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McBerney R, Dolan JP, Cawood EE, Webb ME, Turnbull WB. Bioorthogonal, Bifunctional Linker for Engineering Synthetic Glycoproteins. JACS AU 2022; 2:2038-2047. [PMID: 36186556 PMCID: PMC9516712 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Post-translational glycosylation of proteins results in complex mixtures of heterogeneous protein glycoforms. Glycoproteins have many potential applications from fundamental studies of glycobiology to potential therapeutics, but generating homogeneous recombinant glycoproteins using chemical or chemoenzymatic reactions to mimic natural glycoproteins or creating homogeneous synthetic neoglycoproteins is a challenging synthetic task. In this work, we use a site-specific bioorthogonal approach to produce synthetic homogeneous glycoproteins. We develop a bifunctional, bioorthogonal linker that combines oxime ligation and strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition chemistry to functionalize reducing sugars and glycan derivatives for attachment to proteins. We demonstrate the utility of this minimal length linker by producing neoglycoprotein inhibitors of cholera toxin in which derivatives of the disaccharide lactose and GM1os pentasaccharide are attached to a nonbinding variant of the cholera toxin B-subunit that acts as a size- and valency-matched multivalent scaffold. The resulting neoglycoproteins decorated with GM1 ligands inhibit cholera toxin B-subunit adhesion with a picomolar IC50.
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2
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Joseph H, Tan QY, Mazhari R, Eriksson EM, Schofield L. Vaccine-Induced Carbohydrate-Specific Memory B Cells Reactivate During Rodent Malaria Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1840. [PMID: 31447848 PMCID: PMC6696980 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A long-standing challenge in malaria is the limited understanding of B cell immunity, previously hampered by lack of tools to phenotype rare antigen-specific cells. Our aim was to develop a method for identifying carbohydrate-specific B cells within lymphocyte populations and to determine whether a candidate vaccine generated functional memory B cells (MBCs) that reactivated upon challenge with Plasmodium (pRBCs). To this end, a new flow cytometric probe was validated and used to determine the kinetics of B cell activation against the candidate vaccine glycosylphosphatidylinositol conjugated to Keyhole Limpet Haemocyanin (GPI-KLH). Additionally, immunized C57BL/6 mice were rested (10 weeks) and challenged with pRBCs or GPI-KLH to assess memory B cell recall against foreign antigen. We found that GPI-specific B cells were detectable in GPI-KLH vaccinated mice, but not in Plasmodium-infected mice. Additionally, in previously vaccinated mice GPI-specific IgG1 MBCs were reactivated against both pRBCs and synthetic GPI-KLH, which resulted in increased serum levels of anti-GPI IgG in both challenge approaches. Collectively our findings contribute to the understanding of B cell immunity in malaria and have important clinical implications for inclusion of carbohydrate conjugates in malaria vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley Joseph
- Division of Population Health and Immunity, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Qiao Ye Tan
- Division of Population Health and Immunity, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ramin Mazhari
- Division of Population Health and Immunity, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Emily M Eriksson
- Division of Population Health and Immunity, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Louis Schofield
- Division of Population Health and Immunity, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
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3
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Weissmueller NT, Marsay L, Schiffter HA, Carlisle RC, Rollier CS, Prud’homme RK, Pollard AJ. Alternative vaccine administration by powder injection: Needle-free dermal delivery of the glycoconjugate meningococcal group Y vaccine. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183427. [PMID: 28837693 PMCID: PMC5570268 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Powder-injectors use gas propulsion to deposit lyophilised drug or vaccine particles in the epidermal and sub epidermal layers of the skin. We prepared dry-powder (Tg = 45.2 ± 0.5°C) microparticles (58.1 μm) of a MenY-CRM197 glyconjugate vaccine (0.5% wt.) for intradermal needle-free powder injection (NFPI). SFD used ultrasound atomisation of the liquid vaccine-containing excipient feed, followed by lyophilisation above the glass transition temperature (Tg' = - 29.9 ± 0.3°C). This resulted in robust particles (density~ 0.53 ±0.09 g/cm3) with a narrow volume size distribution (mean diameter 58.1 μm, and span = 1.2), and an impact parameter (ρvr ~ 11.5 kg/m·s) sufficient to breach the Stratum corneum (sc). The trehalose, manitol, dextran (10 kDa), dextran (150 kDa) formulation, or TMDD (3:3:3:1), protected the MenY-CRM197 glyconjugate during SFD with minimal loss, no detectable chemical degradation or physical aggregation. In a capsular group Y Neisseria meningitidis serum bactericidal assay (SBA) with human serum complement, the needle free vaccine, which contained no alum adjuvant, induced functional protective antibody responses in vivo of similar magnitude to the conventional vaccine injected by hypodermic needle and syringe and containing alum adjuvant. These results demonstrate that needle-free vaccination is both technically and immunologically valid, and could be considered for vaccines in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolas T. Weissmueller
- Department of Paediatrics, Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Institute, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Ultrasonics, Biotherapy & Biopharmaceuticals Laboratory (BUBBL), Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Leanne Marsay
- Department of Paediatrics, Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Institute, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Heiko A. Schiffter
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Ultrasonics, Biotherapy & Biopharmaceuticals Laboratory (BUBBL), Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Robert C. Carlisle
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Ultrasonics, Biotherapy & Biopharmaceuticals Laboratory (BUBBL), Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Christine S. Rollier
- Department of Paediatrics, Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Institute, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Robert K. Prud’homme
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Andrew J. Pollard
- Department of Paediatrics, Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Institute, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
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Immunization with the conjugate vaccine Vi-CRM₁₉₇ against Salmonella typhi induces Vi-specific mucosal and systemic immune responses in mice. Vaccine 2012; 30:6111-4. [PMID: 22705173 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.05.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Revised: 05/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Typhoid fever is a public health problem, especially among young children in developing countries. To address this need, a glycoconjugate vaccine Vi-CRM₁₉₇, composed of the polysaccharide antigen Vi covalently conjugated to the non-toxic mutant of diphtheria toxin CRM₁₉₇, is under development. Here, we assessed the antibody and cellular responses, both local and systemic, following subcutaneous injection of Vi-CRM₁₉₇. The glycoconjugate elicited Vi-specific serum IgG titers significantly higher than unconjugated Vi, with prevalence of IgG1 that persisted for at least 60 days after immunization. Vi-specific IgG, but not IgA, were present in intestinal washes. Lymphocytes proliferation after restimulation with Vi-CRM₁₉₇ was observed in spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes. These data confirm the immunogenicity of Vi-CRM₁₉₇ and demonstrate that the vaccine-specific antibody and cellular immune responses are present also in the intestinal tract, thus strengthening the suitability of Vi-CRM₁₉₇ as a promising candidate vaccine against Salmonella Typhi.
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Choi HJ, Choi WS, Park JY, Kang KH, Prabagar MG, Shin CY, Kang YS. Enhanced immune response of T-cell independent or dependent antigens in SIGN-R1 knock-out mice. Hybridoma (Larchmt) 2011; 30:109-16. [PMID: 21529282 DOI: 10.1089/hyb.2010.0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Dextran was used to explore a novel method of enhancing an immune response against T-cell independent type 2 (TI-2) polysaccharide antigens, because of its suitability as a model for the immunogenecity of many TI-2 polysaccharide antigens and its high affinity to SIGN-R1. Here we showed that the primary immune response of IgM, IgG3, and IgG2b was enhanced by dextran in SIGN-R1 knock-out (KO) mice, further evoking the induction of a secondary immune response to IgG2b in parallel. On the other hand, an immune response of IgG1 and IgG2b against T-cell dependent (TD) antigen was strongly enhanced by the administration of ovalbumin (OVA) in SIGN-R1 KO mice. These results indicate that SIGN-R1 is critical in the regulation of immune responses. Therefore, our study suggests that inhibition of TI-2 polysaccharide antigen uptake in SIGN-R1(+) macrophages contributes to the development of novel vaccination strategies against TI-2 polysaccharide antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeong-Jwa Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Romeu B, González E, Zayas C, Del Campo J, Acevedo R, Cuello M, Valdes Y, Balboa J, Cabrera O, Lastre M, Pérez O. AFCo1 as nasal adjuvant of capsular polysaccharide from Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C induces systemic and mucosal immune responses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 43:809-13. [PMID: 21671827 DOI: 10.3109/00365548.2011.586648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Increasing emphasis is being placed on the mucosal administration of vaccines in order to stimulate mucosal as well as systemic responses. Findings from our group suggest that proteoliposome-derived cochleate (AFCo1) acts as a potent mucosal adjuvant. As an alternative to chemical conjugation, the current study aimed to determine the benefit of using AFCo1 to improve the mucosal and systemic immune responses to capsular polysaccharide of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C (PsC), a model of a thymus-independent (TI) antigen. Therefore, intranasal (i.n.) immunization of 3 doses 1 week apart with AFCo1 plus PsC in mice was conducted. Highly specific anti-PsC IgA responses and an anti-PsC IgG response were obtained. The subclass pattern induced against PsC was similar to that induced with the meningococcal vaccine. In summary, AFCo1 as nasal adjuvant was demonstrated to be capable of eliciting mucosal and systemic specific responses against a TI antigen.
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7
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Eliciting carbohydrate-specific immune response against sialosides: success and challenges. Future Med Chem 2011; 3:519-34. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.11.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemoenzymatic synthesis has been shown to be a powerful adjunct to carbohydrate chemistry since it allows chemists to prepare a wide range of complex carbohydrate analogs in large amounts and with unparalleled efficiency. Here we summarize investigations conducted in our group into the synthesis and immunochemistry of tumor-associated gangliosides and the development of a chemoenzymatic route to α(2→8)-linked oligosialosides by probing substrate binding to the enzyme, α(2→8)-sialyltransferase.
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González-Fernández Á, Faro J, Fernández C. Immune responses to polysaccharides: Lessons from humans and mice. Vaccine 2008; 26:292-300. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2007] [Revised: 09/26/2007] [Accepted: 11/18/2007] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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9
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McNally DJ, Lamoureux MP, Karlyshev AV, Fiori LM, Li J, Thacker G, Coleman RA, Khieu NH, Wren BW, Brisson JR, Jarrell HC, Szymanski CM. Commonality and biosynthesis of the O-methyl phosphoramidate capsule modification in Campylobacter jejuni. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:28566-28576. [PMID: 17675288 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m704413200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we investigated the commonality and biosynthesis of the O-methyl phosphoramidate (MeOPN) group found on the capsular polysaccharide (CPS) of Campylobacter jejuni. High resolution magic angle spinning NMR spectroscopy was used as a rapid, high throughput means to examine multiple isolates, analyze the cecal contents of colonized chickens, and screen a library of CPS mutants for the presence of MeOPN. Sixty eight percent of C. jejuni strains were found to express the MeOPN with a high prevalence among isolates from enteritis, Guillain Barré, and Miller-Fisher syndrome patients. In contrast, MeOPN was not observed for any of the Campylobacter coli strains examined. The MeOPN was detected on C. jejuni retrieved from cecal contents of colonized chickens demonstrating that the modification is expressed by bacteria inhabiting the avian gastrointestinal tract. In C. jejuni 11168H, the cj1415-cj1418 cluster was shown to be involved in the biosynthesis of MeOPN. Genetic complementation studies and NMR/mass spectrometric analyses of CPS from this strain also revealed that cj1421 and cj1422 encode MeOPN transferases. Cj1421 adds the MeOPN to C-3 of the beta-d-GalfNAc residue, whereas Cj1422 transfers the MeOPN to C-4 of D-glycero-alpha-L-gluco-heptopyranose. CPS produced by the 11168H strain was found to be extensively modified with variable MeOPN, methyl, ethanolamine, and N-glycerol groups. These findings establish the importance of the MeOPN as a diagnostic marker and therapeutic target for C. jejuni and set the groundwork for future studies aimed at the detailed elucidation of the MeOPN biosynthetic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J McNally
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Marc P Lamoureux
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Andrey V Karlyshev
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Laura M Fiori
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Jianjun Li
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Gillian Thacker
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Russell A Coleman
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Nam H Khieu
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Brendan W Wren
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Robert Brisson
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Harold C Jarrell
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada.
| | - Christine M Szymanski
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada.
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10
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Tian H, Groner A, Boes M, Pirofski LA. Pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccine-mediated protection against serotype 3 Streptococcus pneumoniae in immunodeficient mice. Infect Immun 2007; 75:1643-50. [PMID: 17220309 PMCID: PMC1865676 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01371-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2006] [Revised: 10/17/2006] [Accepted: 01/03/2007] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide (PPS) vaccines are less immunogenic in immunocompromised than immunocompetent individuals. However, neither the efficacy of PPS vaccines in immunocompromised individuals nor the host cellular subsets required for vaccine efficacy against pneumococcal disease have been directly investigated. In this study, we vaccinated CD4-deficient (CD4(-/-)), CD8-deficient (CD8(-/-)), and secretory immunoglobulin M-deficient (sIgM(-/-)) mice and wild-type C57BL/6 (Wt) mice with a conjugate of PPS of serotype 3 and tetanus toxoid (PPS3-TT) and determined the antibody response and efficacy of vaccination against systemic and pulmonary challenge with serotype 3 pneumococcus in immunized and control mice. Our results showed that the isotype and predominant IgG subclass of the PPS3 response differed between immunodeficient mouse strains and between immunodeficient and Wt mice, with CD8(-/-) mice having the most robust response. Vaccination protected Wt, CD4(-/-), and sIgM(-/-) mice from death resulting from both systemic and pulmonary challenge, whereas CD8(-/-) mice were protected only from systemic and not from pulmonary challenge. Passive vaccination with PPS3-TT-induced sera from Wt, CD4(-/-), CD8(-/-), and sIgM(-/-) mice protected naïve Wt mice from death due to pulmonary challenge; however, CD8(-/-) mice were not protected by sera from Wt or CD8(-/-) mice. Our findings suggest that PPS-based vaccines can be effective in the setting of CD4 T-cell deficiency but that CD8 T cells could be required for vaccine-mediated protection against pulmonary challenge with serotype 3 pneumococcus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Tian
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Forchheimer Bldg., 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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11
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Cuello M, Cabrera O, Martinez I, Del Campo JM, Camaraza MA, Sotolongo F, Pérez O, Sierra G. New meningococcal C polysaccharide-tetanus toxoid conjugate. Vaccine 2007; 25:1798-805. [PMID: 17240485 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2006] [Revised: 10/27/2006] [Accepted: 11/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The polysaccharides (Ps) are thymus-independent 2 (TI-2) antigens and poor immunogens in infants and young children; as a result of this delayed response to Ps antigens during ontogeny, infants and young children are highly susceptible to infections caused by encapsulated bacteria. Meningococcal group C polysaccharide (PsC)-proteins conjugate vaccines have been reported to induce significant serum IgG antibodies and immunologic memory in infants resulting in very effective vaccines. We describe here the obtainment, by a new method, of a neoglycoconjugate intended to immunize against Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C, its characterization by physico-chemical methods, including (1)H NMR and fluorescence spectroscopy methods, as well as the characterization of the immune response induced in mice by such conjugate. Amine groups generated by basic hydrolysis in the PsC were successfully conjugated to carboxyl groups of tetanus toxoid (TT), using carbodiimide-mediated coupling. The specific anti-Ps IgG and anti-Ps IgG subclasses (IgG1 and IgG2a) were measured by ELISA methods, the bactericidal activity in sera and the cytokines response (IFNgamma or IL5) in spleen cell of mice immunized with conjugated and native Ps were evaluated. The (1)H NMR spectra and the result obtained by the fluorescence spectroscopy method showed that the PsC and TT maintained structural identity after conjugation process. Conjugated PsC elicited an increase of anti-PsC IgG responses, anti-PsC IgG subclass (IgG1, IgG2a), an eight-fold increase in bactericidal activity in sera of mice immunized with conjugate compared with native PsC, was also observed. Higher titres of IFNgamma were observed in mice immunized with conjugated Ps. These results indicated that, the PsC and TT maintained its chemical and antigenic structure after the conjugation process. A change in the immunological pattern of responses of PsC, from TI-2 to a thymus-dependent (TD) pattern, was also demonstrated.
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12
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Keyserling HL, Pollard AJ, DeTora LM, Gilmet GP. Experience with MCV-4, a meningococcal, diphtheria toxoid conjugate vaccine against serogroups A, C, Y and W-135. Expert Rev Vaccines 2006; 5:445-59. [PMID: 16989625 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.5.4.445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Invasive disease due to Neisseria meningitidis continues to cause debility and death worldwide in otherwise healthy individuals. Disease epidemiology varies globally, but most cases are due to serogroups A, B, C, W-135 or Y. MenactraTM (MCV-4), a quadrivalent, meningococcal diphtheria-conjugate vaccine against serogroups A, C, Y, and W-135, was licensed in the USA for individuals 11-55 years of age. Published results of clinical trials demonstrated robust immune responses that correlate with indicators of protection. MCV-4-induced antibody persist for up to 3 years after administration and anamnestic responses to revaccination. The vaccine was well tolerated; the most common reactions were transient, mild injection-site reactions and headache. MCV-4 should provide significant clinical benefits in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry L Keyserling
- Emory University School of Medicine, 2015 Uppergate Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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13
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Cabrera O, Cuello M, Soto CR, Martínez ME, del Campo JM, Pérez OA, Infante JF, Sierra G. New method for obtaining conjugated vaccines. Vaccine 2006; 24 Suppl 2:S2-76-8. [PMID: 16823936 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.01.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We describe a new method to obtain conjugates against Neisseria meningitidis serogroups A, B, C, Vibrio cholera, and Salmonella typhi and their immunogenicity in Balb/c mice. The saccharides were activated by basic hydrolysis with the generation of amine groups in the saccharidic chain, and these groups were linked to carboxyl groups of tetanus toxoid by via carbodiimida-mediated reaction. The resultant conjugates were administered to mice for the immunogenicity studies. The pirogenicity of LPS was measured by LAL assay. The anti-saccharide IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a antibodies were evaluated. A significant decrease in the pirogenicity of LPS after basic hydrolysis treatment was observed. The conjugates elicited higher titers of anti-polysaccharides or anti-LPS IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a in conjugates than in unconjugated saccharides. The results indicate that we have a new method for obtaining conjugated vaccines and we have demonstrated that after conjugation there was a change in the responses for all saccharides, from thymus-independent to thymus-dependent responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osmir Cabrera
- Immunology Department, Finlay Institute, Ave. 27 No. 19805, P.O. Box 16017, Havana, Cuba.
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Buchwald UK, Lees A, Steinitz M, Pirofski LA. A peptide mimotope of type 8 pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide induces a protective immune response in mice. Infect Immun 2005; 73:325-33. [PMID: 15618169 PMCID: PMC538987 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.1.325-333.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing antibiotic resistance and a rising patient population at risk for infection due to impaired immunity underscore the importance of vaccination against pneumococci. However, available capsular polysaccharide vaccines are often poorly immunogenic in patients at risk for pneumococcal disease. The goal of this study was to explore the potential of peptide mimotopes to function as alternative vaccine antigens to elicit a type-specific antibody response to pneumococci. We used a human monoclonal immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibody (NAD) to type 8 Streptococcus pneumoniae capsular polysaccharide (type 8 PS) to screen a phage display library, and the phage PUB1 displaying the peptide FHLPYNHNWFAL was selected after three rounds of biopanning. Inhibition studies with phage-displayed peptide or the peptide PUB1 and type 8 PS showed that PUB1 is a mimetic of type 8 PS. PUB1 conjugated to tetanus toxoid (PUB1-TT) induced a type 8 PS-specific antibody response in BALB/c mice, further defining it as a mimotope of type 8 PS. The administration of immune sera obtained from PUB1-TT-immunized mice earlier (days 14 and 21) and later (days 87 and 100) after primary and reimmunization resulted in a highly significant prolongation of the survival of naive mice after pneumococcal challenge compared to controls. The survival of PUB1-TT-immunized mice was also prolonged after pneumococcal challenge nearly 4 months after primary immunization. The efficacy of PUB1-TT-induced immune sera provides proof of principle that a mimotope-induced antibody response can protect against pneumococci and suggests that peptide mimotopes selected by type-specific human antibodies could hold promise as immunogens for pneumococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike K Buchwald
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Room 709 Forchheimer Bldg., 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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15
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García-Ojeda PA, Hardy S, Kozlowski S, Stein KE, Feavers IM. Surface plasmon resonance analysis of antipolysaccharide antibody specificity: responses to meningococcal group C conjugate vaccines and bacteria. Infect Immun 2004; 72:3451-60. [PMID: 15155652 PMCID: PMC415682 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.6.3451-3460.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody (Ab) responses to polysaccharides (PS), such as Neisseria meningitidis group C PS (MCPS), are characterized as being thymus independent and are restricted with regard to clonotype and isotype expression. PS conjugated to proteins, e.g., MCPS coupled with tetanus toxoid or the diphtheria toxin derivative CRM197, elicit thymus-dependent responses. The present study developed a surface plasmon resonance approach to evaluate Ab responses to MCPS conjugate vaccines, including either O-acetylated (OAc+) or de-O-acetylated (OAc-) forms of the PS. The results were generally consistent with those obtained by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and showed that sera from mice immunized with conjugate vaccines contain Abs that bind more effectively to OAc+ and OAc- MCPS than sera from mice immunized with fixed bacteria. The data suggest a critical shared or overlapping epitope recognized by all the conjugate vaccine immune sera and strategies for assessing polyclonal Ab avidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo A García-Ojeda
- Division of Monoclonal Antibodies, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drugs Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Berry DS, Lynn F, Lee CH, Frasch CE, Bash MC. Effect of O acetylation of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A capsular polysaccharide on development of functional immune responses. Infect Immun 2002; 70:3707-13. [PMID: 12065513 PMCID: PMC128089 DOI: 10.1128/iai.70.7.3707-3713.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of O-acetyl groups to the immunogenicity of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A polysaccharide (PS) was examined in studies using human sera and mouse immunization. In 17 of 18 postimmunization human sera, inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay indicated that the majority of antibodies binding to serogroup A PS were specific for epitopes involving O-acetyl groups. Studies with mice also showed an essential role for O-acetyl groups, where serum bactericidal titers following immunization with de-O-acetylated (de-O-Ac) conjugate vaccine were at least 32-fold lower than those following immunization with O-Ac PS-conjugate vaccine and 4-fold lower than those following immunization with native capsular PS. Inhibition studies using native and de-O-Ac PS confirmed the specificity of murine antibodies to native PS. The dramatic reduction in immunogenicity associated with removal of O-acetyl groups indicates that O acetylation is essential to the immunogenic epitopes of serogroup A PS. Since levels of bactericidal antibodies are correlated with protection against disease, O-acetyl groups appear to be important in protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Berry
- Division of Bacterial, Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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17
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Monzavi-Karbassi B, Cunto-Amesty G, Luo P, Kieber-Emmons T. Peptide mimotopes as surrogate antigens of carbohydrates in vaccine discovery. Trends Biotechnol 2002; 20:207-14. [PMID: 11943376 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7799(02)01940-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrate antigens are immune targets associated with a variety of pathogens and tumor cells. Unfortunately, most carbohydrates are intrinsically T cell-independent antigens, which diminishes their efficacy as immunogens. The conversion of carbohydrate epitopes to peptide mimotopes is one means to overcome the T cell-independent nature of carbohydrate antigens because peptides have an absolute requirement for T cells. Although such conversion has great potential for the development of veterinarian and human vaccines, there are issues related to the use of peptide-based immunogens as functional surrogates. Some of these issues are fundamental, pertaining to how mimicry comes about at the molecular level, and some are application oriented, directed at elucidating important immunological mechanisms. In this article the potential and caveats of this technology regarding its application in vaccine discovery are analyzed.
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Reddin KM, Crowley-Luke A, Clark SO, Vincent PJ, Gorringe AR, Hudson MJ, Robinson A. Bordetella pertussis fimbriae are effective carrier proteins in Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C conjugate vaccines. FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2001; 31:153-62. [PMID: 11549423 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2001.tb00512.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Serogroup C meningococcal conjugate vaccines generally use diphtheria or tetanus toxoids as the protein carriers. The use of alternative carrier proteins may allow multivalent conjugate vaccines to be formulated into a single injection and circumvent potential problems of immune suppression in primed individuals. Bordetella pertussis fimbriae were assessed as carrier proteins for Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C polysaccharide. Fimbriae were conjugated to the polysaccharide using modifications of published methods and characterised by size exclusion chromatography; co-elution of protein and polysaccharide moieties confirmed conjugation. The conjugates elicited boostable IgG responses to fimbriae and serogroup C polysaccharide in mice, and IgG:IgM ratios indicated that the responses were thymus-dependent. High bactericidal antibody titres against a serogroup C strain of N. meningitidis were also observed. In a mouse infection model, the conjugate vaccine protected against lethal infection with N. meningitidis. Therefore, B. pertussis fimbriae are effective carrier proteins for meningococcal serogroup C polysaccharide and could produce a vaccine to protect against meningococcal disease and to augment protection against pertussis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bacterial/blood
- Bordetella pertussis/physiology
- Carrier Proteins/administration & dosage
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Female
- Fimbriae, Bacterial/metabolism
- Lung/microbiology
- Meningitis, Meningococcal/immunology
- Meningitis, Meningococcal/prevention & control
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Neisseria meningitidis/immunology
- Polysaccharides, Bacterial/administration & dosage
- Polysaccharides, Bacterial/immunology
- Trachea/microbiology
- Vaccines, Conjugate/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Conjugate/adverse effects
- Vaccines, Conjugate/immunology
- Vaccines, Conjugate/isolation & purification
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Reddin
- Centre for Applied Microbiology and Research, Salisbury SP4 0JG, Wiltshire, UK.
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19
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Cunto-Amesty G, Luo P, Monzavi-Karbassi B, Lees A, Kieber-Emmons T. Exploiting molecular mimicry to broaden the immune response to carbohydrate antigens for vaccine development. Vaccine 2001; 19:2361-8. [PMID: 11257361 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(00)00527-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Peptide mimetics of carbohydrates represent an alternative approach to induce anti-carbohydrate responses. Depending on their formulation, peptide mimetics can mediate T-independent or T-dependent responses. Multivalent peptide mimeotopes can induce high IgM/IgG ratios, as non-conjugated carbohydrates do. Here we observe that immunization with multivalent peptide mimeotope conjugated to BSA enhances carbohydrate reactive antibodies in Balb/c mice and xid mice, with IgG1 greater than IgG2a, in xid mice. These results suggest that mimeotope-conjugate formulations might augment carbohydrate-specific immune responses in immuno-compromised hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Cunto-Amesty
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6082, USA
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20
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Muthukkumar S, Goldstein J, Stein KE. The ability of B cells and dendritic cells to present antigen increases during ontogeny. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 165:4803-13. [PMID: 11046003 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.9.4803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The immune response to polysaccharide (PS) Ags in mice is delayed during ontogeny even when administered in a thymus-dependent (TD) form. In this study, Neisseria meningitidis group C PS-tetanus toxoid conjugate (MCPS-TT) vaccine was used to examine whether the delay in the development of Ab responses to TD PS conjugate vaccines in neonatal mice is due to defective Ag presentation. The results show that B cells and dendritic cells (DC) from 3- and 7-day-old mice were severely defective in presenting TT and MCPS-TT to Ag-specific T cell clones. The ability of these cells to present Ag reaches adult levels by 4 wk. The development of anti-MCPS and anti-TT Abs in neonatal mice parallels the functional ability of their APC to present Ag. DC from neonatal mice expressed very low levels of MHC class II, costimulatory molecules B7.1, B7.2, and CD11c but high levels of monocyte-specific markers F4/80 and CD11b and granulocyte marker, Ly6G. Significant changes in the expression of these markers were observed as the age of the mice increased. MHC class II, B7.1 and B7.2, and CD11c all increased with age, reaching adult levels between 3 and 4 wk, concurrent with the function of APC. These results demonstrate that one reason neonates fail to produce high titers of anti-PS Abs even when immunized in a TD form is that their B cells and DC are not fully functional.
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MESH Headings
- Aging/immunology
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn/growth & development
- Animals, Newborn/immunology
- Antibodies, Bacterial/biosynthesis
- Antigen Presentation/physiology
- Antigen Presentation/radiation effects
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- B-Lymphocytes/cytology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- B-Lymphocytes/radiation effects
- B7-1 Antigen/biosynthesis
- B7-2 Antigen
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Dendritic Cells/cytology
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Dendritic Cells/microbiology
- Female
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/biosynthesis
- Immunophenotyping
- Lymphocyte Activation/radiation effects
- Lymphocyte Culture Test, Mixed
- Membrane Glycoproteins/biosynthesis
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neisseria meningitidis/immunology
- Polysaccharides, Bacterial/immunology
- Pregnancy
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/metabolism
- Tetanus Toxoid/administration & dosage
- Tetanus Toxoid/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- S Muthukkumar
- Division of Monoclonal Antibodies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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21
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Kieber-Emmons T, Monzavi-Karbassi B, Wang B, Luo P, Weiner DB. Cutting edge: DNA immunization with minigenes of carbohydrate mimotopes induce functional anti-carbohydrate antibody response. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 165:623-7. [PMID: 10878332 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.2.623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To date, the generation of anti-carbohydrate Th1 immune responses, which would be useful for both tumor immunotherapy as well as in pathogen vaccine strategies, has been elusive. To augment Th1 immune responses to carbohydrate Ags, we describe results of DNA vaccination studies in mice using plasmids encoding designed peptide mimotopes (minigenes) of the neolactoseries Ag Lewis Y (LeY). In contrast to LeY immunization, immunization with mimotope-encoded plasmids induced LeY cross-reactive IgG2a Abs. Minigene immunization primed for a LeY-specific response that is rapidly activated upon encounter with nominal Ag upon subsequent boost. The resulting IgG2a response mediated complement-dependent cytotoxicity of a LeY-expressing human tumor cell line in the presence of human complement. These studies establish that peptide mimotopes of carbohydrate Ags encoded as DNA plasmids are novel immunogens providing a means to manipulate carbohydrate cross-reactive Th1 responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kieber-Emmons
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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22
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García-Ojeda PA, Monser ME, Rubinstein LJ, Jennings HJ, Stein KE. Murine immune response to Neisseria meningitidis group C capsular polysaccharide: analysis of monoclonal antibodies generated in response to a thymus-independent antigen and a thymus-dependent toxoid conjugate vaccine. Infect Immun 2000; 68:239-46. [PMID: 10603394 PMCID: PMC97127 DOI: 10.1128/iai.68.1.239-246.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody (Ab) responses to polysaccharides (PSs) such as Neisseria meningitidis group C PS (MCPS) are characterized as being thymus independent (TI) and are restricted with regard to clonotype and isotype expression. PS conjugated to proteins, e.g., MCPS coupled to tetanus toxoid (MCPS-TT), elicits a thymus-dependent (TD) response. In order to understand the influence of the form of a vaccine (TI versus TD) on the Ab repertoire, we generated monoclonal antibody (MAb) panels from mice immunized and boosted with MCPS or MCPS-TT in different ways. The panels of MAbs were examined for isotype, fine specificity, affinity, and V(H) gene family usage. The use of MCPS-TT resulted in a shift in the isotype from immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG3 elicited in response to the MCPS to primarily IgG1. This isotype shift was accompanied by a change in the fine specificity of the response to the conjugate compared to that of PS. New fine specificities and increased affinity were observed in response to the TD antigen (Ag). Dot blot and Northern analyses of MCPS MAbs revealed that V(H) gene family usage is dominated by V(H)J558, used by 23 of 39 MAbs. V(H)3609 was seen in three MAbs of restricted fine specificity. V(H)Q52, V(H)7183, and V(H)VGAM3-8 were seen in more than one MAb across these panels, while V(H)10 and V(H)X24 were detected only once in response to the TI-2 Ag. All MAbs in the panels utilized kappa light chains, and all functional J(kappa) genes were expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A García-Ojeda
- Division of Monoclonal Antibodies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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