1
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Fan N, Shewan HM, Yakubov GE, Stokes JR. Structure Response of Preadsorbed Saliva Pellicle to the Interaction between Dairy and Saliva Protein. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:11516-11525. [PMID: 38778622 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c00626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Using the surface characterization techniques of quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation, atomic force microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy, the structure of the salivary pellicle was investigated before and after it was exposed to dairy proteins, including micellar casein, skim milk, whey protein isolate (WPI), and a mixture of skim milk and WPI. We have shown that the hydration, viscoelasticity, and adsorbed proteinaceous mass of a preadsorbed salivary pellicle on a PDMS surface are greatly affected by the type of dairy protein. After interaction with whey protein, the preadsorbed saliva pellicle becomes softer. However, exposure of the saliva pellicle to micellar casein causes the pellicle to partially collapse, which results in a thinner and more rigid surface layer. This structure change correlates with the measured lubrication behavior when the saliva pellicle is exposed to dairy proteins. While previous studies suggest that whey protein is the main component in milk to interact with salivary proteins, our study indicates interactions with casein are more important. The knowledge gained here provides insights into the mechanisms by which different components of dairy foods and beverages contribute to mouthfeel and texture perception, as well as influence oral hygiene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nengneng Fan
- The School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Heather M Shewan
- The School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Gleb E Yakubov
- The School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jason R Stokes
- The School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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2
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Ye W, Wu W, Jiang L, Yuan C, Huang Y, Chen Z, Huang Q, Qian L. Effects of dietary phytosterols or phytosterol esters supplementation on growth performance, biochemical blood indices and intestinal flora of C57BL/6 mice. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297788. [PMID: 38743661 PMCID: PMC11093361 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of phytosterols (PS) and phytosterol esters (PSE) on C57BL/6 mice. Three groups of 34 six-week-old C57BL/6 mice of specific pathogen free (SPF) grade, with an average initial body weight (IBW) of 17.7g, were fed for 24 days either natural-ingredient diets without supplements or diets supplemented with 89 mg/kg PS or diets supplemented with 400 mg/kg PSE. Growth performance, blood biochemistry, liver and colon morphology as well as intestinal flora status were evaluated. Both PS and PSE exhibited growth promotion and feed digestibility in mice. In blood biochemistry, the addition of both PS and PSE to the diet resulted in a significant decrease in Total Cholesterol (TC) and Triglyceride (TG) levels and an increase in Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) activity. No significant changes in liver and intestinal morphology were observed. Both increased the level of Akkermansia in the intestinal tract of mice. There was no significant difference between the effects of PS and PSE. It was concluded that dietary PS and PSE supplementation could improve growth performance, immune performance and gut microbiome structure in mice, providing insights into its application as a potential feed additive in animals production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Ye
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya, China
| | - Wenzi Wu
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya, China
| | - Lai Jiang
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya, China
| | - Chunchun Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yubo Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya, China
| | - Qixin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lichun Qian
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Nivet C, Custovic I, Avoscan L, Bikker FJ, Bonnotte A, Bourillot E, Briand L, Brignot H, Heydel JM, Herrmann N, Lelièvre M, Lesniewska E, Neiers F, Piétrement O, Schwartz M, Belloir C, Canon F. Development of New Models of Oral Mucosa to Investigate the Impact of the Structure of Transmembrane Mucin-1 on the Mucosal Pellicle Formation and Its Physicochemical Properties. Biomedicines 2024; 12:139. [PMID: 38255244 PMCID: PMC10812975 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12010139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The mucosal pellicle (MP) is a biological film protecting the oral mucosa. It is composed of bounded salivary proteins and transmembrane mucin MUC1 expressed by oral epithelial cells. Previous research indicates that MUC1 expression enhances the binding of the main salivary protein forming the MP, MUC5B. This study investigated the influence of MUC1 structure on MP formation. A TR146 cell line, which does not express MUC1 natively, was stably transfected with genes coding for three MUC1 isoforms differing in the structure of the two main extracellular domains: the VNTR domain, exhibiting a variable number of tandem repeats, and the SEA domain, maintaining the two bound subunits of MUC1. Semi-quantification of MUC1 using dot blot chemiluminescence showed comparable expression levels in all transfected cell lines. Semi-quantification of MUC5B by immunostaining after incubation with saliva revealed that MUC1 expression significantly increased MUC5B adsorption. Neither the VNTR domain nor the SEA domain was influenced MUC5B anchoring, suggesting the key role of the MUC1 N-terminal domain. AFM-IR nanospectroscopy revealed discernible shifts indicative of changes in the chemical properties at the cell surface due to the expression of the MUC1 isoform. Furthermore, the observed chemical shifts suggest the involvement of hydrophobic effects in the interaction between MUC1 and salivary proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Nivet
- Center for Taste and Feeding Behaviour (CSGA), UMR1324 INRAE, Institut Agro Dijon, Université de Bourgogne, UMR6265 CNRS, 21000 Dijon, France; (C.N.); (L.B.); (H.B.); (J.-M.H.); (N.H.); (M.L.); (F.N.); (M.S.); (C.B.)
| | - Irma Custovic
- Institut Carnot de Bourgogne (ICB), UMR CNRS 6303, University of Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France; (I.C.); (E.B.); (E.L.); (O.P.)
| | - Laure Avoscan
- Agroécologie, UMR1347 INRAE, ERL CNRS 6300, DimaCell Platform, Center of Microscopy INRAE, University of Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France; (L.A.); (A.B.)
| | - Floris J. Bikker
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Aline Bonnotte
- Agroécologie, UMR1347 INRAE, ERL CNRS 6300, DimaCell Platform, Center of Microscopy INRAE, University of Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France; (L.A.); (A.B.)
| | - Eric Bourillot
- Institut Carnot de Bourgogne (ICB), UMR CNRS 6303, University of Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France; (I.C.); (E.B.); (E.L.); (O.P.)
| | - Loïc Briand
- Center for Taste and Feeding Behaviour (CSGA), UMR1324 INRAE, Institut Agro Dijon, Université de Bourgogne, UMR6265 CNRS, 21000 Dijon, France; (C.N.); (L.B.); (H.B.); (J.-M.H.); (N.H.); (M.L.); (F.N.); (M.S.); (C.B.)
| | - Hélène Brignot
- Center for Taste and Feeding Behaviour (CSGA), UMR1324 INRAE, Institut Agro Dijon, Université de Bourgogne, UMR6265 CNRS, 21000 Dijon, France; (C.N.); (L.B.); (H.B.); (J.-M.H.); (N.H.); (M.L.); (F.N.); (M.S.); (C.B.)
| | - Jean-Marie Heydel
- Center for Taste and Feeding Behaviour (CSGA), UMR1324 INRAE, Institut Agro Dijon, Université de Bourgogne, UMR6265 CNRS, 21000 Dijon, France; (C.N.); (L.B.); (H.B.); (J.-M.H.); (N.H.); (M.L.); (F.N.); (M.S.); (C.B.)
| | - Noémie Herrmann
- Center for Taste and Feeding Behaviour (CSGA), UMR1324 INRAE, Institut Agro Dijon, Université de Bourgogne, UMR6265 CNRS, 21000 Dijon, France; (C.N.); (L.B.); (H.B.); (J.-M.H.); (N.H.); (M.L.); (F.N.); (M.S.); (C.B.)
| | - Mélanie Lelièvre
- Center for Taste and Feeding Behaviour (CSGA), UMR1324 INRAE, Institut Agro Dijon, Université de Bourgogne, UMR6265 CNRS, 21000 Dijon, France; (C.N.); (L.B.); (H.B.); (J.-M.H.); (N.H.); (M.L.); (F.N.); (M.S.); (C.B.)
| | - Eric Lesniewska
- Institut Carnot de Bourgogne (ICB), UMR CNRS 6303, University of Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France; (I.C.); (E.B.); (E.L.); (O.P.)
| | - Fabrice Neiers
- Center for Taste and Feeding Behaviour (CSGA), UMR1324 INRAE, Institut Agro Dijon, Université de Bourgogne, UMR6265 CNRS, 21000 Dijon, France; (C.N.); (L.B.); (H.B.); (J.-M.H.); (N.H.); (M.L.); (F.N.); (M.S.); (C.B.)
| | - Olivier Piétrement
- Institut Carnot de Bourgogne (ICB), UMR CNRS 6303, University of Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France; (I.C.); (E.B.); (E.L.); (O.P.)
| | - Mathieu Schwartz
- Center for Taste and Feeding Behaviour (CSGA), UMR1324 INRAE, Institut Agro Dijon, Université de Bourgogne, UMR6265 CNRS, 21000 Dijon, France; (C.N.); (L.B.); (H.B.); (J.-M.H.); (N.H.); (M.L.); (F.N.); (M.S.); (C.B.)
| | - Christine Belloir
- Center for Taste and Feeding Behaviour (CSGA), UMR1324 INRAE, Institut Agro Dijon, Université de Bourgogne, UMR6265 CNRS, 21000 Dijon, France; (C.N.); (L.B.); (H.B.); (J.-M.H.); (N.H.); (M.L.); (F.N.); (M.S.); (C.B.)
| | - Francis Canon
- Center for Taste and Feeding Behaviour (CSGA), UMR1324 INRAE, Institut Agro Dijon, Université de Bourgogne, UMR6265 CNRS, 21000 Dijon, France; (C.N.); (L.B.); (H.B.); (J.-M.H.); (N.H.); (M.L.); (F.N.); (M.S.); (C.B.)
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4
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Abdul NS, AlGhannam SM, Almughaiseeb AA, Bindawoad FA, alduraibi SM, Shenoy M. A review on salivary constituents and their role in diagnostics. Bioinformation 2022; 18:1021-1028. [PMID: 37693919 PMCID: PMC10492514 DOI: 10.6026/973206300181021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Salivary secretions possess a number of biomarkers beneficial for the diagnosis of a plethora of oral and other systemic disorders. Therefore, it is of interest to analyse and discuss the significance of saliva and its constituents as a valuable tool in aiding diagnostics in clinical settings by reviewing available literature and controlled trials. Using the PRISMA framework, a thorough review of research that were listed in the PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane library databases was performed which revealed 212 papers, 54 of which were thoroughly evaluated. Exclusion and inclusion criteria were used to choose studies that were applicable for the review. The selected studies reported a number of diseases that were diagnosed using salivary constituents in the same way as other methods of diagnosis, with a number of benefits. Thus, data shows that saliva is an excellent source for biomarkers which can be used for furthering medical diagnosis like other diagnostic procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishath Sayed Abdul
- Faculty of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Riyadh Elm University, Riyadh, KSA
| | | | | | | | | | - Mahesh Shenoy
- Faculty of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Riyadh Elm University, Riyadh, KSA
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5
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Ng KW, Hobbs A, Wichmann C, Victora GD, Donaldson GP. B cell responses to the gut microbiota. Adv Immunol 2022; 155:95-131. [PMID: 36357013 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Most antibody produced by humans originates from mucosal B cell responses. The rules, mechanisms, and outcomes of this process are distinct from B cell responses to infection. Within the context of the intestine, we discuss the induction of follicular B cell responses by microbiota, the development and maintenance of mucosal antibody-secreting cells, and the unusual impacts of mucosal antibody on commensal bacteria. Much remains to be learned about the interplay between B cells and the microbiota, but past and present work hints at a complex, nuanced relationship that may be critical to the way the mammalian gut fosters a beneficial microbial ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin W Ng
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Alvaro Hobbs
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Christopher Wichmann
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States; Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States; Immune Regulation Group, Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Gabriel D Victora
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Gregory P Donaldson
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States.
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6
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Pasman R, Krom BP, Zaat SAJ, Brul S. The Role of the Oral Immune System in Oropharyngeal Candidiasis-Facilitated Invasion and Dissemination of Staphylococcus aureus. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2022; 3:851786. [PMID: 35464779 PMCID: PMC9021398 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2022.851786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus account for most invasive fungal and bacterial bloodstream infections (BSIs), respectively. However, the initial point of invasion responsible for S. aureus BSIs is often unclear. Recently, C. albicans has been proposed to mediate S. aureus invasion of immunocompromised hosts during co-colonization of oral mucosal surfaces. The status of the oral immune system crucially contributes to this process in two distinct ways: firstly, by allowing invasive C. albicans growth during dysfunction of extra-epithelial immunity, and secondly following invasion by some remaining function of intra-epithelial immunity. Immunocompromised individuals at risk of developing invasive oral C. albicans infections could, therefore, also be at risk of contracting concordant S. aureus BSIs. Considering the crucial contribution of both oral immune function and dysfunction, the aim of this review is to provide an overview of relevant aspects of intra and extra-epithelial oral immunity and discuss predominant immune deficiencies expected to facilitate C. albicans induced S. aureus BSIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Pasman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbial Food Safety, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan P. Krom
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sebastian A. J. Zaat
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Stanley Brul
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbial Food Safety, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Stanley Brul
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7
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Hertel S, Hannig M, Hannig C, Sterzenbach T. Mucins 5b and 7 and secretory IgA in the oral acquired pellicle of children with caries and caries-free children. Arch Oral Biol 2021; 134:105314. [PMID: 34861462 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2021.105314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine whether differences in the abundance of mucins 5b and 7 as well as secretory IgA exist in the oral acquired pellicle between children with active caries and caries-free children. DESIGN Pellicle formation was performed for 10 min in-situ on ceramic slabs in the oral cavity of children (5-7 years of age) with caries (n = 15) and without signs of caries (n = 13). Furthermore, unstimulated saliva was collected. Concentrations of Muc5b, Muc7 and sIgA were measured in desorbed pellicle eluates and in saliva. RESULTS Significantly larger concentrations of Muc5b, Muc7 and sIgA were detected in the pellicle obtained from children with caries compared to caries-free children. However, in the salivary samples concentrations of mucins Muc5b and Muc7 as well as sIgA did not differ significantly between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS All three pellicle components Muc5b, Muc7 as well as sIgA could be identified as potential biomarkers for early childhood caries with high sensitivity and specificity. This could contribute to a better understanding of the different caries susceptibility in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susann Hertel
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Matthias Hannig
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Saarland University, Kirrberger Straße, 66421 Homburg, Saar, Germany
| | - Christian Hannig
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Torsten Sterzenbach
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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8
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Fan N, Shewan HM, Smyth HE, Yakubov GE, Stokes JR. Dynamic Tribology Protocol (DTP): Response of salivary pellicle to dairy protein interactions validated against sensory perception. Food Hydrocoll 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.106478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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9
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Marczynski M, Jiang K, Blakeley M, Srivastava V, Vilaplana F, Crouzier T, Lieleg O. Structural Alterations of Mucins Are Associated with Losses in Functionality. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:1600-1613. [PMID: 33749252 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Commercial mucin glycoproteins are routinely used as a model to investigate the broad range of important functions mucins fulfill in our bodies, including lubrication, protection against hostile germs, and the accommodation of a healthy microbiome. Moreover, purified mucins are increasingly selected as building blocks for multifunctional materials, i.e., as components of hydrogels or coatings. By performing a detailed side-by-side comparison of commercially available and lab-purified variants of porcine gastric mucins, we decipher key molecular motifs that are crucial for mucin functionality. As two main structural features, we identify the hydrophobic termini and the hydrophilic glycosylation pattern of the mucin glycoprotein; moreover, we describe how alterations in those structural motifs affect the different properties of mucins-on both microscopic and macroscopic levels. This study provides a detailed understanding of how distinct functionalities of gastric mucins are established, and it highlights the need for high-quality mucins-for both basic research and the development of mucin-based medical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Marczynski
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Munich School of Bioengineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 15, 85748 Garching, Germany.,Center for Protein Assemblies, Technical University of Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer Str. 8, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Kun Jiang
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH, Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.,AIMES - Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences at Karolinska Institutet and KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 114 28 Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Matthew Blakeley
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH, Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vaibhav Srivastava
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH, Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Francisco Vilaplana
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH, Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Crouzier
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH, Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.,AIMES - Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences at Karolinska Institutet and KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 114 28 Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Oliver Lieleg
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Munich School of Bioengineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 15, 85748 Garching, Germany.,Center for Protein Assemblies, Technical University of Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer Str. 8, 85748 Garching, Germany
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10
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Frankenberger R, Pfützner A. Orale Immunkompetenz in der Corona-Pandemie vs. Systemrelevanz der Zahnmedizin. GESUNDHEITSÖKONOMIE & QUALITÄTSMANAGEMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1286-8376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
ZusammenfassungDie Covid-19-Pandemie hat das deutsche Gesundheitssystem im Jahr 2020 vor erhebliche Herausforderungen gestellt. In diesem Zusammenhang ist es bemerkenswert, dass für die Zahnmedizin kein sogenannter Rettungsschirm aufgespannt wurde. Dies bedeutet, dass nach Ansicht der Bundesregierung Zahnärzte als nicht systemrelevant eingestuft wurden und somit offiziell auch nicht zu den Ärzten gehören. Diese Annahme ist grundfalsch und gefährlich, wie im Folgenden anhand eines wichtigen Beispiels erörtert wird.Das SARS-CoV-2-Virus führt bei infizierten Personen zu einem Beschwerdebild von leichten Erkältungszeichen bis hin zu lebensbedrohlichen beatmungsbedürftigen COVID-19-Pneumonien. Ein besonderes Risiko für schwere Verläufe haben Menschen höheren Alters sowie Patienten mit Diabetes, Bluthochdruck und anderen schweren Erkrankungen. Die Haupteintrittspforte für das SARS-CoV-2-Virus in den menschlichen Körper ist u. a. die orale Mukosa, denn die Viren reichern sich dort bevorzugt an und der ACE2-Rezeptor wird dort hochgradig exprimiert. Dieser Penetrationsweg erklärt die häufigeren schweren Verläufe bei älteren Diabetespatienten, deren Immunsystem bereits generell beeinträchtigt ist. Diabetes mellitus induziert eine chronische systemische Entzündung, die sich gerade im Mundbereich regelmäßig als Parodontitis manifestiert. Bei Diabetikern zwangsläufig oft auftretende Hyperglykämien schwächen die Mukosa-Barriere zusätzlich. Es ist daher dringend ratsam, bei Präventionsmaßnahmen für Diabetespatienten den Mund- und Rachenraum nicht zu ignorieren. Neben der parodontalprophylaktischen Betreuung ist gerade in Absenz von Zahnärzten die aktivierte Matrix-Metalloproteinase 8 (aMMP8) ein etablierter Biomarker. Die aktuellen Empfehlungen zur Prävention der SARS-CoV-2-assoziierten COVID-19-Erkrankung sollte daher um die Aspekte der Messung und Sanierung des Mund- und Rachenraums sowie einer regelmäßigen Desinfektion der oralen Mukosa erweitert werden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Frankenberger
- Abteilung für Zahnerhaltungskunde, Philipps-Universität Marburg und Universitätsklinikum Gießen und Marburg
| | - Andreas Pfützner
- Pfützner Science & Health Institute, Mainz
- Institute for Internal Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, University for Digital Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, Wiltz, Luxembourg
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11
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Espinosa-Gómez FC, Ruíz-May E, Serio-Silva JC, Chapman CA. Salivary proteome of a Neotropical primate: potential roles in host defense and oral food perception. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9489. [PMID: 32765966 PMCID: PMC7382365 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Saliva contains a very complex mixture of proteins for defense against microbiological pathogens and for oral food perception. Howler monkeys are Neotropical primates that can consume a mostly leaf diet. They are well known to thrive in highly disturbed habitats where they may cope with a diversity of dietary challenges and infection risks. We aimed to describe the salivary proteome of howlers to contribute to better understanding of their physiology. METHODS We analyzed the salivary proteins of wild black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra), by SDS-PAGE-1-D and Nano LC-MS/MS and categorized them by their function involved in host defense and oral food perception. RESULTS Our proteomic analysis identified 156 proteins in howler saliva including a number of host defense peptides that are the first line of defense in mammals, such as defensin, cathelicidin, dermcidin, and lactotransferrin, and proteins with anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, and anti-viral capacity, such as IgA, IgG, IgM, BPI, salivary heat shock 70 kDa protein, beta-2-microbulin, and protein S-100. We also identified key proteins necessary for taste perception, including salivary carbonic anhydrase VI, cystatin D, IgA, and fatty acid-binding protein. Proteins to detect astringent foods were identifying, including four members of cystatins (A, B, C and D), lactoperoxidase, and histidine-rich proteins. No chitinase and amylase were identified as would be expected because howlers do not eat insects and little starch. These findings provide basic information to future studies in oral biology, ingestive physiology, and physiological ecology of mammals and non-human primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Carolina Espinosa-Gómez
- Department of Anthropology and McGill School of Environment, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Red de Biología y Conservación de Vertebrados, Instituto de Ecología AC, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Popular Autónoma del Estado de Puebla, Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - Eliel Ruíz-May
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecología AC, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - Juan Carlos Serio-Silva
- Red de Biología y Conservación de Vertebrados, Instituto de Ecología AC, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - Colin A. Chapman
- Department of Anthropology and McGill School of Environment, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Anthropology, Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, George Washington University, Washington DC, Washington DC, United States of America
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi’an, Xi’an, China
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12
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Abstract
The oral microbiome is one of the most stable ecosystems in the body and yet the reasons for this are still unclear. As well as being stable, it is also highly diverse which can be ascribed to the variety of niches available in the mouth. Previous studies have focused on the microflora in disease-either caries or periodontitis-and only recently have they considered factors that maintain the normal microflora. This has led to the perception that the microflora proliferate in nutrient-rich periods during oral processing of foods and drinks and starves in between times. In this review, evidence is presented which shows that the normal flora are maintained on a diet of salivary factors including urea, lactate, and salivary protein degradation. These factors are actively secreted by salivary glands which suggests these factors are important in maintaining normal commensals in the mouth. In addition, the immobilization of SIgA in the mucosal pellicle indicates a mechanism to retain certain bacteria that does not rely on the bacterial-centric mechanisms such as adhesins. By examining the salivary metabolome, it is clear that protein degradation is a key nutrient and the availability of free amino acids increases resistance to environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Carpenter
- Salivary Research, Centre for Host-microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dental, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
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13
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de Sousa-Pereira P, Woof JM. IgA: Structure, Function, and Developability. Antibodies (Basel) 2019; 8:antib8040057. [PMID: 31817406 PMCID: PMC6963396 DOI: 10.3390/antib8040057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin A (IgA) plays a key role in defending mucosal surfaces against attack by infectious microorganisms. Such sites present a major site of susceptibility due to their vast surface area and their constant exposure to ingested and inhaled material. The importance of IgA to effective immune defence is signalled by the fact that more IgA is produced than all the other immunoglobulin classes combined. Indeed, IgA is not just the most prevalent antibody class at mucosal sites, but is also present at significant concentrations in serum. The unique structural features of the IgA heavy chain allow IgA to polymerise, resulting in mainly dimeric forms, along with some higher polymers, in secretions. Both serum IgA, which is principally monomeric, and secretory forms of IgA are capable of neutralising and removing pathogens through a range of mechanisms, including triggering the IgA Fc receptor known as FcαRI or CD89 on phagocytes. The effectiveness of these elimination processes is highlighted by the fact that various pathogens have evolved mechanisms to thwart such IgA-mediated clearance. As the structure–function relationships governing the varied capabilities of this immunoglobulin class come into increasingly clear focus, and means to circumvent any inherent limitations are developed, IgA-based monoclonal antibodies are set to emerge as new and potent options in the therapeutic arena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia de Sousa-Pereira
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
- CIBIO-InBIO, Campus Agrário de Vairão, University of Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Jenny M. Woof
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-1382-383389
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14
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Xu F, Newby JM, Schiller JL, Schroeder HA, Wessler T, Chen A, Forest MG, Lai SK. Modeling Barrier Properties of Intestinal Mucus Reinforced with IgG and Secretory IgA against Motile Bacteria. ACS Infect Dis 2019; 5:1570-1580. [PMID: 31268295 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is lined with a layer of viscoelastic mucus gel, characterized by a dense network of entangled and cross-linked mucins together with an abundance of antibodies (Ab). Secretory IgA (sIgA), the predominant Ab isotype in the GI tract, is a dimeric molecule with 4 antigen-binding domains capable of inducing efficient clumping of bacteria, or agglutination. IgG, another common Ab at mucosal surfaces, can cross-link individual viruses to the mucin mesh through multiple weak bonds between IgG-Fc and mucins, a process termed muco-trapping. Relative contributions by agglutination versus muco-trapping in blocking permeation of motile bacteria through mucus remain poorly understood. Here, we developed a mathematical model that takes into account physiologically relevant spatial dimensions and time scales, binding and unbinding rates between Ab and bacteria as well as between Ab and mucins, the diffusivities of Ab, and run-tumble motion of active bacteria. Our model predicts both sIgA and IgG can accumulate on the surface of individual bacteria at sufficient quantities and rates to enable trapping individual bacteria in mucins before they penetrate the mucus layer. Furthermore, our model predicts that agglutination only modestly improves the ability for antibodies to block bacteria permeation through mucus. These results suggest that while sIgA is the most potent Ab isotype overall at stopping bacterial penetration, IgG may represent a practical alternative for mucosal prophylaxis and therapy. Our work improves the mechanistic understanding of Ab-enhanced barrier properties of mucus and highlights the ability for muco-trapping Ab to protect against motile pathogens at mucosal surfaces.
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15
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Lopez E, Shattock RJ, Kent SJ, Chung AW. The Multifaceted Nature of Immunoglobulin A and Its Complex Role in HIV. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2018; 34:727-738. [PMID: 30056749 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2018.0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
IgA is the most abundant immunoglobulin in mucosal secretions, and understanding the role of IgA in both protection from HIV acquisition and modulation of HIV disease progression is a field of considerable controversy and renewed research interest. Analysis of the RV144 clinical trial associated plasma HIV envelope-specific monomeric IgA from vaccines with reduced vaccine efficacy. The RV144 trial, however, only assessed for plasma IgA, which was not further subclassed, and the role of mucosal IgA was not addressed as mucosal samples were not collected. On the other hand, several studies have detected envelope-specific IgA in mucosal secretions of highly exposed persistently seronegative cohorts, while recent macaque simian-HIV passive immunization studies have suggested a potentially protective role for mucosal IgA. It is well established that total IgA in serum appears to correlate with HIV disease progression. In contrast, a selective deficit of anti-HIV IgA responses in HIV infection is apparent, with a number of recent studies beginning to elucidate the mechanisms behind these dysfunctional IgA responses. In this review, we highlight the dichotomy that exists in the literature as to whether anti-HIV IgA is protective or harmful to the host. Herein, we emphasize the importance of distinguishing between monomeric, multimeric, and isoforms of IgA and review what is known about the complex and diverse interactions of various molecular forms of IgA with HIV in both the systemic circulation and mucosal compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Lopez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Robin J. Shattock
- Mucosal Infection and Immunity Group, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J. Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Infectious Diseases Department, Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Amy W. Chung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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Donaldson GP, Ladinsky MS, Yu KB, Sanders JG, Yoo BB, Chou WC, Conner ME, Earl AM, Knight R, Bjorkman PJ, Mazmanian SK. Gut microbiota utilize immunoglobulin A for mucosal colonization. Science 2018; 360:795-800. [PMID: 29724905 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaq0926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The immune system responds vigorously to microbial infection while permitting lifelong colonization by the microbiome. Mechanisms that facilitate the establishment and stability of the gut microbiota remain poorly described. We found that a regulatory system in the prominent human commensal Bacteroides fragilis modulates its surface architecture to invite binding of immunoglobulin A (IgA) in mice. Specific immune recognition facilitated bacterial adherence to cultured intestinal epithelial cells and intimate association with the gut mucosal surface in vivo. The IgA response was required for B. fragilis (and other commensal species) to occupy a defined mucosal niche that mediates stable colonization of the gut through exclusion of exogenous competitors. Therefore, in addition to its role in pathogen clearance, we propose that IgA responses can be co-opted by the microbiome to engender robust host-microbial symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Donaldson
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
| | - M S Ladinsky
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - K B Yu
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - J G Sanders
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA 92110, USA.,Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - B B Yoo
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - W-C Chou
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - M E Conner
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - A M Earl
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - R Knight
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA 92110, USA.,Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - P J Bjorkman
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - S K Mazmanian
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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Nath A, Haktanirlar G, Varga Á, Molnár MA, Albert K, Galambos I, Koris A, Vatai G. Biological Activities of Lactose-Derived Prebiotics and Symbiotic with Probiotics on Gastrointestinal System. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 54:medicina54020018. [PMID: 30344249 PMCID: PMC6037253 DOI: 10.3390/medicina54020018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lactose-derived prebiotics provide wide ranges of gastrointestinal comforts. In this review article, the probable biochemical mechanisms through which lactose-derived prebiotics offer positive gastrointestinal health are reported along with the up-to-date results of clinical investigations; this might be the first review article of its kind, to the best of our knowledge. Lactose-derived prebiotics have unique biological and functional values, and they are confirmed as ‘safe’ by the Food and Drug Administration federal agency. Medical practitioners frequently recommend them as therapeutics as a pure form or combined with dairy-based products (yoghurt, milk and infant formulas) or fruit juices. The biological activities of lactose-derived prebiotics are expressed in the presence of gut microflora, mainly probiotics (Lactobacillus spp. in the small intestine and Bifidobacterium spp. in the large intestine). Clinical investigations reveal that galacto-oligosaccharide reduces the risks of several types of diarrhea (traveler’s diarrhea, osmotic diarrhea and Clostridium difficile associated relapsing diarrhea). Lactulose and lactosucrose prevent inflammatory bowel diseases (Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis). Lactulose and lactitol reduce the risk of hepatic encephalopathy. Furthermore, lactulose, galacto-oligosaccharide and lactitol prevent constipation in individuals of all ages. It is expected that the present review article will receive great attention from medical practitioners and food technologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arijit Nath
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Food Science, Szent István University, Ménesi st 44, H-1118 Budapest, Hungary.
- Soós Ernő Water Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, Zrínyi M. u. 18, H-8800 Nagykanizsa, Hungary.
| | - Gokce Haktanirlar
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Food Science, Szent István University, Ménesi st 44, H-1118 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Áron Varga
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Food Science, Szent István University, Ménesi st 44, H-1118 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Máté András Molnár
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Food Science, Szent István University, Ménesi st 44, H-1118 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Krisztina Albert
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Food Science, Szent István University, Ménesi st 44, H-1118 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Ildikó Galambos
- Soós Ernő Water Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, Zrínyi M. u. 18, H-8800 Nagykanizsa, Hungary.
| | - András Koris
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Food Science, Szent István University, Ménesi st 44, H-1118 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Gyula Vatai
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Food Science, Szent István University, Ménesi st 44, H-1118 Budapest, Hungary.
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18
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Albritton HL, Kozlowski PA, Lillis RA, McGowin CL, Siren JD, Taylor SN, Ibana JA, Buckner LR, Shen L, Quayle AJ. A novel whole-bacterial enzyme linked-immunosorbant assay to quantify Chlamydia trachomatis specific antibodies reveals distinct differences between systemic and genital compartments. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183101. [PMID: 28797112 PMCID: PMC5552291 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) is the leading sexually transmitted bacterial infection. The continued global burden of CT infection strongly predicates the need for a vaccine to supplement current chlamydial control programs. The correlates of protection against CT are currently unknown, but they must be carefully defined to guide vaccine design. The localized nature of chlamydial infection in columnar epithelial cells of the genital tract necessitates investigation of immunity at the site of infection. The purpose of this study was to develop a sensitive whole bacterial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to quantify and compare CT-specific IgG and IgA in sera and genital secretions from CT-infected women. To achieve this, elementary bodies (EBs) from two of the most common genital serovars (D and E) were attached to poly-L-lysine-coated microtiter plates with glutaraldehyde. EB attachment and integrity were verified by the presence of outer membrane antigens and the absence of bacterial cytoplasmic antigens. EB-specific IgG and IgA standards were developed by pooling sera with high titers of CT-specific antibodies from infected women. Serum, endocervical and vaginal secretions, and endocervical cytobrush specimens from CT-infected women were used to quantify CT-specific IgG and IgA which were then normalized to total IgG and IgA, respectively. Analyses of paired serum and genital samples revealed significantly higher proportions of EB-specific antibodies in genital secretions compared to sera. Cervical and vaginal secretions and cytobrush specimens had similar proportions of EB-specific antibodies, suggesting any one of these genital sampling techniques could be used to quantify CT-specific antibodies when appropriate normalization methodologies are implemented. Overall, these results illustrate the need to investigate genital tract CT antibody responses, and our assay provides a useful quantitative tool to assess natural immunity in defined clinical groups and CT vaccine trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah L. Albritton
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States of America
| | - Pamela A. Kozlowski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States of America
| | - Rebecca A. Lillis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States of America
| | - Chris L. McGowin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States of America
| | - Julia D. Siren
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States of America
| | - Stephanie N. Taylor
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States of America
| | - Joyce A. Ibana
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States of America
- Institute of Biology, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, National Capital Region, Philippines
| | - Lyndsey R. Buckner
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States of America
| | - Li Shen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States of America
| | - Alison J. Quayle
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Limeres Posse J, Diz Dios P, Scully C. Infection Transmission by Saliva and the Paradoxical Protective Role of Saliva. SALIVA PROTECTION AND TRANSMISSIBLE DISEASES 2017. [PMCID: PMC7173548 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-813681-2.00001-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Saliva is produced by both major (parotid and submandibular and sublingual) and minor (located in the mouth) glands, with different constituents and properties between the two groups. In the mouth saliva is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, watery liquid containing 99% water and 1% organic and inorganic substances and dissolved gases, mainly oxygen and carbon dioxide. Salivary constituents can be grouped into proteins (e.g., amylase and lysozyme), organic molecules (e.g., urea, lipids, and glucose mainly), and electrolytes (e.g., sodium, calcium, chlorine, and phosphates). Cellular elements such as epithelial cells, leukocytes and various hormones, and vitamins have also been detected. The composition of saliva is modified, depending on factors such as secreted amount, circadian rhythm, duration and nature of stimuli, diet, and medication intake, among others.
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Abstract
The proteome of whole saliva, in contrast to that of serum, is highly susceptible to a variety of physiological and biochemical processes. First, salivary protein secretion is under neurologic control, with protein output being dependent on the stimulus. Second, extensive salivary protein modifications occur in the oral environment, where a plethora of host- and bacteria-derived enzymes act on proteins emanating from the glandular ducts. Salivary protein biosynthesis starts with the transcription and translation of salivary protein genes in the glands, followed by post-translational processing involving protein glycosylation, phosphorylation, and proteolysis. This gives rise to salivary proteins occurring in families, consisting of structurally closely related family members. Once glandular secretions enter the non-sterile oral environment, proteins are subjected to additional and continuous protein modifications, leading to extensive proteolytic cleavage, partial deglycosylation, and protein-protein complex formation. All these protein modifications occur in a dynamic environment dictated by the continuous supply of newly synthesized proteins and removal by swallowing. Understanding the proteome of whole saliva in an environment of continuous turnover will be a prerequisite to gain insight into the physiological and pathological processes relevant to oral health, and be crucial for the identification of meaningful biomarkers for oral disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Helmerhorst
- Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Department of Periodontology and Oral Biology, 700 Albany Street CABR W-201, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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McLoughlin K, Schluter J, Rakoff-Nahoum S, Smith A, Foster K. Host Selection of Microbiota via Differential Adhesion. Cell Host Microbe 2016; 19:550-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2016.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Candida albicans Shed Msb2 and Host Mucins Affect the Candidacidal Activity of Salivary Hst 5. Pathogens 2015; 4:752-63. [PMID: 26529023 PMCID: PMC4693163 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens4040752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Salivary Histatin 5 (Hst 5) is an antimicrobial peptide that exhibits potent antifungal activity towards Candida albicans, the causative agent of oral candidiasis. However, it exhibits limited activity in vivo, largely due to inactivation by salivary components of both host and pathogen origin. Proteins secreted by C. albicans during infection such as secreted aspartyl proteases (Saps) and shed mucin Msb2 can reduce Hst 5 activity; and human salivary mucins, while suggested to protect Hst 5 from proteolytic degradation, can entrap peptides into mucin gels, thereby reducing bioavailability. We show here that Sap6 that is secreted during hyphal growth reduces Hst 5 activity, most likely a result of proteolytic degradation of Hst 5 since this effect is abrogated with heat inactivated Sap 6. We further show that just like C. albicans shedding Msb2, mammalian mucins, fetuin and porcine gut mucin (that is related to salivary mucins), also reduce Hst 5 activity. However, we identify mucin-like protein-induced changes in C. albicans cell morphology and aggregation patterns, suggesting that the effect of such proteins on Hst 5 cannot be interpreted independently of their effect on yeast cells.
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Gibbins HL, Proctor GB, Yakubov GE, Wilson S, Carpenter GH. SIgA binding to mucosal surfaces is mediated by mucin-mucin interactions. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119677. [PMID: 25793390 PMCID: PMC4368717 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral mucosal pellicle is a layer of absorbed salivary proteins, including secretory IgA (SIgA), bound onto the surface of oral epithelial cells and is a useful model for all mucosal surfaces. The mechanism by which SIgA concentrates on mucosal surfaces is examined here using a tissue culture model with real saliva. Salivary mucins may initiate the formation of the mucosal pellicle through interactions with membrane-bound mucins on cells. Further protein interactions with mucins may then trigger binding of other pellicle proteins. HT29 colon cell lines, which when treated with methotrexate (HT29-MTX) produce a gel-forming mucin, were used to determine the importance of these mucin-mucin interactions. Binding of SIgA to cells was then compared using whole mouth saliva, parotid (mucin-free) saliva and a source of purified SIgA. Greatest SIgA binding occurred when WMS was incubated with HT29-MTX expressing mucus. Since salivary MUC5B was only able to bind to cells which produced mucus and purified SIgA showed little binding to the same cells we conclude that most SIgA binding to mucosal cells occurs because SIgA forms complexes with salivary mucins which then bind to cells expressing membrane-bound mucins. This work highlights the importance of mucin interactions in the development of the mucosal pellicle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah L. Gibbins
- Salivary Research Unit, King’s College London Dental Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon B. Proctor
- Salivary Research Unit, King’s College London Dental Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gleb E. Yakubov
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stephen Wilson
- Unilever R&D Discover, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, United Kingdom
| | - Guy H. Carpenter
- Salivary Research Unit, King’s College London Dental Institute, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Jackson S, Moldoveanu Z, Mestecky J. Collection and Processing of Human Mucosal Secretions. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.15001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Hajishengallis G, Russell MW. Innate Humoral Defense Factors. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [PMCID: PMC7149745 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.00015-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Although innate immunity came into the research spotlight in the late 1990s when its instructive role in the adaptive immune response was recognized, innate humoral defense factors have a much older history. The exocrine secretions of the body contain a plethora of distinct soluble factors (lysozyme, lactoferrin, peroxidases, proline-rich proteins, histatins, etc.) that protect the body from mucosal microbial pathogens. More recent studies have established that the humoral arm of innate immunity contains a heterogeneous group of pattern-recognition molecules (e.g., pentraxins, collectins, and ficolins), which perform diverse host-defense functions, such as agglutination and neutralization, opsonization, control of inflammation, and complement activation and regulation. These pattern-recognition molecules, which act as functional predecessors of antibodies (“ante-antibodies”), and the classic soluble innate defense factors form an integrated system with complementary specificity, action, and tissue distribution, and they are the subject of this chapter.
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SPINEI AURELIA, PICOS ALINAMONICA, ROMANCIUC INA, BERAR ANTONELA, MIHAILESCU ANAMARIA. The Study of Oral Liquid Microcrystallization in Children with Gastro-Esophageal Reflux Disease. CLUJUL MEDICAL (1957) 2014; 87:269-76. [PMID: 26528035 PMCID: PMC4620673 DOI: 10.15386/cjmed-387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Patients with disabilities have a higher prevalence of caries and dental erosions than general population. This particularity may be assessed by the study of microcrystallization of saliva. We investigated the oral liquid microcrystallization in children with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), a condition associated with dental erosions. MATERIAL AND METHODS 54 children have been clinically examined: 27 children suffering from GERD with ages between 13 and 15, were included in the study group, and 27 healthy children - the control group. The study of crystallographic changes of the oral liquid was performed using the method developed by Shatohina, Razumov SN, Shabalin VN (2006) with the scanning electron microscope VEGA TESCAN TS 5130 MM. RESULTS The degree of microcrystalization of the oral liquid in children with GERD was considerably reduced, (1.73±0.11 points) and was lower than in children in the control group (3.22±0.16 points) (p<0.01, RR=2). The degree of microcrystallization of oral liquid in children with GERD was 1.86 times lower than in healthy children. This was correlated with the duration of gastroesophageal reflux. CONCLUSION The study of structural particularities of dehydrated droplet of oral liquid in children with GERD has elucidated a number of markers of the changes produced in the oral cavity. These can be used in the screening research in prevention of caries and dental erosions.
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Affiliation(s)
- AURELIA SPINEI
- Nicolae Testemiţanu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chişinău, Republic of Moldova
| | - ALINA MONICA PICOS
- Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - INA ROMANCIUC
- Nicolae Testemiţanu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chişinău, Republic of Moldova
| | - ANTONELA BERAR
- Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Davies HS, Pudney PDA, Georgiades P, Waigh TA, Hodson NW, Ridley CE, Blanch EW, Thornton DJ. Reorganisation of the salivary mucin network by dietary components: insights from green tea polyphenols. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108372. [PMID: 25264771 PMCID: PMC4180932 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The salivary mucins that include MUC5B (gel-forming) and MUC7 (non-gel-forming) are major contributors to the protective mucus barrier in the oral cavity, and it is possible that dietary components may influence barrier properties. We show how one dietary compound, the green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), can substantially alter the properties of both the polymeric MUC5B network and monomeric MUC7. Using rate-zonal centrifugation, MUC5B in human whole saliva and MUC5B purified from saliva sedimented faster in the presence of EGCG. The faster sedimentation by EGCG was shown to be greater with increasing MUC5B concentration. Particle tracking microrheology was employed to determine the viscosity of purified MUC5B solutions and showed that for MUC5B solutions of 200-1600 µg/mL, EGCG caused a significant increase in mucin viscosity, which was greater at higher MUC5B concentrations. Visualisation of the changes to the MUC5B network by EGCG was performed using atomic force microscopy, which demonstrated increased aggregation of MUC5B in a heterogeneous manner by EGCG. Using trypsin-resistant, high-molecular weight oligosaccharide-rich regions of MUC5B and recombinant N-terminal and C-terminal MUC5B proteins, we showed that EGCG causes aggregation at the protein domains of MUC5B, but not at the oligosaccharide-rich regions of the mucin. We also demonstrated that EGCG caused the majority of MUC7 in human whole saliva to aggregate. Furthermore, purified MUC7 also underwent a large increase in sedimentation rate in the presence of EGCG. In contrast, the green tea polyphenol epicatechin caused no change in the sedimentation rate of either MUC5B or MUC7 in human whole saliva. These findings have demonstrated how the properties of the mucin barrier can be influenced by dietary components. In the case of EGCG, these interactions may alter the function of MUC5B as a lubricant, contributing to the astringency (dry puckering sensation) of green tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather S. Davies
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Pantelis Georgiades
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Biological Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas A. Waigh
- Biological Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel W. Hodson
- BioAFM Facility Centre for Tissue Injury and Repair, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline E. Ridley
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Ewan W. Blanch
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Thornton
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Gibbins HL, Yakubov GE, Proctor GB, Wilson S, Carpenter GH. What interactions drive the salivary mucosal pellicle formation? Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 120:184-92. [PMID: 24921197 PMCID: PMC4097378 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The bound salivary pellicle is essential for protection of both the enamel and mucosa in the oral cavity. The enamel pellicle formation is well characterised, however the mucosal pellicle proteins have only recently been clarified and what drives their formation is still unclear. The aim of this study was to examine the salivary pellicle on particles with different surface properties (hydrophobic or hydrophilic with a positive or negative charge), to determine a suitable model to mimic the mucosal pellicle. A secondary aim was to use the model to test how transglutaminase may alter pellicle formation. Particles were incubated with resting whole mouth saliva, parotid saliva and submandibular/sublingual saliva. Following incubation and two PBS and water washes bound salivary proteins were eluted with two concentrations of SDS, which were later analysed using SDS-PAGE and Western blotting. Experiments were repeated with purified transglutaminase to determine how this epithelial-derived enzyme may alter the bound pellicle. Protein pellicles varied according to the starting salivary composition and the particle chemistry. Amylase, the single most abundant protein in saliva, did not bind to any particle indicating specific protein binding. Most proteins bound through hydrophobic interactions and a few according to their charges. The hydrophobic surface most closely matched the known salivary mucosal pellicle by containing mucins, cystatin and statherin but an absence of amylase and proline-rich proteins. This surface was further used to examine the effect of added transglutaminase. At the concentrations used only statherin showed any evidence of crosslinking with itself or another saliva protein. In conclusion, the formation of the salivary mucosal pellicle is probably mediated, at least in part, by hydrophobic interactions to the epithelial cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah L Gibbins
- Salivary Research Unit, King's College London Dental Institute, London SE1 9RT, UK.
| | - Gleb E Yakubov
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia.
| | - Gordon B Proctor
- Salivary Research Unit, King's College London Dental Institute, London SE1 9RT, UK.
| | - Stephen Wilson
- Unilever R&D Discover, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook MK44 1LQ, UK.
| | - Guy H Carpenter
- Salivary Research Unit, King's College London Dental Institute, London SE1 9RT, UK.
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Sollid J, Furberg A, Hanssen A, Johannessen M. Staphylococcus aureus: Determinants of human carriage. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 21:531-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Gibbins HL, Proctor GB, Yakubov GE, Wilson S, Carpenter GH. Concentration of salivary protective proteins within the bound oral mucosal pellicle. Oral Dis 2013; 20:707-13. [DOI: 10.1111/odi.12194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- HL Gibbins
- Salivary Research Unit King's College London Dental Institute London UK
| | - GB Proctor
- Salivary Research Unit King's College London Dental Institute London UK
| | - GE Yakubov
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls School of Chemical Engineering The University of Queensland Brisbane Qld. Australia
| | - S Wilson
- Unilever R&D Discover Colworth Science Park Sharnbrook UK
| | - GH Carpenter
- Salivary Research Unit King's College London Dental Institute London UK
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Heo SM, Ruhl S, Scannapieco FA. Implications of salivary protein binding to commensal and pathogenic bacteria. J Oral Biosci 2013; 55:169-174. [PMID: 24707190 PMCID: PMC3974197 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
An important function of salivary proteins is to interact with microorganisms that enter the oral cavity. For some microbes, these interactions promote microbial colonization. For others, these interactions are deleterious and result in the elimination of the microbe from the mouth, This paper reviews recent studies of the interaction of salivary proteins with two model bacteria; the commensal species Streptococcus gordonii, and the facultative pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. These organisms selectively interact with a variety of salivary proteins to influence important functions such as bacterial adhesion to surfaces, evasion of host defense, bacterial nutrition and metabolism and gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok-Mo Heo
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Frank A. Scannapieco
- Corresponding author: Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Foster Hall, Buffalo, New York 14214,
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Fahrbach KM, Malykhina O, Stieh DJ, Hope TJ. Differential binding of IgG and IgA to mucus of the female reproductive tract. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76176. [PMID: 24098437 PMCID: PMC3788792 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells of the endocervix are responsible for the secretion of mucins, which provide an additional layer of protection to the female reproductive tract (FRT). This barrier is likely fortified with IgA as has previously been shown in the gastrointestinal tract and lungs of mice. Mucus associated IgA can facilitate clearance of bacteria. While a similar function for IgG has been proposed, an association with mucus has not yet been demonstrated. Here we find that IgA and IgG are differentially associated with the different types of mucus of the FRT. We observed that while both IgA and IgG are stably associated with cervical mucus, only IgG is associated with cervicovaginal mucus. These findings reveal that antibodies can bind tightly to mucus, where they can play a significant role in the fortification of the mucus barriers of the FRT. It may be possible to harness this interaction in the development of vaccines designed to protect the FRT mucosal barriers from sexually transmitted diseases such as HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M. Fahrbach
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Olga Malykhina
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Stieh
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Thomas J. Hope
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Brandtzaeg P. Secretory IgA: Designed for Anti-Microbial Defense. Front Immunol 2013; 4:222. [PMID: 23964273 PMCID: PMC3734371 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Prevention of infections by vaccination remains a compelling goal to improve public health. Mucosal vaccines would make immunization procedures easier, be better suited for mass administration, and most efficiently induce immune exclusion - a term coined for non-inflammatory antibody shielding of internal body surfaces, mediated principally by secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA). The exported antibodies are polymeric, mainly IgA dimers (pIgA), produced by local plasma cells (PCs) stimulated by antigens that target the mucose. SIgA was early shown to be complexed with an epithelial glycoprotein - the secretory component (SC). A common SC-dependent transport mechanism for pIgA and pentameric IgM was then proposed, implying that membrane SC acts as a receptor, now usually called the polymeric Ig receptor (pIgR). From the basolateral surface, pIg-pIgR complexes are taken up by endocytosis and then extruded into the lumen after apical cleavage of the receptor - bound SC having stabilizing and innate functions in the secretory antibodies. Mice deficient for pIgR show that this is the only receptor responsible for epithelial export of IgA and IgM. These knockout mice show a variety of defects in their mucosal defense and changes in their intestinal microbiota. In the gut, induction of B-cells occurs in gut-associated lymphoid tissue, particularly the Peyer's patches and isolated lymphoid follicles, but also in mesenteric lymph nodes. PC differentiation is accomplished in the lamina propria to which the activated memory/effector B-cells home. The airways also receive such cells from nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue but by different homing receptors. This compartmentalization is a challenge for mucosal vaccination, as are the mechanisms used by the mucosal immune system to discriminate between commensal symbionts (mutualism), pathobionts, and overt pathogens (elimination).
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Brandtzaeg
- Laboratory for Immunohistochemistry and Immunopathology (LIIPAT), Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
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Probiotics, prebiotics and immunomodulation of gut mucosal defences: homeostasis and immunopathology. Nutrients 2013; 5:1869-912. [PMID: 23760057 PMCID: PMC3725482 DOI: 10.3390/nu5061869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotics are beneficial microbes that confer a realistic health benefit on the host, which in combination with prebiotics, (indigestible dietary fibre/carbohydrate), also confer a health benefit on the host via products resulting from anaerobic fermentation. There is a growing body of evidence documenting the immune-modulatory ability of probiotic bacteria, it is therefore reasonable to suggest that this is potentiated via a combination of prebiotics and probiotics as a symbiotic mix. The need for probiotic formulations has been appreciated for the health benefits in "topping up your good bacteria" or indeed in an attempt to normalise the dysbiotic microbiota associated with immunopathology. This review will focus on the immunomodulatory role of probiotics and prebiotics on the cells, molecules and immune responses in the gut mucosae, from epithelial barrier to priming of adaptive responses by antigen presenting cells: immune fate decision-tolerance or activation? Modulation of normal homeostatic mechanisms, coupled with findings from probiotic and prebiotic delivery in pathological studies, will highlight the role for these xenobiotics in dysbiosis associated with immunopathology in the context of inflammatory bowel disease, colorectal cancer and hypersensitivity.
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Gibbins H, Carpenter G. Alternative Mechanisms of Astringency – What is the Role of Saliva? J Texture Stud 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/jtxs.12022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H.L. Gibbins
- Salivary Research Unit King's College London Dental Institute London SE1 9RT U.K
| | - G.H. Carpenter
- Salivary Research Unit King's College London Dental Institute London SE1 9RT U.K
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Brandtzaeg P. Secretory immunity with special reference to the oral cavity. J Oral Microbiol 2013; 5:20401. [PMID: 23487566 PMCID: PMC3595421 DOI: 10.3402/jom.v5i0.20401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The two principal antibody classes present in saliva are secretory IgA (SIgA) and IgG; the former is produced as dimeric IgA by local plasma cells (PCs) in the stroma of salivary glands and is transported through secretory epithelia by the polymeric Ig receptor (pIgR), also named membrane secretory component (SC). Most IgG in saliva is derived from the blood circulation by passive leakage mainly via gingival crevicular epithelium, although some may be locally produced in the gingiva or salivary glands. Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) and nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) do not contribute equally to the pool of memory/effector B cells differentiating to mucosal PCs throughout the body. Thus, enteric immunostimulation may not be the best way to activate the production of salivary IgA antibodies although the level of specific SIgA in saliva may still reflect an intestinal immune response after enteric immunization. It remains unknown whether the IgA response in submandibular/sublingual glands is better related to B-cell induction in GALT than the parotid response. Such disparity is suggested by the levels of IgA in submandibular secretions of AIDS patients, paralleling their highly upregulated intestinal IgA system, while the parotid IgA level is decreased. Parotid SIgA could more consistently be linked to immune induction in palatine tonsils/adenoids (human NALT) and cervical lymph nodes, as supported by the homing molecule profile observed after immune induction at these sites. Several other variables influence the levels of antibodies in salivary secretions. These include difficulties with reproducibility and standardization of immunoassays, the impact of flow rate, acute or chronic stress, protein loss during sample handling, and uncontrolled admixture of serum-derived IgG and monomeric IgA. Despite these problems, saliva is an easily accessible biological fluid with interesting scientific and clinical potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Brandtzaeg
- Per Brandtzaeg, Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, PO Box 4950 Oslo, NO-0424 Norway. Tel: +47-23072743, Fax: 47-23071511.
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Trueba AF, Ritz T. Stress, asthma, and respiratory infections: pathways involving airway immunology and microbial endocrinology. Brain Behav Immun 2013; 29:11-27. [PMID: 23041248 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2012.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Revised: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress and infections have long been independently associated with asthma pathogenesis and exacerbation. Prior research has focused on the effect of psychological stress on Th cells with particular relevance to atopic asthma. In this review, we propose new perspectives that integrate the role of infection in the relationship between psychological stress and asthma. We highlight the essential role of the mucosal epithelia of the airways in understanding the interaction between infections and the stress-asthma relationship. In addition, we review findings suggesting that psychological stress not only modulates immune processes, but also the pathogenic qualities of bacteria, with implications for the pathogenesis and exacerbation asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana F Trueba
- Department of Psychology, Southern Methodist University, 6116 N. Central Expressway, Dallas, TX 75206, USA.
| | - Thomas Ritz
- Department of Psychology, Southern Methodist University, 6116 N. Central Expressway, Dallas, TX 75206, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND In some areas of the world, mother-to-child transmission of HIV remains a significant problem in part due to widespread breastfeeding, which is essential because of scarce supply of a safe replacement, protection conferred by breast milk against many enteric illnesses, and cultural norms. We propose that sustained adequate levels of protective antibodies in breast milk will prevent transmission of HIV. METHODS The HIV-neutralizing human monoclonal antibody b12 (IgG1) has been expressed as an IgA2 in CHO cells and shown to retain full immunoreactivity and neutralizing activity as the parental IgG1. The expression plasmids containing the b12 heavy and light chains were also used to construct milk-specific expression vectors using the GTC goat β-casein expression vector to direct expression of linked genes to the mammary gland with subsequent secretion into the milk. Female transgenic mice were generated and following parturition, their milk was tested for antibody immunoreactivity with gp120 and neutralization of HIV. RESULTS When milk-derived b12 IgA2 was compared with CHO-derived b12 IgA2 (or IgG1), immunoreactivity was retained. When tested for neutralization, milk-derived b12 IgA2 was at least comparable to CHO-derived antibody and in some cases, superior to CHO-derived antibody. Furthermore, milk that expressed b12 IgA2 was significantly more effective at mediating antibody-dependent cell killing. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that it is possible to achieve functional HIV-specific mAb in the milk of transgenic mice, and further investigations are warranted to explore ways for inducing this type of antibody response in the breast milk of HIV-infected women.
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Host defense proteins derived from human saliva bind to Staphylococcus aureus. Infect Immun 2013; 81:1364-73. [PMID: 23403559 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00825-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteins in human saliva are thought to modulate bacterial colonization of the oral cavity. Yet, information is sparse on how salivary proteins interact with systemic pathogens that transiently or permanently colonize the oral environment. Staphylococcus aureus is a pathogen that frequently colonizes the oral cavity and can cause respiratory disease in hospitalized patients at risk. Here, we investigated salivary protein binding to this organism upon exposure to saliva as a first step toward understanding the mechanism by which the organism can colonize the oral cavity of vulnerable patients. By using fluorescently labeled saliva and proteomic techniques, we demonstrated selective binding of major salivary components by S. aureus to include DMBT1(gp-340), mucin-7, secretory component, immunoglobulin A, immunoglobulin G, S100-A9, and lysozyme C. Biofilm-grown S. aureus strains bound fewer salivary components than in the planctonic state, particularly less salivary immunoglobulins. A corresponding adhesive component on the S. aureus surface responsible for binding salivary immunoglobulins was identified as staphylococcal protein A (SpA). However, SpA did not mediate binding of nonimmunoglobulin components, including mucin-7, indicating the involvement of additional bacterial surface adhesive components. These findings demonstrate that a limited number of salivary proteins, many of which are associated with various aspects of host defense, selectively bind to S. aureus and lead us to propose a possible role of saliva in colonization of the human mouth by this pathogen.
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Rocha DDM, Zenóbio EG, Van Dyke T, Silva KS, Costa FO, Soares RV. Differential expression of salivary glycoproteins in aggressive and chronic periodontitis. J Appl Oral Sci 2012; 20:180-5. [PMID: 22666834 PMCID: PMC3894760 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-77572012000200010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to compare the pattern of secretion and the expression of mucin glycoprotein-2 (MG2) and lactoferrin in individuals with or without periodontitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Five individuals with aggressive periodontitis (APG), 5 with generalized chronic periodontitis (CPG) and 5 without periodontitis (CG) were enrolled after informed consent. Non-stimulated and stimulated submandibular and sublingual saliva was collected and samples analyzed by Western blot probed with specific antibodies. RESULTS Stimulated and non-stimulated salivary flow rates did not differ among groups. Western blot analysis revealed that stimulation led to: an increase in MG2 expression in all groups, and to lactoferrin expression in APG and CPG. In non-stimulated saliva, CG exhibited the highest expression of both glycoproteins. In stimulated saliva, CG exhibited the highest expression of MG2, whereas APG the highest of lactoferrin. CONCLUSIONS The pattern of secretion of MG2 and lactoferrin in health and disease is complex. Although the present study analyzed samples from a limited number of participants, the reduced expression of MG2 and lactoferrin in APG and CPG under non-stimulated condition, the predominant circumstance of salivary secretion during the day, suggests that these salivary constituents may play a role in the etiopathogenesis of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela de Morais Rocha
- School of Dentistry, Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Abstract
Immunoglobulin A (IgA) has a critical role in immune defense particularly at the mucosal surfaces, and is equipped to do so by the unique structural attributes of its heavy chain and by its ability to polymerize. Here, we provide an overview of human IgA structure, describing the distinguishing features of the IgA1 and IgA2 subclasses and mapping the sites of interaction with host receptors important for IgA's functional repertoire. Remarkably, these same interaction sites are targeted by binding proteins and proteases produced by various pathogens as a means to subvert the protective IgA response. As interest in the prospect of therapeutic IgA-based monoclonal antibodies grows, the emerging understanding of the relationship between IgA structure and function will be invaluable for maximizing the potential of these novel reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Woof
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee Medical School, Dundee, UK.
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Pettersson L, Rasmuson J, Andersson C, Ahlm C, Evander M. Hantavirus-specific IgA in saliva and viral antigen in the parotid gland in patients with hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. J Med Virol 2011; 83:864-70. [PMID: 21360546 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.22040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The Hantavirus genus comprises rodent borne, zoonotic viruses of the Bunyaviridae family that cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Eurasia and hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) in the Americas. Rodent saliva contains infectious hantavirus and evidence suggests that hantavirus is also shed in human saliva, but person-to-person transmission is rare. In saliva, immunoglobulin (Ig) A is the predominant immunoglobulin class. Secretory IgA serves as an important first line of defence on epithelial surfaces and the binding of secretory IgA to pathogens can inhibit adherence of microorganisms to mucosal cells and neutralize viruses. This study investigated the presence and importance of salivary IgA in relation to viral antigen in the saliva by testing Puumala hantavirus (PUUV) specific IgA, and RNA in saliva in acutely ill patients with HFRS. In saliva samples, PUUV specific IgA was detected in 12 of 33 (36%) patients with HFRS and 20 (61%) were PUUV RNA positive. There was a statistically significant inverse association between the presence of salivary IgA antibodies and PUUV RNA in the saliva. PUUV-specific IgA in saliva was not found in a long-term follow-up, while PUUV IgA in serum was detected in three patients, 28-32 months after the initial study. Notably, both PUUV RNA and PUUV nucleocapsid antigen were detected in endothelial cells within the parotid gland of a deceased patient with HFRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Pettersson
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Abstract
The oral cavity of the hospitalized or bedridden elderly is often a reservoir for opportunistic pathogens associated with respiratory diseases. Commensal flora and the host interact in a balanced fashion and oral infections are considered to appear following an imbalance in the oral resident microbiota, leading to the emergence of potentially pathogenic bacteria. The definition of the process involved in colonization by opportunistic respiratory pathogens needs to elucidate the factors responsible for the transition of the microbiota from commensal to pathogenic flora. The regulatory factors influencing the oral ecosystem can be divided into three major categories: the host defense system, commensal bacteria, and external pathogens. In this article, we review the profile of these categories including the intricate cellular interaction between immune factors and commensal bacteria and the disturbance in homeostasis in the oral cavity of hospitalized or bedridden elderly, which facilitates oral colonization by opportunistic respiratory pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akio Tada
- Department of Oral Health, National Institute of Public Health, Wako, Saitama, Japan.
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Svensson O, Arnebrant T. Mucin layers and multilayers — Physicochemical properties and applications. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2010.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ambatipudi KS, Hagen FK, Delahunty CM, Han X, Shafi R, Hryhorenko J, Gregoire S, Marquis RE, Melvin JE, Koo H, Yates JR. Human common salivary protein 1 (CSP-1) promotes binding of Streptococcus mutans to experimental salivary pellicle and glucans formed on hydroxyapatite surface. J Proteome Res 2010; 9:6605-14. [PMID: 20858015 DOI: 10.1021/pr100786y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The saliva proteome includes host defense factors and specific bacterial-binding proteins that modulate microbial growth and colonization of the tooth surface in the oral cavity. A multidimensional mass spectrometry approach identified the major host-derived salivary proteins that interacted with Streptococcus mutans (strain UA159), the primary microorganism associated with the pathogenesis of dental caries. Two abundant host proteins were found to tightly bind to S. mutans cells, common salivary protein-1 (CSP-1) and deleted in malignant brain tumor 1 (DMBT1, also known as salivary agglutinin or gp340). In contrast to gp340, limited functional information is available on CSP-1. The sequence of CSP-1 shares 38.1% similarity with rat CSP-1. Recombinant CSP-1 (rCSP-1) protein did not cause aggregation of S. mutans cells and was devoid of any significant biocidal activity (2.5 to 10 μg/mL). However, S. mutans cells exposed to rCSP-1 (10 μg/mL) in saliva displayed enhanced adherence to experimental salivary pellicle and to glucans in the pellicle formed on hydroxyapatite surfaces. Thus, our data demonstrate that the host salivary protein CSP-1 binds to S. mutans cells and may influence the initial colonization of this pathogenic bacterium onto the tooth surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran S Ambatipudi
- Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology, Rochester Proteomics Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, United States
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Strugnell RA, Wijburg OLC. The role of secretory antibodies in infection immunity. Nat Rev Microbiol 2010; 8:656-67. [PMID: 20694027 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro2384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The mucosal secretory immune system provides an important primary defence against disease, as studies of humans with mucosal humoral immunodeficiencies suggest that the absence of secretory immunoglobulin A leads to an increase in mucosal infections. However, the infection risks posed do not seem to provide the evolutionary drive to retain constitutive secretion of often 'hard won' protein, suggesting that secretory antibodies may have some other important function (or functions). This Review examines the evidence that secretory antibodies provide an important defence against infection in specific animal models and explores complementary explanations for the evolution of the secretory immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Strugnell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, VIC 3010 Australia.
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