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Zeng Z, Chen L, Luo H, Xiao H, Gao S, Zeng Y. Progress on H2B as a multifunctional protein related to pathogens. Life Sci 2024; 347:122654. [PMID: 38657835 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Histone H2B is a member of the core histones, which together with other histones form the nucleosome, the basic structural unit of chromosomes. As scientists delve deeper into histones, researchers gradually realize that histone H2B is not only an important part of nucleosomes, but also plays a momentous role in regulating gene transcription, acting as a receptor and antimicrobial action outside the nucleus. There are a variety of epigenetically modified sites in the H2B tail rich in arginine and lysine, which can occur in ubiquitination, phosphorylation, methylation, acetylation, etc. When stimulated by foreign factors such as bacteria, viruses or parasites, histone H2B can act as a receptor for the recognition of these pathogens, and induce an intrinsic immune response to enhance host defense. In addition, the extrachromosomal histone H2B is also an important anti-microorganism agent, which may be the key to the development of antibiotics in the future. This review aims to summarize the interaction between histone H2B and etiological agents and explore the role of H2B in epigenetic modifications, receptors and antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Zeng
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Basic Medicine School, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hengyang City, Hunan Province 421001, PR China
| | - Li Chen
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Basic Medicine School, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hengyang City, Hunan Province 421001, PR China
| | - Haodang Luo
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Basic Medicine School, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hengyang City, Hunan Province 421001, PR China; The Laboratory Department, The affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province 421001, PR China.
| | - Hua Xiao
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Basic Medicine School, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hengyang City, Hunan Province 421001, PR China
| | - Siqi Gao
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Basic Medicine School, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hengyang City, Hunan Province 421001, PR China
| | - Yanhua Zeng
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Basic Medicine School, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hengyang City, Hunan Province 421001, PR China.
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Li X, Ye Y, Peng K, Zeng Z, Chen L, Zeng Y. Histones: The critical players in innate immunity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1030610. [PMID: 36479112 PMCID: PMC9720293 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1030610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly conserved histones in different species seem to represent a very ancient and universal innate host defense system against microorganisms in the biological world. Histones are the essential part of nuclear matter and act as a control switch for DNA transcription. However, histones are also found in the cytoplasm, cell membranes, and extracellular fluid, where they function as host defenses and promote inflammatory responses. In some cases, extracellular histones can act as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and bind to pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), thereby triggering innate immune responses and causing initial organ damage. Histones and their fragments serve as antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) to directly eliminate bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites in vitro and in vivo. Histones are also involved in phagocytes-related innate immune response as components of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), neutrophil activators, and plasminogen receptors. In addition, as a considerable part of epigenetic regulation, histone modifications play a vital role in regulating the innate immune response and expression of corresponding defense genes. Here, we review the regulatory role of histones in innate immune response, which provides a new strategy for the development of antibiotics and the use of histones as therapeutic targets for inflammatory diseases, sepsis, autoimmune diseases, and COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Youyuan Ye
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Kailan Peng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Zhuo Zeng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Li Chen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Yanhua Zeng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China,Department of Dermatology and Venereology, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China,*Correspondence: Yanhua Zeng, ;
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Moiana M, Aranda F, de Larrañaga G. A focus on the roles of histones in health and diseases. Clin Biochem 2021; 94:12-19. [PMID: 33895124 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2021.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Over time, the knowledge on the role of histones has significantly changed. Initially, histones were only known as DNA packaging proteins but later, it was discovered that they act extracellularly as powerful antimicrobial agents and also as potentially self-detrimental agents. Indeed, histones were found to be the most abundant proteins within neutrophil extracellular traps what ultimately highlighted their microbicidal function. In addition, extracellular histones proved to be involved in triggering exacerbated inflammatory and coagulation responses, depending on the cell type affected. Consequently, several investigations were conducted towards studying the potential of histones and their derivatives as either biomarkers or therapeutic target candidates in different diseases in which inflammation and thrombosis have a key pathophysiological role, such as sepsis, thrombosis and different types of cancer. The main objective of this review is to summarize and discuss the current state of the art with regard to both beneficial and harmful roles of histones and also their possible use as biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Moiana
- Hemostasis and Thrombosis Laboratory, Hospital of Infectious Diseases "F. J. Muñiz", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Federico Aranda
- Hemostasis and Thrombosis Laboratory, Hospital of Infectious Diseases "F. J. Muñiz", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriela de Larrañaga
- Hemostasis and Thrombosis Laboratory, Hospital of Infectious Diseases "F. J. Muñiz", Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Parida S, Mohapatra A, Das S, Kumar Sahoo P. Cloning and characterization of linker histone H1 gene in rohu, Labeo rohita. Anim Biotechnol 2020; 33:745-756. [DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2020.1832506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Parida
- Fish Health Management Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Amruta Mohapatra
- Fish Health Management Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Sweta Das
- Fish Health Management Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Pramoda Kumar Sahoo
- Fish Health Management Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar, India
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Ballard E, Yucel R, Melchers WJG, Brown AJP, Verweij PE, Warris A. Antifungal Activity of Antimicrobial Peptides and Proteins against Aspergillus fumigatus. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6020065. [PMID: 32443413 PMCID: PMC7345740 DOI: 10.3390/jof6020065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides and proteins (AMPs) provide an important line of defence against invading microorganisms. However, the activity of AMPs against the human fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus remains poorly understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterise the anti-Aspergillus activity of specific human AMPs, and to determine whether A. fumigatus can possess resistance to specific AMPs, as a result of in-host adaptation. AMPs were tested against a wide range of clinical isolates of various origins (including cystic fibrosis patients, as well as patients with chronic and acute aspergillosis). We also tested a series of isogenic A. fumigatus isolates obtained from a single patient over a period of 2 years. A range of environmental isolates, obtained from soil in Scotland, was also included. Firstly, the activity of specific peptides was assessed against hyphae using a measure of fungal metabolic activity. Secondly, the activity of specific peptides was assessed against germinating conidia, using imaging flow cytometry as a measure of hyphal growth. We showed that lysozyme and histones inhibited hyphal metabolic activity in all the A. fumigatus isolates tested in a dose-dependent fashion. In addition, imaging flow cytometry revealed that histones, β-defensin-1 and lactoferrin inhibited the germination of A. fumigatus conidia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloise Ballard
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK;
| | - Raif Yucel
- Iain Fraser Cytometry Centre (IFCC), Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
- Cytomics Centre, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK;
| | - Willem J. G. Melchers
- Centre for Expertise in Mycology and Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (W.J.G.M.); (P.E.V.)
| | - Alistair J. P. Brown
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK;
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Exeter, Exeter 4EX 4QD, UK;
| | - Paul E. Verweij
- Centre for Expertise in Mycology and Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (W.J.G.M.); (P.E.V.)
| | - Adilia Warris
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK;
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Exeter, Exeter 4EX 4QD, UK;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-1392-727-593
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Kühnle A, Galuska CE, Zlatina K, Galuska SP. The Bovine Antimicrobial Peptide Lactoferricin Interacts with Polysialic Acid without Loss of Its Antimicrobial Activity against Escherichia coli. Animals (Basel) 2019; 10:E1. [PMID: 31861263 PMCID: PMC7022438 DOI: 10.3390/ani10010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The lactoferrin-derived peptide lactoferricin (LFcin) belongs to the family of antimicrobial peptides, and its bovine form has already been successfully applied to counteract enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) infection. Recently, it was described that LFcin interacts with the sugar polymer polysialic acid (polySia) and that the binding of lactoferrin to polySia is mediated by LFcin, included in the N-terminal domain of lactoferrin. For this reason, the impact of polySia on the antimicrobial activity of bovine LFcin was investigated. Initially, the interaction of LFcin was characterized in more detail by native agarose gel electrophoresis, demonstrating that a chain length of 10 sialic acid residues was necessary to bind LFcin, whereas approximately twice-as-long chains were needed to detect binding of lactoferrin. Remarkably, the binding of polySia showed, independently of the chain length, no impact on the antimicrobial effects of LFcin. Thus, LFcin binds polySia without loss of its protective activity as an antimicrobial peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Kühnle
- Institute of Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (A.K.); (C.E.G.); (K.Z.)
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Friedrichstr. 24, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Christina E. Galuska
- Institute of Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (A.K.); (C.E.G.); (K.Z.)
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Friedrichstr. 24, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Kristina Zlatina
- Institute of Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (A.K.); (C.E.G.); (K.Z.)
| | - Sebastian P. Galuska
- Institute of Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (A.K.); (C.E.G.); (K.Z.)
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Friedrichstr. 24, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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Lemnalol Modulates the Electrophysiological Characteristics and Calcium Homeostasis of Atrial Myocytes. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17110619. [PMID: 31671563 PMCID: PMC6891404 DOI: 10.3390/md17110619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis, an inflammatory response to infection provoked by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), is associated with high mortality, as well as ischemic stroke and new-onset atrial arrhythmia. Severe bacterial infections causing sepsis always result in profound physiological changes, including fever, hypotension, arrhythmia, necrosis of tissue, systemic multi-organ dysfunction and finally death. LPS challenge-induced inflammatory responses during sepsis may increase the likelihood of the arrhythmogenesis. Lemnalol is known to possess potent anti-inflammatory effects. This study examined whether Lemnalol (0.1 μM) could modulate the electrophysiological characteristics and calcium homeostasis of atrial myocytes under the influence of LPS (1μg/mL). Under challenge with LPS, Lemnalol-treated LA myocytes, had a longer AP duration at 20%, 50% and 90% repolarization of the amplitude, compared to the LPS-treated cells. LPS-challenged LA myocytes showed increased late sodium current, Na+-Ca2+ exchanger current, transient outward current, rapid component of delayed rectifier potassium current, tumor necrosis factor-α, NF-κB and increased phosphorylation of ryanodine receptor (RyR), but a lower L-type Ca2+ current than the control LA myocytes. Exposure to Lemnalol reversed the LPS-induced effects. The LPS-treated and control groups of LA myocytes, with or without the existence of Lemnalol. showed no apparent alterations in the sodium current amplitude or Cav1.2 expression. The expression of sarcoendoplasmic reticulum calcium transport ATPase (SERCA2) was reduced by LPS treatment, while Lemnalol ameliorated the LPS-induced alterations. The phosphorylation of RyR was enhanced by LPS treatment, while Lemnalol attenuated the LPS-induced alterations. In conclusion, Lemnalol modulates LPS-induced alterations of LA calcium homeostasis and blocks the NF-κB pathways, which may contribute to the attenuation of LPS-induced arrhythmogenesis.
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Xiao F, Cao B, Wang C, Guo X, Li M, Xing D, Hu X. Pathogen-Specific Polymeric Antimicrobials with Significant Membrane Disruption and Enhanced Photodynamic Damage To Inhibit Highly Opportunistic Bacteria. ACS NANO 2019; 13:1511-1525. [PMID: 30632740 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b07251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria and their drug resistance are a severe public health threat with high mortality. Gram-negative bacteria are hard to kill due to the complex cell envelopes with low permeability and extra defense mechanisms. It is challenging to treat them with current strategies, mainly including antibiotics, peptides, polymers, and some hybrid materials, which still face the issue of drug resistance, limited antibacterial selectivity, and severe side effects. Together with precise bacteria targeting, synergistic therapeutic modalities, including physical membrane damage and photodynamic eradication, are promising to combat Gram-negative bacteria. Herein, pathogen-specific polymeric antimicrobials were formulated from amphiphilic block copolymers, poly(butyl methacrylate)- b-poly(2-(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate- co-eosin)- b-ubiquicidin, PBMA- b-P(DMAEMA- co-EoS)-UBI, in which pathogen-targeting peptide ubiquicidin (UBI) was tethered in the hydrophilic chain terminal, and Eosin-Y was copolymerized in the hydrophilic block. The micelles could selectively adhere to bacteria instead of mammalian cells, inserting into the bacteria membrane to induce physical membrane damage and out-diffusion of intracellular milieu. Furthermore, significant in situ generation of reactive oxygen species was observed upon light irradiation, achieving further photodynamic eradication. Broad-spectrum bacterial inhibition was demonstrated for the polymeric antimicrobials, especially highly opportunistic Gram-negative bacteria, such as Pseudomona aeruginosa ( P. aeruginosa) based on the synergy of physical destruction and photodynamic therapy, without detectable resistance. In vivo P. aeruginosa-infected knife injury model and burn model both proved good potency of bacteria eradication and promoted wound healing, which was comparable with commercial antibiotics, yet no risk of drug resistance. It is promising to hurdle the infection and resistance suffered from highly opportunistic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengfeng Xiao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Institute of Laser Life Science , South China Normal University , Guangzhou 510631 , China
- College of Biophotonics , South China Normal University , Guangzhou 510631 , China
| | - Bing Cao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Institute of Laser Life Science , South China Normal University , Guangzhou 510631 , China
- College of Biophotonics , South China Normal University , Guangzhou 510631 , China
| | - Congyu Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Institute of Laser Life Science , South China Normal University , Guangzhou 510631 , China
- College of Biophotonics , South China Normal University , Guangzhou 510631 , China
| | - Xujuan Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Institute of Laser Life Science , South China Normal University , Guangzhou 510631 , China
- College of Biophotonics , South China Normal University , Guangzhou 510631 , China
| | - Mengge Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Institute of Laser Life Science , South China Normal University , Guangzhou 510631 , China
- College of Biophotonics , South China Normal University , Guangzhou 510631 , China
| | - Da Xing
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Institute of Laser Life Science , South China Normal University , Guangzhou 510631 , China
- College of Biophotonics , South China Normal University , Guangzhou 510631 , China
| | - Xianglong Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Institute of Laser Life Science , South China Normal University , Guangzhou 510631 , China
- College of Biophotonics , South China Normal University , Guangzhou 510631 , China
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Adav SS, Subbaiaih RS, Kerk SK, Lee AY, Lai HY, Ng KW, Sze SK, Schmidtchen A. Studies on the Proteome of Human Hair - Identification of Histones and Deamidated Keratins. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1599. [PMID: 29371649 PMCID: PMC5785504 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20041-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human hair is laminar-fibrous tissue and an evolutionarily old keratinization product of follicle trichocytes. Studies on the hair proteome can give new insights into hair function and lead to the development of novel biomarkers for hair in health and disease. Human hair proteins were extracted by detergent and detergent-free techniques. We adopted a shotgun proteomics approach, which demonstrated a large extractability and variety of hair proteins after detergent extraction. We found an enrichment of keratin, keratin-associated proteins (KAPs), and intermediate filament proteins, which were part of protein networks associated with response to stress, innate immunity, epidermis development, and the hair cycle. Our analysis also revealed a significant deamidation of keratin type I and II, and KAPs. The hair shafts were found to contain several types of histones, which are well known to exert antimicrobial activity. Analysis of the hair proteome, particularly its composition, protein abundances, deamidated hair proteins, and modification sites, may offer a novel approach to explore potential biomarkers of hair health quality, hair diseases, and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil S Adav
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore.
| | - Roopa S Subbaiaih
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 636921, Singapore
| | - Swat Kim Kerk
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 636921, Singapore
| | - Amelia Yilin Lee
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 636921, Singapore
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hui Ying Lai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, (Environmental Chemistry and Materials Centre), Interdisciplinary Graduate School, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kee Woei Ng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, (Environmental Chemistry and Materials Centre), Interdisciplinary Graduate School, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Siu Kwan Sze
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - Artur Schmidtchen
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 636921, Singapore
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Wound Healing Center, Bispebjerg Hospital, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Wen LL, Zhao ML, Chi H, Sun L. Histones and chymotrypsin-like elastases play significant roles in the antimicrobial activity of tongue sole neutrophil extracellular traps. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 72:470-476. [PMID: 29117594 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are a form of extracellular antimicrobial structure of neutrophils observed in higher and lower vertebrates, the latter including the teleost fish tongue sole Cynoglossus semilaevis. However, the antimicrobial mechanism of fish NETs is unknown. In the present study, we examined the potential contribution of histones and elastases to the antibacterial effect of tongue sole NETs. For this purpose, two histones (CsH2B and CsH4) and two elastases (CsEla1 and CsEla2) of tongue sole were investigated. The histones and elastases possess the conserved domain structures characteristic of that of histones H2B/H4 and trypsin-like serine protease, respectively. Recombinant CsH2B, CsH4, CsEla1, and CsEla2 bound a wide range of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, and some of the bound bacteria were inhibited in growth by the bound histones/elastases. CsH2B, CsH4, CsEla1, and CsEla2 were all localized in NETs induced by various stimuli including bacterial pathogen. Treatment of NETs with antibodies targeting CsH2B, CsH4, CsEla1, and CsEla2 significantly reduced the antimicrobial effect of NETs. These results indicate that histones and chymotrypsin-like elastases are fundamental components of teleost NETs that play important roles in the antimicrobial activity of NETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Lian Wen
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ming-Li Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Heng Chi
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Li Sun
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.
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Ye X, Feng C, Gao T, Mu G, Zhu W, Yang Y. Linker Histone in Diseases. Int J Biol Sci 2017; 13:1008-1018. [PMID: 28924382 PMCID: PMC5599906 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.19891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The linker histone is a protein that binds with the nucleosome, which is generally considered to achieve chromatin condensation in the nucleus. Accumulating evidences suggest that the linker histone is essential in the pathogenesis of several diseases. In this review, we briefly introduce the current knowledge of the linker histone, including its structure, characteristics and functions. Also, we move forward to present the advances of the linker histone's association with certain diseases, such as cancer, Alzheimer's disease, infection, male infertility and aberrant immunity situations, focusing on the alteration of the linker histone under certain pathological conditions and its role in developing each disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ye
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, #38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - ChuanLin Feng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, #38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Tian Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, #38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Guanqun Mu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, #38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Weiguo Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, #38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, #38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
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Bishop BM, Juba ML, Russo PS, Devine M, Barksdale SM, Scott S, Settlage R, Michalak P, Gupta K, Vliet K, Schnur JM, van Hoek ML. Discovery of Novel Antimicrobial Peptides from Varanus komodoensis (Komodo Dragon) by Large-Scale Analyses and De-Novo-Assisted Sequencing Using Electron-Transfer Dissociation Mass Spectrometry. J Proteome Res 2017; 16:1470-1482. [PMID: 28164707 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Komodo dragons are the largest living lizards and are the apex predators in their environs. They endure numerous strains of pathogenic bacteria in their saliva and recover from wounds inflicted by other dragons, reflecting the inherent robustness of their innate immune defense. We have employed a custom bioprospecting approach combining partial de novo peptide sequencing with transcriptome assembly to identify cationic antimicrobial peptides from Komodo dragon plasma. Through these analyses, we identified 48 novel potential cationic antimicrobial peptides. All but one of the identified peptides were derived from histone proteins. The antimicrobial effectiveness of eight of these peptides was evaluated against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 9027) and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), with seven peptides exhibiting antimicrobial activity against both microbes and one only showing significant potency against P. aeruginosa. This study demonstrates the power and promise of our bioprospecting approach to cationic antimicrobial peptide discovery, and it reveals the presence of a plethora of novel histone-derived antimicrobial peptides in the plasma of the Komodo dragon. These findings may have broader implications regarding the role that intact histones and histone-derived peptides play in defending the host from infection. Data are available via ProteomeXChange with identifier PXD005043.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barney M Bishop
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, George Mason University , 10920 George Mason Circle, 4C7, Manassas, Virginia, 20110, United States
| | - Melanie L Juba
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, George Mason University , 10920 George Mason Circle, 4C7, Manassas, Virginia, 20110, United States
| | - Paul S Russo
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University , 10920 George Mason Circle, 1A9, Manassas, Virginia 20110, United States
| | - Megan Devine
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, George Mason University , 10920 George Mason Circle, 4C7, Manassas, Virginia, 20110, United States
| | - Stephanie M Barksdale
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University , 10920 George Mason Circle, 1H8, Manassas, Virginia 20110, United States
| | - Shaylyn Scott
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, George Mason University , 10920 George Mason Circle, 4C7, Manassas, Virginia, 20110, United States
| | - Robert Settlage
- Advanced Research Computing, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University , 620 Drillfield Drive, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Pawel Michalak
- Biocomplexity Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University , 1015 Life Science Circle, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Kajal Gupta
- College of Science, George Mason University , 4400 University Drive, 5C3, Fairfax, Virginia 22030, United States
| | - Kent Vliet
- Department of Biology, University of Florida , 876 Newell Drive, PO Box 118525, Gainesville, Florida 32511, United States
| | - Joel M Schnur
- College of Science, George Mason University , 4400 University Drive, 5C3, Fairfax, Virginia 22030, United States
| | - Monique L van Hoek
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University , 10920 George Mason Circle, 1H8, Manassas, Virginia 20110, United States
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Barreto-Santamaría A, Curtidor H, Arévalo-Pinzón G, Herrera C, Suárez D, Pérez WH, Patarroyo ME. A New Synthetic Peptide Having Two Target of Antibacterial Action in E. coli ML35. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:2006. [PMID: 28066341 PMCID: PMC5167725 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.02006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The increased resistance of microorganisms to the different antimicrobials available to today has highlighted the need to find new therapeutic agents, including natural and/or synthetic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). This study has evaluated the antimicrobial activity of synthetic peptide 35409 (RYRRKKKMKKALQYIKLLKE) against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15442 and Escherichia coli ML 35 (ATCC 43827). The results have shown that peptide 35409 inhibited the growth of these three bacterial strains, having 16-fold greater activity against E. coli and P. aeruginosa, but requiring less concentration regarding E. coli (22 μM). When analyzing this activity against E. coli compared to time taken, it was found that this peptide inhibited bacterial growth during the first 60 min and reduced CFU/mL 1 log after 120 min had elapsed. This AMP permeabilized the E. coli membrane by interaction with membrane phospholipids, mainly phosphatidylethanolamine, inhibited cell division and induced filamentation, suggesting two different targets of action within a bacterial cell. Cytotoxicity studies revealed that peptide 35409 had low hemolytic activity and was not cytotoxic for two human cell lines. We would thus propose, in the light of these findings, that the peptide 35409 sequence should provide a promising template for designing broad-spectrum AMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Barreto-Santamaría
- Receptor-Ligand Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de ColombiaBogotá, Colombia; Faculty of Sciences and Education, Universidad Distrital Francisco José de CaldasBogotá, Colombia; School of Medicine and Health sciences, Universidad del RosarioBogotá, Colombia
| | - Hernando Curtidor
- Receptor-Ligand Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de ColombiaBogotá, Colombia; School of Medicine and Health sciences, Universidad del RosarioBogotá, Colombia
| | - Gabriela Arévalo-Pinzón
- Receptor-Ligand Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de ColombiaBogotá, Colombia; School of Medicine and Health sciences, Universidad del RosarioBogotá, Colombia
| | - Chonny Herrera
- Receptor-Ligand Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de ColombiaBogotá, Colombia; School of Medicine and Health sciences, Universidad del RosarioBogotá, Colombia
| | - Diana Suárez
- Receptor-Ligand Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de ColombiaBogotá, Colombia; School of Medicine and Health sciences, Universidad del RosarioBogotá, Colombia
| | - Walter H Pérez
- Escuela Colombiana de Carreras Industriales Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Manuel E Patarroyo
- Receptor-Ligand Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de ColombiaBogotá, Colombia; Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de ColombiaBogotá, Colombia
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14
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Seppola M, Bakkemo KR, Mikkelsen H, Myrnes B, Helland R, Irwin DM, Nilsen IW. Multiple specialised goose-type lysozymes potentially compensate for an exceptional lack of chicken-type lysozymes in Atlantic cod. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28318. [PMID: 27324690 PMCID: PMC4914998 DOI: 10.1038/srep28318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous analyses of the Atlantic cod genome showed unique combinations of lacking and expanded number of genes for the immune system. The present study examined lysozyme activity, lysozyme gene distribution and expression in cod. Enzymatic assays employing specific bacterial lysozyme inhibitors provided evidence for presence of g-type, but unexpectedly not for c-type lysozyme activity. Database homology searches failed to identify any c-type lysozyme gene in the cod genome or in expressed sequence tags from cod. In contrast, we identified four g-type lysozyme genes (LygF1a-d) constitutively expressed, although differentially, in all cod organs examined. The active site glutamate residue is replaced by alanine in LygF1a, thus making it enzymatic inactive, while LygF1d was found in two active site variants carrying alanine or glutamate, respectively. In vitro and in vivo infection by the intracellular bacterium Francisella noatunensis gave a significantly reduced LygF1a and b expression but increased expression of the LygF1c and d genes as did also the interferon gamma (IFNγ) cytokine. These results demonstrate a lack of c-type lysozyme that is unprecedented among vertebrates. Our results further indicate that serial gene duplications have produced multiple differentially regulated cod g-type lysozymes with specialised functions potentially compensating for the lack of c-type lysozymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit Seppola
- Department of Medical Biology, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | | | | | - Ronny Helland
- Department of Chemistry, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - David M Irwin
- Laboratory Medicine &Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Inge W Nilsen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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15
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Hoeksema M, van Eijk M, Haagsman HP, Hartshorn KL. Histones as mediators of host defense, inflammation and thrombosis. Future Microbiol 2016; 11:441-53. [PMID: 26939619 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.15.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Histones are known for their ability to bind to and regulate expression of DNA. However, histones are also present in cytoplasm and extracellular fluids where they serve host defense functions and promote inflammatory responses. Histones are a major component of neutrophil extracellular traps that contribute to bacterial killing but also to inflammatory injury. Histones can act as antimicrobial peptides and directly kill bacteria, fungi, parasites and viruses, in vitro and in a variety of animal hosts. In addition, histones can trigger inflammatory responses in some cases acting through Toll-like receptors or inflammasome pathways. Extracellular histones mediate organ injury (lung, liver), sepsis physiology, thrombocytopenia and thrombin generation and some proteins can bind histones and reduce these potentially harmful effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marloes Hoeksema
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Martin van Eijk
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Henk P Haagsman
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Kevan L Hartshorn
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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16
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Shamova OV, Orlov DS, Balandin SV, Shramova EI, Tsvetkova EV, Panteleev PV, Leonova YF, Tagaev AA, Kokryakov VN, Ovchinnikova TV. Acipensins - Novel Antimicrobial Peptides from Leukocytes of the Russian Sturgeon Acipenser gueldenstaedtii. Acta Naturae 2014; 6:99-109. [PMID: 25558400 PMCID: PMC4273097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) play an important role in the innate defense mechanisms in humans and animals. We have isolated and studied a set of antimicrobial peptides from leukocytes of the Russian sturgeon Acipenser gueldenstaedtii belonging to a subclass of chondrosteans, an ancient group of bony fish. Structural analysis of the isolated peptides, designated as acipensins (Ac), revealed in leukocytes of the Russian sturgeon six novel peptides with molecular masses of 5336.2 Da, 3803.0 Da, 5173.0 Da, 4777.5 Da, 5449.4 Da, and 2740.2 Da, designated as Ac1-Ac6, respectively. Complete primary structures of all the isolated peptides were determined, and the biological activities of three major components - Ac1, Ac2, and Ac6 - were examined. The peptides Ac1, Ac2, Ac3, Ac4, and Ac5 were found to be the N-terminal acetylated fragments 1-0, 1-5, 1-9, 1-4, and 1-1 of the histone H2A, respectively, while Ac6 was shown to be the 62-5 fragment of the histone H2A. The peptides Ac1 and Ac2 displayed potent antimicrobial activity towards Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria (Escherichia coli ML35p, Listeria monocytogenes EGD, MRSA ATCC 33591) and the fungus Candida albicans 820, while Ac6 proved effective only against Gram-negative bacteria. The efficacy of Ac 1 and Ac2 towards the fungus and MRSA was reduced upon an increase in the ionic strength of the solution. Ac1, Ac2, and Ac6, at concentrations close to their minimum inhibitory concentrations, enhanced the permeability of the E.coli ML35p outer membrane to the chromogenic marker, but they did not affect appreciably the permeability of the bacterial inner membrane in comparison with a potent pore-forming peptide, protegrin 1. Ac1, Ac2, and Ac6 revealed no hemolytic activity against human erythrocytes at concentrations of 1 to 40 μM and had no cytotoxic effect (1 to 20 μM) on K-562 and U-937 cells in vitro. Our findings suggest that histone-derived peptides serve as important anti-infective host defense molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. V. Shamova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Northwest Branch of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Academician Pavlov Street, 12, Saint-Petersburg 197376, Russia,Saint-Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Embankment, 7/9, Saint-Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - D. S. Orlov
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Northwest Branch of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Academician Pavlov Street, 12, Saint-Petersburg 197376, Russia,Saint-Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Embankment, 7/9, Saint-Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - S. V. Balandin
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya Street, 16/10, Moscow 117997, Russia,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), Department of Physicochemical Biology and Biotechnology, Institutskii Pereulok, 9, Dolgoprudny 141700, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - E. I. Shramova
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya Street, 16/10, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - E. V. Tsvetkova
- Saint-Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Embankment, 7/9, Saint-Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - P. V. Panteleev
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya Street, 16/10, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Yu. F. Leonova
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya Street, 16/10, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - A. A. Tagaev
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya Street, 16/10, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - V. N. Kokryakov
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Northwest Branch of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Academician Pavlov Street, 12, Saint-Petersburg 197376, Russia,Saint-Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Embankment, 7/9, Saint-Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - T. V. Ovchinnikova
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya Street, 16/10, Moscow 117997, Russia,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), Department of Physicochemical Biology and Biotechnology, Institutskii Pereulok, 9, Dolgoprudny 141700, Moscow Region, Russia
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17
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Ng TH, Chang SH, Wu MH, Wang HC. Shrimp hemocytes release extracellular traps that kill bacteria. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 41:644-651. [PMID: 23817142 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular traps (ETs) are formed from the DNA, histones and cytoplasmic antimicrobial proteins that are released from a range of vertebrate immune-cells in response to pathogenic stimulation. This novel defense mechanism has not been demonstrated in invertebrates. In this study, we investigated the formation of ETs in the crustacean Litopenaeus vannamei. We found that stimulation of shrimp hemocytes with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and live Escherichia coli all led to the formation of the characteristic ET fibers made from host cell DNA. After E. coli stimulation, we found that histone proteins were co-localized with these extracellular DNA fibers. The results further showed that E. coli were trapped by these ET-like fibers and that some of the trapped bacteria were permeabilized. All of these results are characteristic of the ETs that are seen in vertebrates and we therefore conclude that shrimp are also capable of forming extracellular traps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tze Hann Ng
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
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18
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Gilthorpe JD, Oozeer F, Nash J, Calvo M, Bennett DL, Lumsden A, Pini A. Extracellular histone H1 is neurotoxic and drives a pro-inflammatory response in microglia. F1000Res 2013; 2:148. [PMID: 24358859 PMCID: PMC3782347 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.2-148.v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In neurodegenerative conditions and following brain trauma it is not understood why neurons die while astrocytes and microglia survive and adopt pro-inflammatory phenotypes. We show here that the damaged adult brain releases diffusible factors that can kill cortical neurons and we have identified histone H1 as a major extracellular candidate that causes neurotoxicity and activation of the innate immune system. Extracellular core histones H2A, H2B H3 and H4 were not neurotoxic. Innate immunity in the central nervous system is mediated through microglial cells and we show here for the first time that histone H1 promotes their survival, up-regulates MHC class II antigen expression and is a powerful microglial chemoattractant. We propose that when the central nervous system is degenerating, histone H1 drives a positive feedback loop that drives further degeneration and activation of immune defences which can themselves be damaging. We suggest that histone H1 acts as an antimicrobial peptide and kills neurons through mitochondrial damage and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Gilthorpe
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK ; Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, Umeå, S-901 87, Sweden
| | - Fazal Oozeer
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Julia Nash
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Margarita Calvo
- Wolfson Centre for Age Related Diseases, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - David Lh Bennett
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Andrew Lumsden
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Adrian Pini
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
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19
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Tambor V, Kacerovsky M, Lenco J, Bhat G, Menon R. Proteomics and bioinformatics analysis reveal underlying pathways of infection associated histologic chorioamnionitis in pPROM. Placenta 2013; 34:155-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2012.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 11/04/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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20
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Goldmann O, Medina E. The expanding world of extracellular traps: not only neutrophils but much more. Front Immunol 2013; 3:420. [PMID: 23335924 PMCID: PMC3542634 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The release of extracellular traps (ETs) is a recently described mechanism of innate immune response to infection. Although ETs have been intensely investigated in the context of neutrophil antimicrobial effector mechanisms, other immune cells such as mast cells, eosinophils, and macrophages can also release these structures. The different ETs have several features in common, regardless of the type of cells from which they originated, including a DNA backbone with embedded antimicrobial peptides, proteases, and histones. However, they also exhibit remarkable individual differences such as the type of sub-cellular compartments from where the DNA backbone originates (e.g., nucleus or mitochondria), the proportion of responding cells within the pool, and/or the molecular mechanism/s underlying the ETs formation. This review summarizes the knowledge accumulated in recent years regarding the complex and expanding world of ETs and their role in immune function with particular emphasis on the role of other immune cells rather than on neutrophils exclusively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Goldmann
- Infection Immunology Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research Braunschweig, Germany
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21
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Abstract
Defensins are small, multifunctional cationic peptides. They typically contain six conserved cysteines whose three intramolecular disulfides stabilize a largely β-sheet structure. This review of human α-defensins begins by describing their evolution, including their likely relationship to the Big Defensins of invertebrates, and their kinship to the β-defensin peptides of many if not all vertebrates, and the θ-defensins found in certain non-human primates. We provide a short history of the search for leukocyte-derived microbicidal molecules, emphasizing the roles played by luck (good), preconceived notions (mostly bad), and proper timing (essential). The antimicrobial, antiviral, antitoxic, and binding properties of human α-defensins are summarized. The structural features of α-defensins are described extensively and their functional contributions are assessed. The properties of HD6, an enigmatic Paneth cell α-defensin, are contrasted with those of the four myeloid α-defensins (HNP1-4) and of HD5, the other α-defensin of human Paneth cells. The review ends with a decalogue that may assist researchers or students interested in α-defensins and related aspects of neutrophil function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert I Lehrer
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Biology Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1688, USA.
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22
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Mori T, Kitani Y, Ogihara J, Sugiyama M, Yamamoto G, Kishida O, Nishimura K. Histological and MS spectrometric analyses of the modified tissue of bulgy form tadpoles induced by salamander predation. Biol Open 2012; 1:308-17. [PMID: 23213421 PMCID: PMC3509453 DOI: 10.1242/bio2012604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid induction of a defensive morphology by a prey species in face of a predation risk is an intriguing in ecological context; however, the physiological mechanisms that underlie this phenotypic plasticity remain uncertain. Here we investigated the phenotypic changes shown by Rana pirica tadpoles in response to a predation threat by larvae of the salamander Hynobius retardatus. One such response is the bulgy morph phenotype, a relatively rapid swelling in size by the tadpoles that begins within 4 days and reaches a maximum at 8 to 10 days. We found that although the total volume of bodily fluid increased significantly (P<0.01) in bulgy morph tadpoles, osmotic pressure was maintained at the same level as control tadpoles by a significant increase (P<0.01) in Na and Cl ion concentrations. In our previous report, we identified a novel frog gene named pirica that affects the waterproofing of the skin membrane in tadpoles. Our results support the hypothesis that predator-induced expression of pirica on the skin membrane causes retention of absorbed water. Midline sections of bulgy morph tadpoles showed the presence of swollen connective tissue beneath the skin that was sparsely composed of cells containing hyaluronic acid. Mass spectrographic (LC-MS/MS) analysis identified histone H3 and 14-3-3 zeta as the most abundant constituents in the liquid aspirated from the connective tissue of bulgy tadpoles. Immunohistochemistry using antibodies against these proteins showed the presence of non-chromatin associated histone H3 in the swollen connective tissue. Histones and 14-3-3 proteins are also involved in antimicrobial activity and secretion of antibacterial proteins, respectively. Bulgy tadpoles have a larger surface area than controls, and their skin often has bite wounds inflicted by the larval salamanders. Thus, formation of the bulgy morph may also require and be supported by activation of innate immune systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Mori
- Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences , Kameino 1866, Fujisawa 252-0880 , Japan
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23
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Thompson JA, Liu M, Helaine S, Holden DW. Contribution of the PhoP/Q regulon to survival and replication of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in macrophages. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2011; 157:2084-2093. [PMID: 21511762 PMCID: PMC3167890 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.048926-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The ability of serovars of Salmonella enterica to cause systemic disease is dependent upon their survival and replication within macrophages. To do this, bacteria must withstand or surmount bacteriostatic and bactericidal responses by the host cell, including the delivery of hydrolytic enzymes from lysosomes to the phagosome. The bacterial two-component regulatory system PhoP/Q has been implicated in avoidance of phagolysosomal fusion by S. enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) in murine macrophages. In this study, the involvement of PhoP/Q-activated genes in avoidance of phagolysosomal fusion was analysed: of all the S. Typhimurium mutant strains tested, only an mgtC mutant strain partially reproduced the phenotype of the phoP mutant strain. As this gene is required for bacterial growth in magnesium-depleted conditions in vitro, the contributions of PhoP/Q to intramacrophage replication and survival were reappraised. Although PhoP/Q was required for both replication and survival of S. Typhimurium within murine macrophages, subsequent analysis of the kinetics of phagolysosomal fusion, taking account of differences in the replication rates of wild-type and phoP mutant strains, provided no evidence for a PhoP/Q-dependent role in this process. PhoP/Q appeared to act subsequent to the process of phagolysosomal avoidance and to promote replication of those bacteria that had already escaped a phagolysosomal fate. Therefore, we conclude that the PhoP/Q regulon enables S. Typhimurium to adapt to intramacrophage stresses other than phagolysosomal fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Thompson
- Section of Microbiology, Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Imperial College London, Armstrong Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Mei Liu
- Section of Microbiology, Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Imperial College London, Armstrong Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Sophie Helaine
- Section of Microbiology, Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Imperial College London, Armstrong Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - David W Holden
- Section of Microbiology, Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Imperial College London, Armstrong Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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24
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Seo JK, Stephenson J, Noga EJ. Multiple antibacterial histone H2B proteins are expressed in tissues of American oyster. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 158:223-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2010.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Revised: 11/26/2010] [Accepted: 11/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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25
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Ribeiro JKC, Cunha DDS, Fook JMSLL, Sales MP. New properties of the soybean trypsin inhibitor: Inhibition of human neutrophil elastase and its effect on acute pulmonary injury. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 644:238-44. [PMID: 20624384 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.06.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2010] [Revised: 06/11/2010] [Accepted: 06/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Seeds from legumes including the Gilcine max are known to be a rich source of protease inhibitors. The soybean Kunitz trypsin inhibitors (SKTIs) have been well characterised and have been found to exhibit many biological activities. However their effects on inflammatory diseases have not been studied to date. In this study, SKTI was purified using anion exchange chromatography using a Resource Q column. The purified protein was able to inhibit human neutrophil elastase (HNE) and bovine trypsin. Purified SKTI inhibited HNE with an IC(50) value of 8mug or 0.3nM. At this concentration SKTI showed neither cytotoxic nor haemolytic effects on human blood cell populations. SKTI showed no deleterious effects on organs, blood cells or the hepatic enzymes ALT and AST in the mouse model of acute systemic toxicity. Human neutrophils incubated with SKTI released less HNE than control neutrophils when stimulated with PAF or fMLP (83.1% and 70% respectively). These results showed that SKTI affected both pathways of elastase release by PAF and fMLP stimuli, suggesting that SKTI is an antagonist of fMLP/PAF receptors. In an in vivo mouse model of LPS acute lung injury, SKTI significantly suppressed the inflammatory effects caused by elastase in a dose-dependent manner. Histological sections stained by hematoxylin/eosin confirmed this decrease in inflammation. These results showed that SKTI could be used as a pharmacological agent for the therapy of many inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannison K C Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas Bioativas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte 59072-970 Natal, RN, Brazil
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26
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Seo JK, Stephenson J, Crawford JM, Stone KL, Noga EJ. American oyster, Crassostrea virginica, expresses a potent antibacterial histone H2B protein. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2010; 12:543-551. [PMID: 19949827 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-009-9240-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2009] [Accepted: 10/27/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
An antibacterial protein was purified from acidified gill extract of a bivalve mollusk, the American oyster (Crassostrea virginica). Protein isolation was best accomplished by briefly boiling the tissues in a weak acetic acid solution. Adding protease inhibitors while boiling did not have a major effect on activity recovery. In contrast, use of only protease inhibitors (without boiling) resulted in virtually no recovery of this activity. The amino acid sequence of this antibacterial protein was identified as a histone H2B and was designated cvH2B. cvH2B had potent activity against gram-negative bacteria, including the human pathogens Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus, which commonly reside in oyster tissues. We estimated that the concentration of this protein was well within the concentration that was inhibitory to these bacterial pathogens in vitro. This is the first report of the antimicrobial function of histone H2B from any mollusk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Kil Seo
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
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27
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Smith VJ, Desbois AP, Dyrynda EA. Conventional and unconventional antimicrobials from fish, marine invertebrates and micro-algae. Mar Drugs 2010; 8:1213-62. [PMID: 20479976 PMCID: PMC2866484 DOI: 10.3390/md8041213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2010] [Revised: 04/02/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
All eukaryotic organisms, single-celled or multi-cellular, produce a diverse array of natural anti-infective agents that, in addition to conventional antimicrobial peptides, also include proteins and other molecules often not regarded as part of the innate defences. Examples range from histones, fatty acids, and other structural components of cells to pigments and regulatory proteins. These probably represent very ancient defence factors that have been re-used in new ways during evolution. This review discusses the nature, biological role in host protection and potential biotechnological uses of some of these compounds, focusing on those from fish, marine invertebrates and marine micro-algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie J Smith
- Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 8LB, Scotland, UK.
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28
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Lesmes LP, Bohorquez MY, Carreño LF, Patarroyo ME, Lozano JM. A C-terminal cationic fragment derived from an arginine-rich peptide exhibits in vitro antibacterial and anti-plasmodial activities governed by its secondary structure properties. Peptides 2009; 30:2150-60. [PMID: 19698754 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2009.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2009] [Revised: 08/11/2009] [Accepted: 08/12/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The differential in vitro antimicrobial activity of a 12-residue-long arginine-rich peptide derived from protamine was examined against bacterial and parasite microbes. A design of discrete peptide fragments based on the thermolysin-digestion map allowed us to propose three peptide fragments to be further assessed regarding their biological and secondary structural properties. Peptide structure allowed designing three arginine-rich fragments. All peptide fragments were assessed regarding their antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and a human malaria strain. Qualitative and quantitative assays carried out for determining all peptides' antibacterial activity at different concentration levels included radial diffusion and a time-controlled technique. Tests demonstrated that all assessed molecules inhibited invasion of Plasmodium falciparum parasites to human red blood cells. Cytolytic activity of the parent protamine peptide was completely abolished by strategically fragmenting its aminoacid sequence. Remarkably, the cationic C-fragment exhibited stronger biological activity than its parent peptide. Interestingly, the peptide fragment denoted as 2077 displays a typical alpha-helix profile according to its CD spectrum. The results support proposing the protamine C-terminal fragment as a potential new antimicrobial peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Patricia Lesmes
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia, Bogotá DC, Colombia and Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá DC, Colombia
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29
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Soslau G, Prest PJ, Class R, Jost M, Mathews L. Inhibition of gamma-thrombin-induced human platelet aggregation by histone H1subtypes and H1.3 fragments. Platelets 2009; 20:349-56. [PMID: 19637099 DOI: 10.1080/09537100903047745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Human platelets are differentially activated by varying concentrations of alpha-thrombin or by beta- and gamma-thrombin via three thrombin receptors, PAR-1, PAR-4 and GPIbalpha.It is likely that the development of a normal or abnormal hemostatic event in humans is dictated, in part, by the selective activation of these receptors. The ability to differentially inhibit these thrombin receptors could, therefore, have clinical significance. We have previously demonstrated that histone H1 selectively inhibits the PAR-4 receptor. In the current study we investigated whether five subtypes of the H1 molecule or fragments of the H1.3 subtype differentially inhibited the PAR-4 receptor. PAR-4 inhibition by all H1 subtypes was saturated at 1 uM with no statistical difference observed with the five H1 subtypes tested. Of the five fragments generated from the H1.3 molecule only one had significant inhibitory activity against PAR-4. The C-terminal fragment, N.1, generated by the proteolysis of the parent molecule by Asp-N endoproteinase (Aeromonas proteolytica) at the single aspartate residue, showed the same level of PAR-4 inhibition as the intact H1.3 at 1 uM concentrations. Removal of two N-terminal amino acids (Asp-Val as determined by MALDI analysis) from the N.1 fragment further enhanced its inhibitory activity. These studies may help to develop specific drugs to differentially inhibit the platelet thrombin receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Soslau
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA.
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30
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Urban CF, Ermert D, Schmid M, Abu-Abed U, Goosmann C, Nacken W, Brinkmann V, Jungblut PR, Zychlinsky A. Neutrophil extracellular traps contain calprotectin, a cytosolic protein complex involved in host defense against Candida albicans. PLoS Pathog 2009; 5:e1000639. [PMID: 19876394 PMCID: PMC2763347 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1215] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2009] [Accepted: 09/30/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the first line of defense at the site of an infection. They encounter and kill microbes intracellularly upon phagocytosis or extracellularly by degranulation of antimicrobial proteins and the release of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs). NETs were shown to ensnare and kill microbes. However, their complete protein composition and the antimicrobial mechanism are not well understood. Using a proteomic approach, we identified 24 NET-associated proteins. Quantitative analysis of these proteins and high resolution electron microscopy showed that NETs consist of modified nucleosomes and a stringent selection of other proteins. In contrast to previous results, we found several NET proteins that are cytoplasmic in unstimulated neutrophils. We demonstrated that of those proteins, the antimicrobial heterodimer calprotectin is released in NETs as the major antifungal component. Absence of calprotectin in NETs resulted in complete loss of antifungal activity in vitro. Analysis of three different Candida albicans in vivo infection models indicated that NET formation is a hitherto unrecognized route of calprotectin release. By comparing wild-type and calprotectin-deficient animals we found that calprotectin is crucial for the clearance of infection. Taken together, the present investigations confirmed the antifungal activity of calprotectin in vitro and, moreover, demonstrated that it contributes to effective host defense against C. albicans in vivo. We showed for the first time that a proportion of calprotectin is bound to NETs in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantin F. Urban
- Department for Cellular Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - David Ermert
- Department for Cellular Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Monika Schmid
- Protein Analysis Core Facility, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Abu-Abed
- Department for Cellular Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
- Microscopy Core Facility, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Goosmann
- Department for Cellular Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
- Microscopy Core Facility, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Nacken
- Institute for Immunology, Münster University, Münster, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Virology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, Münster University, Münster, Germany
| | - Volker Brinkmann
- Microscopy Core Facility, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter R. Jungblut
- Protein Analysis Core Facility, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Arturo Zychlinsky
- Department for Cellular Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Kumar Y, Valdivia RH. Leading a sheltered life: intracellular pathogens and maintenance of vacuolar compartments. Cell Host Microbe 2009; 5:593-601. [PMID: 19527886 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2009.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2009] [Revised: 05/20/2009] [Accepted: 05/28/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Many intracellular pathogens survive in vacuolar niches composed of host-derived membranes modified extensively by pathogen proteins and lipids. Although intracellular lifestyles offer protection from humoral immune responses, vacuole-bound pathogens nevertheless face powerful intracellular innate immune surveillance pathways that can trigger fusion with lysosomes, autophagy, and host cell death. Strategies used by vacuole-bound pathogens to invade and establish a replicative vacuole are well described, but how the integrity and stability of these parasitic vacuoles are maintained is poorly understood. Here, we identify potential mechanisms of pathogenic vacuole maintenance and the consequences of vacuole disruption by highlighting select bacterial and protozoan parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadunanda Kumar
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Lee DY, Huang CM, Nakatsuji T, Thiboutot D, Kang SA, Monestier M, Gallo RL. Histone H4 is a major component of the antimicrobial action of human sebocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2009; 129:2489-96. [PMID: 19536143 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2009.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides, such as cathelicidin and beta defensins, directly kill microbes and have been detected in human sebaceous glands and cell lines. Despite the presence of several such peptides, the apparent abundance of these is insufficient for direct killing of most skin pathogens. In this study, we sought to determine which molecules provide the majority of antimicrobial peptide activity in human sebocytes. Acid-soluble protein extracts of SEB-1 sebocytes were separated by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and were assayed for their capacity to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrobial activity was isolated in a single major fraction and identified to be histone H4 by mass spectrometry and western blot analysis. The importance of histone H4 in the antimicrobial activity of sebocytes was confirmed by a specific neutralizing antibody and by direct demonstration that recombinant histone H4 had antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and Propionibacterium acnes. In addition, histone H4 enhanced the antimicrobial action of free fatty acids in human sebum. Taken together, these results indicate that the release of histone H4 by holocrine secretion from the sebaceous gland may play an important role in innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Youn Lee
- Division of Dermatology, University of California San Diego and VA San Diego Healthcare Center, San Diego, California, USA
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Macrophage elastase kills bacteria within murine macrophages. Nature 2009; 460:637-41. [PMID: 19536155 DOI: 10.1038/nature08181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2009] [Accepted: 06/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are aptly positioned to function as the primary line of defence against invading pathogens in many organs, including the lung and peritoneum. Their ability to phagocytose and clear microorganisms has been well documented. Macrophages possess several substances with which they can kill bacteria, including reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide, and antimicrobial proteins. We proposed that macrophage-derived proteinases may contribute to the antimicrobial properties of macrophages. Macrophage elastase (also known as matrix metalloproteinase 12 or MMP12) is an enzyme predominantly expressed in mature tissue macrophages and is implicated in several disease processes, including emphysema. Physiological functions for MMP12 have not been described. Here we show that Mmp12(-/-) mice exhibit impaired bacterial clearance and increased mortality when challenged with both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria at macrophage-rich portals of entry, such as the peritoneum and lung. Intracellular stores of MMP12 are mobilized to macrophage phagolysosomes after the ingestion of bacterial pathogens. Once inside phagolysosomes, MMP12 adheres to bacterial cell walls where it disrupts cellular membranes resulting in bacterial death. The antimicrobial properties of MMP12 do not reside within its catalytic domain, but rather within the carboxy-terminal domain. This domain contains a unique four amino acid sequence on an exposed beta loop of the protein that is required for the observed antimicrobial activity. The present study represents, to our knowledge, the first report of direct antimicrobial activity by a matrix metallopeptidase, and describes a new antimicrobial peptide that is sequentially and structurally unique in nature.
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34
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Evans DL, Connor MA, Moss LD, Lackay S, Leary JH, Krunkosky T, Jaso-Friedmann L. Cellular expression and antimicrobial function of a phylogenetically conserved novel histone 1x-like protein on mouse cells: a potential new class of pattern recognition receptor. J Leukoc Biol 2009; 86:133-41. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1108682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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Connor MA, Jaso-Friedmann L, Leary JH, Evans DL. Role of nonspecific cytotoxic cells in bacterial resistance: Expression of a novel pattern recognition receptor with antimicrobial activity. Mol Immunol 2009; 46:953-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2008.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Revised: 09/09/2008] [Accepted: 09/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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36
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Cho JH, Sung BH, Kim SC. Buforins: histone H2A-derived antimicrobial peptides from toad stomach. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2008; 1788:1564-9. [PMID: 19041293 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2008.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2008] [Revised: 10/27/2008] [Accepted: 10/31/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) constitute an important component of the innate immune system in a variety of organisms. Buforin I is a 39-amino acid AMP that was first isolated from the stomach tissue of the Asian toad Bufo bufo gargarizans. Buforin II is a 21-amino acid peptide that is derived from buforin I and displays an even more potent antimicrobial activity than its parent AMP. Both peptides share complete sequence identity with the N-terminal region of histone H2A that interacts directly with nucleic acids. Buforin I is generated from histone H2A by pepsin-directed proteolysis in the cytoplasm of gastric gland cells. After secretion into the gastric lumen, buforin I remains adhered to the mucous biofilm that lines the stomach, thus providing a protective antimicrobial coat. Buforins, which house a helix-hinge-helix domain, kill a microorganism by entering the cell without membrane permeabilization and thus binding to nucleic acids. The proline hinge is crucial for the cell penetrating activity of buforins. Buforins also are known to possess anti-endotoxin and anticancer activities, thus making these peptides attractive reagents for pharmaceutical applications. This review describes the role of buforins in innate host defense; future research paradigms; and use of these agents as human therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Hyun Cho
- Department of Biology, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
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Kawasaki H, Koyama T, Conlon JM, Yamakura F, Iwamuro S. Antimicrobial action of histone H2B in Escherichia coli: evidence for membrane translocation and DNA-binding of a histone H2B fragment after proteolytic cleavage by outer membrane proteinase T. Biochimie 2008; 90:1693-702. [PMID: 18706965 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2008.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2008] [Accepted: 07/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have led to the isolation of histone H2B with antibacterial properties from an extract of the skin of the Schlegel's green tree frog Rhacophorus schlegelii and it is now demonstrated that the intact peptide is released into norepinephrine-stimulated skin secretions. In order to investigate the mechanism of action of this peptide, a maltose-binding protein (MBP)-fused histone H2B (MBP-H2B) conjugate was prepared and subjected to antimicrobial assay. The fusion protein showed bacteriostatic activity against Escherichia coli strain JCM5491 with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 11 microM. The lysate prepared from JCM5491 cells was capable of fragmenting MBP-H2B within the histone H2B region, but the lysate from the outer membrane proteinase T (OmpT) gene-deleted BL21(DE3) cells was not. FITC-labeled MBP-H2B (FITC-MBP-H2B) penetrated into the bacterial cell membrane of JCM5491 and ompT-transformed BL21(DE3) cells, but not into ompT-deleted BL21(DE3) cells. Gel retardation assay using MBP-H2B-deletion mutants indicated that MBP-H2B bound to DNA at a site within the N-terminal region of histone H2B. Consequently, it is proposed that the antimicrobial action of histone H2B involves, at least in part, penetration of an OmpT-produced N-terminal histone H2B fragment into the bacterial cell membrane with subsequent inhibition of cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Kawasaki
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Funabashi, Chiba, Japan
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38
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Meyer-Hoffert U, Hornef M, Henriques-Normark B, Normark S, Andersson M, Pütsep K. Identification of heparin/heparan sulfate interacting protein as a major broad-spectrum antimicrobial protein in lung and small intestine. FASEB J 2008; 22:2427-34. [PMID: 18299334 DOI: 10.1096/fj.07-103440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The lungs are continuously exposed to a broad array of microbes through inhalation, and microorganisms that escape clearance by the upper airway mucociliary motion will deposit in the alveolar compartment of the lower airways. The pulmonary epithelium in the alveolar compartment is covered by a thin aqueous layer that contains surfactant proteins but also microbicidal components. We have here identified the epithelial cell surface-expressed heparin/heparan sulfate interacting protein (HIP/RPL29) by high-performance liquid chromatography-fractionation, N-terminal sequencing, and mass spectrometry analysis as a major antimicrobial component in extracts of mouse lung tissue. HIP/RPL29 was also detected in extracts of mouse small intestinal tissue. HIP/RPL29 exhibited broad antibacterial activity, notably against Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains. Human recombinant HIP/RPL29 exhibited killing activity in the same order of magnitude. The HIP/RPL29 protein was demonstrated to be localized to the epithelial cells and cell surface of the lungs and intestines by immunohistochemistry. We suggest that HIP/RPL29 fulfills a function as an abundant antibacterial factor of the epithelial innate defense shield against invading bacteria in both the lungs and the small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Meyer-Hoffert
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Eswarappa SM, Panguluri KK, Hensel M, Chakravortty D. The yejABEF operon of Salmonella confers resistance to antimicrobial peptides and contributes to its virulence. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2008; 154:666-678. [PMID: 18227269 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.2007/011114-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic micro-organisms have evolved many strategies to counteract the antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) that they encounter upon entry into host systems. These strategies play vital roles in the virulence of pathogenic micro-organisms. The Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium genome has a gene cluster consisting of yejA, yejB, yejE and yejF genes, which encode a putative ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter. Our study shows that these genes constitute an operon. We deleted the yejF gene, which encodes the ATPase component of the putative ABC transporter. The DeltayejF strain showed increased sensitivity to protamine, melittin, polymyxin B, human defensin (HBD)-1 and HBD-2, and was compromised in its capacity to proliferate inside activated macrophages and epithelial cells. Inside Intestine 407 cells, Salmonella was found to co-localize with human defensins HD-5 and HBD-1; this suggests that the ability to counteract AMPs in the intracellular milieu is important for Salmonella. In a murine typhoid model, the DeltayejF strain displayed decreased virulence when infected intragastrically. These findings suggest that the putative transporter encoded by the yejABEF operon is involved in counteracting AMPs, and that it contributes to the virulence of Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeepa M Eswarappa
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Biosafety Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Kiran Kumar Panguluri
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Biosafety Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Michael Hensel
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dipshikha Chakravortty
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Biosafety Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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40
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Vanya Ewart K, Williams J, Richards RC, Gallant JW, Melville K, Douglas SE. The early response of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) macrophages exposed in vitro to Aeromonas salmonicida cultured in broth and in fish. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 32:380-90. [PMID: 17825909 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2007.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2007] [Revised: 07/27/2007] [Accepted: 07/29/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Aeromonas salmonicida is a fish pathogen that causes furunculosis. Virulent strains of this bacterium are able to infect salmonid macrophages and survive within them, although mechanisms favouring intracellular survival are not completely understood. It is known that A. salmonicida cultured in vivo in the peritoneal cavity of the host undergoes changes in gene expression and surface architecture compared with cultures grown in vitro in broth. Therefore, in this study, the early macrophage responses to A. salmonicida grown in vivo and in vitro were compared. Macrophage-enriched cell preparations from head kidney of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were infected in vitro in 96-well microtitre dishes and changes in gene expression during the infection process were monitored using a custom Atlantic salmon cDNA microarray. A. salmonicida cultures grown in tryptic soy broth and in peritoneal implants were used to infect the macrophages. The macrophages were harvested at 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0h after addition of the bacteria to the medium. Significant changes in gene expression were evident by microarray analysis at 2.0h post-infection in macrophages infected with broth-grown and implant-grown bacteria; however, qPCR analysis revealed earlier up-regulation of JunB and TNF-alpha in macrophages exposed to the implant-grown bacteria. Up-regulation of those genes and others is consistent with the effects of extracellular products of aeromonad bacteria on macrophages and also suggests initiation of the innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Vanya Ewart
- Institute for Marine Biosciences, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 3Z1
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41
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Ambatipudi K, Deane EM. In search of neutrophil granule proteins of the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii). Mol Immunol 2007; 45:690-700. [PMID: 17706783 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2007.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2007] [Revised: 07/04/2007] [Accepted: 07/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Two approaches have been used to isolate and identify proteins of the granules of neutrophils of the tammar wallaby, Macropus eugenii. Stimulation with PMA, Ionomycin and calcium resulted in exocytosis of neutrophil granules as demonstrated with electron microscopy. However proteomic analysis using two dimensional gel electrophoresis, in-gel trypsin digestion followed by nano liquid chromatography coupled tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) failed to identify any anticipated granule proteins in the reaction supernatants. Subsequent use of differential centrifugation and lysis followed by the application of the same proteomic analysis approach resulted in the isolation and confident identification of 39 proteins, many of which are known to be present in the granules of neutrophils of eutherian mammals or play a role in degranulation. These proteins notably consisted of the known antimicrobials, myeloperoxidase (MPO), serine proteinase, dermcidin, lysozyme and alkaline phosphatase. A number of important known antimicrobials, however, were not detected and these include defensins and cathelicidins. This is the first report of the neutrophil granule proteins of any marsupial and complements previous reports on the cytosolic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Ambatipudi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Division of Environmental and Life Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
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Li GH, Mine Y, Hincke MT, Nys Y. Isolation and characterization of antimicrobial proteins and peptide from chicken liver. J Pept Sci 2007; 13:368-78. [PMID: 17431854 DOI: 10.1002/psc.851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous antimicrobial peptides and proteins are crucial components of the innate immune system and play an essential role in the defense against infection. Antimicrobial activity was detected in the acid extract of livers harvested from healthy adult White Leghorn hens, Gallus gallus. Two antimicrobial proteins and one antimicrobial polypeptide were isolated from the liver extract by cation-exchange and gel filtration chromatography, followed by two-step reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). These antimicrobial components were identified as histones H2A and H2B.V, and histone H2B C-terminal fragment using peptide mass fingerprinting and partial sequencing by tandem nanoelectrospray mass spectrometry. The proteins and the peptide identified in the present study, which exhibited antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, were thermostable and showed salt-resistant activity. The antimicrobial properties of histones and histone fragment in chicken provide further evidence that histones, in addition to their role in nucleosome formation, may play an important role in innate host defense against intracellular or extracellular microbe invasion in a wide range of animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Hong Li
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1, Canada
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43
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Parsa S, Pfeifer B. Engineering bacterial vectors for delivery of genes and proteins to antigen-presenting cells. Mol Pharm 2007; 4:4-17. [PMID: 17233543 DOI: 10.1021/mp0600889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial vectors offer a biological route to gene and protein delivery with this article featuring delivery to antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Primarily in the context of immune stimulation against infectious disease or cancer, the goal of bacterially mediated delivery is to overcome the hurdles to effective macromolecule delivery. This review will present several bacterial vectors as macromolecule (protein or gene) delivery devices with both innate and acquirable (or engineered) biological features to facilitate delivery to APCs. The review will also present topics related to large-scale manufacture, storage, and distribution that must be considered if the bacterial delivery devices are ever to be used in a global market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Parsa
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
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44
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Parseghian MH, Luhrs KA. Beyond the walls of the nucleus: the role of histones in cellular signaling and innate immunity. Biochem Cell Biol 2007; 84:589-604. [PMID: 16936831 DOI: 10.1139/o06-082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Although they are one of the oldest family of proteins known (first described in 1884 by Kossel), histones continue to surprise researchers with their ever expanding roles in biology. In the past 25 years, the view of core histone octamers as a simple spool around which DNA in the nucleus is wound and linker histones as mere fasteners clipping it all together has transformed into the realization that histones play a vital role in transcriptional regulation. Through post-translational modifications, histones control the accessibility of transcription factors and a host of other proteins to multiple, conceivably thousands of, genes at once. While researchers have spent decades deciphering the role of histones in the overall structure of chromatin, it might surprise some to find that an entirely separate faction of scientists have focused on the role of histones beyond the confines of the nuclear envelope. In the past decade, there has been an accumulation of observations that suggest that histones can be found at the mitochondrion during the onset of apoptotic signaling and even at the cell surface, acting as a receptor for bacterial and viral proteins. More provocatively, immunologists are becoming convinced that they can also be found in the lumen of several tissues, acting as antimicrobial agents--critical components of an ancient innate immune system. Perhaps nowhere is this observation as dramatic as in the ability of neutrophils to entrap bacterial pathogens by casting out "nets" of DNA and histones that not only act as a physical barrier, but also display bactericidal activity. As our views regarding the role of histones inside and outside the cell evolve, some have begun to develop therapies that either utilize or target histones in the fight against cancer, microbial infection, and autoimmune disease. It is our goal here to begin the process of merging the dichotomous lives of histones both within and without the nuclear membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Missag H Parseghian
- Peregrine Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Research and Development, 14272 Franklin Avenue, Tustin, CA 92780, USA.
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45
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Schop J. Protective immunity against cryptococcus neoformans infection. Mcgill J Med 2007; 10:35-43. [PMID: 18523595 PMCID: PMC2323542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans, the etiological agent of cryptococcosis, is an occasional opportunistic fungal pathogen of immune competent individuals. However, it is a relatively frequent cause of life-threatening meningoencephalitis and pulmonary infections in immunosuppressed hosts and is a leading mycological cause of morbidity and mortality among patients with AIDS in most parts of the world. The lack of an effective fungicidal regimen and the development of antifungal resistant strains suggest that continued investigation is necessary to devise immunotherapeutic strategies, drug targets and/or vaccines to combat C. neoformans infections. Until recently, cryptococcal virulence factors such as its polysaccharide capsule, macrophage parasitism, and its ability to induce an ineffective antibody mediated immune (AMI) response along with a non-protective type II (Th2) cell-mediated immune response have thwarted efforts to induce complete protective immunity against a lethal cryptococcal strain in murine models. The presence of C. neoformans antibodies in adult human serum suggests that immune competent individuals have difficulty resolving an early cryptococcal infection allowing for the establishment of a subclinical chronic infection. Recent studies have shown that pro-inflammatory cytokines, specifically interferon-g (IFN-gamma), associated with type I (Th1) cell-mediated immunity can successfully drive cell-mediated immune (CMI) responses to produce protective immunity to a second experimental C. neoformans infection in mice. This review will evaluate the intricacies of the host-cryptococcal interaction and discuss recent developments in C. neoformans research and the potential for human vaccines and/or drug therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Schop
- University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
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46
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Urban CF, Reichard U, Brinkmann V, Zychlinsky A. Neutrophil extracellular traps capture and kill Candida albicans yeast and hyphal forms. Cell Microbiol 2006; 8:668-76. [PMID: 16548892 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2005.00659.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 736] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils phagocytose and kill microbes upon phagolysosomal fusion. Recently we found that activated neutrophils form extracellular fibres that consist of granule proteins and chromatin. These neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) degrade virulence factors and kill Gram positive and negative bacteria. Here we show for the first time that Candida albicans, a eukaryotic pathogen, induces NET-formation and is susceptible to NET-mediated killing. C. albicans is the predominant aetiologic agent of fungal infections in humans, particularly in immunocompromised hosts. One major virulence trait of C. albicans is its ability to reversibly switch from singular budding cells to filamentous hyphae. We demonstrate that NETs kill both yeast-form and hyphal cells, and that granule components mediate fungal killing. Taken together our data indicate that neutrophils trap and kill ascomycetous yeasts by forming NETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantin F Urban
- Department of Cellular Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Schumannstrasse 21/22, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
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da Silva MB, Marques AF, Nosanchuk JD, Casadevall A, Travassos LR, Taborda CP. Melanin in the dimorphic fungal pathogen Paracoccidioides brasiliensis: effects on phagocytosis, intracellular resistance and drug susceptibility. Microbes Infect 2006; 8:197-205. [PMID: 16213179 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2005.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2005] [Revised: 06/13/2005] [Accepted: 06/16/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The fungal pathogen Paracoccidioides brasiliensis produces a melanin-like pigment in the presence of l-DOPA in vitro. We investigated whether melanization affected yeast uptake by alveolar and peritoneal macrophages, the intracellular resistance of fungal cells and their susceptibility to antifungal drugs. The interactions of melanized and nonmelanized P. brasiliensis with murine primary macrophages and J774.16 and MH-S macrophage-like cell lines were investigated. Melanized yeast cells were poorly phagocytosed by the cells even in the presence of complement. Melanization caused significant interference with the binding of cell wall components to lectin receptors on macrophages. Melanized cells were also more resistant than nonmelanized cells to the antifungal activity of murine macrophages. No difference in the susceptibilities of melanized and nonmelanized P. brasiliensis to antifungal drugs was observed using the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) method. However killing assays showed that melanization significantly reduced fungal susceptibility to amphotericin B and also protected against ketoconazole, fluconazole, itraconazole and sulfamethoxazole. The present results indicate that fungal melanin protects P. brasiliensis from phagocytosis and increases its resistance to antifungal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo B da Silva
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1374, 2 andar, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil
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Danilova N. The evolution of immune mechanisms. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2006; 306:496-520. [PMID: 16619242 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.21102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
From early on in evolution, organisms have had to protect themselves from pathogens. Mechanisms for discriminating "self" from "non-self" evolved to accomplish this task, launching a long history of host-pathogen co-evolution. Evolution of mechanisms of immune defense has resulted in a variety of strategies. Even unicellular organisms have rich arsenals of mechanisms for protection, such as restriction endonucleases, antimicrobial peptides, and RNA interference. In multicellular organisms, specialized immune cells have evolved, capable of recognition, phagocytosis, and killing of foreign cells as well as removing their own cells changed by damage, senescence, infection, or cancer. Additional humoral factors, such as the complement cascade, have developed that co-operate with cellular immunity in fighting infection and maintaining homeostasis. Defensive mechanisms based on germline-encoded receptors constitute a system known as innate immunity. In jaw vertebrates, this system is supplemented with a second system, adaptive immunity, which in contrast to innate immunity is based on diversification of immune receptors and on immunological memory in each individual.Usually, each newly evolved defense mechanism did not replace the previous one, but supplemented it, resulting in a layered structure of the immune system. The immune system is not one system but rather a sophisticated network of various defensive mechanisms operating on different levels, ranging from mechanisms common for every cell in the body to specialized immune cells and responses at the level of the whole organism. Adaptive changes in pathogens have shaped the evolution of the immune system at all levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Danilova
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606, USA.
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Lominadze G, Powell DW, Luerman GC, Link AJ, Ward RA, McLeish KR. Proteomic Analysis of Human Neutrophil Granules. Mol Cell Proteomics 2005; 4:1503-21. [PMID: 15985654 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m500143-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimulated exocytosis of intracellular granules plays a critical role in conversion of inactive, circulating neutrophils to fully activated cells capable of chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and bacterial killing. The functional changes induced by exocytosis of each of the granule subsets, gelatinase (tertiary) granules, specific (secondary) granules, and azurophil (primary) granules, are poorly defined. To improve the understanding of the role of exocytosis of these granule subsets, a proteomic analysis of the azurophil, specific, and gelatinase granules from human neutrophils was performed. Two different methods for granule protein identification were applied. First, two-dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis followed by MALDI-TOF MS analysis of peptides obtained by in-gel trypsin digestion of proteins was performed. Second, peptides from tryptic digests of granule membrane proteins were separated by two-dimensional microcapillary chromatography using strong cation exchange and reverse phase microcapillary high pressure liquid chromatography and analyzed with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (2D HLPC ESI-MS/MS). Our analysis identified 286 proteins on the three granule subsets, 87 of which were identified by MALDI MS and 247 were identified by 2D HPLC ESI-MS/MS. The increased sensitivity of 2D HPLC ESI-MS/MS, however, resulted in identification of over 500 proteins from subcellular organelles contaminating isolated granules. Defining the proteome of neutrophil granule subsets provides a basis for understanding the role of exocytosis in neutrophil biology. Additionally, the described methods may be applied to mobilizable compartments of other secretory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Lominadze
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville and the Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
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50
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Bergsson G, Agerberth B, Jörnvall H, Gudmundsson GH. Isolation and identification of antimicrobial components from the epidermal mucus of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). FEBS J 2005; 272:4960-9. [PMID: 16176269 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.04906.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The epidermal mucus of fish species has been found to contain antimicrobial proteins and peptides, which is of interest in regard to fish immunity. An acidic extract from the epidermal mucus of the Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) was found to exhibit antimicrobial activity against Bacillus megaterium, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. This activity varied significantly when salt was added to the antimicrobial assay, and was eliminated by pepsin digestion. No lysozyme activity was detected in the extract. By using weak cationic exchange chromatography together with reversed-phase chromatography, and monitoring the antimicrobial activity, we have isolated four cationic proteins from the mucus extract. Using N-terminal and C-terminal amino acid sequence analysis, together with MS, the antimicrobial proteins were identified as histone H2B (13 565 Da), ribosomal protein L40 (6397 Da), ribosomal protein L36A (12 340 Da) and ribosomal protein L35 (14 215 Da). The broad spectra of antimicrobial activities in the cod mucus and the characterization of four antimicrobial polypeptides suggest that mucus compounds contribute to the innate host defence of cod.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gudmundur Bergsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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