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Chan JA, Boyle MJ, Moore KA, Reiling L, Lin Z, Hasang W, Avril M, Manning L, Mueller I, Laman M, Davis T, Smith JD, Rogerson SJ, Simpson JA, Fowkes FJI, Beeson JG. Antibody Targets on the Surface of Plasmodium falciparum-Infected Erythrocytes That Are Associated With Immunity to Severe Malaria in Young Children. J Infect Dis 2019; 219:819-828. [PMID: 30365004 PMCID: PMC6376912 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sequestration of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes (IEs) in the microvasculature contributes to pathogenesis of severe malaria in children. This mechanism is mediated by antigens expressed on the IE surface. However, knowledge of specific targets and functions of antibodies to IE surface antigens that protect against severe malaria is limited. METHODS Antibodies to IE surface antigens were examined in a case-control study of young children in Papua New Guinea presenting with severe or uncomplicated malaria (n = 448), using isolates with a virulent phenotype associated with severe malaria, and functional opsonic phagocytosis assays. We used genetically modified isolates and recombinant P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1) domains to quantify PfEMP1 as a target of antibodies associated with disease severity. RESULTS Antibodies to the IE surface and recombinant PfEMP1 domains were significantly higher in uncomplicated vs severe malaria and were boosted following infection. The use of genetically modified P. falciparum revealed that PfEMP1 was a major target of antibodies and that PfEMP1-specific antibodies were associated with reduced odds of severe malaria. Furthermore, antibodies promoting the opsonic phagocytosis of IEs by monocytes were lower in those with severe malaria. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that PfEMP1 is a dominant target of antibodies associated with reduced risk of severe malaria, and function in part by promoting opsonic phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo-Anne Chan
- Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne
| | - Michelle J Boyle
- Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne
| | - Kerryn A Moore
- Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne
| | - Linda Reiling
- Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne
| | - Zaw Lin
- Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne
| | - Wina Hasang
- Department of Medicine, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Marion Avril
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Seattle, Washington
| | - Laurens Manning
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang
- University of Western Australia, Perth
| | - Ivo Mueller
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville
| | - Moses Laman
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang
| | | | - Joseph D Smith
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Seattle, Washington
| | - Stephen J Rogerson
- Department of Medicine, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Julie A Simpson
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville
| | - Freya J I Fowkes
- Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - James G Beeson
- Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne
- Department of Medicine, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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2
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Feng G, Boyle MJ, Cross N, Chan JA, Reiling L, Osier F, Stanisic DI, Mueller I, Anders RF, McCarthy JS, Richards JS, Beeson JG. Human Immunization With a Polymorphic Malaria Vaccine Candidate Induced Antibodies to Conserved Epitopes That Promote Functional Antibodies to Multiple Parasite Strains. J Infect Dis 2018; 218:35-43. [PMID: 29584918 PMCID: PMC6904323 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Overcoming antigenic diversity is a key challenge in the development of effective Plasmodium falciparum malaria vaccines. Strategies that promote the generation of antibodies targeting conserved epitopes of vaccine antigens may provide protection against diverse parasites strains. Understanding differences between vaccine-induced and naturally acquired immunity is important to achieving this goal. Methods We analyzed antibodies generated in a phase 1 human vaccine trial, MSP2-C1, which included 2 allelic forms of MSP2, an abundant vaccine antigen on the merozoite surface. Vaccine-induced responses were assessed for functional activity against multiple parasite strains, and cross-reactivity of antibodies was determined using competition ELISA and epitope mapping approaches. Results Vaccination induced cytophilic antibody responses with strain-transcending opsonic phagocytosis and complement-fixing function. In contrast to antibodies acquired via natural infection, vaccine-induced antibodies were directed towards conserved epitopes at the C-terminus of MSP2, whereas naturally acquired antibodies mainly targeted polymorphic epitopes. Functional activity of C-terminal-targeted antibodies was confirmed using monoclonal antibodies that promoted opsonic phagocytosis against multiple parasite strains. Conclusion Vaccination generated markedly different responses to polymorphic antigens than naturally acquired immunity and targeted conserved functional epitopes. Induction of antibodies targeting conserved regions of malaria antigens provides a promising vaccine strategy to overcome antigenic diversity for developing effective malaria vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoqian Feng
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Faith Osier
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne
- Centre for Geographic Medicine - Coast, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kilifi, Kenya
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Ivo Mueller
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville
| | - Robin F Anders
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe University, Melbourne
| | - James S McCarthy
- Clinical Tropical Medicine Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston
| | - Jack S Richards
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Central Clinical School and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - James G Beeson
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Central Clinical School and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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3
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Burton RL, Kim HW, Lee S, Kim H, Seok JH, Lee SH, Balloch A, Licciardi P, Marimla R, Bae S, Nahm MH, Kim KH. Creation, characterization, and assignment of opsonic values for a new pneumococcal OPA calibration serum panel (Ewha QC sera panel A) for 13 serotypes. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e0567. [PMID: 29703046 PMCID: PMC5944569 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000010567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) have been very effective in reducing the disease burden caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes covered by the current vaccine formulations. However, the incidence of disease caused by serotypes not covered by the vaccine is increasing. Consequently, there are active efforts to develop new PCVs with additional serotypes in order to provide protection against the emergent serotypes. Due to costs and ethical issues associated with performing true vaccine efficacy studies, new PCVs are being licensed based on their immunogenicity, which may be assessed with 2 in vitro assays: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for quantitating antibody level and opsonophagocytic assay (OPA) for assessing protective function. While a standardized ELISA has been developed, OPA results from different laboratories can be quite disparate, even among laboratories utilizing the same platform. In order to harmonize OPA data, a recent international collaboration assigned opsonic indices to the US Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) reference serum, 007sp, as well as a panel of US FDA calibration sera. However, due to a low number of aliquots, the availability of these calibration sera is extremely limited. Because calibration sera are critical to establish the performance characteristics of an OPA, a second calibration serum panel was created, comprised of 20 sera collected from adults immunized with the 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine, with 150 to 500 aliquots prepared for each serum. In order to establish consensus OPA values of the 20 sera for the 13 serotypes in 13-valent PCV, the sera were tested by 4 laboratories in an international collaborative OPA study. The 007sp results of 1 laboratory deviated significantly from those obtained by the other laboratories, as well as from previously assigned values. Due to these discrepancies, the consensus values for the calibration sera were determined based on the data from the remaining laboratories. Thus, we were able to create a panel of sera with consensus opsonic values that could be used by outside laboratories to calibrate pneumococcal OPAs. Our results also confirmed findings of a previous study that normalization of OPA results significantly reduces interlaboratory variation, with normalization based on 007sp reducing variation by 43% to 74%, depending on serotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L. Burton
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham,
Birmingham, AL
| | - Han Wool Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University College of
Medicine
- Center for Vaccine Evaluation and Study, Medical Research
Institute, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul
| | - Soyoung Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University College of
Medicine
- Center for Vaccine Evaluation and Study, Medical Research
Institute, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul
| | - Hun Kim
- Bio R&D, Global BD, Life Science R&D Center,
SK Chemicals, Seongnam-Si, Gyeonggi-do
| | - Jee-Hyun Seok
- Bio R&D, Global BD, Life Science R&D Center,
SK Chemicals, Seongnam-Si, Gyeonggi-do
| | - Sang Heon Lee
- Vaccine R&D Center, Life Sciences R&D, Life
Sciences Company, LG Chem Ltd, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Anne Balloch
- Pneumococcal Research Group, Murdoch Children's
Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul Licciardi
- Pneumococcal Research Group, Murdoch Children's
Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rachel Marimla
- Pneumococcal Research Group, Murdoch Children's
Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sejong Bae
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham,
Birmingham, AL
| | - Moon H. Nahm
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham,
Birmingham, AL
| | - Kyung-Hyo Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University College of
Medicine
- Center for Vaccine Evaluation and Study, Medical Research
Institute, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul
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4
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Nived P, Nagel J, Saxne T, Geborek P, Jönsson G, Skattum L, Kapetanovic MC. Immune response to pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in patients with systemic vasculitis receiving standard of care therapy. Vaccine 2017; 35:3639-3646. [PMID: 28552512 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM To study the effect of standard of care therapy on antibody response and functionality following immunization with 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) in patients with primary systemic vasculitis compared to healthy controls. METHODS 49 patients with vasculitis and 49 controls received a single dose (0.5ml) PCV13 intramuscularly. Ongoing treatments: azathioprine (AZA; n=11), cyclophosphamide (CYC; n=6), methotrexate (MTX; n=9), rituximab (n=3); anti-TNF (n=2), mycophenolate mofetil (n=2), prednisolone alone (n=15) and no active treatment (n=2). Specific antibody concentrations for serotypes 6B and 23F were determined using ELISA and opsonophagocytic activity (OPA) assay (23F) was performed, on serum samples taken immediately before and 4-6weeks after vaccination. Proportion of individuals with putative protective antibody concentration (≥1.0µg/mL) and positive antibody response (≥2-fold increase from prevaccination concentration) for both serotypes were calculated and groups were compared. RESULTS At baseline, 6 patients (12%) and 12 controls (24%) had protective antibody levels for both serotypes. After vaccination, antibodies increased for both serotypes in patients and controls (p<0.001), 32 patients (65%) and 35 controls (71%) reached protective level for 6B, and 32 patients (65%) and 37 controls (76%) for 23F. Compared to controls, patients had lower prevaccination geometric mean concentration (23F, p=0.01) and a numerical trend towards lower prevaccination level (6B) and postvaccination levels (both serotypes). Patients with prednisolone alone had lower prevaccination OPA (p<0.01) compared to controls. OPA increased after vaccination in both patients and controls (p<0.001), but improvement was better in controls (p=0.001). AZA, CYC or MTX, but not prednisolone alone, tended towards a lower proportion of patients reaching protective antibody levels (p=0.06), compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine was safe and immunogenic in patients with established vasculitis. Treatment with DMARDs, mostly AZA, CYC and MTX but not systemic prednisolone may impair antibody response. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02240888. Registered 4 September, 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Nived
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Section of Rheumatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden; Department of Infectious Diseases, Central Hospital Kristianstad, J A Hedlunds väg 5, SE-291 85 Kristianstad, Sweden.
| | - Johanna Nagel
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Section of Rheumatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Tore Saxne
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Section of Rheumatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Pierre Geborek
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Section of Rheumatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Göran Jönsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Section of Infectious Diseases, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Lillemor Skattum
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Section of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology, Lund University, Lund, and Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Region Skåne, Sweden
| | - Meliha C Kapetanovic
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Section of Rheumatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
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Burton RL, Antonello J, Cooper D, Goldblatt D, Kim KH, Plikaytis BD, Roalfe L, Wauters D, Williams F, Xie GL, Nahm MH, Akkoyunlu M. Assignment of Opsonic Values to Pneumococcal Reference Serum 007sp for Use in Opsonophagocytic Assays for 13 Serotypes. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2017; 24:e00457-16. [PMID: 27974397 PMCID: PMC5299120 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00457-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Opsonophagocytic assays (OPAs) are routinely used for assessing the immunogenicity of pneumococcal vaccines, with OPA data often being utilized for licensure of new vaccine formulations. However, no reference serum for pneumococcal OPAs is available, making evaluation of data among different laboratories difficult. This international collaboration was initiated to (i) assign consensus opsonic indexes (OIs) to FDA pneumococcal reference serum lot 007sp (here referred to as 007sp) and a panel of serum samples used for calibration of the OPA and (ii) determine if the normalization of the OPA results obtained with test samples to those obtained with 007sp decreases the variability in OPA results among laboratories. To meet these goals, six participating laboratories tested a panel of serum samples in five runs for 13 serotypes. For each serum sample, consensus OIs were obtained using a mixed-effects analysis of variance model. For the calibration serum samples, normalized consensus values were also determined on the basis of the results obtained with 007sp. For each serotype, the overall reduction in interlaboratory variability was calculated by comparing the coefficients of variation of the unadjusted and the normalized values. Normalization of the results substantially reduced the interlaboratory variability, ranging from a 15% reduction in variability for serotype 9V to a 64% reduction for serotype 7F. Normalization also increased the proportion of data within 2-fold of the consensus value from approximately 70% (average for all serotypes) to >90%. On the basis of the data obtained in this study, pneumococcal reference standard lot 007sp will likely be a useful reagent for the normalization of pneumococcal OPA results from different laboratories. The data also support the use of the 16 FDA serum samples used for calibration of the OPA as part of the initial evaluation of new assays or periodic assessment of established assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Burton
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - J Antonello
- Department of Biometrics Research, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - D Cooper
- Pfizer Vaccine Research, Pfizer, Pearl River, New York, USA
| | - D Goldblatt
- UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - K H Kim
- Department of Pediatrics and Center for Vaccine Evaluation and Study, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - L Roalfe
- UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - G L Xie
- Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products, Lanzhou, China
| | - M H Nahm
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Pauksens K, Nilsson AC, Caubet M, Pascal TG, Van Belle P, Poolman JT, Vandepapelière PG, Verlant V, Vink PE. Randomized controlled study of the safety and immunogenicity of pneumococcal vaccine formulations containing PhtD and detoxified pneumolysin with alum or adjuvant system AS02V in elderly adults. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2014; 21:651-60. [PMID: 24599529 PMCID: PMC4018883 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00807-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Six vaccine formulations containing AS02V or alum (aluminum phosphate [AlPO4]) adjuvant with pneumococcal proteins, pneumococcal histidine triad D (PhtD), and/or detoxified pneumolysin (dPly), either as a polysaccharide carrier in an 8-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (8PCV) or as free (unconjugated) proteins, were evaluated in adults -65 to 85 years of age. In this phase I observer-blind study, 167 healthy subjects were randomized to receive two doses (days 0 and 60) of 10 or 30 μg PhtD-dPly plus AS02V or alum, 8PCV plus AS02V or alum, or one dose (day 0) of 23-valent polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine (23PPV) as a control (placebo on day 60). The safety, reactogenicity, and antibody-specific responses to these vaccines were evaluated. No vaccine-related serious adverse events were reported. The incidences of solicited local and specific general (fatigue and myalgia) symptoms tended to be higher in the AS02V groups than in other groups. Anti-PhtD and anti-Ply antibody responses were observed in all groups except the control group. One month post-dose 2, the anti-PhtD and anti-Ply antibody geometric mean concentrations tended to be higher with AS02V than with alum, higher with a dose of 30 μg than with 10 μg for PhtD-dPly and higher with 30-μg PhtD-dPly formulations than with conjugated PhtD and dPly (8PCV) formulations. Functional antibody responses, measured by an opsonophagocytic activity assay, tended to be higher with 8PCV than with 23PPV. In conclusion, vaccine formulations containing free or conjugated PhtD and dPly had acceptable reactogenicity and safety profiles in elderly adults. Immune responses were enhanced with an AS02V-adjuvanted formulation containing free 30-μg PhtD-dPly compared to those with alum adjuvant and conjugated proteins. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under registration no. NCT00756067.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlis Pauksens
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Uppsala University Hospital, Akademiska Sjukhuset, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna C. Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö Infectious Disease Research Unit, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Peter E. Vink
- GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, USA
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7
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Ludlow LE, Hasang W, Umbers AJ, Forbes EK, Ome M, Unger HW, Mueller I, Siba PM, Jaworowski A, Rogerson SJ. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells derived from grand multigravidae display a distinct cytokine profile in response to P. falciparum infected erythrocytes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86160. [PMID: 24465935 PMCID: PMC3899203 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunopathology of placental malaria is most significant in women in their first pregnancy especially in endemic areas, due to a lack of protective immunity to Plasmodium falciparum, which is acquired in successive pregnancies. In some studies (but not all), grand multigravidae (defined as 5 or more pregnancies, G5–7) are more susceptible to poor birth outcomes associated with malaria compared to earlier gravidities. By comparing peripheral cellular responses in primigravidae (G1), women in their second to fourth pregnancy (G2–4) and grand multigravidae we sought to identify key components of the dysregulated immune response. PBMC were exposed to CS2-infected erythrocytes (IE) opsonised with autologous plasma or unopsonised IE, and cytokine and chemokine secretion was measured. Higher levels of opsonising antibody were present in plasma derived from multigravid compared to primigravid women. Significant differences in the levels of cytokines and chemokines secreted in response to IE were observed. Less IL-10, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF but more CXCL8, CCL8, IFNγ and CXCL10 were detected in G5–7 compared to G2–4 women. Our study provides fresh insight into the modulation of peripheral blood cell function and effects on the balance between host protection and immunopathology during placental malaria infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise E Ludlow
- Department of Medicine (RMH), University of Melbourne, Post Office Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia ; Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Grattan Street, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wina Hasang
- Department of Medicine (RMH), University of Melbourne, Post Office Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia ; Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Grattan Street, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alexandra J Umbers
- Department of Medicine (RMH), University of Melbourne, Post Office Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia ; Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Grattan Street, Parkville, Victoria, Australia ; Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Vector Borne Disease Unit, Madang, PNG
| | - Emily K Forbes
- Department of Medicine (RMH), University of Melbourne, Post Office Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia ; Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Grattan Street, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Maria Ome
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Vector Borne Disease Unit, Madang, PNG
| | - Holger W Unger
- Department of Medicine (RMH), University of Melbourne, Post Office Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia ; Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Grattan Street, Parkville, Victoria, Australia ; Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Vector Borne Disease Unit, Madang, PNG
| | - Ivo Mueller
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia ; Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Peter M Siba
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Vector Borne Disease Unit, Madang, PNG
| | - Anthony Jaworowski
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia ; Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Victoria, Australia ; Department of Immunology, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen J Rogerson
- Department of Medicine (RMH), University of Melbourne, Post Office Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia ; Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Grattan Street, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Thisyakorn U, Chokephaibulkit K, Kosalaraksa P, Benjaponpitak S, Pancharoen C, Chuenkitmongkol S. Immunogenicity and safety of 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine as a booster dose in 12- to 18-month-old children primed with 3 doses of 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2014; 10:1859-65. [PMID: 25424793 PMCID: PMC4186054 DOI: 10.4161/hv.28642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study examined the safety and immunogenicity of 23-valent pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccine (Pneumo23(®) [PPV23], Sanofi Pasteur) as a booster dose in 12- to 18-month-old children primed with heptavalent pneumococcal vaccine (PCV7; Prevnar(®), Pfizer). This was a randomized, observer-blinded, 2-arm, controlled, multicenter phase III study performed in Thailand to assess and describe the immunogenicity and safety of PPV23 as a booster dose in children who had received the 3 primary doses of PCV7, the pneumococcal vaccine available during the study period. Children primed with 3 doses of PCV7 were randomized 1:1 to receive a booster immunization with PPV23 or PCV7. Pneumococcal antibody concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and functional antibody levels by multiplex opsonophagocytosis assay on day 30. A total of 339 children were enrolled. Geometric mean serum antibody concentrations against serotypes common to PCV7 and PPV23 (4, 6B, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F, and 23F) increased in both groups but they were higher for serotypes 4, 9V, 18C, and 19F in the PPV23 group. Opsonization indices increased in both groups for all measured serotypes (1, 6B, 14, 19A, and 23F) and were higher for serotypes 6B, 14, and 23F in the PCV7 group and for serotypes 1 and 19A in PPV23 group. Solicited reactions and unsolicited adverse events were similar in the 2 groups and generally mild and transient. No treatment-related serious adverse events were reported. These results confirm that boosting with PPV23 is immunogenic and well tolerated in healthy toddlers primed with PCV7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usa Thisyakorn
- Department of Pediatrics; Faculty of Medicine; Chulalongkorn University; Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kulkanya Chokephaibulkit
- Department of Pediatrics; Faculty of Medicine; Siriraj Hospital; Mahidol University; Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pope Kosalaraksa
- Srinagarind Hospital; Faculty of Medicine; Khon Kaen University; Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Suwat Benjaponpitak
- Department of Pediatrics; Faculty of Medicine; Ramathibodi Hospital; Mahidol University; Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chitsanu Pancharoen
- Department of Pediatrics; Faculty of Medicine; Chulalongkorn University; Bangkok, Thailand
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9
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Cruz AR, Ramirez LG, Zuluaga AV, Pillay A, Abreu C, Valencia CA, La Vake C, Cervantes JL, Dunham-Ems S, Cartun R, Mavilio D, Radolf JD, Salazar JC. Immune evasion and recognition of the syphilis spirochete in blood and skin of secondary syphilis patients: two immunologically distinct compartments. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1717. [PMID: 22816000 PMCID: PMC3398964 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The clinical syndrome associated with secondary syphilis (SS) reflects the propensity of Treponema pallidum (Tp) to escape immune recognition while simultaneously inducing inflammation. METHODS To better understand the duality of immune evasion and immune recognition in human syphilis, herein we used a combination of flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry (IHC), and transcriptional profiling to study the immune response in the blood and skin of 27 HIV(-) SS patients in relation to spirochetal burdens. Ex vivo opsonophagocytosis assays using human syphilitic sera (HSS) were performed to model spirochete-monocyte/macrophage interactions in vivo. RESULTS Despite the presence of low-level spirochetemia, as well as immunophenotypic changes suggestive of monocyte activation, we did not detect systemic cytokine production. SS subjects had substantial decreases in circulating DCs and in IFNγ-producing and cytotoxic NK-cells, along with an emergent CD56-/CD16+ NK-cell subset in blood. Skin lesions, which had visible Tp by IHC and substantial amounts of Tp-DNA, had large numbers of macrophages (CD68+), a relative increase in CD8+ T-cells over CD4+ T-cells and were enriched for CD56+ NK-cells. Skin lesions contained transcripts for cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α), chemokines (CCL2, CXCL10), macrophage and DC activation markers (CD40, CD86), Fc-mediated phagocytosis receptors (FcγRI, FcγR3), IFN-β and effector molecules associated with CD8 and NK-cell cytotoxic responses. While HSS promoted uptake of Tp in conjunction with monocyte activation, most spirochetes were not internalized. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support the importance of macrophage driven opsonophagocytosis and cell mediated immunity in treponemal clearance, while suggesting that the balance between phagocytic uptake and evasion is influenced by the relative burdens of bacteria in blood and skin and the presence of Tp subpopulations with differential capacities for binding opsonic antibodies. They also bring to light the extent of the systemic innate and adaptive immunologic abnormalities that define the secondary stage of the disease, which in the skin of patients trends towards a T-cell cytolytic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana R. Cruz
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas (CIDEIM), Cali, Colombia
| | - Lady G. Ramirez
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas (CIDEIM), Cali, Colombia
| | - Ana V. Zuluaga
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas (CIDEIM), Cali, Colombia
| | - Allan Pillay
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Christine Abreu
- Clinical Research Center, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Carlos A. Valencia
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas (CIDEIM), Cali, Colombia
| | - Carson La Vake
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Jorge L. Cervantes
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Star Dunham-Ems
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Richard Cartun
- Department of Pathology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Domenico Mavilio
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Justin D. Radolf
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Juan C. Salazar
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas (CIDEIM), Cali, Colombia
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Lee S, Takahashi I, Matsuzaka M, Yamai K, Danjo K, Kumagai T, Umeda T, Itai K, Nakaji S. The relationship between serum selenium concentration and neutrophil function in peripheral blood. Biol Trace Elem Res 2011; 144:396-406. [PMID: 21691799 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-011-9108-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the relationships between neutrophil-related functions and serum selenium (Se) concentration in the general population. We examined 800 subjects who had participated in the Iwaki Health Promotion Project in 2005 to determine the relationships between serum Se concentration and neutrophil-related functions such as the production capability of reactive oxygen species (ROS), phagocytic activity, and serum opsonic activity (SOA). In nonstimulated neutrophils, i.e., in neutrophils at their baseline condition before the application of the phagocytic stimulus, the serum Se concentration tends to be high and the ROS production tends to be low. With regard to SOA, there was a significant negative correlation between lucigenin-dependent chemiluminescence and serum Se concentration in both men and women. Moreover, in women, a significant negative correlation was observed between luminol-dependent chemiluminescence and serum Se concentration. These results suggest that subjects with a lower serum Se concentration may be exposed to a greater chronic oxidative stress due to neutrophil ROS production. In addition, the findings of our study suggest that women rather than men benefit more from Se against oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangun Lee
- Department of Social Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Zaifu-cho 5, Hirosaki, 036-8562, Aomori, Japan
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Gat O, Galen JE, Tennant S, Simon R, Blackwelder WC, Silverman DJ, Pasetti MF, Levine MM. Cell-associated flagella enhance the protection conferred by mucosally-administered attenuated Salmonella Paratyphi A vaccines. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2011; 5:e1373. [PMID: 22069504 PMCID: PMC3206010 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antibiotic-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A, the agent of paratyphoid A fever, poses an emerging public health dilemma in endemic areas of Asia and among travelers, as there is no licensed vaccine. Integral to our efforts to develop a S. Paratyphi A vaccine, we addressed the role of flagella as a potential protective antigen by comparing cell-associated flagella with exported flagellin subunits expressed by attenuated strains. Methodology S. Paratyphi A strain ATCC 9150 was first deleted for the chromosomal guaBA locus, creating CVD 1901. Further chromosomal deletions in fliD (CVD 1901D) or flgK (CVD 1901K) were then engineered, resulting in the export of unpolymerized FliC, without impairing its overall expression. The virulence of the resulting isogenic strains was examined using a novel mouse LD50 model to accommodate the human-host restricted S. Paratyphi A. The immunogenicity of the attenuated strains was then tested using a mouse intranasal model, followed by intraperitoneal challenge with wildtype ATCC 9150. Results Mucosal (intranasal) immunization of mice with strain CVD 1901 expressing cell-associated flagella conferred superior protection (vaccine efficacy [VE], 90%) against a lethal intraperitoneal challenge, compared with the flagellin monomer-exporting mutants CVD 1901K (30% VE) or CVD 1901D (47% VE). The superior protection induced by CVD 1901 with its cell-attached flagella was associated with an increased IgG2a∶IgG1 ratio of FliC-specific antibodies with enhanced opsonophagocytic capacity. Conclusions Our results clearly suggest that enhanced anti-FliC antibody-mediated clearance of S. Paratyphi A by phagocytic cells, induced by vaccines expressing cell-associated rather than exported FliC, might be contributing to the vaccine-induced protection from S. Paratyphi A challenge in vivo. We speculate that an excess of IgG1 anti-FliC antibodies induced by the exported FliC may compete with the IgG2a subtype and block binding to specific phagocyte Fc receptors that are critical for clearing an S. Paratyphi A infection. Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A is a pathogen that causes a systemic disease that is marked by serious complications and, if untreated, high mortality. The study of S. Paratyphi A pathogenesis and vaccine development has been extremely challenging since S. Paratyphi A is human host-restricted and no appropriate animal model exists. Since there is currently no licensed vaccine to prevent paratyphoid fever caused by this organism, our study represents a pioneering attempt to develop and refine a vaccine against S. Paratyphi A. We employed live attenuated strains which allow in vivo presentation of bacterial antigens via the natural route of infection, without the complications associated with antigen production and purification for subunit vaccines. For determining protective immunity against infection, we developed a mouse model that allowed evaluation of vaccine efficacy. We used our system to examine the protective capacity of a major Salmonella antigen, the flagellum. Due to its unique immunogenic properties, the flagellum is considered a major immune mediator, but its role in protection is controversial. We clearly show that cell-associated flagellar protein, presented by mucosally administered attenuated bacterial live vaccines, provides superior protection when compared to strains exporting FliC monomers, and we discuss possible mechanisms of immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orit Gat
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - James E. Galen
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Sharon Tennant
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Raphael Simon
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - William C. Blackwelder
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David J. Silverman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Marcela F. Pasetti
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Myron M. Levine
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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Abstract
The aim of this review is to provide a summary of the known effects of exercise on neutrophil immune functions of athletes. We measured three neutrophil immune functions (i.e., phagocytic activity (PA), reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and serum opsonic activity (SOA)) in various types of exercise. The following is our recent findings. (1) A regular exercise increases ROS production and decreases PA. We call this change a normal pattern, and an abnormal pattern except this change. (2) A prolonged, strenuous activity (e.g., rugby match and marathon) decreases both ROS production and PA. This is one of the abnormal pattern. (3) The exercise loading performed after a camp training decreases ROS production whereas PA does not change. This is another abnormal pattern. (4) When judoists who had stopped judo training for 6 months restarted their training, the exercise loading at the beginning of their training decreases PA whereas ROS production does not change. This is another abnormal pattern. (5) A regular exercise 2 months after the beginning of their training increases ROS production and decreases PA. This change is a normal pattern. SOA showed a similar pattern of changes to ROS under all conditions. The changes in neutrophil immune functions after performing various exercises might result from the balance between external factors (intensity and style of exercise) and internal factors (e.g., fatigue and physical pain). Therefore, the changes in three neutrophil immune functions after exercise might be an index of athletes' condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Umeda
- Department of Social Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan.
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13
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Serda RE, Blanco E, Mack A, Stafford SJ, Amra S, Li Q, van de Ven A, Tanaka T, Torchilin VP, Wiktorowicz JE, Ferrari M. Proteomic analysis of serum opsonins impacting biodistribution and cellular association of porous silicon microparticles. Mol Imaging 2011; 10:43-55. [PMID: 21303614 PMCID: PMC4154307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mass transport of drug delivery vehicles is guided by particle properties, such as size, shape, composition, and surface chemistry, as well as biomolecules and serum proteins that adsorb to the particle surface. In an attempt to identify serum proteins influencing cellular associations and biodistribution of intravascularly injected particles, we used two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry to identify proteins eluted from the surface of cationic and anionic silicon microparticles. Cationic microparticles displayed a 25-fold greater abundance of Ig light variable chain, fibrinogen, and complement component 1 compared to their anionic counterparts. Anionic microparticles were found to accumulate in equal abundance in murine liver and spleen, whereas cationic microparticles showed preferential accumulation in the spleen. Immunohistochemistry supported macrophage uptake of both anionic and cationic microparticles in the liver, as well as evidence of association of cationic microparticles with hepatic endothelial cells. Furthermore, scanning electron micrographs supported cellular competition for cationic microparticles by endothelial cells and macrophages. Despite high macrophage content in the lungs and tumor, microparticle uptake by these cells was minimal, supporting differences in the repertoire of surface receptors expressed by tissue-specific macrophages. In summary, particle surface chemistry drives selective binding of serum components impacting cellular interactions and biodistribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita E Serda
- Department of Nanomedicine and Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Streptococcus pneumoniae is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the elderly. To prevent invasive pneumococcal diseases, the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV) is recommended in subjects over 65 years of age. Although it has been reported to provide approximately 50-80% protection against invasive disease in the general elderly population, there is still controversy as to the effectiveness of the PPV in the elderly. METHODS To evaluate the immune response to the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in the elderly, samples from young adults and elderly were obtained before and one month after vaccination. The quantitative and qualitative response to the vaccine were measured by the ELISA and opsonophagocytic killing assay for eight vaccine type serotypes (4, 6B, 9V, 14, 18C, 19A, 19F, 23F) and one vaccine-related serotype (6A). RESULTS The response to the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine showed a similar response between adults and elderly when evaluated by the ELISA, however the functional activity of the antibodies elicited after vaccination were lower in the elderly group for more than half of the serotypes evaluated. In comparison of the antibody needed for 1:8 opsonic titer, more antibodies were needed in the elderly for serotypes Pn 4, 19F, 23F and 6A, suggesting the functional activity of antibody detected by the ELISA was lower in the elderly compared with the adult group for these serotypes. As for subjects with an opsonic titer <8 after vaccination, only one subject each for serotypes Pn 4, 9V and 6A were found in the adult group. However, up to 10 (30.3%) of the subjects did not show opsonic activity after vaccination in the elderly group for serotypes Pn 4, 9V, 14, 19A and 6A. CONCLUSIONS Although the amount of antibodies elicited were similar between the two age groups, distinct differences in function were noted. This report highlights the importance of a quantitative and qualitative evaluation of the immunogenic response to the PPV in the elderly age group. TRIAL REGISTRATION This trial is registered with Clinicaltrials.gov. Registration number NCT00964769.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunju Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Center for Vaccine Evaluation and Study, Ewha Medical Research Institute, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon H Nahm
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Kyung-Hyo Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Center for Vaccine Evaluation and Study, Ewha Medical Research Institute, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Trippestad A, Midtvedt T. The phagocytic activity of polymorphonuclear leucocytes from germfree and conventional rats. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand B Microbiol Immunol 2009; 79:519-22. [PMID: 4940749 DOI: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1971.tb03803.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Popov NN, Savchenko AV, Romanova EA. [Antimicrobial immunity in patients with acute epiglottitis]. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 2008:44-47. [PMID: 18595463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Fifty-three patients with catarrhal epiglottitis and 31 patients with epiglottic abscess aged 16-60 years were examined. It was determined that development of epiglottitis is tightly related to abnormalities in reactivity of phagocytic and humoral arms of immunity. Decreased affinity of produced antibodies, opsonizing properties of serum as well as phagocytic and biocide activity of neutrophils were revealed in patients. In patients with catarrhal and necrotic epiglottitis similar abnormalities of immunoreactivity were observed although in patientswith necrotic epiglottitis they were more pronounced.
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Umeda T, Yamai K, Takahashi I, Kojima A, Yamamoto Y, Tanabe M, Totsuka M, Nakaji S, Sugawara N, Matsuzaka M. The effects of a two-hour judo training session on the neutrophil immune functions in university judoists. LUMINESCENCE 2008; 23:49-53. [PMID: 18175295 DOI: 10.1002/bio.1016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the effects of judo training on neutrophil and related functions. We measured and studied changes in the neutrophil and its related functions in 22 male university judoists immediately before (Pre values) and immediately after (Post values) a 2 h training session: reactive oxygen species (ROS) production capability, phagocytic activities (PA) and serum opsonic activity (SOA). Neutrophil count in whole blood, myogenic enzymes (creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase), immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA and IgM) and complements (C3 and C4) in serum were also measured. The Post values of the neutrophil count, myogenic enzymes and IgG increased significantly compared with the Pre values. ROS production capability and SOA also significantly increased following training, although PA showed a slight decrease (but not statistically significant). Taking the findings of our previous studies into consideration, three major neutrophil or related functions, namely ROS production capability, PA and SOA, might compensate for each other to maintain the overall integrity of the neutrophil immune function, in that ROS and SOA increased to compensate for the slight decrease in PA, or PA slightly decreased to compensate for the increase in ROA and SOA after exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Umeda
- Department of Social Medicine, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, 036-8562 Aomori, Japan
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Gardner RB, Nydam DV, Luna JA, Bicalho MLS, Matychak MB, Flaminio MJBF. Serum opsonization capacity, phagocytosis, and oxidative burst activity in neonatal foals in the intensive care unit. J Vet Intern Med 2007; 21:797-805. [PMID: 17708402 DOI: 10.1892/0891-6640(2007)21[797:socpao]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phagocytic activity of neonatal foals has been reported to be similar to that of adult horses, but serum opsonization capacity develops with age and may be further altered when opsonins are consumed during infection. HYPOTHESIS Phagocytosis, oxidative burst activity, and serum opsonization capacity in neonatal foals admitted to an intensive care unit are reduced in comparison with control foals. ANIMALS Blood samples were collected from hospitalized neonatal foals and from control foals. Hospitalized foals were characterized as sick or septic on the basis of a sepsis score and received intravenous plasma transfusion. METHODS Phagocytosis, oxidative burst activity, and serum opsonization capacity were tested with flow cytometric analysis. Serum immunoglobulin and complement component 3 concentrations were determined with radial immunodiffusion. Serum amyloid A concentration was assayed with a commercially available solid-phase Sandwich ELISA Kit. Data were analyzed with nonparametric and regression methods. Alpha was set at P = .05. RESULTS Phagocytic functions of septic and sick foals were lower than control foals in the initial phase of the study (P = .01). Opsonization capacity was significantly higher when bacteria were opsonized with serum from septic (P = .029) and sick (P = .006) foals than from control foals on day 1. Opsonization capacity in septic foals was comparable with control foals on days 2 and 5. This effect was not accompanied by an increase in serum complement C3 or immunoglobulin G concentrations independently. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Our results suggest that phagocytic function could be decreased in hospitalized foals. The synergistic effect of opsonic elements provided by plasma transfusion may sustain opsonization capacity during sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel B Gardner
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Parrinello N, Arizza V, Cammarata M, Giaramita FT, Pergolizzi M, Vazzana M, Vizzini A, Parrinello D. Inducible lectins with galectin properties and human IL1α epitopes opsonize yeast during the inflammatory response of the ascidian Ciona intestinalis. Cell Tissue Res 2007; 329:379-90. [PMID: 17457616 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-007-0415-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2006] [Accepted: 02/22/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Studies on inducible ascidian lectins may shed light on the evolutionary emergence of cytokine functions. Here, we show that the levels of opsonins, with IL1alpha-epitopes, increase in Ciona intestinalis hemolymph as a response to an inflammatory stimulus and, in particular, to intratunic injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The inflammatory agent promptly (within 4 h) enhances Ca(2+)-independent serum hemagglutinating and opsonizing activities, which are both inhibited by D-galactose and D-galactosides (alpha-lactose, N-acetyl-D-lactosamine, thio-digalactoside), suggesting that anti-rabbit erythrocyte lectins with galectin properties are involved as opsonins. Inducible galectin molecules contain interleukin-1alpha (IL1alpha) epitopes, and their activities are specifically inhibited by anti-human recombinant IL1alpha antibody. Analysis by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis has revealed that the density of the bands of several serum proteins increases within 4 h after LPS injection, correlated with the enhanced serum activity. Moreover, Western blot patterns demonstrate that several serum proteins (59, 37, 30, 23, 15 kDa) cross-react with the antibody as early as 4 h post-injection. Although we have not been able to establish whether, in adition to galectins, various types of D-galactose-specific lectins are contained in the serum, we show, for the first time in invertebrates, that galectin molecules with opsonic properties can be enhanced in response to a non-specific inflammatory stimulus, and that their release can be further stimulated by LPS. Finally, we reveal that multiple galectins share human IL1alpha epitopes, probably because of steric configuration and the oligomerization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Parrinello
- Dipartimento di Biologia Animale, Università di Palermo, Via Archirafi 18, 90123, Palermo, Italy.
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Henckaerts I, Durant N, De Grave D, Schuerman L, Poolman J. Validation of a routine opsonophagocytosis assay to predict invasive pneumococcal disease efficacy of conjugate vaccine in children. Vaccine 2007; 25:2518-27. [PMID: 17034907 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Immunological evaluation of the clinical impact of vaccines designed to protect against infection by Streptococcus pneumoniae requires measurement of serotype-specific functional antibodies. We describe the development and validation of a viable pneumococcal opsonophagocytosis assay (OPA) that can be used for routine serological analysis of paediatric immune responses after immunization. OPA seropositivity (%> or =8 threshold) reflected well invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) effectiveness. In contrast, the 22F inhibition ELISA seropositivity (%> or =0.20microg/ml threshold) overestimated (19F) or underestimated (6B, 23F, 6A) IPD effectiveness for several serotypes. The seropositivity as estimated by a standardized and highly reproducible OPA was predictive for the serotype-specific IPD efficacy of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines.
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Yaegaki M, Umeda T, Takahashi I, Matsuzaka M, Sugawara N, Shimaya S, Tanabe M, Kojima A, Mochida N, Yamamoto Y, Nakaji S. Change in the capability of reactive oxygen species production by neutrophils following weight reduction in female judoists. Br J Sports Med 2007; 41:322-7. [PMID: 17224442 PMCID: PMC2659074 DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.2006.032029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Athletes undergoing weight reduction are recognised as being more prone to infection. Few studies exist for athletes on the weight reduction-mediated changes in neutrophil function and related activities such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) production capability, phagocytic activity (PA) and serum opsonic activity (SOA). METHODS 16 Japanese female university judoists were examined in the early morning of the first day (pre-values) and the last day (post-values) of a 20-day pre-competition training period. Of the 16 subjects, 8 needed to reduce weight (WR group) and the other 8 did not (control group). The parameters assessed were the neutrophil count, serum immunoglobulins and complements, myogenic enzymes, ROS production capability, PA and SOA. RESULTS Comparing the post-values with the pre-values, ROS production significantly increased in both groups (p<0.01 for both). PA significantly decreased in the WR group (p<0.05); it also decreased in the control group but the decrease was not significant. SOA significantly increased in the control group (p<0.05), but showed no significant change in the WR group. CONCLUSIONS The changes in the WR group were probably a direct consequence of the weight-reduction regimen coupled with the exercise regimen, suggesting that neutrophil parameters (ROS production, PA and SOA) had tended to deviate from their typical compensatory changes to maintain immune system homoeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Yaegaki
- Department of Social Medicine, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
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Kashef N, Behzadian-Nejad Q, Najar-Peerayeh S, Mousavi-Hosseini K, Moazzeni M, Djavid GE. Synthesis and characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa alginate–tetanus toxoid conjugate. J Med Microbiol 2006; 55:1441-1446. [PMID: 17005795 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.46696-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic infection withPseudomonas aeruginosais the main proven perpetrator of lung function decline and ultimate mortality in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. Mucoid strains of this bacterium elaborate mucoid exopolysaccharide, also referred to as alginate. Alginate-based immunization of naïve animals elicits opsonic antibodies and leads to clearance of mucoidP. aeruginosafrom the lungs. Alginate was isolated from mucoidP. aeruginosastrain 8821M by repeated ethanol precipitation, dialysis, proteinase and nuclease digestion, and chromatography. To improve immunogenicity, the purified antigen was coupled to tetanus toxoid (TT) with adipic acid dihydrazide (ADH) as a spacer and 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide (EDAC) as a linker. The reaction mixture was passed through a Sepharose CL-4B column. The resulting conjugate was composed of TT and large-size alginate polymer at a ratio of about 3 : 1; it was non-toxic and non-pyrogenic, and elicited high titres of alginate-specific IgG. Antisera raised against the conjugate had high opsonic activity against the vaccine strain. The alginate conjugate was also able to protect mice against a lethal dose of mucoidP. aeruginosa. These data indicate that an alginate-based vaccine has significant potential to protect against chronic infection with mucoidP. aeruginosain the CF host.
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Lilius EME, Nuutila JTJ. Particle-induced myeloperoxidase release in serially diluted whole blood quantifies the number and the phagocytic activity of blood neutrophils and opsonization capacity of plasma. LUMINESCENCE 2006; 21:148-58. [PMID: 16502478 DOI: 10.1002/bio.899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Luminol-amplified chemiluminescence (CL) from phagocytes has previously been shown to be almost completely dependent on the release of myeloperoxidase (MPO) from azurophilic granules. We measured the luminol-amplified chemiluminescence response (WBCL) by using serially diluted whole blood. In these experiments, non-opsonized and serum-opsonized zymosan (NWBCL and OWBCL, respectively) were used concurrently as phagocytosable particles. We found two whole-blood dilution ranges with clinical significance: first, <0.04% of whole blood in the reaction volume, where MPO released by the zymosan-activated leukocyte population came almost totally from neutrophils and the OWBCL response could be exploited as a measure of a neutrophil count in a given blood specimen, despite the pathophysiological state of the host. In contrast, the NWBCL response was two-fold in blood samples from bacterial infection patients compared to those of controls and patients with viral infection, suggesting the use of NWBCL for the differential diagnosis of bacterial infections from viral infections; second, 0.16-1.2% of whole blood in the reaction volume, where the opsonization capacity of plasma (OC(50)) can be determined. We also found that at whole blood content >0.04%, erythrocytes quickly start to absorb chemiluminescence light, and that at whole blood content >1.2%, plasma proteins, most probably albumin and fibrinogen, start to inhibit MPO release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esa-Matti Eino Lilius
- University of Turku, Department of Biochemistry, Vatselankatu 2, 20014 Turku, Finland.
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Ben Nasr A, Haithcoat J, Masterson JE, Gunn JS, Eaves-Pyles T, Klimpel GR. Critical role for serum opsonins and complement receptors CR3 (CD11b/CD18) and CR4 (CD11c/CD18) in phagocytosis of Francisella tularensis by human dendritic cells (DC): uptake of Francisella leads to activation of immature DC and intracellular survival of the bacteria. J Leukoc Biol 2006; 80:774-86. [PMID: 16857732 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1205755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Francisella tularensis is one of the most infectious human pathogens known. Although much has been learned about the immune response of mice using an attenuated live vaccine strain (LVS) derived from F. tularensis subspecies holarctica (Type B), little is known about the responses of human monocyte-derived immature dendritic cells (DC). Here, we show that optimal phagocytosis of LVS by DC is dependent on serum opsonization. We demonstrate that complement factor C3-derived opsonins and the major complement receptors expressed by DC, the integrins CR3 (CD11b/CD18) and CR4 (CD11c/CD18), play a critical role in this adhesion-mediated phagocytosis. LVS induced proinflammatory cytokine production and up-regulation of costimulatory surface proteins (CD40, CD86, and MHC Class II) on DC but resisted killing. Once taken up, LVS grew intracellularly, resulting in DC death. DC maturation and cytokine production were induced by direct contact/phagocytosis of LVS or interaction with soluble products of the bacteria, and enhanced activation was seen when LVS was pretreated with serum. Sonicated LVS and supernatants from LVS cultures were potent activators of DC, but LVS LPS failed to activate DC maturation or cytokine production. Serum-treated LVS rapidly induced (within 6 h) a number of cytokines including IL-10, a potent suppressor of macrophage functions and down-regulator of Th1-like responses and the Th1 response inducer IL-12. These results suggest that the simultaneous production of an activating (IL-12, IL-1beta, and TNF-alpha) and a suppressing (IL-10) cytokine profile could contribute to the immunopathogenesis of tularemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelhakim Ben Nasr
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1070, USA
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Olive C, Ho MF, Dyer J, Lincoln D, Barozzi N, Toth I, Good MF. Immunization with a tetraepitopic lipid core peptide vaccine construct induces broadly protective immune responses against group A streptococcus. J Infect Dis 2006; 193:1666-76. [PMID: 16703510 DOI: 10.1086/504266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2005] [Accepted: 01/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of a vaccine to prevent infection with group A streptococcus (GAS) is hampered by the widespread diversity of circulating GAS strains and M protein types, and it is widely believed that a multivalent vaccine would provide better protective immunity. METHODS We investigated the efficacy of incorporating 3 M protein serotypic amino-terminal epitopes from GAS isolates that are common in Australian Aboriginal communities and a conformational epitope from the conserved carboxy-terminal C-repeat region into a single synthetic lipid core peptide (LCP) vaccine construct in inducing broadly protective immune responses against GAS after parenteral delivery to mice. RESULTS Immunization with the tetraepitopic LCP vaccine construct led to high titers of systemic, antigen-specific IgG responses and the induction of broadly protective immune responses, as was demonstrated by the ability of immune serum to opsonize multiple GAS strains. Systemic challenge of mice with a lethal dose of GAS given 60 or 300 days after primary immunization showed that, compared with the control mice, the vaccinated mice were significantly protected against GAS infection, demonstrating that the vaccination stimulated long-lasting protective immunity. CONCLUSIONS These data support the efficacy of the LCP vaccine delivery system in the development of a synthetic, multiepitopic vaccine for the prevention of GAS infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen Olive
- Cooperative Research Centre for Vaccine Technology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia.
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26
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Romero-Steiner S, Frasch CE, Carlone G, Fleck RA, Goldblatt D, Nahm MH. Use of opsonophagocytosis for serological evaluation of pneumococcal vaccines. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2006; 13:165-9. [PMID: 16467321 PMCID: PMC1391943 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.13.2.165-169.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Hufnagel M, Kropec A, Theilacker C, Huebner J. Naturally acquired antibodies against four Enterococcus faecalis capsular polysaccharides in healthy human sera. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2005; 12:930-4. [PMID: 16085910 PMCID: PMC1182185 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.12.8.930-934.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Healthy human sera (HHS) contain naturally acquired enterococcal antibodies which promote neutrophil-mediated killing. The target antigens remain unknown. The present study used a capsular polysaccharide (CPS)-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to investigate whether the HHS antibodies of 12 healthy donors bound to the CPS of four E. faecalis serotypes (CPS-A to CPS-D) and then employed an opsonic-killing assay to determine if these antibodies mediated phagocyte-dependent killing. All HHS contained immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM antibodies directed against capsular polysaccharides of the four serotypes. Absorption of the sera with homologous and heterologous strains showed a majority of antibodies to be cross-reactive among the prototype strains. The susceptibility of the four prototype strains to opsonic killing varied. Opsonic killing of CPS-A and CPS-B strains was significantly higher than killing of CPS-C and CPS-D strains. Absorption studies revealed that the opsonic killing of HHS was only partially type specific, with cross-reactivity between CPS-A and CPS-B strains and between CPS-C and CPS-D strains. These data indicate that healthy individuals possess opsonic antibodies specific for CPS-A and CPS-B but only low titers of opsonic antibodies against CPS-C and CPS-D. Titers of opsonic antibodies did not correlate with antibody titers measured by ELISA. Whether this lack of correlation is due to the low frequency of opsonic antibodies or to increased resistance to the opsonophagocytic killing of some serotypes remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Hufnagel
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Kim JS, Kim JG, Jeon CY, Won HY, Moon MY, Seo JY, Kim JI, Kim J, Lee JY, Choi SY, Park J, Yoon Park JH, Ha KS, Kim PH, Park JB. Downstream components of RhoA required for signal pathway of superoxide formation during phagocytosis of serum opsonized zymosans in macrophages. Exp Mol Med 2005; 37:575-87. [PMID: 16391519 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2005.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Rac1 and Rac2 are essential for the control of oxidative burst catalyzed by NADPH oxidase. It was also documented that Rho is associated with the superoxide burst reaction during phagocytosis of serum- (SOZ) and IgG-opsonized zymosan particles (IOZ). In this study, we attempted to reveal the signal pathway components in the superoxide formation regulated by Rho GTPase. Tat-C3 blocked superoxide production, suggesting that RhoA is essentially involved in superoxide formation during phagocytosis of SOZ. Conversely SOZ activated both RhoA and Rac1/2. Inhibition of RhoA-activated kinase (ROCK), an important downstream effector of RhoA, by Y27632 and myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) by ML-7 abrogated superoxide production by SOZ. Extracellular signaling-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) were activated during phagocytosis of SOZ, and Tat-C3 and SB203580 reduced ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK activation, suggesting that RhoA and p38 MAPK may be upstream regulators of ERK1/2. Inhibition of ERK1/2, p38 MAPK, phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase did not block translocation of RhoA to membranes, suggesting that RhoA is upstream to these kinases. Inhibition of RhoA by Tat-C3 blocked phosphorylation of p47(PHOX). Taken together, RhoA, ROCK, p38MAPK, ERK1/2, and p47(PHOX) may be subsequently activated, leading to activation of NADPH oxidase to produce superoxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Sub Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 220-702, Korea
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Marzocchi-Machado CM, Alves CMOS, Azzolini AECS, Polizello ACM, Carvalho IF, Lucisano-Valim YM. CR1 on erythrocytes of Brazilian systemic lupus erythematosus patients: The influence of disease activity on expression and ability of this receptor to bind immune complexes opsonized with complement from normal human serum. J Autoimmun 2005; 25:289-97. [PMID: 16289666 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2005.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2005] [Revised: 06/27/2005] [Accepted: 06/30/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Hypocomplementaemia and low expression of CR1 on erythrocytes (E) of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are associated with defective clearance of circulating immune complexes (IC) and so they may have pathogenic significance. Here, we investigated whether the reduced CR1/E in SLE patients per se might affect the binding of IC to CR1/E. First, we analysed the expression of CR1 on E of active (n=30) and inactive (n=34) SLE patients using a FITC-conjugated mouse anti-CR1 monoclonal antibody E11 and flow cytometry. Both groups of patients had a significantly reduced CR1/E expression compared with healthy controls (n=40). It was also observed that the number of E bearing CR1 was reduced in both groups of SLE patients studied. Second, we determined the functional activity of CR1/E by measuring the binding to E of FITC-bovine serum albumin (BSA)/rabbit anti-BSA complexes, formed at equivalence, which were opsonized with complement from normal human serum (NHS). On the other hand, we did not find differences between the patient and control groups in the ability of E to bind IC/NHS. There was also a positive correlation between the CR1/E expression and the number of E bearing CR1 in control and inactive SLE groups, which was not observed in the group of active SLE patients. Considering the involvement of low levels of complement and CR1/E expression on complex processing, in this in vitro model the results show that an effective coating of the complexes with complement is sufficient to bind them preferentially to CR1 over normal levels of receptor expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Marzocchi-Machado
- Departamento de Física e Química, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Via do Café s/n, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil.
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Osmers I, Szalai AJ, Tenner AJ, Barnum SR. Complement in BuB/BnJ mice revisited: serum C3 levels and complement opsonic activity are not elevated. Mol Immunol 2005; 43:1722-5. [PMID: 16310250 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2005.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2005] [Revised: 10/17/2005] [Accepted: 10/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
With the exception of a few strains such as BuB/BnJ, complement activity in most inbred strains of mice is remarkably similar. The BuB/BnJ strain reportedly has high levels of complement activity and elevated serum levels of C3 and other complement proteins. However, we observed that BuB/BnJ mice have serum C3 levels comparable to those seen in C57BL/6, Balb/c and several other strains of inbred mice. More importantly, using bacteria as a substrate for activation and deposition of complement as a direct biological assay to assess serum complement opsonic activity, we found that BuB/BnJ mice do not have elevated complement activity compared to other inbred mouse strains. In contrast hemolytic assays indicate BuB/BnJ sera to be most active. These results indicate that accepted views regarding mouse serum complement activity need to be re-examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Osmers
- Department of Microbiology, 845 19th St. S. BBRB/842, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Gibson FC, Savelli J, Van Dyke TE, Genco CA. Gingipain-Specific IgG in the Sera of Patients With Periodontal Disease Is Necessary for Opsonophagocytosis ofPorphyromonas gingivalis. J Periodontol 2005; 76:1629-36. [PMID: 16253083 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2005.76.10.1629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porphyromonas gingivalis is a primary etiologic agent of generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAgP), and gingipains, a group of cysteine proteinases, are critical virulence factors expressed by this organism. GAgP patients develop specific antibodies to gingipains; however, the function of these antibodies in the clearance of P. gingivalis infection is poorly understood. METHODS In this study, we defined the levels of gingipain-specific antibodies in GAgP patient sera and examined the ability of gingipain-specific antibodies to facilitate opsonophagocytosis of P. gingivalis by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) using a fluorescent phagocytosis assay. RESULTS GAgP patient sera possessed elevated levels of P. gingivalis-, arginine-gingipain (Rgp)A-, RgpB-, and lysine-gingipain (Kgp)-specific IgG (Kgp > RgpA > P. gingivalis > RgpB). Adsorption of GAgP sera with P. gingivalis whole organisms, RgpA, RgpB, and Kgp conjugated to sepharose beads reduced opsonophagocytosis of P. gingivalis by PMNs. CONCLUSIONS Our studies demonstrate that GAgP patient sera possess elevated levels of P. gingivalis- and gingipain-specific IgG. Furthermore, we show that gingipain antibodies promote uptake of P. gingivalis by PMNs, and our data suggest that gingipain-specific antibodies may be important for the control of P. gingivalis infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank C Gibson
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Okamoto S, Tamura Y, Terao Y, Hamada S, Kawabata S. Systemic immunization with streptococcal immunoglobulin-binding protein Sib35 induces protective immunity against group A Streptococcus challenge in mice. Vaccine 2005; 23:4852-9. [PMID: 15990202 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2004] [Revised: 02/03/2005] [Accepted: 02/18/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The streptococcal immunoglobulin (Ig)-binding protein Sib 35 binds to IgG, IgM and IgA in human, mouse and bovine. Since all group A Streptococcus pyogenes (GAS) strains examined express the sib 35 gene, we evaluated the Sib 35 as a vaccine candidate against GAS infections. We detected significantly higher anti-Sib 35 IgG antibody titers in sera from patients with GAS infections than from healthy volunteers. Immunization of mice with Sib 35 induced antigen-specific IgG antibodies in their sera, and rabbit Sib 35-specific antiserum showed opsonic activity. Immunization with Sib 35 enhanced survival rates in mice challenged with a GAS strain, while exhibiting no toxicity in hosts. We conclude that Sib 35 is a promising vaccine for prevention of GAS infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigefumi Okamoto
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamada-oka, Suita-Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Suzuki A, Ishii S. [Immunologic tests: Opsonin]. Nihon Rinsho 2005; 63 Suppl 7:101-3. [PMID: 16111200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Akitake Suzuki
- Department of Internal Medicine, JR Tokyo General Hospital
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Miura M, Umeda T, Nakaji S, Liu Q, Tanabe M, Kojima A, Yamamoto Y, Sugawara K. Effect of 6 months' training on the reactive oxygen species production capacity of neutrophils and serum opsonic activity in judoists. LUMINESCENCE 2005; 20:1-7. [PMID: 15586397 DOI: 10.1002/bio.777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The effects of long-term training on the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from neutrophils and serum opsonic activity (SOA) remain to date unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 6 months training on ROS production and SOA in judoists. Fifty-six judoists were enrolled this study. White blood cell counts, serum creatine kinase (CK), asparate aminotransferase (ASAT), alanine aminotransferase (ALAT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and ROS production from neutrophils, and serum opsonic activity (SOA) using the lucigenin and luminol probes, were measured before and after daily judo exercise (2 h) in March and September. The subjects started their training from March after no exercise for three months, and continued it for 6 months (until September). In March, myogenic enzymes such as CK, ASAT, LDH and neutrophil counts increased and immunoglobulins, complements and SOA decreased after daily judo exercise. Such significant changes were not seen in September. On the other hand, ROS significantly increased after daily judo exercise in both March and September, with no significant difference in the rates of change. In conclusion, 6 month training minimized the changes in SOA as well as muscle enzymes, neutrophil counts, serum immunoglobulins and complements. This could be categorized as a long-term training effect. However, no such change was seen in ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Miura
- Department of Hygiene, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
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Olive C, Hsien K, Horváth A, Clair T, Yarwood P, Toth I, Good MF. Protection against group A streptococcal infection by vaccination with self-adjuvanting lipid core M protein peptides. Vaccine 2005; 23:2298-303. [PMID: 15755615 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the lipid polylysine core peptide (LCP) system as a self-adjuvanting group A streptococcal (GAS) vaccine delivery approach. LCP constructs were synthesised incorporating peptides from the M protein conserved carboxy terminal C-repeat region, the amino terminal type-specific region and from both of these regions. Immunisation with the constructs without adjuvant led to the induction of peptide-specific serum IgG antibody responses, heterologous opsonic antibodies, and complete protection from GAS infection. These data indicate that protective immunity to GAS infection can be evoked using the self-adjuvanting LCP system, and point to the potential application of this system in human mucosal GAS vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen Olive
- Cooperative Research Centre for Vaccine Technology, The Queensland Institute of Medical Research, PO Royal Brisbane Hospital, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Herston, Brisbane, Qld 4029, Australia.
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Rooijakkers SHM, van Wamel WJB, Ruyken M, van Kessel KPM, van Strijp JAG. Anti-opsonic properties of staphylokinase. Microbes Infect 2005; 7:476-84. [PMID: 15792635 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2004.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2004] [Revised: 12/07/2004] [Accepted: 12/10/2004] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recently we described a novel bacteriophage-encoded pathogenicity island in Staphylococcus aureus that harbors a number of virulence factors that are all involved in the evasion of innate immunity. Here we describe a mechanism by which staphylokinase (SAK), frequently present on this pathogenicity island, interferes with innate immune defenses: SAK is anti-opsonic. By activating human plasminogen (PLG) into plasmin (PL) at the bacterial surface, it creates bacterium-bound serine protease activity that leads to degradation of two major opsonins: human immunoglobulin G (IgG) and human C3b. Incubation of opsonized bacteria with PLG and SAK resulted in removal of anti-staphylococcal IgGs and C3b from the bacterial surface. In phagocytosis assays this proved to be a very efficient mechanism to reduce the opsonic activity of human IgG and serum. The fact that SAK activates human PLG at the bacterial surface and removes IgG as well as C3b makes this protein a unique anti-opsonic molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H M Rooijakkers
- Eijkman Winkler Institute, University Medical Center (UMCU) G04-614, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Craig ML, Waitumbi JN, Taylor RP. Processing of C3b-Opsonized Immune Complexes Bound to Non-Complement Receptor 1 (CR1) Sites on Red Cells: Phagocytosis, Transfer, and Associations with CR1. J Immunol 2005; 174:3059-66. [PMID: 15728520 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.5.3059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Severe anemia is a lethal complication of Plasmodium falciparum malaria, particularly in children. Recent studies in children with severe P. falciparum anemia have demonstrated elevated levels of E-bound Abs, reduced E-associated complement receptor 1 (CR1) and decay-accelerating factor (DAF), and pronounced splenic enlargement, suggesting a mechanism for E loss involving Abs, complement, and phagocytosis. Motivated by these reports, we have developed an in vitro model in which human E with Abs and complement bound to CR1, DAF, or glycophorin A are incubated with model human macrophages (the THP-1 cell line). Previous work has demonstrated that immune complex (IC) substrates bound to E CR1, either by an Ab or via C3b, are transferred to macrophages with loss of CR1. In this study, we report that IC bound to DAF or glycophorin A by an Ab linkage are also transferred to macrophages. DAF is lost from the E during the transfer of DAF-bound IC, but the transfer of CR1-bound IC does not lead to a significant loss of DAF. Using glycophorin A-bound IC, we observe competition between transfer of IC and phagocytosis of the E: a fraction (</=15%) of the E was phagocytosed, while the remaining E were stripped of IC. We also examined the organization of CR1 and DAF in the presence of E-bound Ab/complement. We find that CR1, but not DAF, colocalizes with IgM mAb-C3b and IC-C3b substrates attached to glycophorin A. We observe that the binding of the IgM mAb-C3b to glycophorin A induces a novel unclustering of CR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Craig
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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Yamauchi A, Kim C, Li S, Marchal CC, Towe J, Atkinson SJ, Dinauer MC. Rac2-deficient murine macrophages have selective defects in superoxide production and phagocytosis of opsonized particles. J Immunol 2004; 173:5971-9. [PMID: 15528331 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.10.5971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The Rho family GTPase Rac is a crucial participant in numerous cellular functions and acts as a molecular switch for signal transduction. Mice deficient in hemopoietic-specific Rac2 exhibited agonist-specific defects in neutrophil functions including chemoattractant-stimulated filamentous actin polymerization and chemotaxis, and superoxide production elicited by phorbol ester, fMLP, or IgG-coated particles, despite expression of the highly homologous Rac1 isoform. In this study, functional responses of Rac2-null murine macrophages were characterized to examine whether Rac2 also has nonredundant functions in this phagocytic lineage. In contrast to murine neutrophils, in which Rac1 and Rac2 are present in similar amounts, Rac1 was approximately 4-fold more abundant than Rac2 in both bone marrow-derived and peritoneal exudate macrophages, and macrophage Rac1 levels were unchanged by the absence of Rac2. Accumulation of exudate macrophages during peritoneal inflammation was reduced in rac2(-/-) mice. FcgammaR-mediated phagocytosis of IgG-coated SRBC was also significantly decreased in Rac2-null macrophages, as was NADPH oxidase activity in response to phorbol ester or FcgammaR stimulation. However, phagocytosis and oxidant production stimulated by serum-opsonized zymosan was normal in rac2(-/-) macrophages. Macrophage morphology was also similar in wild-type and Rac2-null cells, as was actin polymerization induced by FcgammaR-mediated phagocytosis or M-CSF. Hence, Rac2-null macrophages have selective defects paralleling many of the observed functional defects in Rac2-null neutrophils. These results provide genetic evidence that although Rac2 is a relatively minor isoform in murine macrophages, it plays a nonoverlapping role with Rac1 to regulate host defense functions in this phagocyte lineage.
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Ono Y, Watanabe T, Matsumoto K, Ito T, Kunii O, Goldstein E. Opsonophagocytic dysfunction in patients with liver cirrhosis and low responses to tumor necrosis factor-alpha and lipopolysaccharide in patients' blood. J Infect Chemother 2004; 10:200-7. [PMID: 15365859 DOI: 10.1007/s10156-004-0321-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2004] [Accepted: 05/28/2004] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate their defense level against bacterial infection of patients with liver cirrhosis, we compared the luminol-dependent chemiluminescence (CL) response of peripheral blood from 40 patients with that from 40 healthy volunteers. Small quantities of heparinized whole blood (100 microl; final dilution, 1:10) were used for phagocytes, and CL was measured on addition of nonopsonized zymosan or Escherichia coli without special opsonization. Whole blood CL in cirrhotic patients was significantly lower than that in the healthy controls. The incidence of lower CL response in patients increased as disease stage advanced. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) from cirrhotic patients exhibited a slightly lower CL response than those from controls, but this was not statistically significant. In contrast, the CL response of monocytes in patients was significantly lower than that of controls. The opsonizing capacity of the patients' sera and ascitic fluid was also decreased. In fact, the levels of opsonins such as complement in the patients' sera and both immunoglobulins and complement in the ascitic fluids were found to be lower in cirrhotic patients. On the basis of these findings, defect of opsonophagocytic function seems to participate in the increased susceptibility to infection in cirrhotic patients. Furthermore, whole blood CL induced by nonopsonized zymosan at the onset of relatively severe bacterial infections such as sepsis, pneumonia, or spontaneous bacterial infection was less augmented in the blood of cirrhotic patients than that in noncirrhotic patients. To clarify the reason why whole blood exhibits a lower CL response in the acute phase of bacterial infections, we investigated the priming effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), well-known CL activators, on the CL response of whole blood obtained from cirrhotic patients in comparison with that from healthy persons. The priming effects were significantly decreased in patients' blood when compared with that of healthy persons. These low responses of patients' blood to LPS or TNF-alpha support our finding that phagocytes are not fully activated when gram-negative bacterial infections occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Ono
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan.
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French N, Moore M, Haikala R, Kayhty H, Gilks CF. A Case‐Control Study to Investigate Serological Correlates of Clinical Failure of 23‐Valent Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine in HIV‐1–Infected Ugandan Adults. J Infect Dis 2004; 190:707-12. [PMID: 15272398 DOI: 10.1086/421911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2003] [Accepted: 01/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We have investigated the association between the concentration of anti-polysaccharide pneumococcal capsule-specific (anti-PS) immunoglobulin G and the killing activity, in serum, in invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) events and response to 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected Ugandans. Case patients with IPD had lower concentrations of anti-PS IgG before and after vaccination and before the IPD event (P<.01 for 5 [i.e., 4, 9V, 14, 18C, and 19F] of 6 serotypes assessed). After vaccination, case patients were less likely than were control subjects to develop detectable serum killing activity against the 2 serotypes tested--for 19F, this activity was detected in 16% of case patients versus 37% of control subjects (P=.08); for 23F, it was detected in 11% of case patients versus 40% of control subjects (P=.02). Thus, absolute concentration of anti-PS IgG and an attenuated response to polysaccharide are associated with risk of IPD in HIV-infected adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil French
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
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41
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Beninati C, Arseni S, Mancuso G, Magliani W, Conti S, Midiri A, Biondo C, Polonelli L, Teti G. Protective immunization against group B meningococci using anti-idiotypic mimics of the capsular polysaccharide. J Immunol 2004; 172:2461-8. [PMID: 14764718 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.4.2461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Use of the serogroup B meningococcal capsular polysaccharide (MenB CP) as a vaccine is hampered by the presence of epitopes that cross-react with human polysialic acid. As non-cross-reactive, protective capsular epitopes have also been described, we set out to develop protein mimics of one of such epitopes using as a template a highly protective mAb (mAb Seam 3) raised against a chemically modified form of the MenB CP (N-Pr MenB CP). Using phage display, anti-idiotypic single-chain Ab fragments (scFvs) were obtained from spleen cells of mice immunized with the Seam 3 mAb. Two Seam 3-specific scFvs competed with N-Pr MenB CP for binding to either mAb Seam 3 or rabbit Abs present in typing sera. Moreover, in mice and rabbits the scFvs elicited the production of Abs reacting with both N-Pr MenB CP and whole meningococci, but not with human polysialic acid. These scFv-induced Ab responses were boostable and of the Th1 type, as shown by a predominance of IgG2a. In addition, passive immunization with sera from scFv-immunized animals partially protected neonatal mice from experimental infection with group B meningococci. In conclusion, we have produced anti-idiotypic scFvs that mimic a protective MenB CP epitope and may be useful in the development of an alternative group B meningococcal vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concetta Beninati
- Dipartimento di Patologia e Microbiologia Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Messina, Messina, Italy
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42
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Norsworthy PJ, Fossati-Jimack L, Cortes-Hernandez J, Taylor PR, Bygrave AE, Thompson RD, Nourshargh S, Walport MJ, Botto M. Murine CD93 (C1qRp) Contributes to the Removal of Apoptotic Cells In Vivo but Is Not Required for C1q-Mediated Enhancement of Phagocytosis. J Immunol 2004; 172:3406-14. [PMID: 15004139 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.6.3406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Human CD93 (known as C1qRp) has been shown to be a phagocytic receptor involved in the in vitro C1q-dependent enhancement of phagocytosis. However, binding of CD93 to C1q and its function remain controversial. In this study, we have generated CD93-deficient mice (CD93(-/-)) to investigate its biological role(s). The CD93(-/-) mice were viable and showed no gross abnormalities in their development. Thioglycolate-elicited peritoneal macrophages deficient in CD93 showed a similar enhancement in complement- and FcgammaR-dependent uptake of RBC to the wild-type macrophages when plated on C1q-coated surfaces suggesting that the lack of this receptor had no effect on these C1q-mediated events. There was no impairment in either complement- or FcgammaR-dependent phagocytic assays in vivo. By contrast, the CD93(-/-) mice had a significant phagocytic defect in the clearance of apoptotic cells in vivo (human Jurkat T cells and murine thymocytes: p=0.0006 and p=0.0079, respectively) compared with strain-matched controls. However, in vitro, the CD93(-/-) macrophages showed similar engulfment of apoptotic cells to wild-type macrophages. Furthermore, no supporting evidence for a role of CD93 as an adhesion molecule was found using intravital microscopy or analyzing peritoneal cell recruitment in response to three different inflammatory stimuli (thioglycolate, zymosan A, and IL-1beta). Thus, our findings indicate that murine CD93 is expressed on the peritoneal macrophage, especially on thioglycolate-elicited cells, but does not appear to play a key role in C1q-mediated enhancement of phagocytosis or in the intercellular adhesion events tested. However, our results suggest that it may contribute to the in vivo clearance of dying cells.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/deficiency
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/genetics
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/physiology
- Animals
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Apoptosis/immunology
- Carrier Proteins
- Cell Movement/genetics
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Complement C1q/physiology
- Complement C3/metabolism
- Erythrocytes/immunology
- Erythrocytes/metabolism
- Gene Targeting
- Humans
- Hyaluronan Receptors
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Immunoglobulin G/metabolism
- Jurkat Cells
- Macrophage Activation/drug effects
- Macrophage Activation/genetics
- Macrophage Activation/immunology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/drug effects
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/immunology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/metabolism
- Membrane Glycoproteins
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mitochondrial Proteins
- Opsonin Proteins/blood
- Opsonin Proteins/metabolism
- Phagocytosis/genetics
- Phagocytosis/immunology
- Receptors, Complement/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Complement/deficiency
- Receptors, Complement/genetics
- Receptors, Complement/physiology
- Receptors, IgG/blood
- Receptors, IgG/deficiency
- Receptors, IgG/genetics
- Receptors, IgG/physiology
- Sequence Deletion/genetics
- Sequence Deletion/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Thioglycolates/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Norsworthy
- Rheumatology Section, Division of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, Hammersmith Campus, London, UK
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Ghiciuc CM, Samson-Belei D, Lupuşoru CE, Bâcu E, Antonesi IM, Jerca O, Lupuşoru R, Couture A, Grandclaudon P. [Immunosuppressive effects of a new phenothiazine derivative]. Ann Pharm Fr 2004; 62:43-8. [PMID: 14747772 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-4509(04)94280-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
An original phenothiazine, CPTZ, was tested for its effects on the mouse immune system. Serum opsonic capacity, phagocyte and bactericidal activity of peritoneal macrophages, counts of splenic cells forming hemolysis plaques, and the number of survivors after experimental infection were recorded. The effects observed were compared with those produced by levamisole (a non-selective immunomodulator) and indometacin (an antiinflammatory drug with selective immunomodulator properties). The effects of CPTZ might be useful for the development of a new class of immunosuppressor drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Ghiciuc
- Département de Pharmacologie-Toxicologie-Algologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Médecine et de Pharmacie Gr. T. Popa, Iai, Roumanie
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44
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Ogawara KI, Higaki K, Kimura T. Major determinants in hepatic disposition of polystyrene nanospheres: implication for rational design of particulate drug carriers. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst 2003; 19:277-306. [PMID: 12661696 DOI: 10.1615/critrevtherdrugcarriersyst.v19.i45.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The clearance of colloidal particles from the blood circulation occurs by phagocytes and/or endothelial cells, mainly in the liver, the spleen, and the bone marrow. The relative distribution of the injected particles in these organs is known to depend on various factors such as the size and surface properties of the particles and the type of serum proteins adsorbed onto the surface of particles. The basic principles behind their distribution characteristics into the reticuloendothelial system, however, remain unclear. This article reviews major determinants in hepatic disposition of polystyrene nanospheres, especially the relationship among physicochemical properties of the particle surface, the type of blood components associated onto the surface of particles, and their in vivo disposition characteristics in rats, and considerations to be given and implication for the rational design of particulate drug carriers are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-ichi Ogawara
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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45
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Takahashi H, Oishi K, Yoshimine H, Kumatori A, Moji K, Watanabe K, Nalwoga H, Tugume SB, Kebba A, Mugerwa R, Mugyenyi P, Nagatake T. Decreased serum opsonic activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae in human immunodeficiency virus-infected Ugandan adults. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 37:1534-40. [PMID: 14614677 DOI: 10.1086/379511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2003] [Accepted: 07/20/2003] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Type-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) to pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide (CPS) and opsonic activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae were evaluated in serum samples from 36 Ugandan adults with community-acquired pneumonia and 58 asymptomatic Ugandan adults with or without human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. The levels of serum IgG to CPS were significantly higher in HIV-1-infected subjects than in HIV-uninfected subjects. Serum samples from HIV-1-infected subjects that had lower IgG titers demonstrated higher opsonic activity against type 3 (titers of 7) and type 9 (titers of 7-11) pneumococcal strains. Plasma HIV-1 load also correlated inversely with serum opsonic activity against these strains, and peripheral blood CD4+ lymphocyte numbers also tended to correlate with serum opsonic activity in asymptomatic HIV-1-infected adults. Our findings suggest that the opsonic activity of type-specific IgG is impaired in the serum of HIV-1-infected African adults, which may expose them to a serious risk of invasive pneumococcal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidehiko Takahashi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan
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46
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Romero-Steiner S, Frasch C, Concepcion N, Goldblatt D, Käyhty H, Väkeväinen M, Laferriere C, Wauters D, Nahm MH, Schinsky MF, Plikaytis BD, Carlone GM. Multilaboratory evaluation of a viability assay for measurement of opsonophagocytic antibodies specific to the capsular polysaccharides of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2003; 10:1019-24. [PMID: 14607861 PMCID: PMC262452 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.10.6.1019-1024.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2003] [Accepted: 08/18/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Opsonophagocytosis is a correlate of protection that measures the functional activity of vaccine-induced antibodies. A standardized opsonophagocytosis assay (OPA) should be used as part of the evaluation of current and future pneumococcal (Pnc) polysaccharide (Ps)-based vaccines. We enrolled five laboratories to evaluate a previously standardized viability OPA. Each laboratory was provided with a detailed OPA protocol, seven target Pnc strains (serotypes 4, 6B, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F, and 23F), two quality control sera and 12 paired sera (blinded) from adult donors who received one dose of the 23-valent Pnc Ps vaccine. Laboratories sent their results to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for analysis. Sera were tested in duplicate (single run), and the results were averaged to yield a single OPA titer (> or = 50% killing) for each serum sample. The percentage of sera within one or two dilutions of the calculated median OPA titer was determined for each laboratory and for each serotype. In general, laboratories were capable of detecting OPA titers within one or two dilutions of the median for at least 75 and 88%, respectively, of the sera tested. The level of agreement with the median OPA titers varied depending on the participating laboratory (overall agreement = 0.8 [99% confidence interval = 0.75 to 0.85]). All OPA median titers reported for quality control sera were within one dilution of the expected titer. We conclude that this OPA can be done in multiple laboratories with a high degree of interlaboratory reproducibility.
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47
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Hanel RM, Crawford PC, Hernandez J, Benson NA, Levy JK. Neutrophil function and plasma opsonic capacity in colostrum-fed and colostrum-deprived neonatal kittens. Am J Vet Res 2003; 64:538-43. [PMID: 12755291 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2003.64.538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether passive transfer of IgG in neonatal kittens affects plasma opsonic capacity and neutrophil phagocytic and oxidative burst responses to bacteria in vitro. ANIMALS 22 kittens from 6 specific pathogen-free queens. PROCEDURE Kittens were randomized at birth into the following treatment groups: colostrum-fed, colostrum-deprived, or colostrum-deprived supplemented with feline or equine IgG. Blood samples were collected at intervals from birth to 56 days of age. Plasma IgG concentrations were determined by radial immunodiffusion assay. Neutrophil function was assessed by a flow cytometry assay providing simultaneous measurement of bacteria-induced phagocytosis and oxidative burst. The opsonic capacity of kitten plasma was determined in an opsonophagocytosis assay with bacteria incubated in untreated or heat-inactivated plasma. RESULTS Among treatment groups, there were no significant differences in neutrophil phagocytic and oxidative burst responses to bacteria or opsonic capacity of plasma. In all samples of plasma, inactivation of complement and other heat-labile opsonins significantly reduced the opsonic capacity. Plasma IgG concentrations in kittens did not correlate with neutrophil function or plasma opsonic capacity before or after inactivation of complement. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The plasma opsonic capacity and neutrophil phagocytic and oxidative burst responses in vitro of kittens receiving passive transfer of IgG via colostrum intake or IgG supplementation and those deprived of colostrum were similar. The alternate complement pathway or other heat-labile opsonins may be more important than IgG in bacterial opsonization and phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita M Hanel
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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48
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Abstract
In human blood, promastigotes bind natural antibodies and activate the classical complement pathway. C3-opsonized promastigotes immune-adhere within seconds to erythrocytes. Promastigote lysis by complement parallels C3 deposition kinetics, and ~90% of promastigotes are killed after 2.5 min. During infection, complement thus exerts strong selective pressure on Leishmania. Paradoxically, promastigote adaptation to the host immune adherence mechanism may provide the parasite a key to invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Domínguez
- Servicio de Inmunología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain
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49
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Potter PK, Cortes-Hernandez J, Quartier P, Botto M, Walport MJ. Lupus-prone mice have an abnormal response to thioglycolate and an impaired clearance of apoptotic cells. J Immunol 2003; 170:3223-32. [PMID: 12626581 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.6.3223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Deficiency of complement in humans and mice is associated with the development of lupus and with abnormal repair of inflammatory and immune complex-mediated tissue injury. Here we ask whether similar defects in the resolution of inflammation are found in mice prone to spontaneous lupus. We compared the response to an i.p. injection of thioglycolate between two lupus-prone strains (MRL/Mp and NZB/W) and two non lupus-prone strains of mice (C57BL/6 and BALB/c). In all four strains the influx of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) was similar. However, by 96 h clearance of PMN in the control strains was complete, whereas in the autoimmune-prone strains PMN were still detectable. The number of mononuclear cells recruited was markedly reduced in the lupus-prone strains compared with the controls, and their phenotype was different. The lupus-prone strains had significantly fewer elicited macrophages that were CD11b-high and Ly6C-negative. In lupus-prone mice at 24 h there was a significantly increased number of apoptotic PMN free in the peritoneum, accompanied by a reduced percentage of macrophages containing apoptotic bodies, suggesting a defect in their uptake. An impaired ability of resident peritoneal macrophages from lupus-prone mice to engulf apoptotic cells was demonstrated by in vivo and in vitro cell clearance assays. These observations indicate that lupus-prone strains have an abnormal inflammatory response to thioglycolate and an intrinsic impairment in apoptotic cell uptake. These findings have implications for the initiation of autoimmunity, as lupus autoantigens are expressed on dying cells, and impaired disposal of these could enhance the development of autoimmunity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disease Susceptibility
- Erythrocytes/immunology
- Erythrocytes/metabolism
- Female
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/immunology
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/pathology
- Macrophage Activation/drug effects
- Macrophage Activation/immunology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/drug effects
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/immunology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred CBA
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Mice, Inbred MRL lpr
- Mice, Inbred NZB
- Neutrophil Infiltration/drug effects
- Neutrophil Infiltration/immunology
- Opsonin Proteins/blood
- Peritonitis/chemically induced
- Peritonitis/immunology
- Peritonitis/pathology
- Phagocytosis/drug effects
- Phagocytosis/immunology
- Thioglycolates/administration & dosage
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul K Potter
- Rheumatology Section, Division of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, Hammersmith Campus, London, United Kingdom
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50
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Saito D, Nakaji S, Umeda T, Kurakake S, Danjo K, Shimoyama T, Sugawara K. Effects of long-distance running on serum opsonic activity measured by chemiluminescence. LUMINESCENCE 2003; 18:122-4. [PMID: 12687633 DOI: 10.1002/bio.438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Exhaustive exercise such as long-distance running has been shown to increase susceptibility to infection. In order to investigate whether serum opsonic activity plays a role in such conditions, we utilized luminol-dependent and lucigenin-dependent chemiluminescence (LmCL and LgCL). We took serum samples from 24 male marathon runners before and after running 30 km. Neutrophils were isolated from the peripheral blood of healthy volunteers. Serum opsonic activity was examined by measuring neutrophil ROS stimulated with zymosan particles opsonized by the serum samples. Immunoglobulin and complement levels in the serum were also measured. After a 30 km run, the maximum light emission was increased and the time to reach the maximum light emission was shortened significantly (p < 0.05) in LmCL. However, there were no significant changes in the immunoglobulin and complement levels. The increase of ROS production may suggest that serum opsonic activity is accelerated after running 30 km. Thus, serum opsonic activity might not play a significant role in the susceptibility to infection after long-distance running.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Saito
- Department of Hygiene, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan.
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