1
|
Chira S, Jackson CS, Oprea I, Ozturk F, Pepper MS, Diaconu I, Braicu C, Raduly LZ, Calin GA, Berindan-Neagoe I. Progresses towards safe and efficient gene therapy vectors. Oncotarget 2016; 6:30675-703. [PMID: 26362400 PMCID: PMC4741561 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of genetic engineering at the beginning of the 1970′s opened the era of biomedical technologies, which aims to improve human health using genetic manipulation techniques in a clinical context. Gene therapy represents an innovating and appealing strategy for treatment of human diseases, which utilizes vehicles or vectors for delivering therapeutic genes into the patients' body. However, a few past unsuccessful events that negatively marked the beginning of gene therapy resulted in the need for further studies regarding the design and biology of gene therapy vectors, so that this innovating treatment approach can successfully move from bench to bedside. In this paper, we review the major gene delivery vectors and recent improvements made in their design meant to overcome the issues that commonly arise with the use of gene therapy vectors. At the end of the manuscript, we summarized the main advantages and disadvantages of common gene therapy vectors and we discuss possible future directions for potential therapeutic vectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergiu Chira
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Haţieganu", Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Carlo S Jackson
- Department of Immunology and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Iulian Oprea
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ferhat Ozturk
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Canik Başari University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Michael S Pepper
- Department of Immunology and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Cornelia Braicu
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Haţieganu", Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Lajos-Zsolt Raduly
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Haţieganu", Cluj Napoca, Romania.,Department of Physiopathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - George A Calin
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ioana Berindan-Neagoe
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Haţieganu", Cluj Napoca, Romania.,Department of Immunology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Haţieganu", Cluj Napoca, Romania.,Department of Functional Genomics and Experimental Pathology, Oncological Institute "Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuţă", Cluj Napoca, Romania.,Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
The involvement of heat-shock proteins in the pathogenesis of autoimmune arthritis: a critical appraisal. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2009; 40:164-75. [PMID: 19969325 DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2009.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2009] [Revised: 09/23/2009] [Accepted: 10/04/2009] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To review the literature on the role of heat-shock proteins (HSPs) in the pathogenesis of autoimmune arthritis in animal models and patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS The published literature in Medline (PubMed), including our published work on the cell-mediated as well as humoral immune response to various HSPs, was reviewed. Studies in the preclinical animal models of arthritis as well as RA were examined critically and the data are presented. RESULTS In experimental arthritis, disease induction by different arthritogenic stimuli, including an adjuvant, led to immune response to mycobacterial HSP65 (BHSP65). However, attempts to induce arthritis by a purified HSP have not met with success. There are several reports of a significant immune response to HSP65 in RA patients. However, the issue of cause and effect is difficult to address. Nevertheless, several studies in animal models and a couple of clinical trials in RA patients have shown the beneficial effect of HSPs against autoimmune arthritis. CONCLUSIONS There is a clear association between immune response to HSPs, particularly HSP65, and the initiation and propagation of autoimmune arthritis in experimental models. The correlation is relatively less convincing in RA patients. In both cases, the ability of HSPs to modulate arthritis offers support, albeit an indirect one, for the involvement of these antigens in the disease process.
Collapse
|
3
|
Durai M, Huang MN, Moudgil KD. Self heat-shock protein 65-mediated regulation of autoimmune arthritis. J Autoimmun 2009; 33:208-13. [PMID: 19800761 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2009.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Heat-shock proteins (Hsps) have been invoked in the pathogenesis of a variety of autoimmune diseases. The mycobacterial heat-shock protein 65 (Bhsp65) has been studied extensively as one of the antigenic triggers of autoimmunity in experimental models of, as well as patients with, rheumatoid arthritis. As Hsps are highly conserved and immunogenic, it is generally anticipated that self Hsps might serve as the endogenous targets of the immune response initiated by the homologous foreign Hsps. Contrary to this expectation, studies in the rat adjuvant arthritis (AA) model have revealed that priming of the self (rat) hsp65 (Rhsp65)-directed T cells in the Lewis rat leads to protection against AA instead of disease induction or aggravation. The arthritis-protective attribute of the self hsp65 is also evident following spontaneous priming of the anti-Rhsp65 T cells during the natural course of AA. Furthermore, immunization of rats with human hsp60, or with Bhsp65 peptides that are crossreactive with the corresponding self hsp65 peptides, leads to protection against AA. Importantly, high levels of T cell reactivity against self hsp60 in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis positively correlate with a favorable outcome of the disease. Thus, immune response against self hsp65 in autoimmune arthritis is protective rather than being pathogenic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malarvizhi Durai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Howard Hall Room 323 C, 660 West Redwood St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Shi C, Yuan S, Zhang H, Zhang T, Wang L, Xu Z. Cell-Mediated Immune Responses and Protective Efficacy against Infection withMycobacterium tuberculosisInduced by Hsp65 and hIL-2 Fusion Protein in Mice. Scand J Immunol 2009; 69:140-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2008.02207.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
|
5
|
Satpute SR, Durai M, Moudgil KD. Antigen-specific tolerogenic and immunomodulatory strategies for the treatment of autoimmune arthritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2008; 38:195-207. [PMID: 18177689 PMCID: PMC2723747 DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2007.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2007] [Revised: 10/18/2007] [Accepted: 10/21/2007] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To review various antigen-specific tolerogenic and immunomodulatory approaches for arthritis in animal models and patients in regard to their efficacy, mechanisms of action, and limitations. METHODS We reviewed the published literature in Medline (PubMed) on the induction of antigen-specific tolerance and its effect on autoimmune arthritis, as well as the recent work on B-cell-mediated tolerance from our laboratory. The prominent key words used in different combinations included arthritis, autoimmunity, immunotherapy, innate immunity, tolerance, treatment, and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Although this search spanned the years 1975 to 2007, the majority of the short-listed articles belonged to the period 1990 to 2007. The relevant primary as well as cross-referenced articles were then collected from links within PubMed and reviewed. RESULTS Antigen-specific tolerance has been successful in the prevention and/or treatment of arthritis in animal models. The administration of soluble native antigen or an altered peptide ligand intravenously, orally, or nasally, and the delivery of the DNA encoding a particular antigen by gene therapy have been the mainstay of immunomodulation. Recently, the methods for in vitro expansion of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T-cells have been optimized. Furthermore, interleukin-17 has emerged as a promising new therapeutic target in arthritis. However, in RA patients, non-antigen-specific therapeutic approaches have been much more successful than antigen-specific tolerogenic regimens. CONCLUSION An antigen-specific treatment against autoimmune arthritis is still elusive. However, insights into newly emerging mechanisms of disease pathogenesis provide hope for the development of effective and safe immunotherapeutic strategies in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shailesh R. Satpute
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Malarvizhi Durai
- Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Kamal D. Moudgil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Santos-Junior RR, Sartori A, De Franco M, Filho OGR, Coelho-Castelo AAM, Bonato VLD, Cabrera WHK, Ibañez OM, Silva CL. Immunomodulation and protection induced by DNA-hsp65 vaccination in an animal model of arthritis. Hum Gene Ther 2006; 16:1338-45. [PMID: 16259568 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2005.16.1338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
We described a prophylactic and therapeutic effect of a DNA vaccine encoding the Mycobacterium leprae 65-kDa heat shock protein (DNA-hsp65) in experimental murine tuberculosis. However, high homology of the vaccine to the corresponding mammalian hsp60, together with the CpG motifs in the plasmidial vector, could trigger or exacerbate an autoimmune disease. In the present study, we evaluate the potential of DNA-hsp65 vaccination to induce or modulate arthritis in mice genetically selected for acute inflammatory reaction (AIR), either maximal (AIRmax) or minimal (AIRmin). Mice immunized with DNA-hsp65 or injected with the corresponding DNA vector (DNAv) developed no arthritis, whereas pristane injection resulted in arthritis in 62% of AIRmax mice and 7.3% of AIRmin mice. Administered after pristane, DNA-hsp65 downregulated arthritis induction in AIRmax animals. Levels of interleukin (IL)-12 were significantly lower in mice receiving pristane plus DNA-hsp65 or DNAv than in mice receiving pristane alone. However, when mice previously injected with pristane were inoculated with DNA-hsp65 or DNAv, the protective effect was significantly correlated with lower IL-6 and IL-12 levels and higher IL-10 levels. Our results strongly suggest that DNA-hsp65 has no arthritogenic potential and is actually protective against experimentally induced arthritis in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rubens R Santos-Junior
- Centro de Pesquisas em Tuberculose, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14049-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
van Eden W, van der Zee R, Prakken B. Heat-shock proteins induce T-cell regulation of chronic inflammation. Nat Rev Immunol 2005; 5:318-30. [PMID: 15803151 DOI: 10.1038/nri1593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 390] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Immune responses to certain heat-shock proteins (HSPs) develop in almost all inflammatory diseases; however, the significance of such responses is only now becoming clear. In experimental disease models, HSPs can prevent or arrest inflammatory damage, and in initial clinical trials in patients with chronic inflammatory disease, HSP-derived peptides have been shown to promote the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines, indicating that HSPs have immunoregulatory potential. In this Review, we discuss the unique characteristics of HSPs that endow them with these immunoregulatory qualities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Willem van Eden
- Division of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584CL Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Quintana FJ, Cohen IR. DNA vaccines coding for heat-shock proteins (HSPs): tools for the activation of HSP-specific regulatory T cells. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2005; 5:545-54. [PMID: 15934832 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.5.4.545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Heat-shock proteins (HSPs) perform opposing functions in autoimmune arthritis. HSP-specific T cells drive the progression of adjuvant arthritis (AA), an experimental model of autoimmune arthritis. However, HSP-specific T cells can also have a regulatory phenotype, controlling arthritogenic T cells and inhibiting AA progression. This manuscript reviews the use of DNA vaccines coding for HSPs to analyse the role of these proteins in the regulation of arthritis. Recent studies suggest that HSPs participate in the control of pathological autoimmunity. Indeed, DNA vaccines coding for HSPs can be used to activate these HSP-specific built-in regulatory mechanisms. Thus, DNA vaccines coding for HSPs may serve not only as tools for the dissection of immunoregulatory mechanisms, but also as agents for the treatment of autoimmune disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Quintana
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Riffo-Vasquez Y, Spina D, Page C, Tormay P, Singh M, Henderson B, Coates A. Effect of Mycobacterium tuberculosis chaperonins on bronchial eosinophilia and hyper-responsiveness in a murine model of allergic inflammation. Clin Exp Allergy 2004; 34:712-9. [PMID: 15144461 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2004.1931.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological evidence suggests that infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis protects children against asthma. Several laboratories have shown that, in mouse models of allergic inflammation, administration of the whole live tuberculosis vaccine, Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), prevents ovalbumin (OVA)-induced pulmonary eosinophilia. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to characterize specific M. tuberculosis molecules that are known to modulate immune responses to see if they affected pulmonary eosinophilia and bronchial hyper-responsiveness. METHODS C57Bl/6 mice were sensitized to OVA on days 0 and 7 and subsequently challenged with OVA on day 14 over a 3-day period. Pulmonary eosinophilia and bronchial hyper-responsiveness were measured 24 h following the last antigen challenge. In some groups, mice were pre-treated with M. tuberculosis or M. tuberculosis chaperonins (Cpns)60.1, 60.2 and 10, and the effect of this treatment on the allergic inflammatory response to aerosolized OVA was established. RESULTS We show that M. tuberculosis Cpns inhibit allergen-induced pulmonary eosinophilia in the mouse. Of the three Cpns produced by M. tuberculosis, Cpn60.1, Cpn10 and Cpn60.2, the first two are effective in preventing eosinophilia when administered by the intra-tracheal route. Furthermore, the increase in airways sensitivity to inhaled methacholine following OVA challenge of immunized mice was suppressed following treatment with Cpn60.1. The allergic inflammatory response was also characterized by an increase in Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-5 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, which was also suppressed following treatment with Cpn60.1. CONCLUSION These data show that bacterial Cpns can suppress eosinophil recruitment and bronchial hyper-responsiveness in a murine model of allergic inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Riffo-Vasquez
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, GKT School of Biomedical Science and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Quintana FJ, Carmi P, Mor F, Cohen IR. DNA fragments of the human 60-kDa heat shock protein (HSP60) vaccinate against adjuvant arthritis: identification of a regulatory HSP60 peptide. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 171:3533-41. [PMID: 14500649 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.7.3533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Adjuvant arthritis (AA) is induced by immunizing Lewis rats with Mycobacterium tuberculosis suspended in adjuvant. The mycobacterial 65-kDa heat shock protein (HSP65) contains at least one epitope associated with the pathogenesis of AA: T cell clones that recognize an epitope formed by aa 180-188 of HSP65 react with self-cartilage and can adoptively transfer AA. Nevertheless, vaccination with HSP65 or some of its T cell epitopes can prevent AA by a mechanism that seems to involve cross-reactivity with the self-60-kDa HSP60. We recently demonstrated that DNA vaccination with the human hsp60 gene can inhibit AA. In the present work, we searched for regulatory epitopes using DNA vaccination with HSP60 gene fragments. We now report that specific HSP60 DNA fragments can serve as effective vaccines. Using overlapping HSP60 peptides, we identified a regulatory peptide (Hu3) that was specifically recognized by the T cells of DNA-vaccinated rats. Vaccination with Hu3, or transfer of splenocytes from Hu3-vaccinated rats, inhibited the development of AA. Vaccination with the mycobacterial homologue of Hu3 had no effect. Effective DNA or peptide vaccination was associated with enhanced T cell proliferation to a variety of disease-associated Ags, along with a Th2/3-like shift (down-regulation of IFN-gamma secretion and enhanced secretion of IL-10 and/or tumor growth factor beta1) in response to peptide Mt176-190 (the 180-188 epitope of HSP65). The regulatory response to HSP60 or its Hu3 epitope included both Th1 (IFN-gamma) and Th2/3 (IL-10/tumor growth factor beta1) secretors. These results show that regulatory mechanisms can be activated by immunization with relevant self-HSP60 epitopes.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Adoptive Transfer
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Arthritis, Experimental/immunology
- Arthritis, Experimental/prevention & control
- Cells, Cultured
- Chaperonin 60/administration & dosage
- Chaperonin 60/genetics
- Chaperonin 60/immunology
- Cytokines/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/administration & dosage
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/isolation & purification
- Female
- Humans
- Injections, Intramuscular
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Peptide Fragments/administration & dosage
- Peptide Fragments/genetics
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/isolation & purification
- Plasmids
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/transplantation
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
Collapse
|
11
|
Van Eden W, Waksman BH. Immune regulation in adjuvant-induced arthritis: possible implications for innovative therapeutic strategies in arthritis. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2003; 48:1788-96. [PMID: 12847671 DOI: 10.1002/art.11077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
12
|
Quintana FJ, Carmi P, Mor F, Cohen IR. Inhibition of adjuvant arthritis by a DNA vaccine encoding human heat shock protein 60. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:3422-8. [PMID: 12218165 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.6.3422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Adjuvant arthritis (AA) is an autoimmune disease inducible in rats involving T cell reactivity to the mycobacterial 65-kDa heat shock protein (HSP65). HSP65-specific T cells cross-reactive with the mammalian 60-kDa heat shock protein (HSP60) are thought to participate in the modulation of AA. In this work we studied the effects on AA of DNA vaccination using constructs coding for HSP65 (pHSP65) or human HSP60 (pHSP60). We found that both constructs could inhibit AA, but that pHSP60 was more effective than pHSP65. The immune effects associated with specific DNA-induced suppression of AA were complex and included enhanced T cell proliferation to a variety of disease-associated Ags. Effective vaccination with HSP60 or HSP65 DNA led paradoxically to up-regulation of IFN-gamma secretion to HSP60 and, concomitantly, to down-regulation of IFN-gamma secretion to the P180-188 epitope of HSP65. There were also variable changes in the profiles of IL-10 secretion to different Ags. However, vaccination with pHSP60 or pHSP65 enhanced the production of TGFbeta1 to both HSP60 and HSP65 epitopes. Our results support a regulatory role for HSP60 autoreactivity in AA and demonstrate that this control mechanism can be activated by DNA vaccination with both HSP60 or HSP65.
Collapse
|
13
|
van Eden W, Wendling U, Paul L, Prakken B, van Kooten P, van der Zee R. Arthritis protective regulatory potential of self-heat shock protein cross-reactive T cells. Cell Stress Chaperones 2001. [PMID: 11189451 DOI: 10.1379/1466-1268(2000)005<0452:aprpos>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunization with heat shock proteins has protective effects in models of induced arthritis. Analysis has shown a reduced synovial inflammation in such protected animals. Adoptive transfer and immunization with selected T cell epitopes (synthetic peptides) have indicated the protection to be mediated by T cells directed to conserved hsp epitopes. This was shown first for mycobacterial hsp60 and later for mycobacterial hsp70. Fine specificity analysis showed that such T cells were cross-reactive with the homologous self hsp. Therefore protection by microbial hsp reactive T cells can be by cross-recognition of self hsp overexpressed in the inflamed tissue. Preimmunization with hsp leads to a relative expansion of such self hsp cross-responsive T cells. The regulatory nature of such T cells may originate from mucosal tolerance maintained by commensal flora derived hsp or from partial activation through recognition of self hsp as a partial agonist (Altered Peptide Ligand) or in the absence of proper costimulation. Recently, we reported the selective upregulation of B7.2 on microbial hsp600 specific T cells in response to self hsp60. Through a preferred interaction with CTLA-4 on proinflammatory T cells this may constitute an effector mechanism of regulation. Also, regulatory T cells produced IL10.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W van Eden
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
van Eden W, Wendling U, Paul L, Prakken B, van Kooten P, van der Zee R. Arthritis protective regulatory potential of self-heat shock protein cross-reactive T cells. Cell Stress Chaperones 2000; 5:452-7. [PMID: 11189451 PMCID: PMC312876 DOI: 10.1379/1466-1268(2000)005<0452:aprpos>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunization with heat shock proteins has protective effects in models of induced arthritis. Analysis has shown a reduced synovial inflammation in such protected animals. Adoptive transfer and immunization with selected T cell epitopes (synthetic peptides) have indicated the protection to be mediated by T cells directed to conserved hsp epitopes. This was shown first for mycobacterial hsp60 and later for mycobacterial hsp70. Fine specificity analysis showed that such T cells were cross-reactive with the homologous self hsp. Therefore protection by microbial hsp reactive T cells can be by cross-recognition of self hsp overexpressed in the inflamed tissue. Preimmunization with hsp leads to a relative expansion of such self hsp cross-responsive T cells. The regulatory nature of such T cells may originate from mucosal tolerance maintained by commensal flora derived hsp or from partial activation through recognition of self hsp as a partial agonist (Altered Peptide Ligand) or in the absence of proper costimulation. Recently, we reported the selective upregulation of B7.2 on microbial hsp600 specific T cells in response to self hsp60. Through a preferred interaction with CTLA-4 on proinflammatory T cells this may constitute an effector mechanism of regulation. Also, regulatory T cells produced IL10.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W van Eden
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Rook GA, Ristori G, Salvetti M, Giovannoni G, Thompson EJ, Stanford JL. Bacterial vaccines for the treatment of multiple sclerosis and other autoimmune disorders. IMMUNOLOGY TODAY 2000; 21:503-8. [PMID: 11071529 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-5699(00)01700-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G A Rook
- Dept of Medical Microbiology, Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
van Eden W, van der Zee R, Paul AG, Prakken BJ, Wendling U, Anderton SM, Wauben MH. Do heat shock proteins control the balance of T-cell regulation in inflammatory diseases? IMMUNOLOGY TODAY 1998; 19:303-7. [PMID: 9666602 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-5699(98)01283-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- W van Eden
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
The possible roles of heat shock proteins in the pathogenesis of inflammatory arthritis have been discussed for a number of years, and investigated intensively in both animal models and human disease. This review surveys evidence which has pointed, on the one hand, to hsp as targets of a pathogenic immune response, and on the other, to an immunoregulatory role for T cell recognition of self hsp. The extent to which findings in experimental animals have led to further insights applicable to human disease is also emphasised.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J S Gaston
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Genain CP, Gritz L, Joshi N, Panicali D, Davis RL, Whitaker JN, Letvin NL, Hauser SL. Inhibition of allergic encephalomyelitis in marmosets by vaccination with recombinant vaccinia virus encoding for myelin basic protein. J Neuroimmunol 1997; 79:119-28. [PMID: 9394784 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(97)00109-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A primary demyelinating form of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) resembling human multiple sclerosis (MS) occurs in Callithrix jacchus marmosets following immunization with human white matter. Participation of a T-cell immune response against myelin basic protein (MBP) in this disease model is supported by observations of increased reactivity against MBP in PBMC and of adoptive transfer of an inflammatory form of EAE by MBP-reactive T-cells. To evaluate the effects of ectopic presentation of MBP on marmoset EAE, animals were vaccinated prior to induction of EAE by subcutaneous injection of attenuated strains of vaccinia virus genetically engineered to contain either the entire coding sequence for human MBP (vT15) or the equine herpes virus glycoprotein gH gene (vAbT249). Vaccination with vT15 was followed by transient cytoplasmic and surface membrane expression of MBP in circulating PBMC (15-45 days). The onset of clinical EAE after immunization (pi) was markedly delayed in vT15-vaccinated animals (37-97 days pi, n = 4) compared to vAbT249-vaccinated controls (14-18 days pi, n = 3). Proliferative responses against MBP but not against vaccinia antigens or phytohemagglutinin were suppressed in protected animals. Thus, development of attenuated live viruses carrying genes for myelin antigens could be useful for induction of immunologic tolerance and for modulation of autoimmune demyelination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C P Genain
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0435, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ragno S, Colston MJ, Lowrie DB, Winrow VR, Blake DR, Tascon R. Protection of rats from adjuvant arthritis by immunization with naked DNA encoding for mycobacterial heat shock protein 65. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1997; 40:277-83. [PMID: 9041939 DOI: 10.1002/art.1780400212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the feasibility of vaccination with naked DNA encoding for mycobacterial heat shock protein 65 (hsp65) in the modulation of experimental arthritis. METHODS Adjuvant arthritis (AA) was induced in Lewis rats preimmunized, intramuscularly, with a plasmid encoding for hsp65 (pCMV3.65). Clinical scores were recorded for 3-4 weeks, and histologic and radiologic parameters were evaluated. Cellular and antibody reactivity to hsp65 was assessed. The expression of the hsp65 gene was investigated in injected muscles. RESULTS The pCMV3.65-treated rats were significantly protected from disease development in comparison with the control groups. This finding correlated with the results of histologic and radiologic examinations of the involved joints. The message for hsp65 was detected in injected muscles. T cell proliferation and antibodies to this protein were found to be elevated in pCMV3.65-treated rats when compared with both the arthritic control (AA-induced) and the naive (did not receive adjuvant) animals. CONCLUSION We have demonstrated for the first time that naked DNA delivery is feasible in controlling experimental autoimmune disease. Although the actual mechanism of protection has not been fully elucidated, this simple and versatile approach could represent a useful tool in dissecting basic autoimmune mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Ragno
- Division of Mycobacterial Research, National Institute for Medical Research, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ragno S, Winrow VR, Mascagni P, Lucietto P, Di Pierro F, Morris CJ, Blake DR. A synthetic 10-kD heat shock protein (hsp10) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis modulates adjuvant arthritis. Clin Exp Immunol 1996; 103:384-90. [PMID: 8608635 PMCID: PMC2200366 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1996.tb08291.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The heat shock protein, hsp10, is an abundant protein in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), its nucleotide sequence encoding a protein of 99 amino acids with a molecular mass of 10.7 kD. This sequence is phylogenetically conserved, being represented by the GroES homologue of Escherichia coli. Hsp10 and GroES are members of the chaperonin 10 family of molecular chaperones, and GroEs is necessary for the optimal activity of GroEL, a member of the chaperonin 60 family and the E. coli homologue of mycobacterial hsp65. Since hsp65 has been implicated in both experimental and human rheumatoid arthritis, we aimed to assess the immunomodulatory effects of its co-chaperonin, hsp10, in experimental arthritis. Our results show that an aqueous solution of a mycobacterial hsp10 delayed the onset and severity of adjuvant-induced arthritis in rodents when administered after disease induction but before joint involvement occurred. This biological activity was specific for the hsp10 of Mtb, since neither GroES not the rat homologue was effective. Using synthetic hsp10 fragments, the activity was localized to the N-terminal region of the molecule. Assessment of circulating antibody levels to mycobacterial hsp10 and hsp65 indicated that all arthritic rats had increased titres to both hsp10 and hsp65: hsp10-treated rats showed further elevation of this humoral response not only to hsp10 but also to hsp65 when compared with the untreated arthritic control. This is the first report of the immunomodulatory activity of mycobacterial hsp10 in experimental arthritis, and exhibits a potential role for this co-chaperonin in pathophysiological situations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Ragno
- The Inflammation Research Group, ARC Bone & Joint Research Unit, The London Hospital Medical College, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
Studies of the immune response of mammals to infectious agents have revealed that members of the hsp60 and hsp 70 family are highly immunodominant. Given their high conservation during evolution this was surprising, because of the apparent risk of triggering of autoimmunity and autoimmune disease during the defense of a mammal against infection. However, detailed studies of the immune responses to HSP in models of autoimmune diseases in animals resulted in a change of the view that autoimmunity necessarily leads to autoimmune disease. It has been found that modulation of autoimmunity to HSP is one way to prevent autoimmune disease. At least in some cases even treatment of autoimmune diseases by immunization with heat shock protein appears feasible. This was shown in adjuvant arthritis in Lewis rats and insulin dependent diabetes in NOD mice. Hsp60 and hsp70 are ubiquitous proteins. Their involvement in regulatory loops of autoimmunity may serve as basis for the development of strategies, to prevent and/or treat autoimmune diseases even without knowledge of the causative (auto-)antigen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- U Feige
- Department of Pharmacology, AMGEN Center, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
el-Zaatari FA, Naser SA, Engstrand L, Burch PE, Hachem CY, Whipple DL, Graham DY. Nucleotide sequence analysis and seroreactivities of the 65K heat shock protein from Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 1995; 2:657-64. [PMID: 8574825 PMCID: PMC170216 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.2.6.657-664.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium paratuberculosis is the causative agent of Johne's disease, a chronic enteritis in ruminants. It has also been implicated as a possible cause of Crohn's disease, an inflammatory bowel disease of unknown etiology. The mycobacterial 65K heat shock proteins (hsp-65K) are among the most extensively studied mycobacterial proteins, and their immunogenic characteristics have been suggested to be the basis for autoimmunization in chronic inflammatory diseases. In this context, we isolated and sequenced the hsp-65K-encoding gene from our M. paratuberculosis PTB65K genomic library. A high degree of identity was found between the open reading frame (ORF) of the PTB65K gene and those of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (89.6%), Mycobacterium leprae (86.6%), and Mycobacterium avium 18 (98.8%). The amino acid sequence alignment of the PTB65K protein with the hsp-65K homologs revealed that the M. tuberculosis and M. leprae proteins each differed by 36 amino acid residues and that the M. avium 18 protein differed by 8 residues. We also investigated the humoral immune responses of animals with Johne's disease and patients with Crohn's disease against the recombinant PTB65K antigen. Immunoblot analysis showed that sera from only 3 of 10 clinically ill and 5 of 25 subclinically ill cows reacted with PTB65K. In addition, sera from two of two sheep and one of two goats with clinical symptoms of Johne's disease also reacted with PTB65K; 0 samples from 10 normal cows reacted. In humans, sera from 7 of 13 patients with Crohn's disease, 3 of 4 with tuberculosis, 5 of 6 with leprosy, 5 of 12 with non-inflammatory bowel disease, and 0 of 4 with ulcerative colitis reacted with the recombinant PTB65K antigen. These results indicate that this PTB65K heat shock protein is uninformative when used for serodiagnosis of Johne's disease in animals. However, in humans, the high intensity of antibody reactions of some sera from Crohn's disease patients compared with that from noninflammatory bowel disease patients showed a positive correlation with mycobacterial diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F A el-Zaatari
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Laboratory, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
López-Guerrero JA, Ortiz MA, Páez E, Bernabéu C, López-Bote JP. Therapeutic effect of recombinant vaccinia virus expressing the 60-kd heat-shock protein on adjuvant arthritis. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1994; 37:1462-7. [PMID: 7945471 DOI: 10.1002/art.1780371009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the effects of recombinant viruses for 2 heat-shock proteins in the treatment of adjuvant arthritis. METHODS Virus vaccinia recombinant for mycobacterial heat-shock protein 65 (hsp65-VV) and human hsp60 (hsp60-VV) were administered to rats during different stages of adjuvant arthritis. Arthritis score and immunity to the recombinant virus were analyzed. RESULTS When delivered at the pre-arthritis stage, both constructs ameliorated arthritis; greater protection was observed with hsp60-VV. A specific T cell response to the recombinant proteins was detected. Furthermore, hsp60-VV displayed a clear therapeutic effect on established arthritis. CONCLUSION Our results suggest novel avenues of therapeutic intervention in autoimmune arthritis associated with immunity to hsp60.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J A López-Guerrero
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Winrow VR, Ragno S, Morris CJ, Colston MJ, Mascagni P, Leoni F, Gromo G, Coates AR, Blake DR. Arthritogenic potential of the 65 kDa stress protein--an experimental model. Ann Rheum Dis 1994; 53:197-201. [PMID: 8154940 PMCID: PMC1005287 DOI: 10.1136/ard.53.3.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the effect of an intra-articular presentation of stress (heat shock) proteins (hsp) on joint inflammation. METHODS Wistar rats were sensitised with a suspension of heat killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis in oil in the scruff of the neck and challenged intra-articularly with stress protein or M tuberculosis preparations. Inflammation was assessed by joint swelling and, using immunohistology, cellular infiltration of the synovium and antibody induction by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent method. RESULTS It was shown, for the first time, that the intra-articular administration of a recombinant myobacterial 65 kDa hsp can induce joint inflammation in M tuberculosis sensitised recipients; both powdered M tuberculosis and the purified protein derivative of tuberculin (PPD) produced a similar response, with T cell infiltration of the synovium and a time course typical of delayed type hypersensitivity. This response was specific to the 65 kDa protein as another immunodominant mycobacterial stress protein of 10 kDa was ineffective. Furthermore, intra-articular injection of the 65 kDa hsp induced an antibody response against both the 65 kDa and 10 kDa proteins and the antibody titres continued to rise when knee swelling had subsided. CONCLUSIONS These results support the hypothesis that 60 kDa proteins are a relevant arthritogenic stimulus in an M tuberculosis background. Moreover, when antigen presentation occurs in the synovium of previously sensitised individuals, circulating antibodies are generated which persist and recognise cross-reactive epitopes on several stress proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V R Winrow
- ARC Bone and Joint Research Unit, London Hospital Medical College, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
|
26
|
López-Guerrero JA, López-Bote JP, Ortiz MA, Gupta RS, Páez E, Bernabeu C. Modulation of adjuvant arthritis in Lewis rats by recombinant vaccinia virus expressing the human 60-kilodalton heat shock protein. Infect Immun 1993; 61:4225-31. [PMID: 8406810 PMCID: PMC281148 DOI: 10.1128/iai.61.10.4225-4231.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune response to the mycobacterial 65-kDa heat shock protein (hsp65) is considered an important event in the induction of adjuvant arthritis (AA) in rats; this induction probably occurs through a molecular mimicry mechanism involving cross-reactivity against the rat homolog hsp60. To analyze the role of mammalian molecule hsp60 in arthritis, we generated a recombinant vaccinia virus (hsp60-VV) carrying the human hsp60 gene inserted into the thymidine kinase locus under the control of the 7.5k vaccinia virus promoter. Human hsp60 is almost identical to its rat homolog (97.4% linear amino acid homology) and shares about 50% of amino acid positions with Mycobacterium tuberculosis hsp65. The latter supposedly carries a critical epitope for AA induction that is not present in human hsp60. Infections with hsp60-VV of monkey cell cultures led to the expression of the human hsp60 molecule, as evidenced by immunoblotting analysis with specific monoclonal antibodies. Also, Lewis rats infected with hsp60-VV produced specific antibodies, demonstrating the in vivo expression of human hsp60 in the infected animals. Therefore, we used hsp60-VV to analyze whether the delivery of hsp60 could affect the induction of AA in Lewis rats. hsp60-VV clearly reduced and retarded arthritic symptoms when administered to rats at day 7 after AA induction. In contrast, inoculation of rats with a control recombinant vaccinia virus did not affect the course of the disease. The improvement in AA with hsp60-VV administration was associated with a specific immune response, as determined by the presence of antibodies to hsp60 in the sera and the proliferation induced by hsp60 of T cells from popliteal lymph nodes. These results support a critical role for immunity to heat shock proteins in AA. Since the protective construct is virtually identical to rat homolog hsp60, we conclude that immunity directed to conserved areas of this family of proteins is directly involved in the pathogenesis of AA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J A López-Guerrero
- Departamento de Inmunología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
Antigens from a wide variety of pathogens have been identified as members of conserved heat-shock protein families, sharing upwards of 50% amino acid identity with corresponding host-cell proteins. Analysis of the responses to these conserved antigens may provide insights into regulation of the immune system during infection and autoimmunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D B Young
- MRC Tuberculosis and Related Infections Unit, RPMS, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Gaston JS. The role of heat shock protein in the persistence of arthritis. BAILLIERE'S CLINICAL RHEUMATOLOGY 1992; 6:309-23. [PMID: 1388097 DOI: 10.1016/s0950-3579(05)80176-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
29
|
Gaston JS. Are heat shock proteins involved in autoimmunity? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL & LABORATORY RESEARCH 1992; 22:90-4. [PMID: 1504311 DOI: 10.1007/bf02591403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) have been postulated to be critical antigens in both autoimmune disease and experimental models of autoimmunity. This postulate has been largely based on the remarkable conservation of aminoacid sequence between human and bacterial HSPs, so that it has been argued that immune responses initially directed against the HSP of an infectious agent, would have the potential to initiate or maintain autoimmune disease. This would apply especially to T cell recognition of HSPs, since the T cell focuses on short peptide epitopes within a protein antigen rather than on the antigen's secondary structure. This article critically evaluates the available experimental evidence relating to this hypothesis: although research has clearly highlighted the central role of HSPs in the cellular immune response to pathogenic organisms and has shown the potential for T cell responses directed against self HSPs, a role for self HSPs as major target antigens in autoimmune disease has yet to be firmly established.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J S Gaston
- Department of Rheumatology, University of Birmingham, UK
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
In response to recommendations from the Steering Committees responsible for co-ordination of World Health Organization programmes for research on the immunology of leprosy (IMMLEP) and tuberculosis (IMMTUB), a list was prepared summarizing the properties of mycobacterial proteins currently under investigation with respect to their immunological activities. After consultation with more than 40 laboratories world-wide this list was extended to form the compilation shown below and is intended to provide a comprehensive and convenient reference for future studies in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D B Young
- MRC Tuberculosis and Related Infections Unit, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|