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Eldin C, Mélenotte C, Mediannikov O, Ghigo E, Million M, Edouard S, Mege JL, Maurin M, Raoult D. From Q Fever to Coxiella burnetii Infection: a Paradigm Change. Clin Microbiol Rev 2017; 30:115-190. [PMID: 27856520 PMCID: PMC5217791 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00045-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 539] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Coxiella burnetii is the agent of Q fever, or "query fever," a zoonosis first described in Australia in 1937. Since this first description, knowledge about this pathogen and its associated infections has increased dramatically. We review here all the progress made over the last 20 years on this topic. C. burnetii is classically a strict intracellular, Gram-negative bacterium. However, a major step in the characterization of this pathogen was achieved by the establishment of its axenic culture. C. burnetii infects a wide range of animals, from arthropods to humans. The genetic determinants of virulence are now better known, thanks to the achievement of determining the genome sequences of several strains of this species and comparative genomic analyses. Q fever can be found worldwide, but the epidemiological features of this disease vary according to the geographic area considered, including situations where it is endemic or hyperendemic, and the occurrence of large epidemic outbreaks. In recent years, a major breakthrough in the understanding of the natural history of human infection with C. burnetii was the breaking of the old dichotomy between "acute" and "chronic" Q fever. The clinical presentation of C. burnetii infection depends on both the virulence of the infecting C. burnetii strain and specific risks factors in the infected patient. Moreover, no persistent infection can exist without a focus of infection. This paradigm change should allow better diagnosis and management of primary infection and long-term complications in patients with C. burnetii infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Eldin
- URMITE, UMR CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM U1095, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, France
| | - Cléa Mélenotte
- URMITE, UMR CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM U1095, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, France
| | - Oleg Mediannikov
- URMITE, UMR CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM U1095, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, France
| | - Eric Ghigo
- URMITE, UMR CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM U1095, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, France
| | - Matthieu Million
- URMITE, UMR CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM U1095, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, France
| | - Sophie Edouard
- URMITE, UMR CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM U1095, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Louis Mege
- URMITE, UMR CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM U1095, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, France
| | - Max Maurin
- Institut de Biologie et de Pathologie, CHU de Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- URMITE, UMR CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM U1095, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, France
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D’Amato F, Eldin C, Raoult D. The contribution of genomics to the study of Q fever. Future Microbiol 2016; 11:253-72. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb.15.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Coxiella burnetii is the etiological agent of Q fever, a worldwide zoonosis that can result in large outbreaks. The birth of genomics and sequencing of C. burnetii strains has revolutionized many fields of study of this infection. Accurate genotyping methods and comparative genomic analysis have enabled description of the diversity of strains around the world and their link with pathogenicity. Genomics has also permitted the development of qPCR tools and axenic culture medium, facilitating the diagnosis of Q fever. Moreover, several pathophysiological mechanisms can now be predicted and therapeutic strategies can be determined thanks to in silico genome analysis. An extensive pan-genomic analysis will allow for a comprehensive view of the clonal diversity of C. burnetii and its link with virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicetta D’Amato
- Aix-Marseille Université, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Marseille, France
| | - Carole Eldin
- Aix-Marseille Université, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Marseille, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- Aix-Marseille Université, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Marseille, France
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Gürtler L, Bauerfeind U, Blümel J, Burger R, Drosten C, Gröner A, Heiden M, Hildebrandt M, Jansen B, Offergeld R, Pauli G, Seitz R, Schlenkrich U, Schottstedt V, Strobel J, Willkommen H. Coxiella burnetii - Pathogenic Agent of Q (Query) Fever. Transfus Med Hemother 2014; 41:60-72. [PMID: 24659949 PMCID: PMC3949614 DOI: 10.1159/000357107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rainer Seitz
- Arbeitskreis Blut, Untergruppe «Bewertung Blutassoziierter Krankheitserreger»
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Jado I, Carranza-Rodríguez C, Barandika JF, Toledo Á, García-Amil C, Serrano B, Bolaños M, Gil H, Escudero R, García-Pérez AL, Olmeda AS, Astobiza I, Lobo B, Rodríguez-Vargas M, Pérez-Arellano JL, López-Gatius F, Pascual-Velasco F, Cilla G, Rodríguez NF, Anda P. Molecular method for the characterization of Coxiella burnetii from clinical and environmental samples: variability of genotypes in Spain. BMC Microbiol 2012; 12:91. [PMID: 22656068 PMCID: PMC3413600 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-12-91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Coxiella burnetii is a highly clonal microorganism which is difficult to culture, requiring BSL3 conditions for its propagation. This leads to a scarce availability of isolates worldwide. On the other hand, published methods of characterization have delineated up to 8 different genomic groups and 36 genotypes. However, all these methodologies, with the exception of one that exhibited limited discriminatory power (3 genotypes), rely on performing between 10 and 20 PCR amplifications or sequencing long fragments of DNA, which make their direct application to clinical samples impracticable and leads to a scarce accessibility of data on the circulation of C. burnetii genotypes. Results To assess the variability of this organism in Spain, we have developed a novel method that consists of a multiplex (8 targets) PCR and hybridization with specific probes that reproduce the previous classification of this organism into 8 genomic groups, and up to 16 genotypes. It allows for a direct characterization from clinical and environmental samples in a single run, which will help in the study of the different genotypes circulating in wild and domestic cycles as well as from sporadic human cases and outbreaks. The method has been validated with reference isolates. A high variability of C. burnetii has been found in Spain among 90 samples tested, detecting 10 different genotypes, being those adaA negative associated with acute Q fever cases presenting as fever of intermediate duration with liver involvement and with chronic cases. Genotypes infecting humans are also found in sheep, goats, rats, wild boar and ticks, and the only genotype found in cattle has never been found among our clinical samples. Conclusions This newly developed methodology has permitted to demonstrate that C. burnetii is highly variable in Spain. With the data presented here, cattle seem not to participate in the transmission of C. burnetii to humans in the samples studied, while sheep, goats, wild boar, rats and ticks share genotypes with the human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Jado
- Laboratorio de Espiroquetas y Patógenos Especiales, Department of Bacteriology, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ctra, de Pozuelo km 2,6, Majadahonda, Madrid, 28220, Spain.
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Marrie TJ, Raoult D. Q fever--a review and issues for the next century. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2010; 8:145-61. [PMID: 18611796 DOI: 10.1016/s0924-8579(96)00369-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/1996] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T J Marrie
- Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, N.S., Canada
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Zhang G, To H, Russell KE, Hendrix LR, Yamaguchi T, Fukushi H, Hirai K, Samuel JE. Identification and characterization of an immunodominant 28-kilodalton Coxiella burnetii outer membrane protein specific to isolates associated with acute disease. Infect Immun 2005; 73:1561-7. [PMID: 15731054 PMCID: PMC1064944 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.3.1561-1567.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Coxiella burnetii causes acute Q fever in humans and occasional chronic infections that typically manifest as endocarditis or hepatitis. Isolates associated with acute disease were found to be distinct from a group of chronic disease isolates by a variety of biochemical parameters and in a guinea pig fever model of acute disease, suggesting a difference in virulence potential. We compared antigenic polypeptides among C. burnetii isolates and found an immunodominant 28-kDa protein in acute group isolates but not in chronic group isolates (T. Ho, A. Hotta, G. Q. Zhang, S. V. Nguyen, M. Ogawa, T. Yamaguchi, H. Fukushi, and K. Hirai, Microbiol. Immunol. 42:81-85, 1998). In order to clone the adaA gene, the N-terminal amino acid sequence of adaA was determined and a 59-bp fragment was amplified from Nine Mile phase I DNA by PCR. The putative gene fragment was used to screen a lambda ZAP II genomic DNA library, and an open reading frame expressing a 28-kDa immunoreactive protein was identified. Sequence analysis predicted a gene encoding an approximately 28-kDa mature protein with a typical signal sequence. The adaA (acute disease antigen A) gene was detected in acute group C. burnetii isolates but not identified in chronic group isolates by PCR and Southern blotting. A typical signal peptide was predicted in adaA, and specific antibody to adaA reacted with the purified membrane fraction of acute group isolates by Western blotting, suggesting that adaA is exposed on the outer surface of C. burnetii. adaA was overexpressed in pET23a as a fusion protein in Escherichia coli to develop anti-recombinant adaA (anti-radaA) specific antibody, which recognized a approximately 28-kDa band in acute group isolates but not in chronic group isolates. In addition, immunoblotting indicates that radaA reacted with sera derived from animals infected with acute group isolates but did not react with sera from animals infected with chronic group isolates. These results support the idea that an adaA gene-targeted PCR assay and an radaA antigen-based serodiagnostic test may be useful for differential diagnosis of acute and chronic Q fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoquan Zhang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, 407 Reynolds Medical Building, Texas A & M University System Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843-1114, USA
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Lautenschläger S, Willems H, Jäger C, Baljer G. Sequencing and characterization of the cryptic plasmid QpRS from Coxiella burnetii. Plasmid 2000; 44:85-8. [PMID: 10873529 DOI: 10.1006/plas.2000.1470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Plasmid QpRS from Coxiella burnetii, isolate Priscilla Q177, phase I, has been completely sequenced. DNA for sequencing was amplified with "extra-long" (XL) PCR. The size of the QpRS plasmid sequence was determined to be 39,280 bp, with a G + C content of 39.3%. Putative proteins associated with replication and recombination were identified. The sequence of QpRS plasmid was analyzed for shared and unique regions among C. burnetii plasmids.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lautenschläger
- Justus Liebig University, Institute for Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Giessen, Germany.
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Hechemy KE. Chapter 18 The rickettsiae. Microbiology (Reading) 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-2582(97)80155-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Seshu J, McIvor KL, Mallavia LP. Antibodies are generated during infection to Coxiella burnetii macrophage infectivity potentiator protein (Cb-Mip). Microbiol Immunol 1997; 41:371-6. [PMID: 9159413 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1997.tb01215.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Antisera from rabbits immunized with formalin inactivated Coxiella burnetii isolates associated with either acute (Nine Mile, phase I or phase II) or chronic (Priscilla) Q fever showed reactivity to a C. burnetii macrophage infectivity potentiator protein (Cb-Mip) cloned in Escherichia coli. Further, antisera generated in BALB/c mice after infection with live Nine Mile phase I or Priscilla isolates also showed reactivity to Cb-Mip by immunoblot analysis. In addition, human serum from an individual with previous serological and clinical evidence of Q fever showed reactivity to Cb-Mip. This study indicates that Cb-Mip is immunogenic in both experimental and natural infections, and is the first report on the presence of antibodies to Mip/Mip-like proteins of intracellular bacteria in human sera. Cb-Mip may serve as a potential target antigen for developing recombinant vaccines or diagnostic assays for Q fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Seshu
- Department of Microbiology, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-4233, USA
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Abstract
Those organisms considered to be obligate intracellular bacteria are interesting objects for genetic studies. Little is known about their mechanisms for natural genetic exchange. Many genes from the bacterium Coxiella burnetii, an obligate intraphagolysosomal pathogen, have therefore been cloned and characterized using the heterologous host Escherichia coli. Recently, use of electroporation methodology followed by long-term selection periods have provided initial data on genetic transformation in C. burnetii.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Thompson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown 26506-9177, USA.
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Valková D, Kazár J. A new plasmid (QpDV) common to Coxiella burnetii isolates associated with acute and chronic Q fever. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1995; 125:275-80. [PMID: 7875575 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1995.tb07368.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic studies of Coxiella burnetii strains suggested the possibility of differentiating new isolates according to their plasmid DNA content. Virulence and/or clinical manifestations ('chronic' and 'acute' Q fever) had been claimed to correlate with this plasmid typing. A new plasmid, named QpDV, was found to be common to C. burnetii isolates obtained from acute and chronic Q fever. According to the results obtained, plasmid usage for detection and differentiation of respective pathovars of C. burnetii and the correlation between gene specificity and pathovar has to be revised. Closer studies suggested a common origin of C. burnetii plasmids, but also showed some differences characteristic for each plasmid, probably reflecting divergent evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Valková
- Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava
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Abstract
The Q fever agent, Coxiella burnetii, thrives in the acidic environment of the phagolysosome of the host cell. How this obligate intracellular agent manages to survive within this hostile milieu is unknown; however, several of its enzymes may eliminate or prevent the formation of toxic oxygen metabolites by the host cell. Also implicated as virulence factors are its surface lipopolysaccharide and plasmids.
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Affiliation(s)
- O G Baca
- Dept of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque 87060
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Abstract
Purification of the outer membrane of Bartonella bacilliformis by sucrose step gradient centrifugation and analysis by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) suggest that 14 proteins, ranging from 11.2 to 75.3 kDa, are located in the outer membrane of the pathogen. On the basis of M(r)s, eleven of these proteins have counterparts which are labeled by extrinsic radioiodination of intact bartonellae, and two of the proteins are visibly sensitive to extrinsic proteinase K digestion in analysis by SDS-PAGE. While nearly all the extrinsically radioiodinated proteins could be immunoprecipitated with rabbit antibartonella hyperimmune serum, proteins of 31.5, 42, and 45 kDa were prominent immunoprecipitants. Purified lipopolysaccharide from the outer membrane of B. bacilliformis produced a diffuse band of approximately 5 kDa on SDS-PAGE and was not detectable on immunoblots developed with rabbit antibartonella hyperimmune antiserum.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Minnick
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula 59812-1002
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Hendrix LR, Mallavia LP, Samuel JE. Cloning and sequencing of Coxiella burnetii outer membrane protein gene com1. Infect Immun 1993; 61:470-7. [PMID: 8423075 PMCID: PMC302752 DOI: 10.1128/iai.61.2.470-477.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The gene for an approximately 27-kDa outer membrane-associated, immunoreactive protein was cloned from the rickettsial pathogen Coxiella burnetii. The gene, designated com1 for Coxiella outer membrane protein 1, was expressed in Escherichia coli, presumably by its own promoter. The complete nucleotide sequence of the gene was determined. The deduced amino acid sequence of 252 residues includes a putative leader sequence. The leader sequence is recognized in and removed by E. coli on the basis of the difference in the molecular mass of the protein produced in an in vitro transcription-translation system (27.6 kDa) and that of the protein immunoprecipitated from an iodinated E. coli clone (25.7 kDa). The Com1 protein expressed in E. coli was proteinase K sensitive in nondisrupted cells and soluble in 1% Sarkosyl, suggesting a loose association with the outer membrane. While the complete predicted sequence of the Com1 protein does not show any overall similarity to those of previously described proteins, a region which includes the only two cysteines in Com1 is homologous to the catalytic site of protein disulfide oxidoreductases.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Hendrix
- MicroCarb Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland 20879
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