1
|
Yunle K, Tong W, Jiyang L, Guojun W. Advances in Helicobacter pylori vaccine research: From candidate antigens to adjuvants-A review. Helicobacter 2024; 29:e13034. [PMID: 37971157 DOI: 10.1111/hel.13034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori is a Gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacterium that infects approximately 50% of the world's population and has been strongly associated with chronic gastritis, peptic ulcers, gastric mucosa-associated lymphoma, and gastric cancer. The elimination of H. pylori is currently considered one of the most effective strategies for the treatment of gastric-related diseases, so antibiotic therapy is the most commonly used regimen for the treatment of H. pylori infection. Although this therapy has some positive effects, antibiotic resistance has become another clinically prominent problem. Therefore, the development of a safe and efficient vaccine has become an important measure to prevent H. pylori infection. METHODS PubMed and ClinicalTrials.gov were systematically searched from January 1980 to March 2023 with search terms-H. pylori vaccine, adjuvants, immunization, pathogenesis, and H. pylori eradication in the title and/or abstract of literature. A total of 5182 documents were obtained. Based on the principles of academic reliability, authority, nearly publicated, and excluded the similar documents, finally, 75 documents were selected, organized, and analyzed. RESULTS Most of the candidate antigens used as H. pylori vaccines in these literatures are whole-cell antigens and virulence antigens such as UreB, VacA, CagA, and HspA, and the main types of vaccines for H. pylori are whole bacteria vaccines, vector vaccines, subunit vaccines, nucleic acid vaccines, epitope vaccines, etc. Some vaccines have shown good immune protection in animal trials; however, few vaccines show good in clinical trials. The only H. pylori vaccine passed phase 3 clinical trial is a recombinant subunit vaccine using Urease subunit B (UreB) as the vaccine antigen, and it shows good prophylactic effects. Meanwhile, the adjuvant system for vaccines against this bacterium has been developed considerably. In addition to the traditional mucosal adjuvants such as cholera toxin (CT) and E. coli heat labile enterotoxin (LT), there are also promising safer and more effective mucosal adjuvants. All these advances made safe and effective H. pylori vaccines come into service as early as possible. CONCLUSIONS This review briefly summarized the advances of H. pylori vaccines from two aspects, candidates of antigens and adjuvants, to provide references for the development of vaccine against this bacterium. We also present our prospects of exosomal vaccines in H. pylori vaccine research, in the hope of inspiring future researchers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kuang Yunle
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wu Tong
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Liu Jiyang
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wu Guojun
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Marzhoseyni Z, Mousavi MJ, Ghotloo S. Helicobacter pylori antigens as immunomodulators of immune system. Helicobacter 2024; 29:e13058. [PMID: 38380545 DOI: 10.1111/hel.13058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is one of the most prevalent human pathogens and the leading cause of chronic infection in almost half of the population in the world (~59%). The bacterium is a major leading cause of chronic gastritis, gastric and duodenal ulcers, and two type of malignancies, gastric adenocarcinoma and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. Despite the immune responses mounted by the host, the bacteria are not cleared from the body resulting in a chronic infection accompanied by a chronic inflammation. Herein, a review of the literature discussing H. pylori antigens modulating the immune responses is presented. The mechanisms that are involved in the modulation of innate immune response, include modulation of recognition by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as modulation of recognition by toll like receptors (TLR)4 and TLR5, modulation of phagocytic function, and modulation of phagocytic killing mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO). On the other hands, H. pylori modulates acquired immune response by the induction of tolerogenic dendritic cells (DCs), modulation of apoptosis, induction of regulatory T cells, modulation of T helper (Th)1 response, and modulation of Th17 response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeynab Marzhoseyni
- Department of Paramedicine, Amol School of Paramedical Sciences, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Mousavi
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Somayeh Ghotloo
- Autoimmune Diseases Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Inflammation and Gastric Cancer. Diseases 2022; 10:diseases10030035. [PMID: 35892729 PMCID: PMC9326573 DOI: 10.3390/diseases10030035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer remains a major killer globally, although its incidence has declined over the past century. It is the fifth most common cancer and the third most common reason for cancer-related deaths worldwide. Gastric cancer is the outcome of a complex interaction between environmental, host genetic, and microbial factors. There is significant evidence supporting the association between chronic inflammation and the onset of cancer. This association is particularly robust for gastrointestinal cancers in which microbial pathogens are responsible for the chronic inflammation that can be a triggering factor for the onset of those cancers. Helicobacter pylori is the most prominent example since it is the most widespread infection, affecting nearly half of the world’s population. It is well-known to be responsible for inducing chronic gastric inflammation progressing to atrophy, metaplasia, dysplasia, and eventually, gastric cancer. This review provides an overview of the association of the factors playing a role in chronic inflammation; the bacterial characteristics which are responsible for the colonization, persistence in the stomach, and triggering of inflammation; the microbiome involved in the chronic inflammation process; and the host factors that have a role in determining whether gastritis progresses to gastric cancer. Understanding these interconnections may improve our ability to prevent gastric cancer development and enhance our understanding of existing cases.
Collapse
|
4
|
Rasool KH, Mahmood Alubadi AE, Al-Bayati IFI. The role of Serum Interleukin-4 and Interleukin-6 in Helicobacter pylori-infected patients. Microb Pathog 2021; 162:105362. [PMID: 34942310 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a Gram-negative bacteria that colonizes the gastrointestinal mucosa and causes chronic inflammation. AIMS There are several studies related to cytokines concentrations in H. pylori infection, but there is no study that clarifies the role of IL-4 and IL-6 together in H. pylori infection. SUBJECTS and methods: A total of (65) individuals, (25) healthy controls and (40) patients with H. pylori infection which are submitted to the hepato-gastrointestinal unit of AL-Imamian Al-Kadhimiyain medical hospital city in Baghdad consulted and diagnosed by traditional ways. In addition, the diagnosis was confirmed by ELISA Helicobacter pylori IgG kit. IL-4 and IL-6 levels were also assessed by using ELISA kits, according to the manufactures procedures. RESULTS Significant increase of IL-4 and IL-6 concentration in seropositive patients compared with seronegative controls. CONCLUSION Our findings and previous researches indicate that the immune response of gastric mucosa to H. pylori varies among patients. It depends on the stage of infection, and increases the cytokines secretion in the chronic stage, which is expected because of increased immune cell infiltration at the site of infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khetam Habeeb Rasool
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ahmed AFM, El-Sayad MH, Ali HS, El-Taweel HA. Impact of Coinfection with Schistosoma mansoni on the Antibody Response to Helicobacter pylori. Acta Parasitol 2021; 66:857-862. [PMID: 33598776 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-020-00330-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In many tropical areas, the coinfection of Schistosoma spp. and other pathogens is frequent. The impact of schistosomiasis on other infections has been demonstrated for several organisms. Infection with the widely spread bacterium, Helicobacter pylori, has been linked to ulcers and tumors of the digestive system with the humoral immune response playing possible modulatory roles. The present study investigated the impact of patent S. mansoni infection on the antibody response to H. pylori. METHODS A total of 100 participants from a schistosomiasis endemic area in Egypt were enrolled in the study. Based on the detection of S. mansoni eggs and H. pylori coproantigen in fecal samples, they were equally divided into four groups: schistosomiasis, concomitant S. mansoni and H. pylori infection, H. pylori infection alone, and healthy controls. Anti-H. pylori IgG and IgA were determined in serum samples using ELISA. RESULTS A significantly lower IgA seropositivity rate and significantly lower IgG levels were found in patients with concomitant schistosomiasis (Gp2) compared to those infected only with H. pylori (Gp1). CONCLUSIONS Concomitant S. mansoni infection with light to moderate intensity alters serological responses to H. pylori. In schistosomiasis endemic areas, the routine examination for H. pylori infection should, therefore, rely on coproantigen level rather than antibody levels. Further studies should investigate histopathological changes and other immunological parameters in coinfection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf Fawzy Mosa Ahmed
- Parasitology Department, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, 165, Horreya Avenue, Hadara, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mona Hassan El-Sayad
- Parasitology Department, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, 165, Horreya Avenue, Hadara, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Hala Shehata Ali
- Parasitology Department, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, 165, Horreya Avenue, Hadara, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Hend Aly El-Taweel
- Parasitology Department, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, 165, Horreya Avenue, Hadara, Alexandria, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Baltierra-Uribe SL, Montañez-Barragán A, Romero-Ramírez H, Klimov-Kravtchenko K, Martínez-Pedro KI, Sánchez-Salguero E, Camorlinga-Ponce M, Torres J, Santos-Argumedo L. Colostrum IgA1 antibodies recognize antigens from Helicobacter pylori and prevent cytoskeletal changes in human epithelial cells. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:2641-2650. [PMID: 34398472 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202049117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a gram-negative bacterium found on the luminal surface of the gastric mucosa in at least 50% of the world's human population. The protective effect of breastfeeding against H. pylori infection has been extensively reported; however, the mechanisms behind this protection remain poorly understood. Human IgA from colostrum has reactivity against H. pylori antigens. Despite that IgA1 and IgA2 display structural and functional differences, their reactivity against H. pylori had not been previously determined. We attested titers and reactivity of human colostrum-IgA subclasses by ELISA, immunoblot, and flow cytometry. Colostrum samples from healthy mothers had higher titers of IgA; and IgA1 mostly recognized H. pylori antigens. Moreover, we found a correlation between IgA1 reactivity and their neutralizing effect determined by inhibition of cytoskeletal changes in AGS cells infected with H. pylori. In conclusion, colostrum-IgA reduces H. pylori infection of epithelial gastric cells, suggesting an important role in preventing the bacteria establishment during the first months of life. As a whole, these results suggest that IgA1 from human colostrum provides protection that may help in the development of the mucosal immune system of newborn children. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shantal Lizbeth Baltierra-Uribe
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Montañez-Barragán
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Héctor Romero-Ramírez
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ksenia Klimov-Kravtchenko
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico.,University Center of Biological and Agricultural Sciences (CUCBA), University of Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Karla Ivette Martínez-Pedro
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico.,"La Cañada" University (UNCA), Oaxaca, Mexico
| | - Erick Sánchez-Salguero
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Margarita Camorlinga-Ponce
- Infectious and Parasitic Disease Medical Research Unit (UIMEIP) at Pediatric Hospital in National Medical Center (CMN- SIGLO XXI) Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Javier Torres
- Infectious and Parasitic Disease Medical Research Unit (UIMEIP) at Pediatric Hospital in National Medical Center (CMN- SIGLO XXI) Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Leopoldo Santos-Argumedo
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Obaid JMAS, Ayoon ANN, Almurisy ONM, Alshuaibi SMS, Alkhawlani NN. Evaluation of antibody immunochromatography testing for diagnosis of current Helicobacter pylori infection. Pract Lab Med 2021; 26:e00245. [PMID: 34386566 PMCID: PMC8342780 DOI: 10.1016/j.plabm.2021.e00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Helicobacter pylori infection represents a major gastrointestinal complaint associated with gastritis, gastric ulcer and stomach tumors. It is present in 90 % of developing countries population. H. pylori diagnosis in these countries, where resources are limited, is accomplished with simple non-invasive tests such as stool antigen and serum antibody tests. The aim of this study was to evaluate the serum antibody test in the diagnosis of current H. pylori infection. Subject and methods A total of 117 patients were included in this prospective diagnosis accuracy testing study, who clinically presented with dyspepsia, heartburn, abdominal pain, diarrhea, or halitosis. A stool sample was collected from each patient and tested for H. pylori antigen using immunochromatographic method.Blood sample was also collected, half of which was EDTA-sampled and analyzed for complete blood count, while the remaining half was left to clot, the separated serum was tested for antibodies against H. pylori with immunochromatographic cassette. Results About 35 % of sixty six patients who were positive for stool antigen test gave a negative for serum antibodies test. Meanwhile, the non-consistent results within 51 negative stool antigen test patients was exhibited by 47 % of them. The discrepancies were not affected by age or disease duration. The calculated sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive values were 50 %, 65 %, 65 % and 50 % respectively. Conclusion The serum antibody test is not reliable in the diagnosis of current H. pylori infection. In developing countries, with limited facilities and primary care units, stool antigen test diagnosis is useful for diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jamil M A S Obaid
- Medical Laboratory Sciences Dept., Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ibb University, Yemen.,Medical Microbiology Dept., Faculty of Science, Ibb University, Yemen
| | - Ayoob N N Ayoon
- Medical Microbiology Dept., Faculty of Science, Ibb University, Yemen
| | - Omar N M Almurisy
- Medical Microbiology Dept., Faculty of Science, Ibb University, Yemen
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Longet S, Abautret-Daly A, Davitt CJH, McEntee CP, Aversa V, Rosa M, Coulter IS, Holmgren J, Raghavan S, Lavelle EC. An oral alpha-galactosylceramide adjuvanted Helicobacter pylori vaccine induces protective IL-1R- and IL-17R-dependent Th1 responses. NPJ Vaccines 2019; 4:45. [PMID: 31666991 PMCID: PMC6814776 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-019-0139-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori causes chronic gastric infection that can lead to peptic ulcers and is an identified risk factor for gastric cancer development. Although much effort has been put into the development of a Helicobacter pylori vaccine over the last three decades, none has yet reached clinical application. Specific challenges pertaining to effective H. pylori vaccine development include the lack of proven vaccine-effective antigens and safe mucosal adjuvants to enhance local immune responses as well as the lack of accepted correlates of protection. Herein, we demonstrate that prophylactic intragastric immunisation with a whole-cell killed H. pylori antigen administered together with the non-toxic oral adjuvant α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) induced effective immune protection against H. pylori infection in mice, which was of similar magnitude as when using the “gold standard” cholera toxin as adjuvant. We further describe that this α-GalCer-adjuvanted vaccine formulation elicited strong intestinal and systemic Th1 responses as well as significant antigen-specific mucosal and systemic antibody responses. Finally, we report that the protective intestinal Th1 responses induced by α-GalCer are dependent on CD1d, IL-1R as well as IL-17R signalling. In summary, our results show that α-GalCer is a promising adjuvant for inclusion in an oral vaccine against H. pylori infection. Infection by Helicobacter pylori is highly prevalent in humans and can lead to chronic inflammation and gastric cancer, but to date no effective vaccine has been approved for clinical use owing to the lack of appropriate antigens and of safe mucosal adjuvants that can produce protective and durable immunity to the bacterium. Sukanya Raghavan, Ed Lavelle and colleagues now show that prophylactic intragastric administration of an inactivated whole-cell H. pylori preparation, together with the oral adjuvant α-galactosylceramide, reduced H. pylori infection in mice by eliciting a protective mucosal and systemic TH1 response. The immunisation triggered antigen-specific antibodies and interferon-γ that prevented effective colonisation of H. pylori after challenge in a process dependent on the CD1d, IL-1 receptor and IL-17 receptor pathways. The reported enhanced immune response to this orally adjuvanted vaccine formulation paves the way for further studies of its safety and efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Longet
- 1Adjuvant Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, D02 R590 Ireland
| | - Aine Abautret-Daly
- 1Adjuvant Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, D02 R590 Ireland
| | - Christopher J H Davitt
- 1Adjuvant Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, D02 R590 Ireland
| | - Craig P McEntee
- 1Adjuvant Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, D02 R590 Ireland
| | - Vincenzo Aversa
- 2Sublimity Therapeutics Limited, Dublin City University, Alpha Innovation Campus, Old Finglas Road, Dublin, D11 KXN4 Ireland
| | - Monica Rosa
- 2Sublimity Therapeutics Limited, Dublin City University, Alpha Innovation Campus, Old Finglas Road, Dublin, D11 KXN4 Ireland
| | - Ivan S Coulter
- 2Sublimity Therapeutics Limited, Dublin City University, Alpha Innovation Campus, Old Finglas Road, Dublin, D11 KXN4 Ireland
| | - Jan Holmgren
- 3University of Gothenburg Vaccine Research Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Box 435, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sukanya Raghavan
- 3University of Gothenburg Vaccine Research Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Box 435, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ed C Lavelle
- 1Adjuvant Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, D02 R590 Ireland.,4Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices & Advanced Materials Bio-Engineering Research Centre, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, D02 PN40 Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Neumann L, Moos V, Giesecke-Thiel C, Dörner T, Allers K, Aebischer T, Schneider T. T Cell-Dependent Maturation of Pathogen-Specific Igs in the Antrum of Chronically Helicobacter pylori-Infected Patients. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:208-215. [PMID: 31101665 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal plasma cells (PC) and Ig production are essential to fend pathogens and to maintain mucosal homeostasis. In human Helicobacter pylori infection, mucosal PC express inducible NO synthase (iNOS), which positively correlates with clearance of experimental human infection. To characterize Ig genes and specificities of antral mucosal iNOS+ and iNOS- PC in H. pylori infection, we sequenced rearranged Ig genes from single cell-sorted PC from biopsy specimens of chronically infected patients and analyzed them with respect to their molecular features. The binding specificity of individual PC's Ig was determined following recombinant expression. We identified high rates of somatic hypermutations, especially targeting RGYW/WRCY hotspot motifs in the individual Ig genes, indicating T cell-dependent maturation. For seven of 14 recombinantly expressed Ig, Ag specificity could be determined. Two clones reacted to H. pylori proteins, and five were found to be polyreactive against LPSs, dsDNA, and ssDNA. All specific Ig originated from iNOS+ PC. H. pylori-specific Ig are encoded by V and J family genes previously shown to be also used in rearranged Ig loci of MALT B cell lymphomas. In summary, mucosal iNOS+ PC producing H. pylori-specific Ig accumulate in infection and appear to be a product of T cell-dependent B cell maturation. Moreover, the Ig's molecular features partly resembled that of MALT B cell lymphoma Ig genes, suggestive of a mechanism in which a progressive molecular evolution of pathogen-specific B cells to MALT B cell lymphoma occurs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Neumann
- Medizinische Klinik für Gastroenterologie, Infektiologie und Rheumatologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Verena Moos
- Medizinische Klinik für Gastroenterologie, Infektiologie und Rheumatologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Claudia Giesecke-Thiel
- Abteilung für Medizin, Rheumatologie und Klinische Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; and
| | - Thomas Dörner
- Abteilung für Medizin, Rheumatologie und Klinische Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; and
| | - Kristina Allers
- Medizinische Klinik für Gastroenterologie, Infektiologie und Rheumatologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Schneider
- Medizinische Klinik für Gastroenterologie, Infektiologie und Rheumatologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Akeus P, Szeponik L, Ahlmanner F, Sundström P, Alsén S, Gustavsson B, Sparwasser T, Raghavan S, Quiding-Järbrink M. Regulatory T cells control endothelial chemokine production and migration of T cells into intestinal tumors of APC min/+ mice. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2018; 67:1067-1077. [PMID: 29671006 PMCID: PMC6006230 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-018-2161-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes are crucial for anti-tumor immunity. We have previously shown that regulatory T cells (Treg) are able to reduce T-cell transendothelial migration in vitro and accumulation of effector T cells in intestinal tumors in vivo. Treg depletion also resulted in increased levels of the chemokines CXCL9 and CXCL10 specifically in the tumors. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms for Treg mediated suppression of T-cell migration into intestinal tumors in the APCmin/+ mouse model. By breeding APCmin/+ mice with DEREG mice, which harbour a high affinity diphtheria toxin receptor under the control of the FOXP3 promoter, we were able to deplete Treg in tumor-bearing mice. Using adoptive transfer experiments, we could document a markedly increased migration of T cells specifically into Treg depleted tumors, and that Treg depletion results in increased production of the CXCR3 ligand CXCL10 from endothelial cells in the tumors. Furthermore, we were able to demonstrate that T cells use CXCR3 to migrate into intestinal tumors. In addition, human colon adenocarcinomas express high levels of mRNA CXCR3 ligands and tumor endothelial cells produce CXCL9 and CXCL10 ex vivo. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that Treg reduce endothelial CXCL10 production, inhibit T-cell migration into tumors and that CXCR3 mediated signalling is crucial for lymphocyte accumulation in intestinal tumors. Thus, immunotherapy aimed at Treg depletion may be effective by increasing not only T effector cell activity, but also their accumulation in tumors.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/immunology
- Adenocarcinoma/metabolism
- Adenocarcinoma/pathology
- Animals
- Cell Movement
- Chemokine CXCL9/metabolism
- Colonic Neoplasms/immunology
- Colonic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Colonic Neoplasms/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Endothelium, Vascular/immunology
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Female
- Humans
- Intestinal Neoplasms/immunology
- Intestinal Neoplasms/metabolism
- Intestinal Neoplasms/pathology
- Lymphocyte Depletion
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/metabolism
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Receptors, CXCR3/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/pathology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Akeus
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 435, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Louis Szeponik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 435, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Filip Ahlmanner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 435, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Patrik Sundström
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 435, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Samuel Alsén
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 435, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bengt Gustavsson
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tim Sparwasser
- Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Institute of Infection Immunology, Twincore, Hanover, Germany
| | - Sukanya Raghavan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 435, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marianne Quiding-Järbrink
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 435, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Fahimi F, Tohidkia MR, Fouladi M, Aghabeygi R, Samadi N, Omidi Y. Pleiotropic cytotoxicity of VacA toxin in host cells and its impact on immunotherapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 7:59-71. [PMID: 28546954 PMCID: PMC5439391 DOI: 10.15171/bi.2017.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Introduction: In the recent decades, a number of studies have highlighted the importance of Helicobacter pylori in the initiation and development of peptic ulcer and gastric cancer. Some potential virulence factors (e.g., urease, CagA, VacA, BabA) are exploited by this microorganism, facilitating its persistence through evading human defense mechanisms. Among these toxins and enzymes, vacuolating toxin A (VacA) is of a great importance in the pathogenesis of H. pylori. VacA toxin shows different pattern of cytotoxicity through binding to different cell surface receptors in various cells.
Methods: To highlight attempts in treatment for H. pylori infection, here, we discussed the VacA potential as a candidate for development of vaccine and targeted immunotherapy. Furthermore, we reviewed the related literature to provide key insights on association of the genetic variants of VacA with the toxicity of the toxin in cells.
Results: A number of investigations on the receptor(s) binding of VacA toxin confirmed the pleiotropic nature of VacA that uses a unique mechanism for internalization through some membrane components such as lipid rafts and glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins (GPI-AP). Considering the high potency of VacA toxin in the clinical presentations in infection and assisting persistence and colonization of H. pylori, it is considered as one of the pivotal components in production vaccines and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs).
Conclusion: It is possible to generate mAbs with a considerable potential to convert into secretory immunoglobulins that could penetrate into the niche of H. pylori and inhibit its normal functionalities. Further, conjugation of H. pylori targeting Ab fragments with the toxic agents or drug delivery systems (DDSs) offers new generation of H. pylori treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farnaz Fahimi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Tohidkia
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Fouladi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Aghabeygi
- School of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Naser Samadi
- School of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yadollah Omidi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,School of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Rivas-Ortiz CI, Lopez-Vidal Y, Arredondo-Hernandez LJR, Castillo-Rojas G. Genetic Alterations in Gastric Cancer Associated with Helicobacter pylori Infection. Front Med (Lausanne) 2017; 4:47. [PMID: 28512631 PMCID: PMC5411440 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2017.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is a world health problem and depicts the fourth leading mortality cause from malignancy in Mexico. Causation of gastric cancer is not only due to the combined effects of environmental factors and genetic variants. Recent molecular studies have transgressed a number of genes involved in gastric carcinogenesis. The aim of this review is to understand the recent basics of gene expression in the development of the process of gastric carcinogenesis. Genetic variants, polymorphisms, desoxyribonucleic acid methylation, and genes involved in mediating inflammation have been associated with the development of gastric carcinogenesis. Recently, these genes (interleukin 10, Il-17, mucin 1, β-catenin, CDX1, SMAD4, SERPINE1, hypoxia-inducible factor 1 subunit alpha, GSK3β, CDH17, matrix metalloproteinase 7, RUNX3, RASSF1A, TFF1, HAI-2, and COX-2) have been studied in association with oncogenic activation or inactivation of tumor suppressor genes. All these mechanisms have been investigated to elucidate the process of gastric carcinogenesis, as well as their potential use as biomarkers and/or molecular targets to treatment of disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia I. Rivas-Ortiz
- Programa de Inmunología Molecular Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Yolanda Lopez-Vidal
- Programa de Inmunología Molecular Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Gonzalo Castillo-Rojas
- Programa de Inmunología Molecular Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Gonzalo Castillo-Rojas,
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
van den Heuvel D, Jansen MAE, Nasserinejad K, Dik WA, van Lochem EG, Bakker-Jonges LE, Bouallouch-Charif H, Jaddoe VWV, Hooijkaas H, van Dongen JJM, Moll HA, van Zelm MC. Effects of nongenetic factors on immune cell dynamics in early childhood: The Generation R Study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 139:1923-1934.e17. [PMID: 27913304 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numbers of blood leukocyte subsets are highly dynamic in childhood and differ greatly between subjects. Interindividual variation is only partly accounted for by genetic factors. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine which nongenetic factors affect the dynamics of innate leukocytes and naive and memory lymphocyte subsets. METHODS We performed 6-color flow cytometry and linear mixed-effects modeling to define the dynamics of 62 leukocyte subsets from birth to 6 years of age in 1182 children, with 1 to 5 measurements per subject. Subsequently, we defined the effect of prenatal maternal lifestyle-related or immune-mediated determinants, birth characteristics, and bacterial/viral exposure-related determinants on leukocyte subset dynamics. RESULTS Functionally similar leukocyte populations were grouped by using unbiased hierarchical clustering of patterns of age-related leukocyte dynamics. Innate leukocyte numbers were high at birth and predominantly affected by maternal low education level. Naive lymphocyte counts peaked around 1 year, whereas most memory lymphocyte subsets more gradually increased during the first 4 years of life. Dynamics of CD4+ T cells were predominantly associated with sex, birth characteristics, and persistent infections with cytomegalovirus (CMV) or EBV. CD8+ T cells were predominantly associated with CMV and EBV infections, and T-cell receptor γδ+ T cells were predominantly associated with premature rupture of membranes and CMV infection. B-cell subsets were predominantly associated with sex, breast-feeding, and Helicobacter pylori carriership. CONCLUSIONS Our study identifies specific dynamic patterns of leukocyte subset numbers, as well as nongenetic determinants that affect these patterns, thereby providing new insights into the shaping of the childhood immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana van den Heuvel
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michelle A E Jansen
- Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC-Sophia, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kazem Nasserinejad
- Department of Biostatistics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Willem A Dik
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen G van Lochem
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Vincent W V Jaddoe
- Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC-Sophia, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Herbert Hooijkaas
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacques J M van Dongen
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henriëtte A Moll
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC-Sophia, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Menno C van Zelm
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Jirillo E, Pece S, Pellegrino N, Di Leo A, Russo F, Linsalata M, Messa C, Amati L, Caradonna L, Moran A, Caccavo D. The role of Helicobacter pylori LPS in the pathogenesis of H. pylori-related gastropathy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/09680519990050041101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori strains and/or their lipopolysaccharides (LPS) represent the trigger of different regional and systemic immune responses in the course of H. pylori-related gastropathy as indicated by the following: (i) in patients with chronic gastritis (CG) or duodenal ulcer (DU), eradication of H. pylori leads to a dramatic decrease of gastric mucosal content of various cytokines such as interleukin-1β and transforming growth factor-β1; (ii) gastric epithelial cells are activated by H. pylori organisms through tyrosine phosphorylation signaling events but H. pylori LPSs do not affect this signal transduction pathway; and (iii) in sera from patients with CG and DU, besides antibodies to S-form LPS, humoral IgG and IgA response against R-form LPS has been also detected. On the other hand, antibodies against synthetic polymeric Lewisx were found in a few patients with CG and in no patients with DU.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E. Jirillo
- Department of Immunology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy,
| | - S. Pece
- Department of Immunology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | | | - A. Di Leo
- Scientific Institute for Gastroenterological Diseases, Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy
| | - F. Russo
- Scientific Institute for Gastroenterological Diseases, Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy
| | - M. Linsalata
- Scientific Institute for Gastroenterological Diseases, Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy
| | - C. Messa
- Scientific Institute for Gastroenterological Diseases, Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy
| | - L. Amati
- Scientific Institute for Gastroenterological Diseases, Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy
| | - L. Caradonna
- Scientific Institute for Gastroenterological Diseases, Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy
| | - A.P. Moran
- Department of Microbiology, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - D. Caccavo
- Department of Immunology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Neumann L, Mueller M, Moos V, Heller F, Meyer TF, Loddenkemper C, Bojarski C, Fehlings M, Doerner T, Allers K, Aebischer T, Ignatius R, Schneider T. Mucosal Inducible NO Synthase-Producing IgA+ Plasma Cells in Helicobacter pylori-Infected Patients. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:1801-8. [PMID: 27456483 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The mucosal immune system is relevant for homeostasis, immunity, and also pathological conditions in the gastrointestinal tract. Inducible NO synthase (iNOS)-dependent production of NO is one of the factors linked to both antimicrobial immunity and pathological conditions. Upregulation of iNOS has been observed in human Helicobacter pylori infection, but the cellular sources of iNOS are ill defined. Key differences in regulation of iNOS expression impair the translation from mouse models to human medicine. To characterize mucosal iNOS-producing leukocytes, biopsy specimens from H. pylori-infected patients, controls, and participants of a vaccination trial were analyzed by immunohistochemistry, along with flow cytometric analyses of lymphocytes for iNOS expression and activity. We newly identified mucosal IgA-producing plasma cells (PCs) as one major iNOS(+) cell population in H. pylori-infected patients and confirmed intracellular NO production. Because we did not detect iNOS(+) PCs in three distinct infectious diseases, this is not a general feature of mucosal PCs under conditions of infection. Furthermore, numbers of mucosal iNOS(+) PCs were elevated in individuals who had cleared experimental H. pylori infection compared with those who had not. Thus, IgA(+) PCs expressing iNOS are described for the first time, to our knowledge, in humans. iNOS(+) PCs are induced in the course of human H. pylori infection, and their abundance seems to correlate with the clinical course of the infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Neumann
- Medical Clinic I, Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Mattea Mueller
- Medical Clinic I, Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Verena Moos
- Medical Clinic I, Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Heller
- Practice for Gastroenterology, 12163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas F Meyer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Christian Bojarski
- Medical Clinic I, Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Fehlings
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Doerner
- Department of Medicine, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kristina Allers
- Medical Clinic I, Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Ralf Ignatius
- Institute for Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Schneider
- Medical Clinic I, Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Yolanda LV, Sergio PDL, Hugo ES, Isabel AFR, Rafael BZ, Aldo TD, Gonzalo CR. Gastric cancer progression associated with local humoral immune responses. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:924. [PMID: 26589831 PMCID: PMC4654873 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1858-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although the association between H. pylori and gastric cancer has been well described, the alterations studies are scarce in the humoral immune response in specific anatomical areas of stomach and during the stages of gastric cancer. The aim in this study was to determine the influence of humoral immune responses against H. pylori infection on gastric carcinoma. Methods We selected 16 gastric cancer cases and approximately one matched control per case at the National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ); all the cases met the inclusion criteria for the study. We obtained three biopsies from each patient and from each of the predetermined regions of the stomach: antrum, angular portion, corpus, and fundus. From the patients with gastric cancer, additional biopsy specimens were obtained from tumor mid-lesion and tumor margin, and additional specimens were collected at least 2 and 5 cm from the tumor margin. We compared IgA levels against H. pylori in each area of stomach between cases and controls as well as between early and advanced stages of gastric cancer. Results IgA values were strikingly elevated in cancer cases compared with control subjects; a value that was even higher in the distant periphery of tumor but was remarkably decreased toward the carcinoma lesion. The advanced stages of gastric cancer demonstrated the relapse of the humoral immune response in the mid-lesion region of the tumor compared with the tumor margins and adjacent non-tumor tissue. Conclusions Gastric cancer is characterized by progressive accumulation of a concentrated, specific IgA response against H. pylori, beginning with an abnormal increase in the entire stomach but particularly in the adjacent non-tumor tissue. Thus, it is possible that this strong immune response also participates in some degree in the damage and in the development of gastric cancer to some extent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- López-Vidal Yolanda
- Programa de Immunología Molecular Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México, Distrito Federal, Mexico. .,División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de Mexico, Distrito Federal, México.
| | - Ponce-de-León Sergio
- Dirección de enseñanza, Departamentos de Endoscopia y Gastroenterología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), Ciudad de México, Distrito Federal, México.
| | - Esquivel-Solís Hugo
- Programa de Immunología Molecular Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México, Distrito Federal, Mexico. .,Unidad de Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Guadalajara, Jalisco. México.
| | - Amieva-Fernández Rosa Isabel
- Programa de Immunología Molecular Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México, Distrito Federal, Mexico.
| | - Barreto-Zúñiga Rafael
- Dirección de enseñanza, Departamentos de Endoscopia y Gastroenterología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), Ciudad de México, Distrito Federal, México.
| | - Torre-Delgadillo Aldo
- Dirección de enseñanza, Departamentos de Endoscopia y Gastroenterología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), Ciudad de México, Distrito Federal, México.
| | - Castillo-Rojas Gonzalo
- Programa de Immunología Molecular Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México, Distrito Federal, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
|
18
|
Booth JS, Toapanta FR, Salerno-Goncalves R, Patil S, Kader HA, Safta AM, Czinn SJ, Greenwald BD, Sztein MB. Characterization and functional properties of gastric tissue-resident memory T cells from children, adults, and the elderly. Front Immunol 2014; 5:294. [PMID: 24995010 PMCID: PMC4062881 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells are the main orchestrators of protective immunity in the stomach; however, limited information on the presence and function of the gastric T subsets is available mainly due to the difficulty in recovering high numbers of viable cells from human gastric biopsies. To overcome this shortcoming we optimized a cell isolation method that yielded high numbers of viable lamina propria mononuclear cells (LPMC) from gastric biopsies. Classic memory T subsets were identified in gastric LPMC and compared to peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) obtained from children, adults, and the elderly using an optimized 14 color flow cytometry panel. A dominant effector memory T (TEM) phenotype was observed in gastric LPMC CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in all age groups. We then evaluated whether these cells represented a population of gastric tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells by assessing expression of CD103 and CD69. The vast majority of gastric LPMC CD8+ T cells either co-expressed CD103/CD69 (>70%) or expressed CD103 alone (~20%). Gastric LPMC CD4+ T cells also either co-expressed CD103/CD69 (>35%) or expressed at least one of these markers. Thus, gastric LPMC CD8+ and CD4+ T cells had the characteristics of TRM cells. Gastric CD8+ and CD4+ TRM cells produced multiple cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-2, TNF-α, IL-17A, MIP-1β) and up-regulated CD107a upon stimulation. However, marked differences were observed in their cytokine and multi-cytokine profiles when compared to their PBMC TEM counterparts. Furthermore, gastric CD8+ TRM and CD4+ TRM cells demonstrated differences in the frequency, susceptibility to activation, and cytokine/multi-cytokine production profiles among the age groups. Most notably, children’s gastric TRM cells responded differently to stimuli than gastric TRM cells from adults or the elderly. In conclusion, we demonstrate the presence of gastric TRM, which exhibit diverse functional characteristics in children, adults, and the elderly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jayaum S Booth
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA ; Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Franklin R Toapanta
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA ; Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Rosangela Salerno-Goncalves
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA ; Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Seema Patil
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA ; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Howard A Kader
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Anca M Safta
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Steven J Czinn
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Bruce D Greenwald
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA ; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Marcelo B Sztein
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA ; Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA ; Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Han JP, Hong SJ. Immune Response toHelicobacter pyloriInfection. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF HELICOBACTER AND UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL RESEARCH 2013. [DOI: 10.7704/kjhugr.2013.13.4.220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Pil Han
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Su Jin Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Borlace GN, Keep SJ, Prodoehl MJR, Jones HF, Butler RN, Brooks DA. A role for altered phagosome maturation in the long-term persistence of Helicobacter pylori infection. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012; 303:G169-79. [PMID: 22575220 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00320.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The vigorous host immune response that is mounted against Helicobacter pylori is unable to eliminate this pathogenic bacterium from its niche in the human gastric mucosa. This results in chronic inflammation, which can develop into gastric or duodenal ulcers in 10% of infected individuals and gastric cancer in 1% of infections. The determinants for these more severe pathologies include host (e.g., high IL-1β expression polymorphisms), bacterial [e.g., cytotoxicity-associated gene (cag) pathogenicity island], and environmental (e.g., dietary nitrites) factors. However, it is the failure of host immune effector cells to eliminate H. pylori that underlies its persistence and the subsequent H. pylori-associated disease. Here we discuss the mechanisms used by H. pylori to survive the host immune response and, in particular, the role played by altered phagosome maturation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Glenn N Borlace
- Mechanisms in Cell Biology and Disease Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, Univ. of South Australia, South Australia 5001, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Clinical characteristics and the expression profiles of inflammatory cytokines/cytokine regulatory factors in asymptomatic patients with nodular gastritis. Dig Dis Sci 2012; 57:1486-95. [PMID: 22290343 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-012-2053-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nodular gastritis (NG) has been reported in adult dyspeptic patients, whereas information on NG in asymptomatic patients is limited. AIMS To evaluate the prevalence, clinico-epidemiological characteristics, and expression profiles of inflammatory cytokines or cytokine regulatory factors of NG in asymptomatic adults. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted prospectively using 2,579 consecutive asymptomatic subjects who underwent screening esophagogastroduodenoscopy. The expression of inflammatory cytokines or cytokine regulatory factors in the gastric mucosa of NG patients was evaluated using immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS NG was diagnosed in 52 patients (2.0%) and showed a predilection for females (M:F = 1:1.89) and young adults (median age: 34 years; range: 25-51 years). All NG patients were positive for Helicobacter pylori infection. Based on multivariate analysis, the risk of NG was increased in patients younger than 40 years (OR, 7.57; 95% CI, 3.76-15.24) and of the female gender (OR, 2.12; 95% CI; 1.05-4.28). Immunofluorescent staining for interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-10, IL-18, IL-18 binding protein, IL-32, IL-33, and neutrophil proteinase 3 (PR3) was performed on cryosections of gastric mucosa. Interestingly, the expression of PR3 was highly increased in the gastric biopsies from asymptomatic NG patients but was expressed infrequently in the controls. CONCLUSIONS Asymptomatic NG is associated with H. pylori infection, and a predilection for this condition exists in young females. The PR3 expression of gastric mucosa might play an important role in the pathogenesis of NG.
Collapse
|
22
|
Oluwasola AO, Otegbayo JA, Ola SO, Ebili HO, Afolabi AO, Odaibo GN. Correlation of serum anti-helicobacter pylori immunoglobulin a (IgA) with histological parameters of chronic gastritis in ibadan, Nigeria. Ann Ib Postgrad Med 2012; 10:18-24. [PMID: 25161402 PMCID: PMC4111042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The seroprevalence of anti-H. pylori IgA antibodies has been reported to vary among populations and in relation to strains of Helicobacter pylori bacterium. However, there has been conflicting reports on the association between IgA serological status and the histological variables of chronic gastritis. This study was therefore conducted to clarify this relationship. METHOD Using an ELISA based commercial kit, anti-H. pylori IgA antibody tests were performed on 65 dyspeptic patients and 65 age- and sex-matched controls. The gastric biopsies of these patients were also examined histologically for the degrees of inflammation, activity, intestinal metaplasia and atrophy. The CagA status of the patients had been determined previously. RESULTS There was an anti-H. pylori IgA antibody prevalence of 67.7% in dyspeptics and 56.9% in non-dyspeptic individuals. No correlations were observed between serum H. pylori IgA antibody and the graded parameters of chronic gastritis in dyspeptic patients, although twice more patients with mild gastric inflammation were found among IgA positive than among IgA negative patients. However, a statistically significant relationship was established between serum IgA positivity and the CagA status of the patients (p = 0.028). CONCLUSION The seroprevalence of anti-H. pylori IgA antibody is high in our environment. Serum IgA status may be associated with milder degrees of gastritis in our patients but a larger cohort of patients is needed to confirm this. There seems to be a good agreement between serum IgA and CagA statuses among dyspeptic patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- AO Oluwasola
- Department of Pathology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - JA Otegbayo
- Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - SO Ola
- Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - HO Ebili
- Department of Pathology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - AO Afolabi
- Department of Surgery, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - GN Odaibo
- Department of Virology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Reynders MB, Deyi VYM, Dahma H, Scheper T, Hanke M, Decolvenaer M, Dediste A. Performance of individualHelicobacter pyloriantigens in the immunoblot-based detection ofH.pyloriinfection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 64:352-63. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2011.00920.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Revised: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
24
|
Helmin-Basa A, Michalkiewicz J, Gackowska L, Kubiszewska I, Eljaszewicz A, Mierzwa G, Bala G, Czerwionka-Szaflarska M, Prokurat A, Marszalek A. Pediatric Helicobacter pylori infection and circulating T-lymphocyte activation and differentiation. Helicobacter 2011; 16:27-35. [PMID: 21241409 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2010.00809.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, H. pylori-infected and noninfected children with gastritis were compared to a control group with respect to circulating CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes expressing activation and differentiation markers. Additionally, the lymphocyte phenotypes of children with gastritis were correlated with the gastric inflammation scores. MATERIALS AND METHODS H. pylori infection status was assessed based on [¹³C]urea breath test, rapid urease test, and histology. Analysis of the lymphocyte surface molecule expression was carried out by triple-color flow cytometry. RESULTS The group of H. pylori-infected children showed an elevated proportion of peripheral B cells with CD19(low) , along with a twofold increase in the percentage of memory (CD45RO(+)) CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell subsets (p < .05). Moreover, a positive correlation between the age and the percentage of these subsets was seen (r = .38, p = .04 and r = .56, p < .01, respectively). Children with gastritis but without infection had a slightly increased percentage of CD8(+) T cells and CD56(+) NK cells, CD3(high) T cells and CD45RO(high) CD4(+) T-cell subsets (p < .05). Both H. pylori-infected and noninfected children with gastritis were characterized by an increased percentage of memory/effector CD4(+) T cells, the presence of NK cells with CD56(high), memory T-cell subset with CD4(high), and naive, memory, memory/effector, and effector T-cell subsets with CD8(high) (p < .05). Gastric inflammation scores correlated positively with the percentage of CD4(+) T lymphocytes in H. pylori-infected children (r = .42, p = .03). In noninfected children, gastric inflammation scores correlated positively with the percentage of B cells (r = .45, p = .04). CONCLUSION In H. pylori-negative children, gastritis was associated with an increased percentage of activated NK and T cells, and intermediate-differentiated peripheral blood CD4(+) T cells, which was more pronounced in H. pylori-positive children who also showed an increased B-cell response. However, increased inflammation was only associated with the elevation of CD4(+) T-cell percentage in H. pylori-positive children as well as B-cell percentage in H. pylori-negative children with gastritis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Helmin-Basa
- Department of Immunology, Collegium Medicum Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Sundquist M, Quiding-Järbrink M. Helicobacter pylori and its effect on innate and adaptive immunity: new insights and vaccination strategies. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010; 4:733-44. [PMID: 21108593 DOI: 10.1586/egh.10.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Infection with the gastric bacterium Helicobacter pylori invariably leads to active chronic gastritis, and is strongly correlated to peptic ulcer disease, gastric adenocarcinoma and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. The infection leads to local accumulation of inflammatory cells and strong activation of B- and T-cell immunity. Still, the immune response can not eliminate the bacteria, and unless antibiotic treatment is used, the infection is usually lifelong. During the last few years, several immunomodulatory properties of H. pylori have been described, which probably contribute to the inability of the immune system to eradicate the bacterium. Another factor promoting bacterial persistence is probably the induction of a substantial regulatory T-cell response by the infection. Several different immunization schedules have resulted in protective immunity in animal models, while in humans no reliable vaccine is available as yet. In this article, we describe the innate and adaptive immune responses to H. pylori, and the attempts to create an effective vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malin Sundquist
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, P.O. Box 435, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Allison CC, Ferrero RL. Role of virulence factors and host cell signaling in the recognition of Helicobacter pylori and the generation of immune responses. Future Microbiol 2010; 5:1233-55. [PMID: 20722601 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.10.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori colonizes a large proportion of the world's population, with infection invariably leading to chronic, lifelong gastritis. While the infection often persists undiagnosed and without causing severe pathology, there are a number of host, bacterial and environmental factors that can influence whether infection provokes a mild inflammatory response or results in significant morbidity. Intriguingly, the most virulent H. pylori strains appear to deliberately induce the epithelial signaling cascades responsible for activating the innate immune system. While the reason for this remains unclear, the resulting adaptive immune responses are largely ineffective in clearing the bacterium once infection has become established and, as a result, inflammation likely causes more damage to the host itself.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cody C Allison
- Centre for Innate Immunity & Infectious Diseases, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Gastritis induced by Helicobacter pylori infection in experimental rats. Dig Dis Sci 2010; 55:2770-7. [PMID: 20094782 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-009-1103-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2009] [Accepted: 12/10/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastritis, an inflammation of gastric mucosa, may be due to many pathological factors and infection, such as with Helicobacter pylori. The use of experimental models of gastritis is important to evaluate the biochemical changes and study chemotherapeutic intervention. In a previous study we demonstrated an acute gastritis model induced by iodoacetamide. AIMS Our objective in this study was to evaluate a new gastritis model induced by H. pylori infection in experimental rats in terms of certain biomarkers in serum and mucosal tissues in addition to histopathological examination. METHODS Gastritis was induced in 20 albino Wistar rats by H. pylori isolated from antral biopsy taken from a 49-year-old male patient endoscopically diagnosed as having H. pylori infection. Another ten rats were used as controls. Serum gastrin, pepsinogen I activity, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and gastric mucosal myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) were measured. Immunostaining for inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), nitrotyrosine and DNA fragmentation were used to further evaluate H. pylori-induced gastritis. RESULTS Serum gastrin, IL-6, mucosal MPO activity, and PGE(2) demonstrated significant increases joined with a decreased serum pepsinogen I activity (P < 0.001). Immunohistochemistry demonstrated positive reaction for iNOS, nitrotyrosine and DNA fragmentation. CONCLUSIONS Helicobacter pylori-induced gastritis models demonstrated massive oxidative stress and pronounced injury in mucosal tissue. Since our model in rats reflected the clinical picture of H. pylori infection, it can be considered as a consistent model to study chemotherapeutic intervention for this type of gastritis.
Collapse
|
28
|
Sublingual immunization protects against Helicobacter pylori infection and induces T and B cell responses in the stomach. Infect Immun 2010; 78:4251-60. [PMID: 20696831 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00536-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sublingual (SL) immunization has been described as an effective novel way to induce mucosal immune responses in the respiratory and genital tracts. We examined the potential of SL immunization against Helicobacter pylori to stimulate immune responses in the gastrointestinal mucosa and protect against H. pylori infection. Mice received two SL immunizations with H. pylori lysate antigens and cholera toxin as an adjuvant, and after challenge with live H. pylori bacteria, their immune responses and protection were evaluated, as were immune responses prior to challenge. SL immunization induced enhanced proliferative responses to H. pylori antigens in cervicomandibular lymph nodes and provided at least the same level of immune responses and protection as corresponding intragastric immunization. Protection in SL-immunized mice was associated with strong H. pylori-specific serum IgG and IgA antibody responses in the stomach and intestine, with strong proliferation and gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and interleukin-17 (IL-17) production by spleen and mesenteric lymph node T cells stimulated with H. pylori antigens in vitro, and with increased IFN-γ and IL-17 gene expression in the stomach compared to levels in infected unimmunized mice. Immunohistochemical studies showed enhanced infiltration of CD4(+) T cells and CD19(+) B cells into the H. pylori-infected stomach mucosa of SL-immunized but not unimmunized H. pylori-infected mice, which coincided with increased expression of the mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule (MAdCAM-1) and T and B cell-attracting chemokines CXCL10 and CCL28. We conclude that, in mice, SL immunization can effectively induce protection against H. pylori infection in association with strong T and B cell infiltration into the stomach.
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
A vaccination against Helicobacter pylori may represent both prophylactic and therapeutic approaches to the control of H. pylori infection. Different protective H. pylori-derived antigens, such as urease, vacuolating cytotoxin A, cytotoxin-associated antigen, neutrophil-activating protein and others can be produced at low cost in prokaryote expression systems and most of these antigens have already been administered to humans and shown to be safe. The recent development by Graham et al. of the model of H. pylori challenge in humans, the recent published clinical trials and the last insight generated in animal models of H. pylori infection regarding the immune mechanisms leading to vaccine-induced Helicobacter clearance will facilitate the evaluation of immunogenicity and efficacy of H. pylori vaccine candidates in Phase II and III clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Velin
- Service de Gastro-entérologie et d'Hépatologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, BH18-521, Rue du Bugnon 46, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Lundgren A, Kaim J, Jertborn M. Parallel analysis of mucosally derived B- and T-cell responses to an oral typhoid vaccine using simplified methods. Vaccine 2009; 27:4529-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2008] [Revised: 04/30/2009] [Accepted: 05/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
31
|
|
32
|
Decreased IgA antibody production in the stomach of gastric adenocarcinoma patients. Clin Immunol 2009; 131:463-71. [PMID: 19249247 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2009.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2008] [Revised: 12/09/2008] [Accepted: 01/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Gastric adenocarcinoma is closely associated with Helicobacter pylori infection. It is also much more frequent in patients with common variable immunodeficiency or selective IgA-deficiency than in the general population. To investigate a possible link between local antibody production and gastric tumors, we studied gastric B cell infiltration and local IgA production in patients with H. pylori induced gastric adenocarcinomas. These studies showed that total and H. pylori-specific IgA antibody levels were substantially lower in gastric tissue from the cancer patients compared to those from asymptomatic H. pylori carriers. However, serum IgA levels were similar in the cancer patients and asymptomatic carriers. As could be expected, H. pylori infected asymptomatic carriers had considerably increased IgA antibody levels compared to uninfected subjects. We conclude that patients suffering from gastric adenocarcinoma have a dramatically decreased local IgA production in the stomach compared to asymptomatic H. pylori infected individuals.
Collapse
|
33
|
Role of the Helicobacter hepaticus flagellar sigma factor FliA in gene regulation and murine colonization. J Bacteriol 2008; 190:6398-408. [PMID: 18689480 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00626-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The enterohepatic Helicobacter species Helicobacter hepaticus colonizes the murine intestinal and hepatobiliary tract and is associated with chronic intestinal inflammation, gall stone formation, hepatitis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Thus far, the role of H. hepaticus motility and flagella in intestinal colonization is unknown. In other, closely related bacteria, late flagellar genes are mainly regulated by the sigma factor FliA (sigma(28)). We investigated the function of the H. hepaticus FliA in gene regulation, flagellar biosynthesis, motility, and murine colonization. Competitive microarray analysis of the wild type versus an isogenic fliA mutant revealed that 11 genes were significantly more highly expressed in wild-type bacteria and 2 genes were significantly more highly expressed in the fliA mutant. Most of these were flagellar genes, but four novel FliA-regulated genes of unknown function were identified. H. hepaticus possesses two identical copies of the gene encoding the FliA-dependent major flagellin subunit FlaA (open reading frames HH1364 and HH1653). We characterized the phenotypes of mutants in which fliA or one or both copies of the flaA gene were knocked out. flaA_1 flaA_2 double mutants and fliA mutants did not synthesize detectable amounts of FlaA and possessed severely truncated flagella. Also, both mutants were nonmotile and unable to colonize mice. Mutants with either flaA gene knocked out produced flagella morphologically similar to those of wild-type bacteria and expressed FlaA and FlaB. flaA_1 mutants which had flagella but displayed reduced motility did not colonize mice, indicating that motility is required for intestinal colonization by H. hepaticus and that the presence of flagella alone is not sufficient.
Collapse
|
34
|
Hansson M, Hermansson M, Svensson H, Elfvin A, Hansson LE, Johnsson E, Sjöling A, Quiding-Järbrink M. CCL28 is increased in human Helicobacter pylori-induced gastritis and mediates recruitment of gastric immunoglobulin A-secreting cells. Infect Immun 2008; 76:3304-11. [PMID: 18426876 PMCID: PMC2446710 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00041-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2008] [Revised: 02/23/2008] [Accepted: 04/13/2008] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Helicobacter pylori infection gives rise to an active chronic gastritis and is a major risk factor for the development of duodenal ulcer disease and gastric adenocarcinoma. The infection is accompanied by a large accumulation of immunoglobulin A (IgA)-secreting cells in the gastric mucosa, and following mucosal immunization only H. pylori-infected volunteers mounted a B-cell response in the gastric mucosa. To identify the signals for recruitment of gastric IgA-secreting cells, we investigated the gastric production of CCL28 (mucosa-associated epithelial chemokine) and CCL25 (thymus-expressed chemokine) in H. pylori-infected and uninfected individuals and the potential of gastric B-cell populations to migrate toward these chemokines. Gastric tissue from H. pylori-infected individuals contained significantly more CCL28 protein and mRNA than that from uninfected individuals, while CCL25 levels remained unchanged. Chemokine-induced migration of gastric lamina propria lymphocytes isolated from patients undergoing gastric resection was then assessed using the Transwell system. IgA-secreting cells and IgA(+) memory B cells from H. pylori-infected tissues migrated toward CCL28 but not CCL25, while the corresponding cells from uninfected patients did not. Furthermore, IgG-secreting cells from H. pylori-infected patients did not migrate to CCL28 but instead to CXCL12 (SDF-1alpha). However, chemokine receptor expression did not correlate to the migratory pattern of the different B-cell populations. These studies are the first to show increased CCL28 production during gastrointestinal infection in humans and provide an explanation for the large influx of IgA-secreting cells to the gastric mucosa in H. pylori-infected individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malin Hansson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, and Göteborg University Vaccine Research Institute (GUVAX), Göteborg University, Box 435, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Beswick EJ, Pinchuk IV, Das S, Powell DW, Reyes VE. Expression of the programmed death ligand 1, B7-H1, on gastric epithelial cells after Helicobacter pylori exposure promotes development of CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3+ regulatory T cells. Infect Immun 2007; 75:4334-41. [PMID: 17562772 PMCID: PMC1951191 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00553-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During Helicobacter pylori infection, T cells are recruited to the gastric mucosa, but the host T-cell response is not sufficient to clear the infection. Some of the recruited T cells respond in a polarized manner to a Th1 response, while others become anergic. We have previously shown that T-cell anergy may be induced during infection by the interaction of T cells with B7-H1, which is up-regulated on the gastric epithelium during H. pylori infection. Recently, regulatory T (Treg) cells with a CD4(+) CD25(high) FoxP3(+) phenotype were found at an increased frequency in the gastric mucosa of biopsy specimens from H. pylori-infected patients. While Treg cells are important in maintaining tolerance, they can also suppress immune responses during infection. In this study, we examined the induction of the Treg phenotype when naïve T cells were incubated with gastric epithelial cells exposed to H. pylori. The frequency of this phenotype was markedly decreased when B7-H1 was blocked with monoclonal antibodies or its expression was blocked with small interfering RNA. The functional role of these Treg cells was assessed in proliferation assays when the cells were cocultured with activated T cells, which effectively decreased proliferation of the cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen J Beswick
- Departmen tof Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Svennerholm AM, Lundgren A. Progress in vaccine development against Helicobacter pylori. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 50:146-56. [PMID: 17442014 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2007.00237.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Based on the very high prevalence of diseases caused by Helicobacter pylori, particularly in the developing world, and the rapid emergence of antibiotic resistance among clinical isolates, there is a strong rationale for an effective vaccine against H. pylori. In this review we describe recent promising candidate vaccines and prophylactic or therapeutic immunization strategies for use against H. pylori, as well as studies to identify immune responses that are related to protection in experimental animals. We also describe identification of different types of immune responses that may be related to protection against symptoms based on comparisons of H. pylori-infected patients with duodenal ulcers or gastric cancer and asymptomatic carriers. We conclude that there is still a strong need to clarify the main protective immune mechanisms against H. pylori as well as to identify a cocktail of strong protective antigens, or recombinant bacterial strains that express such antigens, that could be administered by a regimen that gives rise to effective immune responses in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Mari Svennerholm
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden.
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Nyström J, Svennerholm AM. Oral immunization with HpaA affords therapeutic protective immunity against H. pylori that is reflected by specific mucosal immune responses. Vaccine 2006; 25:2591-8. [PMID: 17239498 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2006] [Revised: 11/28/2006] [Accepted: 12/12/2006] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we evaluated the capacity of Helicobacter pylori adhesin A (HpaA), a H. pylori specific colonization factor, to induce therapeutic protection against H. pylori infection in mice. We found that oral immunization of H. pylori infected mice with HpaA induced protection, i.e. significant reduction in bacterial load in the stomach. This was even more pronounced when a combination of HpaA and urease was used. The protection was strongly related to specific mucosal CD4+ T cell responses with a Th1 profile as well as to mucosal IgA responses locally in the stomach. These findings suggest that HpaA is a promising vaccine candidate antigen for use in a therapeutic vaccine against H. pylori.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Nyström
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy of Göteborg University, Box 435, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden.
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Algood HMS, Cover TL. Helicobacter pylori persistence: an overview of interactions between H. pylori and host immune defenses. Clin Microbiol Rev 2006; 19:597-613. [PMID: 17041136 PMCID: PMC1592695 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00006-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a gram-negative bacterium that persistently colonizes more than half of the global human population. In order to successfully colonize the human stomach, H. pylori must initially overcome multiple innate host defenses. Remarkably, H. pylori can persistently colonize the stomach for decades or an entire lifetime despite development of an acquired immune response. This review focuses on the immune response to H. pylori and the mechanisms by which H. pylori resists immune clearance. Three main sections of the review are devoted to (i) analysis of the immune response to H. pylori in humans, (ii) analysis of interactions of H. pylori with host immune defenses in animal models, and (iii) interactions of H. pylori with immune cells in vitro. The topics addressed in this review are important for understanding how H. pylori resists immune clearance and also are relevant for understanding the pathogenesis of diseases caused by H. pylori (peptic ulcer disease, gastric adenocarcinoma, and gastric lymphoma).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Holly M Scott Algood
- Division of Infectious Diseases, A2200 Medical Center North, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
The gastric mucosa separates the underlying tissue from the vast array of antigens that traffic through the stomach lumen. While the extreme pH of this environment is essential in aiding the activation of enzymes and food digestion, it also renders the gastric epithelium free from bacterial colonization, with the exception of one important human pathogen, H pylori. This bacterium has developed mechanisms to survive the harsh environment of the stomach, actively move through the mucosal layer, attach to the epithelium, evade immune responses, and achieve persistent colonization. While a hallmark of this infection is a marked inflammatory response with the infiltration of various immune cells into the infected gastric mucosa, the host immune response is unable to clear the infection and may actually contribute to the associated pathogenesis. Here, we review the host responses involved during infection with H pylori and how they are influenced by this bacterium.
Collapse
|
40
|
Lopes AI, Victorino RMM, Palha AM, Ruivo J, Fernandes A. Mucosal lymphocyte subsets and HLA-DR antigen expression in paediatric Helicobacter pylori-associated gastritis. Clin Exp Immunol 2006; 145:13-20. [PMID: 16792668 PMCID: PMC1942005 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2006.03100.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2006] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Paediatric studies may provide important insights into the immunopathology of Helicobacter pylori-associated gastritis, as mucosal changes reflect different stages of the immunoinflammatory response. We characterized, by quantitative immunohistochemistry, gastric mucosal lymphocyte phenotype and HLA-DR antigen expression and evaluated correlation with histopathology, in H. pylori-infected (Hp+ve) and uninfected children (Hp-ve). In the infected group, lamina propria CD3+ and IgA plasmocyte cell numbers were significantly higher and a trend for predominance of CD8+ over CD4+ was observed both in epithelium and lamina propria. A correlation of inflammation score with lamina propria CD3+ and CD4+ cell numbers and of CD45RO+ T lymphocytes with density of colonization was observed. The proportion of epithelial cells expressing HLA-DR antigen was significantly higher in the Hp+ve group and furthermore, glandular HLA-DR expression correlated with lamina propria CD3+ cell numbers, emphasizing the potential role of epithelial cells as antigen-presenting cells at this stage of infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A I Lopes
- Paediatric Gastrenterology Unit, Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Das S, Suarez G, Beswick EJ, Sierra JC, Graham DY, Reyes VE. Expression of B7-H1 on gastric epithelial cells: its potential role in regulating T cells during Helicobacter pylori infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:3000-9. [PMID: 16493058 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.5.3000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with gastritis, ulcers, and gastric cancer. The infection becomes chronic as the host response is unable to clear it. Gastric epithelial cells (GEC) play an important role during the host response, and their expression of class II MHC and costimulatory molecules such as CD80 and CD86 suggests their role in local Ag presentation. Although T cells are recruited to the infected gastric mucosa, they have been reported to be hyporesponsive. In this study, we detected the expression of B7-H1 (programmed death-1 ligand 1), a member of B7 family of proteins associated with T cell inhibition on GEC. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR revealed that B7-H1 expression increased significantly on GEC after H. pylori infection. Western blot analysis showed that B7-H1 expression was induced by various H. pylori strains and was independent of H. pylori virulence factors such as Cag, VacA, and Urease. The functional role of B7-H1 in the cross talk between GEC and T cells was assessed by coculturing GEC or H. pylori-infected GEC with CD4+ T cells isolated from peripheral blood. Using blocking Abs to B7-H1 revealed that B7-H1 was involved in the suppression of T cell proliferation and IL-2 synthesis, and thus suggested a role for B7-H1 on the epithelium as a contributor in the chronicity of H. pylori infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soumita Das
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Ji WS, Hu JL, Wu KC, Qiu JW, Han ZY, Ding J, Fan DM. Helicobacter pylori specific immune response induced by conservative flagellin linear B-cell epitope. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11:3528-32. [PMID: 15962368 PMCID: PMC4315954 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i23.3528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To testify the immunogenicity of a conservative B-cell linear epitope of Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) flagellin A.
METHODS: Different programs were used to analyze the secondary structure, molecular hydropathy, and surface accessibility of H pylori flagellin A. Linear B-cell epitopes were estimated based on the structural and physiochemical information. Analysis of residue divergence was proposed to screen a conservative linear epitope. The 29-peptide (Pep29mer) synthesized by chemical method, including the predicted conservative B-cell epitope and a known K2d compatible T-cell epitope, was used to immunize mice, and then H pylori-specific antibodies were detected by ELISA.
RESULTS: Based on the analyses of divergent amino acid residues, structural and physiochemical characteristics, it was strongly suggested that the short fragment NDSDGR was the core of a conservative linear epitope in flagellin A. Animals immunized by Pep29mer acquired efficient immune response. In detail, serum H pylori-specific IgA and IgG1 increased significantly in immunized group, while IgG2a only had an insignificant change. H pylori-specific IgA in gastrointestinal flushing fluid also increased significantly.
CONCLUSION: The conservative short fragment NDSDGR is the core of a linear B-cell epitope of flagellin A.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Sheng Ji
- Department of Internal Medicine, Weifang Medical College, Weifang 261042, Shandong Province, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Oksanen A, Sankila A, von Boguslawski K, Sipponen P, Rautelin H. Inflammation and cytokeratin 7/20 staining of cardiac mucosa in young patients with and without Helicobacter pylori infection. J Clin Pathol 2005; 58:376-81. [PMID: 15790701 PMCID: PMC1770624 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2004.020966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both Helicobacter pylori and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) may cause inflammation in cardiac mucosa. Intestinal metaplasia (IM) is found more often in GORD associated inflammation than in inflammation caused by H pylori, especially in young individuals. AIM To examine morphological differences in chronic inflammation in these two conditions by immunohistochemistry. PATIENTS/METHODS Tissue blocks from cardiac mucosa of patients <45 years were available as follows: 10 patients with chronic inflammation of cardiac mucosa (carditis) and H pylori gastritis (group 1); 10 patients with (possibly GORD related) carditis, but normal antrum and corpus (group 2); and 10 patients with non-inflamed cardiac mucosa and normal antrum and corpus (group 3). Haematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemical staining for various inflammatory cells were performed for patients in groups 1 and 2 as follows: CD20 (B cells), CD3 (T cells), CD4 (T helper cells), CD8 (T suppressor cells), CD163 (macrophages), CD138 (plasma cells), and CD117 (mast cells). For all patients, cytokeratin 7/20 (CK7/20) staining was performed. RESULTS No clear differences were seen in the morphology of chronic inflammation between groups 1 and 2. In both, plasma cells were most abundant. CK7/20 staining showed no differences between these groups. CONCLUSION Helicobacter pylori negative (possibly GORD associated) and H pylori related carditis cannot be distinguished on a morphological basis. The stronger tendency towards IM in the first entity cannot be explained by differences in the type of inflammation. Barrett-type CK7/20 staining seems typical for cardiac mucosa, irrespective of the type of inflammation or presence of IM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Oksanen
- Herttoniemi Municipal Hospital, PL 6300, FIN-00099 Helsinki, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Mannick EE, Schurr JR, Zapata A, Lentz JJ, Gastanaduy M, Cote RL, Delgado A, Correa P, Correa H. Gene expression in gastric biopsies from patients infected with Helicobacter pylori. Scand J Gastroenterol 2004; 39:1192-200. [PMID: 15742995 DOI: 10.1080/00365520410003588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori infection has protean effects on gene expression in the host gastric mucosa, which have been investigated by gene chip analysis in vitro. In this study the effects of H. pylori infection on host gene expression in the gastric antral mucosa in patients were examined. METHODS One gastric antral biopsy was obtained from a total of 18 untreated patients undergoing routine endoscopic evaluation of chronic abdominal complaints. Nine patients had histologic evidence of H. pylori infection and 9 age- and sex-matched patients had no histologic evidence of H. pylori infection. A microarray analysis was performed using a gene chip containing 35,000 human expressed sequence tags on RNA extracted from endoscopic, gastric antral biopsies, and average gene expression among infected and uninfected patients was compared. RESULTS Underexpressed genes in infected patients' mucosa included gastric intrinsic factor and several metallothionein isoforms. Overexpressed genes in infected patients' mucosa comprised MHC Class II molecules, immunoglobulin and B-cell activation genes, as well as genes known to induce apoptosis. Changes in expression were confirmed for a subset of genes by SYBR green real-time PCR. CONCLUSIONS Microarray analysis of antral biopsies from patients with and without H. pylori infection revealed differential expression of metal regulatory, immunity and inflammation-related genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E E Mannick
- Louisiana State University, Stanley S Scott Cancer and Depts of Pathology and Genetics, New Orlands, Louisiana 70112, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Berdoz J, Corthésy B. Human polymeric IgA is superior to IgG and single-chain Fv of the same monoclonal specificity to inhibit urease activity associated with Helicobacter pylori. Mol Immunol 2004; 41:1013-22. [PMID: 15302163 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2004.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2004] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter-induced gastritis is considered nowadays an epidemic, the prevalence of which is one of the highest world-wide (70%), with as much as 40% of the population in industrialized countries. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) antigens (Ag) capable to elicit a protective immune response in animal models have been identified, but these antigens have not been shown to be strongly immunogenic when administered to humans. Due to their stability in the gastric environment and avidity, passive administration of secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) antibodies (Ab) targeting protective Ag might be particularly relevant as a substitute or complement to current therapies. To this aim, we have designed expression vectors to convert a scFv polypeptide specific for H. pylori urease subunit A into human IgG, polymeric IgA (IgAp/d) and SIgA. Purified proteins show proper binding characteristics toward both the native and denatured forms of H. pylori urease. The direct comparison between different isotype and molecular forms, but of unique specificity, demonstrates that SIgA and IgAp/d are more efficient in blocking free and H. pylori-associated urease than IgG and scFv. We conclude that the expression system reported herein will represent a valuable tool to produce human SIgA Ab of multiple specificities against H. pylori antigens involved in colonization and persistence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Berdoz
- Galli-Valerio Institute, Rue César-Roux 37, 1014 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Svennerholm AM, Quiding-Järbrink M. Priming and expression of immune responses in the gastric mucosa. Microbes Infect 2003; 5:731-9. [PMID: 12814774 DOI: 10.1016/s1286-4579(03)00113-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This review deals with the induction and expression of immune responses in the human stomach following mucosal immunisation. As prerequisites for developing a Helicobacter pylori vaccine, the role of gastric inflammation, in particular inflammation induced by H. pylori infection, as well as lymphocyte homing within the common mucosal immune system, and the importance of immunisation route are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Mari Svennerholm
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Göteborg University Vaccine Research Institute (GUVAX), Göteborg University, P.O. Box 435, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden.
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Strömberg E, Lundgren A, Edebo A, Lundin S, Svennerholm AM, Lindholm C. Increased frequency of activated T-cells in the Helicobacter pylori-infected antrum and duodenum. FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2003; 36:159-68. [PMID: 12738386 DOI: 10.1016/s0928-8244(03)00026-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori colonize the human stomach and duodenum. The infection has been shown to induce a strong T-cell response in the stomach, whereas the response within the duodenum has been poorly characterized. Furthermore, it remains to be elucidated whether the T-cell response may contribute to ulcer formation in the host. In this study, the frequency of different T-cell subsets, their degree of activation and expression of co-stimulatory receptors in biopsies from the duodenum as well as the antrum were studied by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. It was also evaluated whether there are differences in the T-cell responses between duodenal ulcer patients and asymptomatic carriers that might explain why only 10-15% of the infected subjects develop duodenal ulcers. The frequencies of CD4+, CD8+ and CD45RO+, i.e. memory T-cells, were significantly increased in the antrum, and the number of CD25+ cells was considerably higher in both the antrum and duodenum of duodenal ulcer patients and asymptomatic carriers as compared to uninfected individuals. Interestingly, the levels of immunosuppressive CTLA-4+ cells were significantly higher in the duodenum of duodenal ulcer patients, as compared to the asymptomatic carriers. H. pylori cause activation of T-cells in the duodenum as well as in the stomach. Our observation of higher levels of CTLA-4+ cells in the duodenum of duodenal ulcer patients than in the asymptomatic carriers suggests that a suppressive T-cell response may be related to the development of duodenal ulcers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Strömberg
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Göteborg University Vaccine Research Institute (GUVAX), Göteborg University, Box 435, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Lundgren A, Suri-Payer E, Enarsson K, Svennerholm AM, Lundin BS. Helicobacter pylori-specific CD4+ CD25high regulatory T cells suppress memory T-cell responses to H. pylori in infected individuals. Infect Immun 2003; 71:1755-62. [PMID: 12654789 PMCID: PMC152046 DOI: 10.1128/iai.71.4.1755-1762.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori colonizes the gastric and duodenal mucosa. The infection normally persists for life and causes peptic ulcers and gastric cancer in a subset of infected individuals. We hypothesized that the inability to clear the infection may be a consequence of H. pylori-specific regulatory T cells that actively suppress T-cell responses. Therefore, we characterized the T-cell responses to H. pylori in H. pylori-infected individuals without any subjective symptoms and in uninfected control subjects and investigated the role of regulatory CD4+ CD25(high) T cells during infection. The stimulation of CD4+ peripheral blood T cells with monocyte-derived dendritic cells pulsed with a membrane preparation of H. pylori resulted in proliferation and gamma interferon production in both infected and uninfected individuals. Sorted memory cells from infected individuals responded less than cells from uninfected subjects, and the unresponsiveness could be abolished by depletion of CD4+ CD25(high) regulatory T cells or the addition of interleukin 2. Furthermore, CD4+ CD25(high) T cells suppressed H. pylori-induced responses in cocultures with CD25(low/-) cells. Tetanus toxoid induced comparable responses in memory cells from infected and uninfected individuals in both the presence and the absence of regulatory T cells, suggesting that the suppression was H. pylori specific. In conclusion, we have shown that H. pylori-infected individuals have impaired memory CD4+ T-cell responses to H. pylori that are linked to the presence of H. pylori-specific regulatory T cells that actively suppress the responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lundgren
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Göteborg University Vaccine Research Institute (GUVAX), Göteborg University, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Mari Svennerholm
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Göteborg University Research Institute (GUVAX), Göteborg University, PO Box 435, 40530, Göteborg, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Strömberg E, Edebo A, Svennerholm AM, Lindholm C. Decreased epithelial cytokine responses in the duodenal mucosa of Helicobacter pylori-infected duodenal ulcer patients. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2003; 10:116-24. [PMID: 12522049 PMCID: PMC145289 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.10.1.116-124.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori colonizes the human stomach and areas of gastric metaplasia in the duodenum, but only a minority of those that are infected develop symptoms, e.g., peptic ulcers. Although most ulcers occur in the duodenum, almost all studies of mucosal immune responses against the infection have been limited to responses in the stomach. In the present study we evaluated whether there are differences in the levels of proinflammatory cytokines as well as immunoregulatory cytokines in the duodenal mucosa of duodenal ulcer (DU) patients and asymptomatic (AS) carriers which may be related to the development of duodenal ulcers. Duodenal biopsy specimens collected from normal mucosa as well as metaplastic mucosa of DU patients, AS carriers, and uninfected controls were analyzed for a number of cytokines by immunohistochemistry. Interestingly, the level of epithelial staining for several cytokines, e.g., interleukin-8 (IL-8), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma), was found to be significantly lower in DU patients than in AS carriers and uninfected individuals. No differences were observed when cytokine staining in normal and metaplastic biopsy specimens was compared. However, larger numbers of IL-8-, IL-6-, TGF-beta-, and IFN-gamma-positive mononuclear cells were observed in the duodenal lamina propria of both DU patients and AS carriers than in that of the uninfected controls. Our finding that a number of cytokines that may be important for the mucosal host defense against H. pylori are strongly decreased in the duodenal epithelium of ulcer patients suggests that a down-regulated immune response plays a role in the development of duodenal ulcers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Strömberg
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology and Göteborg University Vaccine Research Institute, Göteborg, Sweden
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|