1
|
Shi Q, Wang Q, Shen Y, Chen S, Gan S, Lin T, Song F, Ma Y. Escherichia coli LTB26 mutant enhances immune responses to rotavirus antigen VP8 in a mouse model. Mol Immunol 2024; 173:10-19. [PMID: 39004021 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2024.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Adjuvant is a major supplementary component of vaccines to boost adaptive immune responses. To select an efficient adjuvant from the heat-labile toxin B subunit (LTB) of E. coli, four LTB mutants (numbered LTB26, LTB34, LTB57, and LTB85) were generated by multi-amino acid random replacement. Mice have been intranasally vaccinated with human rotavirus VP8 admixed. Among the four mutants, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) revealed that LTB26 had enhanced mucosal immune adjuvanticity compared to LTB, showing significantly enhanced immune responses in both serum IgG and mucosal sIgA levels. The 3D modeling analysis suggested that the enhanced immune adjuvanticity of LTB26 might be due to the change of the first LTB α-helix to a β-sheet. The molecular mechanism was studied using transcriptomic and flow cytometric (FCM) analysis. The transcriptomic data demonstrated that LTB26 enhanced immune response by enhancing B cell receptor (BCR) and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) II+-related pathways. Furthermore, LTB26 promoted Th1 and Th2-type immune responses which were confirmed by detecting IFN-γ and IL-4 expression levels. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that LTB26 enhanced both Th1 and Th2 type immunity. Therefore, LTB26 was a potent mucosal immune adjuvant meeting the requirement for use in human clinics in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qinlin Shi
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Qiujuan Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Basic Medical College, Molecular Medicine & Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Yi XueYuan Road, No 1, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yanxi Shen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Basic Medical College, Molecular Medicine & Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Yi XueYuan Road, No 1, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Sijing Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Basic Medical College, Molecular Medicine & Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Yi XueYuan Road, No 1, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Sijie Gan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Basic Medical College, Molecular Medicine & Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Yi XueYuan Road, No 1, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Tao Lin
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Fangzhou Song
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Basic Medical College, Molecular Medicine & Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Yi XueYuan Road, No 1, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yongping Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Basic Medical College, Molecular Medicine & Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Yi XueYuan Road, No 1, Chongqing 400016, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Girardi P, Bhuiyan TR, Lundin SB, Harutyunyan S, Neuhauser I, Khanam F, Nagy G, Szijártó V, Henics T, Nagy E, Harandi AM, Qadri F. Anti-Toxin Responses to Natural Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) Infection in Adults and Children in Bangladesh. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2524. [PMID: 37894182 PMCID: PMC10609113 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A sero-epidemiology study was conducted in Dhaka, Bangladesh between January 2020 and February 2021 to assess the immune responses to ETEC infection in adults and children. (1) Background: Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection is a main cause of diarrheal disease in endemic countries. The characterization of the immune responses evoked by natural infection can guide vaccine development efforts. (2) Methods: A total of 617 adult and 480 pediatric diarrheal patients were screened, and 43 adults and 46 children (below 5 years of age) with an acute ETEC infection completed the study. The plasma samples were analyzed for antibody responses against the ETEC toxins. (3) Results: Heat-stable toxin (ST)-positive ETEC is the main cause of ETEC infection in adults, unlike in children in an endemic setting. We detected very low levels of anti-ST antibodies, and no ST-neutralizing activity. However, infection with ETEC strains expressing the heat-labile toxin (LT) induced systemic antibody responses in less than 25% of subjects. The antibody levels against LTA and LTB, as well as cholera toxin (CT), correlated well. The anti-LT antibodies were shown to have LT- and CT- neutralizing activity. The antibody reactivity against linear LT epitopes did not correlate with toxin-neutralizing activity. (4) Conclusions: Unlike LT, ST is a poor antigen and even adults have low anti-ST antibody levels that do not allow for the detection of toxin-neutralizing activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petra Girardi
- Eveliqure Biotechnologies GmbH, Karl-Farkas-Gasse 22, 1030 Vienna, Austria; (S.H.); (I.N.); (T.H.); (E.N.)
| | - Taufiqur Rahman Bhuiyan
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (T.R.B.); (F.K.); (F.Q.)
| | - Samuel B. Lundin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Goteborg, Sweden; (S.B.L.); (A.M.H.)
| | - Shushan Harutyunyan
- Eveliqure Biotechnologies GmbH, Karl-Farkas-Gasse 22, 1030 Vienna, Austria; (S.H.); (I.N.); (T.H.); (E.N.)
| | - Irene Neuhauser
- Eveliqure Biotechnologies GmbH, Karl-Farkas-Gasse 22, 1030 Vienna, Austria; (S.H.); (I.N.); (T.H.); (E.N.)
| | - Farhana Khanam
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (T.R.B.); (F.K.); (F.Q.)
| | - Gábor Nagy
- CEBINA GmbH, Karl-Farkas-Gasse 22, 1030 Vienna, Austria; (G.N.); (V.S.)
| | - Valéria Szijártó
- CEBINA GmbH, Karl-Farkas-Gasse 22, 1030 Vienna, Austria; (G.N.); (V.S.)
| | - Tamás Henics
- Eveliqure Biotechnologies GmbH, Karl-Farkas-Gasse 22, 1030 Vienna, Austria; (S.H.); (I.N.); (T.H.); (E.N.)
| | - Eszter Nagy
- Eveliqure Biotechnologies GmbH, Karl-Farkas-Gasse 22, 1030 Vienna, Austria; (S.H.); (I.N.); (T.H.); (E.N.)
| | - Ali M. Harandi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Goteborg, Sweden; (S.B.L.); (A.M.H.)
- Vaccine Evaluation Center, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Firdausi Qadri
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (T.R.B.); (F.K.); (F.Q.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ma Y. Recent advances in nontoxicEscherichia coliheat-labile toxin and its derivative adjuvants. Expert Rev Vaccines 2016; 15:1361-1371. [DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2016.1182868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
4
|
Okuda Y, Takahashi I, Kim JK, Ohta N, Iwatani K, Iijima H, Kai Y, Tamagawa H, Hiroi T, Kweon MN, Kawano S, Takeda K, Akira S, Sasaki Y, Hori M, Kiyono H. Development of colitis in signal transducers and activators of transcription 6-deficient T-cell receptor alpha-deficient mice: a potential role of signal transducers and activators of transcription 6-independent interleukin-4 signaling for the generation of Th2-biased pathological CD4+ betabetaT cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2003; 162:263-71. [PMID: 12507909 PMCID: PMC1851110 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63817-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Forbidden CD4(+)betabeta T cells, which produce interleukin (IL)-4 predominantly, are a pathological subset in the development of colitis in T-cell receptor alpha chain (TCRalpha)-deficient mice. Stimulation of naive CD4(+) T cells with IL-4 induces Th2 development via the activation of signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) 6. In the present study, we had found that IL-4 enhanced the expression of STAT6 in CD4(+)betabeta T cells isolated from TCRalpha(-/-) mice with colitis, suggesting that the IL-4 signal in the CD4(+)betabeta T cells is mediated by STAT6. To further investigate the role of STAT6 in the development of colitis induced by TCRalpha deficiency, we generated double-deficient mice by crossing TCRalpha(-/-) mice and STAT6(-/-) mice. Surprisingly, STAT6 deficiency did not result in decreased severity of colitis in TCRalpha(-/-) mice. STAT6-deficient CD4(+)betabeta T cells produced IL-4 and intraperitoneal injection of anti-IL-4 monoclonal antibody in the nondiseased TCRalpha(-/-) and STAT6 double-deficient mice prevented the colitis formation, thus indicating that the cells differentiated into the Th2 phenotype have the ability to mediate the development of the colitis in the absence of STAT6.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Okuda
- Department of Mucosal Immunology and Host Defense, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Millar DG, Hirst TR. Cholera toxin and Escherichia coli enterotoxin B-subunits inhibit macrophage-mediated antigen processing and presentation: evidence for antigen persistence in non-acidic recycling endosomal compartments. Cell Microbiol 2001; 3:311-29. [PMID: 11298654 DOI: 10.1046/j.1462-5822.2001.00119.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Cholera toxin (Ctx) and the closely related Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin (Etx) not only act as mediators of diarrhoeal disease but also exert potent immunomodulatory properties on mammalian immune systems. The toxins normally exert their diarrhoeagenic effects by initiating receptor-mediated uptake into vesicles that enter a retrograde trafficking pathway, circumventing degradative compartments and targeting them to the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and endoplasmic reticulum. Here, we examine whether receptor-mediated binding and cellular entry by the toxin B-subunits also lead to concomitant changes in uptake and trafficking of exogenous antigens that could contribute to the potent immunomodulatory properties of these toxins. Treatment of the macrophage (J774.2) cell line with Etx B-subunit (EtxB) resulted in EtxB transport to the TGN and also led to the formation of large, translucent, non-acidic, EtxB-devoid vacuoles. When exogenous antigens were added, EtxB-treated cells were found to be proficient in both internalization of ovalbumin (OVA) and phagocytosis of bacterial particles. However, the internalized OVA, instead of trafficking along a lysosome-directed endocytic pathway via acidified endosomes, persisted in a non-acidic, light-density compartment that was distinct from the translucent vacuoles. The rerouted OVA did not co-localize with the endosomal markers rab5 or rab11, nor with EtxB, but was retained in a transferrin receptor-positive compartment. The failure of OVA to enter the late endosomal/lysosomal compartments correlated with a striking inhibition of OVA peptide processing and presentation to OVA-responsive CD4+ T-cells. CtxB also modulated OVA trafficking and inhibited antigen presentation. These findings demonstrate that the B-subunits of Ctx and Etx alter the progression of exogenous antigens along the endocytic processing pathway, and prevent or delay efficient epitope presentation and T-cell stimulation. The formation of such 'antigen depots' could contribute to the immunomodulatory properties of these bacterial virulence determinants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D G Millar
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Bristol, School of Medical Sciences, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yamamoto M, McGhee JR, Hagiwara Y, Otake S, Kiyono H. Genetically manipulated bacterial toxin as a new generation mucosal adjuvant. Scand J Immunol 2001; 53:211-7. [PMID: 11251876 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3083.2001.00883.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Cholera toxin (CT) and heat-labile toxin (LT) of Escherichia coli act as adjuvants for the enhancement of mucosal and serum antibody (Ab) responses to mucosally co-administered protein antigen (Ag). Both LT and CT induce B7-2 expression on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) for subsequent co-stimulatory signalling to CD4+ T cells. CT directly affects CD4+ T cells activated via the TCR-CD3 complex with selective inhibition of Th1 responses whereas LT maintains Th1 cytokine responses with inhibition of interleukin (IL)-4 production. Interestingly, while CT failed to induce mucosal adjuvant activity in the absence of IL-4, LT did so. Nontoxic mutant (m)CTs (S61F and E112K) retain adjuvant properties by inducing CD4+ Th2 cells, which provided effective help for the Ag-specific mucosal immunoglobulin (Ig)A, as well as serum IgG1, IgE and IgA Ab responses. The mCT E112K has been shown to exhibit two distinct mechanisms for its adjuvanticity. Firstly, mCT enhanced the B7-2 expression of APCs. Secondly, this nontoxic CT derivative directly affected CD4+ T cells and selectively inhibited Th1 cytokine responses. Thus, several lines of evidence indicate that enzyme activity can be separated from adjuvant properties of CT and this offers promise for the development of safe delivery of vaccines for mucosal IgA responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Yamamoto
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Matsudo, Chiba 271-8587, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ricci S, Medaglini D, Rush CM, Marcello A, Peppoloni S, Manganelli R, Palú G, Pozzi G. Immunogenicity of the B monomer of Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin expressed on the surface of Streptococcus gordonii. Infect Immun 2000; 68:760-6. [PMID: 10639444 PMCID: PMC97203 DOI: 10.1128/iai.68.2.760-766.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The B monomer of the Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin (LTB) was expressed on the surface of the human oral commensal bacterium Streptococcus gordonii. Recombinant bacteria expressing LTB were used to immunize BALB/c mice subcutaneously and intragastrically. The LTB monomer expressed on the streptococcal surface proved to be highly immunogenic, as LTB-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) serum titers of 140,000 were induced after systemic immunization. Most significantly, these antibodies were capable of neutralizing the enterotoxin in a cell neutralization assay. Following mucosal delivery, antigen-specific IgA antibodies were found in feces and antigen-specific IgG antibodies were found in sera. Analysis of serum IgG subclasses showed a clear predominance of IgG1 when recombinant bacteria were inoculated subcutaneously, while a prevalence of IgG2a was observed upon intragastric delivery, suggesting, in this case, the recruitment of a Th1 type of immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Ricci
- Dipartimento di Biologia Molecolare, Sezione di Microbiologia, Università di Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hayward CM, O'Gaora P, Young DB, Griffin GE, Thole J, Hirst TR, Castello-Branco LR, Lewis DJ. Construction and murine immunogenicity of recombinant Bacille Calmette Guérin vaccines expressing the B subunit of Escherichia coli heat labile enterotoxin. Vaccine 1999; 17:1272-81. [PMID: 10195640 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(98)00350-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Three recombinant strains of Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette Guerin (rBCG) were prepared in which the immunogenic B subunit of human Escherichia coli heat labile enterotoxin (LT-Bh) was expressed either as a cytoplasm protein, a cell wall associated lipoprotein or a secreted protein. Intraperitoneal immunisation of mice with these rBCG induced IgG and IgA antibodies to LT-Bh and shifted the serum IgG subclass response to subsequent challenge with purified LT-Bh from IgG1 to an IgG2a. Oral administration of recombinant BCG induced mucosal and serum IgA antibodies to LT-Bh which peaked four months after immunisation. Antibody responses were greater when LT-Bh was expressed as a secreted protein or lipoprotein rather than in the cytoplasm. Oral vaccination with recombinant BCG may be an effective approach, particularly to induce mucosal IgA and prime for a serum TH1 recall response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C M Hayward
- Division of Infectious Diseases, St. George's Hospital Medical School, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hernandez HJ, Edson CM, Harn DA, Ianelli CJ, Stadecker MJ. Schistosoma mansoni: genetic restriction and cytokine profile of the CD4 + T helper cell response to dominant epitope peptide of major egg antigen Sm-p40. Exp Parasitol 1998; 90:122-30. [PMID: 9709038 DOI: 10.1006/expr.1998.4309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Granuloma formation in schistosomiasis is mediated by MHC class II-restricted CD4 + T helper lymphocytes sensitized to egg antigens. We previously reported that C3H mice, which develop large granulomas, display strong CD4 + T helper cell responses to the major egg antigen Sm-p40. Moreover, all members of a panel of egg antigen-specific T cell hybridomas responded to the Sm-p40 antigen. Given the significance of the Sm-p40 molecule in the C3H T cell repertoire against schistosomal egg antigens, the current work was undertaken to map its immunogenic epitopes, using a library of 15 synthetic overlapping 30-mer peptides. The dominant epitope recognized by polyclonal CD4 + Th cells was located in peptide 10 (amino acids 229-258); subdominant epitopes were detected in peptides 8 (amino acids 179-208) and 12 (amino acids 279-308). The anti-Sm-p40 T cell hybridomas variously responded to any one of the same three stimulatory peptides. Furthermore, studies with various mouse strains demonstrated that a strong anti-Sm-p40 response was restricted by H-2(k). Interestingly, the cells responding to peptide 10 and to the Sm-p40 antigen only secreted IL-2 and IFN-gamma, but not IL-4 and IL-10, indicating that they are entirely of the Th-1-type, a subset with demonstrated capacity to mediate egg granuloma formation. The identification of dominant epitopes within key egg antigens offers opportunities for desensitization of the CD4 + Th cells that mediate pathology in schistosomia sis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H J Hernandez
- Department of Pathology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, 02111, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|