests that cell-to-cell contact is not necessary for MO to suppress NK cytotoxicity when stimulated by LPS. The role of interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in NK suppression was studied. Antibodies to IL-1 and TNF did not alter the suppression mediated by MO on NK activity. Adding IL-1 or TNF to cell cultures without MO or LPS had no effect on NK activity after 24 h. TNF, but not IL-1, enhanced NK activity in the presence of LPS in cultures without MO. When PGE was preincubated with only lymphocytes for 2 h, the activating effects of a secondary stimulation, interleukin-2 (IL-2), were inhibited. IL-1 had no effect on IL-2 activation when pre-incubated with PBL but TNF slightly enhanced IL-2-induced NK cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Lindemann
- Section of Hospital Dentistry, UCLA School of Dentistry
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14
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Tarkkanen J, Saksela E. Potentiation of human natural killer cell cytotoxicity by Salmonella bacteria is an interferon- and interleukin-2-independent process that utilizes CD2 and CD18 structures in the effector phase. Infect Immun 1991; 59:2767-73. [PMID: 1713200 PMCID: PMC258085 DOI: 10.1128/iai.59.8.2767-2773.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Incubation of large granular lymphocytes (LGL) with glutaraldehyde-fixed bacteria stimulated in the supernatant the production of interferon (IFN), which proved to be mainly IFN-gamma. Even though IFN-gamma was produced upon exposure of LGL to bacteria, anti-IFN-gamma antibodies failed to interfere with induction of cytotoxicity by bacterial contact. Anti-IFN-gamma receptor antibodies had no effect on the induction of activated killing by bacterial contact either. We also tested the effect of anti-IFN-alpha antibody, but it failed to interfere with induction of cytotoxicity by bacterial contact. No interleukin-2 (IL-2) was detected in the culture supernatant of bacterially activated LGL by the mouse HT2 cell assay, nor did we detect any IL-2 mRNA in bacterially activated LGL by Northern RNA blot assay. Neutralizing anti-IL-2 antiserum had no effect on the induction of activated killing by bacterial contact, and recombinant IL-4 did not interfere with the induction of activated killing. We then studied the membrane structures involved in bacterially activated killing. Anti-CD18 monoclonal antibody did not interfere with the induction phase of bacterially activated killing. However, both anti-CD18 and anti-CD2 antibodies inhibited the effector phase of bacterially activated killing. The effector pathways utilized by activated LGL depended on the mode of activation in that even though bacterially activated LGL were sometimes blocked by anti-CD2 monoclonal antibody, recombinant-IL-2-stimulated LGL were not. In conclusion, our present results suggest that there may be mediators other than exogenously secreted IFNs and IL-2 which are responsible for the induction of activated killing after bacterial contact. CD18 and CD2 structures were shown to be involved in the effector phase of bacterially activated killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Tarkkanen
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, Finland
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15
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Pinola M, Saksela E. Effect of Salmonella bacteria on the interaction of human NK cells with endothelial cells. Scand J Immunol 1991; 33:729-36. [PMID: 1710821 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1991.tb02547.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion and its regulation are essential and complex initial aspects of lymphocyte migration. Various factors (IL-1, TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma etc.) have been shown to increase the endothelial adhesiveness for human lymphocytes, including natural killer cells (NK cells). In this work we have demonstrated that pretreatment of either the target endothelial cell monolayers or the binding LGL-cells with mR595 Salmonella Minnesota bacteria results in a substantial increase in the adhesiveness of LGL-cells to endothelial cells. The increase was more prominent when the endothelial cells were treated than when the adhering LGL-cells were similarly pretreated. The adhering cell population was significantly enriched with CD56 (Leu19) and CD16 positive cells, i.e. cells with NK cell phenotype, when the lymphocyte population was pretreated. However, the pretreatment of EC resulted in a non-specific increase in EC adhesiveness since the relative proportion of CD56+ (Leu19), CD16+ and CD3+ cells among the adhering cells did not significantly differ from the starting population. The bidirectional enhancement of adhesiveness of human NK cells to endothelium by mR595 Salmonella bacteria may be significant in the host defense responses against microbial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pinola
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, Finland
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16
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Lindemann RA, Singh KP, Shau H, Gupta RK. The effects of staphylococcal protein A on human lymphokine-activated killer cell induction. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1991; 33:97-102. [PMID: 1709823 PMCID: PMC11038565 DOI: 10.1007/bf01742536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/1990] [Accepted: 01/04/1991] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcal protein A (Cowan strain; SpA), a biologically active molecule capable of inducing augmented natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity, was studied in regard to its effects on lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cell development. SpA, when co-cultured with interleukin-2 (IL-2) for 4 days, significantly augmented both LAK activity against NK-resistant M14 (melanoma) target cells and DNA synthesis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). This enhancement occurred with SpA concentrations of 1-100 micrograms/ml in a dose-dependent fashion; concentrations above 100 micrograms/ml were no more effective. When SpA (10 micrograms/ml) was added to PBMC cultures with various IL-2 concentrations, cytotoxicity was increased over controls with IL-2 alone. The peak cytotoxic effect reached a plateau at 80 U/ml IL-2. SpA alone induced early (day 1) cytotoxicity, which rapidly declined. SpA alone did not induce PBMC proliferation but it did increase expression of CD25 (Tac), IL-2 receptor alpha chain, on CD56(Leu19)-positive and -negative cells. The potentiating effect of SpA was significantly enhanced in serum-free medium. If either human AB serum or human IgG was added to cultures SpA-enhanced LAK cytotoxicity was diminished. The addition of anti-interferon gamma (anti-IFN gamma) antibody, but not anti-IFN alpha, inhibited (SpA+IL-2)-induced cytotoxicity, indicating that IFN gamma is partially responsible for the additive cytotoxic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Lindemann
- Department of Surgery/Oncology, UCLA School of Medicine
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