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van der Put RM, Metz B, Pieters RJ. Carriers and Antigens: New Developments in Glycoconjugate Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020219. [PMID: 36851097 PMCID: PMC9962112 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycoconjugate vaccines have proven their worth in the protection and prevention of infectious diseases. The introduction of the Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine is the prime example, followed by other glycoconjugate vaccines. Glycoconjugate vaccines consist of two components: the carrier protein and the carbohydrate antigen. Current carrier proteins are tetanus toxoid, diphtheria toxoid, CRM197, Haemophilus protein D and the outer membrane protein complex of serogroup B meningococcus. Carbohydrate antigens have been produced mainly by extraction and purification from the original host. However, current efforts show great advances in the development of synthetically produced oligosaccharides and bioconjugation. This review evaluates the advances of glycoconjugate vaccines in the last five years. We focus on developments regarding both new carriers and antigens. Innovative developments regarding carriers are outer membrane vesicles, glycoengineered proteins, new carrier proteins, virus-like particles, protein nanocages and peptides. With regard to conjugated antigens, we describe recent developments in the field of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and ESKAPE pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M.F. van der Put
- Intravacc, P.O. Box 450, 3720 AL Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
| | - Bernard Metz
- Intravacc, P.O. Box 450, 3720 AL Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Roland J. Pieters
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
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van der Put RMF, Spies A, Metz B, Some D, Scherrers R, Pieters R, Danial M. Validation of an FFF-MALS Method to Characterize the Production and Functionalization of Outer-Membrane Vesicles for Conjugate Vaccines. Anal Chem 2022; 94:12033-12041. [PMID: 36007249 PMCID: PMC9453738 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
With the ongoing development of conjugate vaccines battling infectious diseases, there is a need for novel carriers. Although tetanus toxoid and CRM197 belong to the traditional carrier proteins, outer-membrane vesicles (OMVs) are an excellent alternative: in addition to their size, OMVs have self-adjuvanting properties due to the presence of genetically detoxified lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and are therefore ideal as a vaccine component or antigen carrier. An essential aspect of their development for vaccine products is characterization of OMVs with respect to size and purity. We report on the development of a field-flow fractionation multiangle light-scattering (FFF-MALS) method for such characterization. Here, we introduced NIST-traceable particle-size standards and BSA as a model protein to verify the precision of the size and purity analysis of the OMVs. We executed a validation program according to the principles provided in the ICH Guidelines Q2 (R1) to assess the quality attributes of the results obtained by FFF-MALS analysis. All validation characteristics showed excellent results with coefficients of variation between 0.4 and 7.32%. Estimation of limits of detection for hydrodynamic radius and particle concentration revealed that as little as 1 μg OMV still yielded accurate results. With the validated method, we further characterized a full downstream purification process of our proprietary OMV. This was followed by the evaluation of other purified OMVs from different bacterial origin. Finally, functionalizing OMVs with N-γ-(maleimidobutyryl)oxysuccinimide-ester (GMBS), generating ready-to-conjugate OMVs, did not affect the structural integrity of the OMVs and as such, they could be evaluated with the validated FFF-MALS method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M F van der Put
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80082, NL-3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Intravacc, P.O. Box 450, 3720 AL Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Arnoud Spies
- Intravacc, P.O. Box 450, 3720 AL Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Bernard Metz
- Intravacc, P.O. Box 450, 3720 AL Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Some
- Wyatt Technology Corp., Santa Barbara, California 93117, United States
| | | | - Roland Pieters
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80082, NL-3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten Danial
- Intravacc, P.O. Box 450, 3720 AL Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Neisseria meningitidis still leads to deaths and severe disability in children, adolescents and adults. Six different capsular groups of N. meningitidis cause invasive meningococcal disease in the form of meningitis and septicaemia in humans. Although conjugate meningococcal vaccines have been developed to provide protection against four of the capsular groups causing most diseases in humans, vaccines against capsular group B, which causes 85% of cases in Australia and the United Kingdom, have only recently been developed. A capsular group B meningococcal vaccine - 4CMenB (Bexsero) - has recently been licensed in the European Union, Canada and Australia. In Australia, a submission for inclusion of 4CMenB in the funded national immunization programme has recently been rejected. The vaccine will now be introduced into the national immunization programme in the United Kingdom following negotiation of a cost-effective price. With the current low incidence of invasive meningococcal disease in many regions, cost-effectiveness of a new capsular group B meningococcal vaccine is borderline in both the United Kingdom and Australia. Cost-effectiveness of an infant programme is determined largely by the direct protection of those vaccinated and is driven by the higher rate of disease in this age group. However, for an adolescent programme to be cost-effective, it must provide both long-term protection against both disease and carriage. The potential of vaccination to reduce the rate of severe invasive disease is a real possibility. A dual approach using both an infant and adolescent immunization programme to provide direct protection to those age groups at highest risk of meningococcal disease and to optimize the potential herd immunity effects is likely to be the most effective means of reducing invasive meningococcal disease. This commentary aims to describe the known disease burden and consequences of meningococcal disease, and the development and potential effectiveness of new capsular group B meningococcal vaccines.
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In silico studies of outer membrane of Neisseria meningitidis por a: its expression and immunogenic properties. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR MEDICINE 2014; 3:166-75. [PMID: 25317403 PMCID: PMC4170490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2014] [Revised: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Neisseria meningitidis is a major causative agent of bacterial septicemia and meningitis in humans. Currently, there are no vaccines to prevent disease caused by strains of N.meningitidis serogroup B. The Class 1 Outer Membrane Protein (OMP) has been named porA which is a cation selective transmembrane protein of 45 KDa that forms trimeric pore in the meningococcal outer membrane. PorA from serogroup B N. meningitidis was cloned into prokaryotic expression vector pBAD-gIIIA. Recombinant protein was expressed with arabinose and affinity purified by Ni-NTA agarose, SDS-PAGE and western blotting were performed for protein determination and verification. BALB/c mice were immunized subcutaneously with purified rPorA together with alum adjuvant. Serum antibody responses to serogroups B N.meningitidis were determined by ELISA. Serum IgG response significantly increased in the group immunized with rPorA together with alum adjuvant in comparison with control groups. These results suggest that rPorA can be a potential vaccine candidate for serogroup B N.meningitidis.
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Cruz SC, Souza SL, Cruz AC, Silva GP, Milagres LG. Human antibody and memory B and T-cell responses after primary and booster immunisation against Neisseria meningitidis B. Vaccine 2011; 29:7387-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.07.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Schultz H, Hume J, Zhang DS, Gioannini TL, Weiss JP. A Novel Role for the Bactericidal/Permeability Increasing Protein in Interactions of Gram-Negative Bacterial Outer Membrane Blebs with Dendritic Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:2477-84. [PMID: 17675509 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.4.2477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI) is thought to play an important role in killing and clearance of Gram-negative bacteria and the neutralization of endotoxin. A possible role for BPI in clearance of cell-free endotoxin has also been suggested based on studies with purified endotoxin aggregates and blood monocytes. Because the interaction of BPI with cell-free endotoxin, during infection, occurs mainly in tissue and most likely in the form of shed bacterial outer membrane vesicles ("blebs"), we examined the effect of BPI on interactions of metabolically labeled ([(14)C]-acetate) blebs purified from Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B with either human monocyte-derived macrophages or monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDC). BPI produced a dose-dependent increase (up to 3-fold) in delivery of (14)C-labeled blebs to MDDC, but not to monocyte-derived macrophages in the presence or absence of serum. Both, fluorescently labeled blebs and BPI were internalized by MDDC under these conditions. The closely related LPS-binding protein, in contrast to BPI, did not increase association of the blebs with MDDC. BPI-enhanced delivery of the blebs to MDDC did not increase cell activation but permitted CD14-dependent signaling by the blebs as measured by changes in MDDC morphology, surface expression of CD80, CD83, CD86, and MHC class II and secretion of IL-8, RANTES, and IP-10. These findings suggest a novel role of BPI in the interaction of bacterial outer membrane vesicles with dendritic cells that may help link innate immune recognition of endotoxin to Ag delivery and presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Schultz
- Inflammation Program, University of Iowa and Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, IA, USA
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7
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Toropainen M, Saarinen L, Vidarsson G, Käyhty H. Protection by meningococcal outer membrane protein PorA-specific antibodies and a serogroup B capsular polysaccharide-specific antibody in complement-sufficient and C6-deficient infant rats. Infect Immun 2006; 74:2803-8. [PMID: 16622217 PMCID: PMC1459742 DOI: 10.1128/iai.74.5.2803-2808.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The relative contributions of antibody-induced complement-mediated bacterial lysis and antibody/complement-mediated phagocytosis to host immunity against meningococcal infections are currently unclear. Further, the in vivo effector functions of antibodies may vary depending on their specificity and Fc heavy-chain isotype. In this study, a mouse immunoglobulin G2a (mIgG2a) monoclonal antibody (MN12H2) to meningococcal outer membrane protein PorA (P1.16), its human IgG subclass derivatives (hIgG1 to hIgG4), and an mIgG2a monoclonal antibody (Nmb735) to serogroup B capsular polysaccharide (B-PS) were evaluated for passive protection against meningococcal serogroup B strain 44/76-SL (B:15:P1.7,16) in an infant rat infection model. Complement component C6-deficient (PVG/c-) rats were used to assess the importance of complement-mediated bacterial lysis for protection. The PorA-specific parental mIgG2a and the hIgG1 to hIgG3 derivatives all induced efficient bactericidal activity in vitro in the presence of human or infant rat complement and augmented bacterial clearance in complement-sufficient HsdBrlHan:WIST rats, while the hIgG4 was unable to do so. In C6-deficient PVG/c- rats, lacking complement-mediated bacterial lysis, the augmentation of bacterial clearance by PorA-specific mIgG2a and hIgG1 antibodies was impaired compared to that in the syngeneic complement-sufficient PVG/c+ rat strain. This was in contrast to the case for B-PS-specific mIgG2a, which conferred similar protective activity in both rat strains. These data suggest that while anti-B-PS antibody can provide protection in the infant rats without membrane attack complex formation, the protection afforded by anti-PorA antibody is more dependent on the activation of the whole complement pathway and subsequent bacterial lysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maija Toropainen
- National Public Health Institute, Department of Vaccines, Vaccine Immunology Laboratory, Mannerheimintie 166, FIN-00300 Helsinki, Finland.
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Naess A, Stenhaug Kilhus K, Nystad TW, Sørnes S. Linezolid and Human Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte Function. Chemotherapy 2006; 52:122-4. [PMID: 16612054 DOI: 10.1159/000092539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2005] [Accepted: 07/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To examine whether linezolid, a new oxazolidinone antibiotic, has an effect on human polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) function. METHODS Flow-cytometric techniques for the demonstration of PMN chemotaxis towards zymosan-activated serum, and phagocytosis and respiratory burst after incubation in linezolid. RESULTS Linezolid at concentrations of 10- 160 mg/l did not significantly influence PMN function as measured by chemotaxis, phagocytosis and respiratory burst. CONCLUSIONS Linezolid at therapeutic or supratherapeutic concentrations does not influence human PMN function. This applies to the chemically pure substance as well as to the commercial preparation containing additives for intravenous infusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Are Naess
- Institute of Medicine, University of Bergen, Norway.
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9
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Gibson FC, Savelli J, Van Dyke TE, Genco CA. Gingipain-Specific IgG in the Sera of Patients With Periodontal Disease Is Necessary for Opsonophagocytosis ofPorphyromonas gingivalis. J Periodontol 2005; 76:1629-36. [PMID: 16253083 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2005.76.10.1629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porphyromonas gingivalis is a primary etiologic agent of generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAgP), and gingipains, a group of cysteine proteinases, are critical virulence factors expressed by this organism. GAgP patients develop specific antibodies to gingipains; however, the function of these antibodies in the clearance of P. gingivalis infection is poorly understood. METHODS In this study, we defined the levels of gingipain-specific antibodies in GAgP patient sera and examined the ability of gingipain-specific antibodies to facilitate opsonophagocytosis of P. gingivalis by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) using a fluorescent phagocytosis assay. RESULTS GAgP patient sera possessed elevated levels of P. gingivalis-, arginine-gingipain (Rgp)A-, RgpB-, and lysine-gingipain (Kgp)-specific IgG (Kgp > RgpA > P. gingivalis > RgpB). Adsorption of GAgP sera with P. gingivalis whole organisms, RgpA, RgpB, and Kgp conjugated to sepharose beads reduced opsonophagocytosis of P. gingivalis by PMNs. CONCLUSIONS Our studies demonstrate that GAgP patient sera possess elevated levels of P. gingivalis- and gingipain-specific IgG. Furthermore, we show that gingipain antibodies promote uptake of P. gingivalis by PMNs, and our data suggest that gingipain-specific antibodies may be important for the control of P. gingivalis infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank C Gibson
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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10
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Domanski PJ, Patel PR, Bayer AS, Zhang L, Hall AE, Syribeys PJ, Gorovits EL, Bryant D, Vernachio JH, Hutchins JT, Patti JM. Characterization of a humanized monoclonal antibody recognizing clumping factor A expressed by Staphylococcus aureus. Infect Immun 2005; 73:5229-32. [PMID: 16041045 PMCID: PMC1201235 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.8.5229-5232.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the humanization and characterization of monoclonal antibody (MAb) T1-2 or tefibazumab, a monoclonal antibody that recognizes clumping factor A expressed on the surface of Staphylococcus aureus. We demonstrate that the binding kinetics of MAb T1-2 is indistinguishable compared to that of its murine parent. Furthermore, MAb T1-2 is shown to enhance the opsonophagocytic uptake of ClfA-coated latex beads, protect against an intravenous challenge in a prophylactic model of rabbit infective endocarditis, and enhance the efficacy of vancomycin therapy in a therapeutic model of established infective endocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Domanski
- Inhibitex, Inc., 9005 Westside Parkway, Suite 400, Alpharetta, GA 30004, USA
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11
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Law DKS, Henderson AM, Tsang RSW. DNA Sequence analysis of the PorB protein of nonserotypeable serogroup C ET-15 meningococci suggests a potential mutational hot spot on their serotype antigens. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:2718-23. [PMID: 15184458 PMCID: PMC427874 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.42.6.2718-2723.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2003] [Revised: 01/09/2004] [Accepted: 03/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleotide sequences of the PorB proteins from 28 nonserotypeable serogroup C ET-15 meningococci recovered from invasive meningococcal disease cases were determined. PCR amplification of the porB genes responsible for encoding the serotype antigen was used for DNA sequence determination and identification of the nature of the serotype antigen. DNA sequencing revealed that three strains were of serotype 2a, and of the remaining 25 strains, 20 were found to have an identical single point mutation in the region of the VR3 gene, which encodes surface-exposed loop VI, where the serotype 2a epitope resides. This nonsynonymous mutation was confirmed by synthetic peptide immunochemical analysis to confer new serospecificity to these serotype 2a mutants. This finding of a potential novel mutational hot spot on the PorB proteins of meningococci may have implications for pathogenesis and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis K S Law
- CNS Infection and Vaccine Preventable Bacterial Diseases Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, 1015 Arlington St., Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3R2, Canada.
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Newcombe J, Eales-Reynolds LJ, Wootton L, Gorringe AR, Funnell SGP, Taylor SC, McFadden JJ. Infection with an avirulent phoP mutant of Neisseria meningitidis confers broad cross-reactive immunity. Infect Immun 2004; 72:338-44. [PMID: 14688113 PMCID: PMC343971 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.1.338-344.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2003] [Revised: 09/03/2003] [Accepted: 09/29/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful vaccines against serogroup A and C meningococcal strains have been developed, but current serogroup B vaccines provide protection against only a limited range of strains. The ideal meningococcal vaccine would provide cross-reactive immunity against the variety of strains that may be encountered in any community, but it is unclear whether the meningococcus possesses immune targets that have the necessary level of cross-reactivity. We have generated a phoP mutant of the meningococcus by allele exchange. PhoP is a component of a two-component regulatory system which in other bacteria is an important regulator of virulence gene expression. Inactivation of the PhoP-PhoQ system in Salmonella leads to avirulence, and phoP mutants have been shown to confer protection against virulent challenge. These mutants have been examined as potential live attenuated vaccines. We here show that a phoP mutant of the meningococcus is avirulent in a mouse model of infection. Moreover, infection of mice with the phoP mutant stimulated a bactericidal immune response that not only killed the infecting strain but also showed cross-reactive bactericidal activity against a range of strains with different serogroup, serotype, and serosubtyping antigens. Sera from the mutant-infected mice contained immunoglobulin G that bound to the surface of a range of meningococcal strains and mediated opsonophagocytosis of meningococci by human phagocytic cells. The meningococcal phoP mutant is thus a candidate live, attenuated vaccine strain and may also be used to identify cross-reactive protective antigens in the meningococcus.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Newcombe
- School of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
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Vernachio J, Bayer AS, Le T, Chai YL, Prater B, Schneider A, Ames B, Syribeys P, Robbins J, Patti JM. Anti-clumping factor A immunoglobulin reduces the duration of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia in an experimental model of infective endocarditis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003; 47:3400-6. [PMID: 14576094 PMCID: PMC253806 DOI: 10.1128/aac.47.11.3400-3406.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2002] [Revised: 05/05/2003] [Accepted: 07/15/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
SA-IGIV is a human polyclonal immunoglobulin containing elevated levels of antibodies specific for the fibrinogen-binding MSCRAMM protein clumping factor A (ClfA). In vitro, SA-IGIV specifically recognized ClfA that was expressed on the surface of Staphylococcus aureus and inhibited bacterial adherence to immobilized human fibrinogen by >95%. Moreover, SA-IGIV efficiently opsonized ClfA-coated fluorescent beads and facilitated phagocytosis by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. To determine its potential therapeutic efficacy, SA-IGIV was evaluated in combination with vancomycin in a rabbit model of catheter-induced aortic valve infective endocarditis (IE) caused by methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). The combination therapy was more effective than vancomycin alone in sterilizing all valvular vegetations when used therapeutically during early (12-h) IE. The combination therapy resulted in clearance of bacteremia that was significantly faster than that of vancomycin alone in animals with well-established (24-h) IE. Therefore, in both early and well-established MRSA IE, the addition of SA-IGIV to a standard antibiotic regimen (vancomycin) increased bacterial clearance from the bloodstream and/or vegetations.
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Ihle Ø, Beckstrøm KJ, Michaelsen TE. Cloning, sequencing and expression of immunoglobulin variable regions of murine monoclonal antibodies specific for the P1.7 and P1.16 PorA protein loops of Neisseria meningitidis. Scand J Immunol 2003; 57:453-62. [PMID: 12753502 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3083.2003.01255.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The P1.7 and P1.16 epitopes on the PorA protein on the outer membrane of Neisseria meningitidis can induce protective antibodies upon vaccination. Structural analysis of antibodies to these targets can give information on the immune response induced by these epitopes and can reveal any structural similarities among the antibodies. To do so, we have isolated the immunoglobulin (Ig) variable genes from four mouse hybridomas expressing antibodies against the P1.7 and P1.16 epitopes. These V genes were successfully expressed as functional chimeric (ch) mouse/human IgG1 antibodies by subcloning them into expression vectors containing the constant genes of human heavy and light chains. Sequencing the two sets of V genes against P1.16 revealed a high degree of homology, similar to that previously published for P1.7 V genes. The close homology allowed us to interchange heavy and light chains between antibodies in some instances to construct new antibodies that bind the original antigen. This study demonstrates that the immune response in mice against the meningococcal PorA protein epitopes P1.7 as well as P1.16 is limited to few and very similar germline genes, and therefore the P1.7- and P1.16-specific antibodies share high degree of similarities amongst each other. These V genes were used to construct chimeric antibodies with conserved antigen-binding activity.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bacterial/genetics
- Antibodies, Bacterial/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antigen-Antibody Reactions
- Antigens, Bacterial/chemistry
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- Base Sequence
- Cloning, Molecular
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/chemistry
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Genes, Immunoglobulin
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Constant Regions/genetics
- Immunoglobulin G/genetics
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/immunology
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neisseria meningitidis/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/chemistry
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Porins/chemistry
- Porins/immunology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Homology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ø Ihle
- Division of Infectious Disease Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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15
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Vermont C, van den Dobbelsteen G. Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B: laboratory correlates of protection. FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2002; 34:89-96. [PMID: 12381458 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2002.tb00608.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Meningococcal disease in the Western countries is frequently caused by Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B. Major efforts have been made to develop a safe and efficacious vaccine against this serogroup which is suitable for use in infants and young children. To assess the quality of the immune response after vaccination with candidate vaccines, laboratory correlates of protection are needed. For serogroups A and C, serum bactericidal activity (SBA) is a well established predictor for protection, but for serogroup B other mechanisms besides SBA may also be involved in conferring protection from disease. Several laboratory methods for identification and evaluation of the immunogenicity of possible vaccine antigens are described in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clementien Vermont
- Department of Pediatrics, Sophia Children's Hospital/University Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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16
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Stephens DS, Zimmer SM. Pathogenesis, Therapy, and Prevention of Meningococcal Sepsis. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2002; 4:377-386. [PMID: 12228024 DOI: 10.1007/s11908-002-0004-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus), an exclusive pathogen of humans, is the cause of sepsis (meningococcemia) and meningitis, often in otherwise healthy individuals. Several hundred thousand cases of meningococcal disease occur worldwide each year, a number that is frequently accentuated by epidemic outbreaks. In recent years, significant advances, fueled by new molecular approaches and genome sequencing projects, have improved our understanding of the pathogenesis of meningococcal disease and have led to progress in the development of the next generation of meningococcal vaccines. However, the mortality of meningococcal disease remains 10% to 15% for all cases, and is up to 40% in patients with severe sepsis. This review summarizes current knowledge of the pathogenesis, therapy, and prevention of meningococcal disease with emphasis on meningococcal sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S. Stephens
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, H-153 Emory University Hospital, 1364 Clifton Road, NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Wright JC, Williams JN, Christodoulides M, Heckels JE. Immunization with the recombinant PorB outer membrane protein induces a bactericidal immune response against Neisseria meningitidis. Infect Immun 2002; 70:4028-34. [PMID: 12117908 PMCID: PMC128133 DOI: 10.1128/iai.70.8.4028-4034.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections with Neisseria meningitidis are characterized by life-threatening meningitis and septicemia. The meningococcal porin proteins from serogroup B meningococci have been identified as candidates for inclusion in vaccines to prevent such infections. In this study, we investigated the vaccine potential of the PorB porin protein free of other meningococcal components. The porB gene from a strain of Neisseria meningitidis expressing the class 3 outer membrane porin protein (PorB3) was cloned into the pRSETB vector, and the protein was expressed at high levels in a heterologous host Escherichia coli. The recombinant protein was purified to homogeneity by affinity chromatography and used for immunization after incorporation into liposomes and into micelles composed either of zwitterionic detergent or nondetergent sulfobetaine. The immunogenicity of these preparations was compared to recombinant PorB protein adsorbed to Al(OH)(3) adjuvant as a control. Although sera raised against the protein adsorbed to Al(OH)(3) reacted with the purified recombinant protein, sera raised against liposomes and micelles showed greater activity with native protein, as measured by enzyme immunoassay with outer membranes and by whole-cell immunofluorescence. Reactivity with native protein was considerably enhanced by incorporation of the adjuvant monophosphoryl lipid A into the liposome or micelle preparations. Recognition of the native protein was in a serotype-specific manner and was associated with the ability of the antisera to promote high levels of serotype-specific complement-mediated killing of meningococci. These results demonstrate that the PorB protein should be considered as a component of a vaccine designed to prevent serogroup B meningococcal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Claire Wright
- Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Division of Infection, Inflammation and Repair, University of Southampton Medical School, and Southampton General Hospital, United Kingdom
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18
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Abstract
The past century has seen the use of a number of vaccines for prevention and control of meningococcal disease with varied success. The use of polysaccharide vaccines for the control of outbreaks of serogroup C infections in teenagers and young adults and epidemic serogroup A disease has been established for 30 years and an effective protein-polysaccharide conjugate vaccine against serogroup C was introduced into the UK infant immunisation schedule in 2000. The next generation of these glycoconjugate vaccines will be on the shelf soon, eventually offering the prospect of eradication of serogroups A, C, Y and W135 through routine infant immunisation. Despite these exciting prospects, serogroup B meningococci still account for a majority of infections in industrialised nations but development of safe, immunogenic and effective serogroup B meningococcal vaccines has been an elusive goal. Outer membrane vesicle vaccines for B disease are already used in some countries, and will likely be used more widely in the next few years, but efficacy for endemic disease in children has so far been disappointing. However, the innovations arising from the availability of the meningococcal genome sequence, public and scientific interest in the disease and recent pharmaceutical company investment in development of serogroup B vaccines may have started the countdown to the end of meningococcal infection in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Morley
- Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College School of Medicine, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK.
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19
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Developments in the diagnosis of meningococcal disease and the characterization of Neisseria meningitidis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1097/00013542-200110000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Bhasin N, Ho Y, Wetzler LM. Neisseria meningitidis lipopolysaccharide modulates the specific humoral immune response to neisserial porins but has no effect on porin-induced upregulation of costimulatory ligand B7-2. Infect Immun 2001; 69:5031-6. [PMID: 11447183 PMCID: PMC98597 DOI: 10.1128/iai.69.8.5031-5036.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the specific humoral response to meningococcal porins was investigated by measuring anti-PorA or -PorB antibody levels in mice immunized with wild-type meningococcal strain H44/76 or with its recently described LPS-negative mutant. Two murine strains were used for these immunizations: C3H/HeJ, which is LPS hyporesponsive, or C3H/HeOuJ, which is LPS responsive. A high level of anti-PorB immunoglobulin G (IgG) response was induced in both strains of mice immunized with either organism. The response induced by the wild-type strain was greater in C3H/HeOuJ mice than in C3H/HeJ mice, while the response induced by the LPS-negative mutant was similar in the two murine strains. Additionally, the anti-PorB response was similar in C3H/HeJ mice immunized with either bacterial strain. In general, the anti-PorA IgG response was lower than the anti-PorB response. These findings indicate that the presence of LPS is not essential for the induction of an antineisserial porin humoral response but can augment such a response. To determine whether LPS has any effect on the B-cell-stimulatory effect of neisserial porins (essential for the adjuvant activity of neisserial porins), B cells from both murine strains were incubated with outer membrane complexes (OMCs) prepared from strain H44/76 and its LPS-negative mutant. OMCs from either meningococcal strain were able to increase the surface expression of the costimulatory ligand B7-2 on B cells from either murine strain. Consistent with previously reported findings, LPS does not significantly affect the ability of neisserial porins to induce the costimulatory ligand B7-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Bhasin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine and Evans Biomedical Research Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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21
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Vidarsson G, van Der Pol WL, van Den Elsen JM, Vilé H, Jansen M, Duijs J, Morton HC, Boel E, Daha MR, Corthésy B, van De Winkel JG. Activity of human IgG and IgA subclasses in immune defense against Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:6250-6. [PMID: 11342648 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.10.6250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Both IgG and IgA Abs have been implicated in host defense against bacterial infections, although their relative contributions remain unclear. We generated a unique panel of human chimeric Abs of all human IgG and IgA subclasses with identical V genes against porin A, a major subcapsular protein Ag of Neisseria meningitidis and a vaccine candidate. Chimeric Abs were produced in baby hamster kidney cells, and IgA-producing clones were cotransfected with human J chain and/or human secretory component. Although IgG (isotypes IgG1-3) mediated efficient complement-dependent lysis, IgA was unable to. However, IgA proved equally active to IgG in stimulating polymorphonuclear leukocyte respiratory burst. Remarkably, although porin-specific monomeric, dimeric, and polymeric IgA triggered efficient phagocytosis, secretory IgA did not. These studies reveal unique and nonoverlapping roles for IgG and IgA Abs in defense against meningococcal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Vidarsson
- Department of Immunology, Medarex Europe, Genmab, and Eijkman-Winkler Institute for Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Inflammation, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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22
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Plested JS, Ferry BL, Coull PA, Makepeace K, Lehmann AK, MacKinnon FG, Griffiths HG, Herbert MA, Richards JC, Moxon ER. Functional opsonic activity of human serum antibodies to inner core lipopolysaccharide (galE) of serogroup B meningococci measured by flow cytometry. Infect Immun 2001; 69:3203-13. [PMID: 11292742 PMCID: PMC98278 DOI: 10.1128/iai.69.5.3203-3213.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A recently described flow cytometric opsonophagocytic assay (OPA) was adapted to quantify the functional activity of serum antibodies specifically directed against serogroup B inner core lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Neisseria meningitidis. The percentage of human peripheral polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocytes (PMNms) ingesting fluorescently labeled, ethanol-fixed N. meningitidis organisms (phagocytic activity) in the presence of human sera was measured to reflect the serum opsonic activity against the bacterium. The contribution to opsonophagocytic activity of antibodies to inner core LPS was estimated by comparing the opsonic activities of adult and infant sera before and after adsorbing anti-LPS antibodies from the sera using purified LPS extracted from an LPS mutant (galE) of N. meningitidis strain MC58 (B:15:P1.7,16:L3). The specificity of the assay was further investigated using monoclonal antibody (MAb) B5, which binds to an inner core LPS epitope of N. meningitidis. A dose-dependent decrease in phagocytic activity was observed when MAb B5 was incubated with LPS from an inner core LPS (galE) mutant. Similarly, the number of PMNms ingesting fluorescently labeled polystyrene beads coated with inner core (galE) LPS decreased in a dose-dependent fashion when MAb B5 was incubated with various concentrations of the homologous inner core LPS. Strong correlations were found between the concentration of serum antibodies to inner core LPS (galE) versus the phagocytic activity using healthy adult sera (r(2) = 0.89). There was a correlation between phagocytic ingestion and initiation of intracellular oxidative burst (r(2) = 0.99) using polystyrene beads coated with inner core LPS and opsonized with the same sera using the oxidative burst indicator system dihydrorhodamine123/rhodamine 123. OPA results were also found to correlate closely with the results of the serum bactericidal assay using MAb B5 against the N. meningitidis MC58 galE mutant in the presence of human complement (r(2) = 0.994, P = 0.003, two-tailed test). These studies demonstrate that functional antibodies are produced in humans against meningococcal inner core LPS and that the OPA is a useful approach to study the opsonic activity of antibodies to inner core LPS in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Plested
- Molecular Infectious Disease Group, Oxford University Department of Paediatrics, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom.
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23
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Michaelsen TE, Aase A, Kolberg J, Wedge E, Rosenqvist E. PorB3 outer membrane protein on Neisseria meningitidis is poorly accessible for antibody binding on live bacteria. Vaccine 2001; 19:1526-33. [PMID: 11163678 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(00)00324-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
It is reported here that the PorB3 porin proteins of serotype 4 and 15 are poorly accessible for antibody binding on live Neisseria meningitidis bacteria, whereas the allelic PorB2 and the PorA outer membrane protein appear to be highly accessible. This was revealed by flow cytometry analysis using several mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) as well as PorB3 specific antibodies isolated from post vaccination and patient sera. However, strong antibody binding to the PorB3 protein was observed after killing the bacteria with ethanol. The reason for the lack of epitope exposure could be a shielding effect of the carbohydrate chains of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) possibly combined with short extra-cellular loops in the PorB3 protein. The findings indicate that the PorB3 protein is not an optimal target for protective antibodies induced by vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- T E Michaelsen
- Department of Vaccinology, National Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404 Torshov, 0403, Oslo, Norway.
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24
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Abstract
Although meningococcal disease is rare in industrialized nations, Neisseria meningitidis holds a prominent position amongst pediatric infections because of the dramatic clinical presentation of the disease, high mortality, epidemic potential and the recent disappearance of many other important infectious diseases in developed countries through improvements in public health and vaccination. The precise nature of natural immunity to meningococci remains unknown, although a complex interaction between the organism and nasopharyngeal mucosal barrier, innate immune mechanisms and acquired immunity is involved. Study of the mechanisms of natural immunity may provide the key to development of vaccines that can reduce the burden of disease in early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Pollard
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, British Columbia's Children's Hospital, British Columbia Research Institute for Children's and Women's Health, 950, West 28th Avenue, Room 375, BC V5Z 4H4, Vancouver,
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25
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Abstract
Defects in phagocyte function or in the interactions between phagocytes, microorganisms and serum factors are associated with increased susceptibility to infection. Flow cytometry (FCM) offers rapid and reproducible measurements of single cells in suspension and, following staining with one or more fluorochromes, simultaneous biochemical and functional examinations of the complex process of phagocytosis. FCM techniques have been used for more than two decades to evaluate phagocyte cellular defects, as well as species-specific serum opsonic activities during disease and after vaccination. Recently, multiparameter assays have been developed to reveal the antigen-specificity of opsonophagocytic responses. This review presents basic methodological principles of FCM quantitation of phagocytosis and intracellular oxidative burst, and assays to evaluate species-specific and antigen-specific opsonophagocytosis. The calculations performed to present opsonophagocytosis results, as well as technical and methodological challenges are discussed, and examples of applications are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Lehmann
- Institute of Medicine, University of Bergen, N-5021, Bergen, Norway.
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26
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Abstract
Neisseria meningitidis, an exclusive pathogen of humans, remains the leading worldwide cause of meningitis and fatal sepsis, usually in otherwise healthy individuals. In recent years, significant advances have improved our understanding of the epidemiology and genetic basis of meningococcal disease and led to progress in the development of the next generation of meningococcal vaccines. This review summarizes current knowledge of the human susceptibility to and the epidemiology and molecular pathogenesis of meningococcal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y L Tzeng
- Department of Medicine and Microbiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Georgia, Atlanta, USA
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27
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Wang J, Jarvis GA, Achtman M, Rosenqvist E, Michaelsen TE, Aase A, Griffiss JM. Functional activities and immunoglobulin variable regions of human and murine monoclonal antibodies specific for the P1.7 PorA protein loop of Neisseria meningitidis. Infect Immun 2000; 68:1871-8. [PMID: 10722576 PMCID: PMC97360 DOI: 10.1128/iai.68.4.1871-1878.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The meningococcal PorA protein is considered a promising vaccine candidate. Although much is understood regarding the structure of PorA proteins, little is known about the structure-function relationships of PorA antibodies. The aim of this study was to compare the functional and molecular characteristics of a human monoclonal antibody (MAb) and three murine MAbs specific for the PorA P1.7 serosubtype. Murine MAbs 207,B-4 (immunoglobulin G2a [IgG2a]) and MN14C11.6 (IgG2a) were both bactericidal and opsonophagocytic for P1.7-expressing meningococci, whereas human MAb SS269 (IgG3) and murine MAb 208,D-5 (IgA) initiated neither effector function. Epitope mapping with synthetic peptides revealed that MAbs 207,B-4 and 208,D-5 recognized the sequence ASGQ, which is the same specificity motif that a previous study had established for SS269 and MN14C11.6. Nucleotide and amino acid sequence analyses of the variable regions of the four MAbs showed that the SS269 V(H) region belonged to the VH3 family and was approximately 70% homologous to those of the murine MAbs which were all from the 7183 family, whereas the SS269 V(L) region belonged to the Vlambda1-b family and was less than 40% homologous to those of the murine MAbs which were all members of the Vkappa1 family. The Fab fragment of SS269 was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli and was shown by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analyses to bind as well as intact SS269 MAb to P1.7,16 serosubtype group B strain 44/76. We conclude that distinct differences exist in the effector function activities and variable region gene sequences of human and murine P1.7-specific MAbs despite their recognition of similar epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Pollard
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, British Columbia's Children's Hospital, BC Research Institute for Children's and Women's Health, Vancouver, Canada
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29
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Guy B, Testart C, Gimenez S, Sanchez V, Lheritier P, Rossin D, Mignon M, Danve B, Trannoy E. Comparison of polymorphonuclear cells from healthy donors and differentiated HL-60 cells as phagocytes in an opsonophagocytic assay using antigen-coated fluorescent beads. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2000; 7:314-7. [PMID: 10702513 PMCID: PMC95869 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.7.2.314-317.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) from healthy donors and differentiated HL-60 cells were compared in an opsonophagocytic assay using fluorescent latex beads coated with Streptococcus pneumoniae polysaccharide conjugates. Serum-specific phagocytosis was efficiently mediated by both sources of cells, as measured by flow cytometry, but the mean number of beads ingested per cell was three- to fivefold higher when PMNs were used than when HL-60 cells were used. Nevertheless, differentiated HL-60 cells could be a convenient and standardized source of cells to evaluate the functionality of specific antibodies to vaccine candidates as a coating on fluorescent beads.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Guy
- Research Department, Aventis Pasteur, Campus Merieux, 69280 Marcy L'Etoile, France.
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Lehmann AK, Gorringe AR, Reddin KM, West K, Smith I, Halstensen A. Human opsonins induced during meningococcal disease recognize transferrin binding protein complexes. Infect Immun 1999; 67:6526-32. [PMID: 10569771 PMCID: PMC97063 DOI: 10.1128/iai.67.12.6526-6532.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Patient serum opsonins against transferrin binding protein A+B (TbpA+B) complexes from two Neisseria meningitidis strains (K454 and B16B6, with 85- and 68-kDa TbpB, respectively) were quantified by a functional phagocytosis and oxidative burst assay. TbpA+B complexes adsorbed to fluorescent beads were opsonized with individual acute and convalescent sera from 40 patients infected by a variety of meningococcal strains. Flow cytometric quantitation of leukocyte phagocytosis products (PP) demonstrated that disease-induced serum opsonins recognized TbpA+B, and the highest anti-TbpA+B serum opsonic activities were found between admission to hospital and 6 weeks later. The PP values obtained with TbpA+B from strain B16B6 (PP(B16B6)) were higher than those obtained with TbpA+B from strain K454 (PP(K454)), with both acute and convalescent sera (P < 0.0001), and correlated positively with higher immunoglobulin G enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay titers against TbpA+B from strain B16B6 than from strain K454 (P < 0.001). In spite of considerable variations between individuals, significant correlations were found between the PP(B16B6) and PP(K454) values, and the PP values did not depend on the variability of the TbpB proteins of the disease-causing strains. Simultaneously measured oxidative burst activity correlated closely with the PP values. We conclude that highly cross-reactive anti-TbpA+B serum opsonins are produced during meningococcal disease. The anti-TbpA+B opsonic activities were not affected by the variability of the TbpB proteins of the disease-causing strains, which further adds to the evidence for the vaccine potential of meningococcal TbpA+B complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Lehmann
- Institute of Medicine, University of Bergen, N-5021 Bergen, Norway.
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