1
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Roque S, de Sá-Calçada D, Cerqueira-Rodrigues B, Monteiro S, Guerreiro SG, Palha JA, Correia-Neves M. Chronic Mycobacterium avium infection differentially affects the cytokine expression profile of three mouse strains, but has no effect on behavior. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6199. [PMID: 37069180 PMCID: PMC10110542 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33121-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most remarkable findings in the immunology and neuroscience fields was the discovery of the bidirectional interaction between the immune and the central nervous systems. This interplay is tightly regulated to maintain homeostasis in physiological conditions. Disruption in this interplay has been suggested to be associated with several neuropsychiatric disorders. Most studies addressing the impact of an immune system disruption on behavioral alterations focus on acute pro-inflammatory responses. However, chronic infections are highly prevalent and associated with an altered cytokine milieu that persists over time. Studies addressing the potential effect of mycobacterial infections on mood behavior originated discordant results and this relationship needs to be further addressed. To increase our understanding on the effect of chronic infections on the central nervous system, we evaluated the role of Mycobacterium avium infection. A model of peripheral chronic infection with M. avium in female from three mouse strains (Balb/c, C57BL/6, and CD-1) was used. The effect of the infection was evaluated in the cytokine expression profile (spleen and hippocampus), hippocampal cell proliferation, neuronal plasticity, serum corticosterone production and mood behavior. The results show that M. avium peripheral chronic infection induces alterations not just in the peripheral immune system but also in the central nervous system, namely in the hippocampus. Interestingly, the cytokine expression profile alterations vary between mouse strains, and are not accompanied by hippocampal cell proliferation or neuronal plasticity changes. Accordingly, no differences were observed in locomotor, anxious and depressive-like behaviors, in any of the mouse strains used. We conclude that the M. avium 2447 infection-induced alterations in the cytokine expression profile, both in the periphery and the hippocampus, are insufficient to alter hippocampal plasticity and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Roque
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Daniela de Sá-Calçada
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Bruno Cerqueira-Rodrigues
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Susana Monteiro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Susana G Guerreiro
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto-IPATIMUP, Porto, Portugal
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana A Palha
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Margarida Correia-Neves
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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2
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Gleeson LE, Waterer G. Beyond antibiotics: recent developments in the diagnosis and management of nontuberculous mycobacterial infection. Breathe (Sheff) 2022; 18:210171. [PMID: 36337137 PMCID: PMC9584569 DOI: 10.1183/20734735.0171-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) pulmonary disease represents a significant clinical challenge with suboptimal therapy and increasing prevalence globally. Although clinical practice guidelines seek to standardise the approach to diagnosis and treatment of NTM disease, a lack of robust evidence limits their utility and significant variability exists in clinical practice. Here we walk through some novel approaches in diagnosis and therapy that are under development to tackle a disease where traditional strategies are failing. Prevalence of NTM disease is rising globally, yet current diagnostic and therapeutic strategies are lacking. This review describes some burgeoning diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, but it is clear that real progress will need more focused attention.https://bit.ly/3O0K2SP
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3
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Barreira-Silva P, Melo-Miranda R, Nobrega C, Roque S, Serre-Miranda C, Borges M, Armada G, de Sá Calçada D, Behar SM, Appelberg R, Correia-Neves M. IFNγ and iNOS-Mediated Alterations in the Bone Marrow and Thymus and Its Impact on Mycobacterium avium-Induced Thymic Atrophy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:696415. [PMID: 34987496 PMCID: PMC8721011 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.696415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Disseminated infection with the high virulence strain of Mycobacterium avium 25291 leads to progressive thymic atrophy. We previously showed that M. avium-induced thymic atrophy results from increased glucocorticoid levels that synergize with nitric oxide (NO) produced by interferon gamma (IFNγ) activated macrophages. Where and how these mediators act is not understood. We hypothesized that IFNγ and NO promote thymic atrophy through their effects on bone marrow (BM) T cell precursors and T cell differentiation in the thymus. We show that M. avium infection cause a reduction in the percentage and number of common lymphoid progenitors (CLP). Additionally, BM precursors from infected mice show an overall impaired ability to reconstitute thymi of RAGKO mice, in part due to IFNγ. Thymi from infected mice present an IFNγ and NO-driven inflammation. When transplanted under the kidney capsule of uninfected mice, thymi from infected mice are unable to sustain T cell differentiation. Finally, we observed increased thymocyte death via apoptosis after infection, independent of both IFNγ and iNOS; and a decrease on active caspase-3 positive thymocytes, which is not observed in the absence of iNOS expression. Together our data suggests that M. avium-induced thymic atrophy results from a combination of defects mediated by IFNγ and NO, including alterations in the BM T cell precursors, the thymic structure and the thymocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palmira Barreira-Silva
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute/Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics Research Group (ICVS/3B’s), PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Palmira Barreira-Silva, ; Margarida Correia-Neves,
| | - Rita Melo-Miranda
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute/Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics Research Group (ICVS/3B’s), PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Claudia Nobrega
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute/Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics Research Group (ICVS/3B’s), PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Susana Roque
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute/Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics Research Group (ICVS/3B’s), PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Serre-Miranda
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute/Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics Research Group (ICVS/3B’s), PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Margarida Borges
- Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO)/Rede de Química e Tecnologia (REQUINTE), Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Gisela Armada
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute/Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics Research Group (ICVS/3B’s), PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Daniela de Sá Calçada
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute/Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics Research Group (ICVS/3B’s), PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Samuel M. Behar
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Rui Appelberg
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Margarida Correia-Neves
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute/Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics Research Group (ICVS/3B’s), PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Palmira Barreira-Silva, ; Margarida Correia-Neves,
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4
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Abdissa K, Ruangkiattikul N, Ahrend W, Nerlich A, Beineke A, Laarmann K, Janze N, Lobermeyer U, Suwandi A, Falk C, Schleicher U, Weiss S, Bogdan C, Goethe R. Relevance of inducible nitric oxide synthase for immune control of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection in mice. Virulence 2021; 11:465-481. [PMID: 32408806 PMCID: PMC7239028 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1763055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) causes Johne’s disease (JD), an incurable chronic intestinal bowel disease in ruminants. JD occurs worldwide and causes enormous economic burden in dairy industry. Research on JD pathobiology is hampered by its complexity which cannot completely be mimicked by small animal models. As a model the mouse allows dissecting some pathogenicity features of MAP. However, for unknown reasons MAP exhibits reduced growth in granulomas of infected mice compared to other Mycobacterium avium subspecies. Here, we characterized immune reactions of MAP-infected C57BL/6 mice. After infection, mice appeared fully immunocompetent. A strong antigen-specific T cell response was elicited indicated by IFNγ production of splenic T cells re-stimulated with MAP antigens. Function of splenic dendritic cells and proliferation of adoptively transferred antigen-specific CD4+ T cells was unaltered. Isolated splenic myeloid cells from infected mice revealed that MAP resides in CD11b+ macrophages. Importantly, sorted CD11b+CD11c− cells expressed high level of type 2 nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) but only low levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Correspondingly, MAP-infected MAC2 expressing myeloid cells in spleen and liver granuloma displayed strong expression of NOS2. In livers of infected Nos2−/−mice higher bacterial loads, more granuloma and larger areas of tissue damage were observed 5 weeks post infection compared to wild type mice. In vitro, MAP was sensitive to NO released by a NO-donor. Thus, a strong T cell response and concomitant NOS2/NO activity appears to control MAP infection, but allows development of chronicity and pathogen persistence. A similar mechanism might explain persistence of MAP in ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketema Abdissa
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Wiebke Ahrend
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Nerlich
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Beineke
- Institute for Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kristin Laarmann
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nina Janze
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrike Lobermeyer
- Mouse Pathology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Abdulhadi Suwandi
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Christine Falk
- Institute of Transplant Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrike Schleicher
- Mikrobiologisches Institut, Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie Und Hygiene, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Siegfried Weiss
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christian Bogdan
- Mikrobiologisches Institut, Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie Und Hygiene, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ralph Goethe
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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5
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Rampacci E, Stefanetti V, Passamonti F, Henao-Tamayo M. Preclinical Models of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Infection for Early Drug Discovery and Vaccine Research. Pathogens 2020; 9:E641. [PMID: 32781698 PMCID: PMC7459799 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9080641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) represent an increasingly prevalent etiology of soft tissue infections in animals and humans. NTM are widely distributed in the environment and while, for the most part, they behave as saprophytic organisms, in certain situations, they can be pathogenic, so much so that the incidence of NTM infections has surpassed that of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in developed countries. As a result, a growing body of the literature has focused attention on the critical role that drug susceptibility tests and infection models play in the design of appropriate therapeutic strategies against NTM diseases. This paper is an overview of the in vitro and in vivo models of NTM infection employed in the preclinical phase for early drug discovery and vaccine development. It summarizes alternative methods, not fully explored, for the characterization of anti-mycobacterial compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Rampacci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (E.R.); (V.S.)
| | - Valentina Stefanetti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (E.R.); (V.S.)
| | - Fabrizio Passamonti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (E.R.); (V.S.)
| | - Marcela Henao-Tamayo
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA;
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6
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Interferon Gamma Reprograms Host Mitochondrial Metabolism through Inhibition of Complex II To Control Intracellular Bacterial Replication. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00744-19. [PMID: 31740527 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00744-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms by which interferon gamma (IFN-γ) controls the replication of cytosolic pathogens independent of responses, such as the generation of reactive oxygen species/reactive nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), have not been fully elucidated. In the current study, we developed a model using Francisella tularensis, the causative agent of tularemia, in which pathways triggered by IFN-γ commonly associated with bacterial control were not required. Using this model, we demonstrated that IFN-γ-mediated production of itaconate and its ability to impair host mitochondrial function, independent of activity on the pathogen, were central for the restriction of bacterial replication in vitro and in vivo We then demonstrate that IFN-γ-driven itaconate production was dispensable, as directly targeting complex II using cell membrane-permeable metabolites also controlled infection. Together, these findings show that while reprogramming of mitochondrial metabolism is a key factor in IFN-γ control of intracellular bacteria, the development of antimicrobial strategies based on targeting host mitochondrial metabolism independent of this cytokine may be an effective therapeutic approach.
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7
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Linge I, Petrova E, Dyatlov A, Kondratieva T, Logunova N, Majorov K, Kondratieva E, Apt A. Reciprocal control of Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections by the alleles of the classic Class II H2-Aβ gene in mice. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 74:103933. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.103933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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8
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Resende M, Cardoso MS, Fróis-Martins R, Borges M, Jordan MB, Castro AG, Appelberg R. TNF-Mediated Compensatory Immunity to Mycobacterium avium in the Absence of Macrophage Activation by IFN-γ. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:2451-2458. [PMID: 31562208 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Granuloma formation is a hallmark of several infectious diseases, including those caused by Mycobacterium sp These structures are composed of accumulations of inflammatory cells, and it has been shown that cytokines such as IFN-γ and TNF-α are required for granuloma assembly during M. avium infections in mice. Macrophages (MΦs) insensitive to IFN-γ (MIIG) mice have MΦs, monocytes, and dendritic cells that are unresponsive to IFN-γ. We observed that although IFN-γ-/- mice present an exacerbated infection, the same is not true for MIIG animals, where the same levels of protection as the wild-type animals were observed in the liver and partial protection in the spleen. Unlike IFN-γ-/- mice, MIIG mice still develop well-defined granulomas, suggesting that IFN-γ-mediated MΦ activation is not required for granuloma assembly. This work also shows that MIIG animals exhibit increased cell recruitment with higher CD4+ T cells numbers as well as increased IFN-γ and TNF-α expression, suggesting that TNF-α may have a role in protection and may compensate the lack of MΦ response to IFN-γ in the MIIG model. TNF-α-deficient MIIG mice (MIIG.TNF-α-/-) exhibited increased bacterial burdens when compared with MIIG mice. These results suggest that in the absence of IFN-γ signaling in MΦs, TNF-α has a protective role against M. avium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Resende
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; .,IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Marcos S Cardoso
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Fróis-Martins
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Margarida Borges
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Michael B Jordan
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center/University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229; and
| | - António Gil Castro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Rui Appelberg
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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9
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Gomes AC, Moreira AC, Silva T, Neves JV, Mesquita G, Almeida AA, Barreira-Silva P, Fernandes R, Resende M, Appelberg R, Rodrigues PNS, Gomes MS. IFN-γ–Dependent Reduction of Erythrocyte Life Span Leads to Anemia during Mycobacterial Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:2485-2496. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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10
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Verma D, Stapleton M, Gadwa J, Vongtongsalee K, Schenkel AR, Chan ED, Ordway D. Mycobacterium avium Infection in a C3HeB/FeJ Mouse Model. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:693. [PMID: 31001241 PMCID: PMC6456659 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) species are increasing worldwide, resulting in a serious public health problem. Patients with MAC lung disease face an arduous journey of a prolonged multidrug regimen that is often poorly tolerated and associated with relatively poor outcome. Identification of new animal models that demonstrate a similar pulmonary pathology as humans infected with MAC has the potential to significantly advance our understanding of nontuberculosis mycobacteria (NTM) pathogenesis as well as provide a tractable model for screening candidate compounds for therapy. One new mouse model is the C3HeB/FeJ which is similar to MAC patients in that these mice can form foci of necrosis in granulomas. In this study, we evaluated the ability of C3HeB/FeJ mice exposure to an aerosol infection of a rough strain of MAC 2285 to produce a progressive infection resulting in small necrotic foci during granuloma formation. C3HeB/FeJ mice were infected with MAC and demonstrated a progressive lung infection resulting in an increase in bacterial burden peaking around day 40, developed micronecrosis in granulomas and was associated with increased influx of CD4+ Th1, Th17, and Treg lymphocytes into the lungs. However, during chronic infection around day 50, the bacterial burden plateaued and was associated with the reduced influx of CD4+ Th1, Th17 cells, and increased numbers of Treg lymphocytes and necrotic foci during granuloma formation. These results suggest the C3HeB/FeJ MAC infection mouse model will be an important model to evaluate immune pathogenesis and compound efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepshikha Verma
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Megan Stapleton
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Jake Gadwa
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Kridakorn Vongtongsalee
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Alan R Schenkel
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Edward D Chan
- Department of Medicine, Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, CO, United States.,Departments of Medicine and Academic Affairs, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States.,Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Diane Ordway
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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11
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Baldwin SL, Larsen SE, Ordway D, Cassell G, Coler RN. The complexities and challenges of preventing and treating nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007083. [PMID: 30763316 PMCID: PMC6375572 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Seemingly innocuous nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) species, classified by their slow or rapid growth rates, can cause a wide range of illnesses, from skin ulceration to severe pulmonary and disseminated disease. Despite their worldwide prevalence and significant disease burden, NTM do not garner the same financial or research focus as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In this review, we outline the most abundant of over 170 NTM species and inadequacies of diagnostics and treatments and weigh the advantages and disadvantages of currently available in vivo animal models of NTM. In order to effectively combat this group of mycobacteria, more research focused on appropriate animal models of infection, screening of chemotherapeutic compounds, and development of anti-NTM vaccines and diagnostics is urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L. Baldwin
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Sasha E. Larsen
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Diane Ordway
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Gail Cassell
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Rhea N. Coler
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- PAI Life Sciences, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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12
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Abdissa K, Nerlich A, Beineke A, Ruangkiattikul N, Pawar V, Heise U, Janze N, Falk C, Bruder D, Schleicher U, Bogdan C, Weiss S, Goethe R. Presence of Infected Gr-1 intCD11b hiCD11c int Monocytic Myeloid Derived Suppressor Cells Subverts T Cell Response and Is Associated With Impaired Dendritic Cell Function in Mycobacterium avium-Infected Mice. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2317. [PMID: 30386330 PMCID: PMC6198055 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) are immature myeloid cells with immunomodulatory function. To study the mechanism by which MDSC affect antimicrobial immunity, we infected mice with two M. avium strains of differential virulence, highly virulent Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium strain 25291 (MAA) and low virulent Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis strain 104 (MAH). Intraperitoneal infection with MAA, but not MAH, caused severe disease and massive splenic infiltration of monocytic MDSC (M-MDSC; Gr-1intCD11bhiCD11cint) expressing inducible NO synthase (Nos2) and bearing high numbers of mycobacteria. Depletion experiments demonstrated that M-MDSC were essential for disease progression. NO production by M-MDSC influenced antigen-uptake and processing by dendritic cells and proliferation of CD4+ T cells. M-MDSC were also induced in MAA-infected mice lacking Nos2. In these mice CD4+ T cell expansion and control of infection were restored. However, T cell inhibition was only partially relieved and arginase (Arg) 1-expressing M-MDSC were accumulated. Likewise, inhibition of Arg1 also partially rescued T cell proliferation. Thus, mycobacterial virulence results in the induction of M-MDSC that block the T cell response in a Nos2- and Arg1-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketema Abdissa
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Andreas Nerlich
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Beineke
- Institute for Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Vinay Pawar
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ulrike Heise
- Mouse Pathology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Nina Janze
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christine Falk
- Institute of Transplant Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dunja Bruder
- Immune Regulation Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Schleicher
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.,Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Bogdan
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.,Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Siegfried Weiss
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ralph Goethe
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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13
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Resende M, Cardoso MS, Ribeiro AR, Flórido M, Borges M, Castro AG, Alves NL, Cooper AM, Appelberg R. Innate IFN-γ-Producing Cells Developing in the Absence of IL-2 Receptor Common γ-Chain. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:1429-1439. [PMID: 28687660 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
IFN-γ is known to be predominantly produced by lymphoid cells such as certain subsets of T cells, NK cells, and other group 1 innate lymphoid cells. In this study, we used IFN-γ reporter mouse models to search for additional cells capable of secreting this cytokine. We identified a novel and rare population of nonconventional IFN-γ-producing cells of hematopoietic origin that were characterized by the expression of Thy1.2 and the lack of lymphoid, myeloid, and NK lineage markers. The expression of IFN-γ by this population was higher in the liver and lower in the spleen. Furthermore, these cells were present in mice lacking both the Rag2 and the common γ-chain (γc) genes (Rag2-/-γc-/-), indicating their innate nature and their γc cytokine independence. Rag2-/-γc-/- mice are as resistant to Mycobacterium avium as Rag2-/- mice, whereas Rag2-/- mice lacking IFN-γ are more susceptible than either Rag2-/- or Rag2-/-γc-/- These lineage-negative CD45+/Thy1.2+ cells are found within the mycobacterially induced granulomatous structure in the livers of infected Rag2-/-γc-/- animals and are adjacent to macrophages that expressed inducible NO synthase, suggesting a potential protective role for these IFN-γ-producing cells. Accordingly, Thy1.2-specific mAb administration to infected Rag2-/-γc-/- animals increased M. avium growth in the liver. Overall, our results demonstrate that a population of Thy1.2+ non-NK innate-like cells present in the liver expresses IFN-γ and can confer protection against M. avium infection in immunocompromised mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Resende
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular and i3S - Instituto de Investigação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; .,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho and ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4170 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal; and
| | - Marcos S Cardoso
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular and i3S - Instituto de Investigação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana R Ribeiro
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular and i3S - Instituto de Investigação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuela Flórido
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular and i3S - Instituto de Investigação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Margarida Borges
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular and i3S - Instituto de Investigação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - António Gil Castro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho and ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4170 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal; and
| | - Nuno L Alves
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular and i3S - Instituto de Investigação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Rui Appelberg
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular and i3S - Instituto de Investigação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
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14
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Silva JP, Gonçalves C, Costa C, Sousa J, Silva-Gomes R, Castro AG, Pedrosa J, Appelberg R, Gama FM. Delivery of LLKKK18 loaded into self-assembling hyaluronic acid nanogel for tuberculosis treatment. J Control Release 2016; 235:112-124. [PMID: 27261333 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.05.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), a disease caused by the human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis, recently joined HIV/AIDS on the top rank of deadliest infectious diseases. Low patient compliance due to the expensive, long-lasting and multi-drug standard therapies often results in treatment failure and emergence of multi-drug resistant strains. In this scope, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) arise as promising candidates for TB treatment. Here we describe the ability of the exogenous AMP LLKKK18 to efficiently kill mycobacteria. The peptide's potential was boosted by loading into self-assembling Hyaluronic Acid (HA) nanogels. These provide increased stability, reduced cytotoxicity and degradability, while potentiating peptide targeting to main sites of infection. The nanogels were effectively internalized by macrophages and the peptide presence and co-localization with mycobacteria within host cells was confirmed. This resulted in a significant reduction of the mycobacterial load in macrophages infected in vitro with the opportunistic M. avium or the pathogenic M. tuberculosis, an effect accompanied by lowered pro-inflammatory cytokine levels (IL-6 and TNF-α). Remarkably, intra-tracheal administration of peptide-loaded nanogels significantly reduced infection levels in mice infected with M. avium or M. tuberculosis, after just 5 or 10 every other day administrations. Considering the reported low probability of resistance acquisition, these findings suggest a great potential of LLKKK18-loaded nanogels for TB therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- João P Silva
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga 4710-057, Portugal.
| | - Carine Gonçalves
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - César Costa
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga 4710-057, Portugal
| | - Jeremy Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rita Silva-Gomes
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - António G Castro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Jorge Pedrosa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rui Appelberg
- Department of Immunophysiology, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - F Miguel Gama
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga 4710-057, Portugal.
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15
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Lack of the Transcription Factor Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1α (HIF-1α) in Macrophages Accelerates the Necrosis of Mycobacterium avium-Induced Granulomas. Infect Immun 2015; 83:3534-44. [PMID: 26099585 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00144-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The establishment of mycobacterial infection is characterized by the formation of granulomas, which are well-organized aggregates of immune cells, namely, infected macrophages. The granuloma's main function is to constrain and prevent dissemination of the mycobacteria while focusing the immune response to a limited area. In some cases these lesions can grow progressively into large granulomas which can undergo central necrosis, thereby leading to their caseation. Macrophages are the most abundant cells present in the granuloma and are known to adapt under hypoxic conditions in order to avoid cell death. Our laboratory has developed a granuloma necrosis model that mimics the human pathology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, using C57BL/6 mice infected intravenously with a low dose of a highly virulent strain of Mycobacterium avium. In this work, a mouse strain deleted of the hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) under the Cre-lox system regulated by the lysozyme M gene promoter was used to determine the relevance of HIF-1α in the caseation of granulomas. The genetic ablation of HIF-1α in the myeloid lineage causes the earlier emergence of granuloma necrosis and clearly induces an impairment of the resistance against M. avium infection coincident with the emergence of necrosis. The data provide evidence that granulomas become hypoxic before undergoing necrosis through the analysis of vascularization and quantification of HIF-1α in a necrotizing mouse model. Our results show that interfering with macrophage adaptation to hypoxia, such as through HIF-1α inactivation, accelerates granuloma necrosis.
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16
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Appelberg R, Moreira D, Barreira-Silva P, Borges M, Silva L, Dinis-Oliveira RJ, Resende M, Correia-Neves M, Jordan MB, Ferreira NC, Abrunhosa AJ, Silvestre R. The Warburg effect in mycobacterial granulomas is dependent on the recruitment and activation of macrophages by interferon-γ. Immunology 2015; 145:498-507. [PMID: 25807843 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Granulomas are the hallmark of mycobacterial disease. Here, we demonstrate that both the cell recruitment and the increased glucose consumption in granulomatous infiltrates during Mycobacterium avium infection are highly dependent on interferon-γ (IFN-γ). Mycobacterium avium-infected mice lacking IFN-γ signalling failed to developed significant inflammatory infiltrations and lacked the characteristic uptake of the glucose analogue fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG). To assess the role of macrophages in glucose uptake we infected mice with a selective impairment of IFN-γ signalling in the macrophage lineage (MIIG mice). Although only a partial reduction of the granulomatous areas was observed in infected MIIG mice, the insensitivity of macrophages to IFN-γ reduced the accumulation of FDG. In vivo, ex vivo and in vitro assays showed that macrophage activated by IFN-γ displayed increased rates of glucose uptake and in vitro studies showed also that they had increased lactate production and increased expression of key glycolytic enzymes. Overall, our results show that the activation of macrophages by IFN-γ is responsible for the Warburg effect observed in organs infected with M. avium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Appelberg
- Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Diana Moreira
- Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Palmira Barreira-Silva
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3Bs-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Margarida Borges
- Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Letícia Silva
- Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Jorge Dinis-Oliveira
- Department of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Sciences, IINFACTS - Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, Advanced Institute of Health Sciences - North (ISCS-N), CESPU, CRL, Gandra, Portugal.,UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mariana Resende
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3Bs-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Margarida Correia-Neves
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3Bs-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Michael B Jordan
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Nuno C Ferreira
- Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Antero J Abrunhosa
- Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Silvestre
- Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3Bs-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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17
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Host response to nontuberculous mycobacterial infections of current clinical importance. Infect Immun 2014; 82:3516-22. [PMID: 24914222 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01606-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The nontuberculous mycobacteria are a large group of acid-fast bacteria that are very widely distributed in the environment. While Mycobacterium avium was once regarded as innocuous, its high frequency as a cause of disseminated disease in HIV-positive individuals illustrated its potential as a pathogen. Much more recently, there is growing evidence that the incidence of M. avium and related nontuberculous species is increasing in immunocompetent individuals. The same has been observed for M. abscessus infections, which are very difficult to treat; accordingly, this review focuses primarily on these two important pathogens. Like the host response to M. tuberculosis infections, the host response to these infections is of the TH1 type but there are some subtle and as-yet-unexplained differences.
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18
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Haug M, Awuh JA, Steigedal M, Frengen Kojen J, Marstad A, Nordrum IS, Halaas Ø, Flo TH. Dynamics of immune effector mechanisms during infection with Mycobacterium avium in C57BL/6 mice. Immunology 2013; 140:232-43. [PMID: 23746054 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Opportunistic infections with non-tuberculous mycobacteria such as Mycobacterium avium are receiving renewed attention because of increased incidence and difficulties in treatment. As for other mycobacterial infections, a still poorly understood collaboration of different immune effector mechanisms is required to confer protective immunity. Here we have characterized the interplay of innate and adaptive immune effector mechanisms contributing to containment in a mouse infection model using virulent M. avium strain 104 in C57BL/6 mice. M. avium caused chronic infection in mice, as shown by sustained organ bacterial load. In the liver, bacteria were contained in granuloma-like structures that could be defined morphologically by expression of the antibacterial innate effector protein Lipocalin 2 in the adjoining hepatocytes and infiltrating neutrophils, possibly contributing to containment. Circulatory anti-mycobacterial antibodies steadily increased throughout infection and were primarily of the IgM isotype. Highest levels of interferon-γ were found in infected liver, spleen and serum of mice approximately 2 weeks post infection and coincided with a halt in organ bacterial growth. In contrast, expression of tumour necrosis factor was surprisingly low in spleen compared with liver. We did not detect interleukin-17 in infected organs or M. avium-specific T helper 17 cells, suggesting a minor role for T helper 17 cells in this model. A transient and relative decrease in regulatory T cell numbers was seen in spleens. This detailed characterization of M. avium infection in C57BL/6 mice may provide a basis for future studies aimed at gaining better insight into mechanisms leading to containment of infections with non-tuberculous mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Haug
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, NTNU, Trondheim; St Olav's Hospital, Trondheim
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19
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Nobrega C, Nunes-Alves C, Cerqueira-Rodrigues B, Roque S, Barreira-Silva P, Behar SM, Correia-Neves M. T cells home to the thymus and control infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:1646-58. [PMID: 23315077 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The thymus is a target of multiple pathogens. How the immune system responds to thymic infection is largely unknown. Despite being considered an immune-privileged organ, we detect a mycobacteria-specific T cell response in the thymus following dissemination of Mycobacterium avium or Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This response includes proinflammatory cytokine production by mycobacteria-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, which stimulates infected cells and controls bacterial growth in the thymus. Importantly, the responding T cells are mature peripheral T cells that recirculate back to the thymus. The recruitment of these cells is associated with an increased expression of Th1 chemokines and an enrichment of CXCR3(+) mycobacteria-specific T cells in the thymus. Finally, we demonstrate it is the mature T cells that home to the thymus that most efficiently control mycobacterial infection. Although the presence of mature T cells in the thymus has been recognized for some time, to our knowledge, these data are the first to show that T cell recirculation from the periphery to the thymus is a mechanism that allows the immune system to respond to thymic infection. Maintaining a functional thymic environment is essential to maintain T cell differentiation and prevent the emergence of central tolerance to the invading pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Nobrega
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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20
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Pearl JE, Torrado E, Tighe M, Fountain JJ, Solache A, Strutt T, Swain S, Appelberg R, Cooper AM. Nitric oxide inhibits the accumulation of CD4+CD44hiTbet+CD69lo T cells in mycobacterial infection. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:3267-79. [PMID: 22890814 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201142158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Revised: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Animals lacking the inducible nitric oxide synthase gene (nos2(-/-)) are less susceptible to Mycobacterium avium strain 25291 and lack nitric oxide-mediated immunomodulation of CD4(+) T cells. Here we show that the absence of nos2 results in increased accumulation of neutrophils and both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells within the M. avium containing granuloma. Examination of the T-cell phenotype in M. avium infected mice demonstrated that CD4(+)CD44(hi) effector T cells expressing the Th1 transcriptional regulator T-bet (T-bet(+)) were specifically reduced by the presence of nitric oxide. Importantly, the T-bet(+) effector population could be separated into CD69(hi) and CD69(lo) populations, with the CD69(lo) population only able to accumulate during chronic infection within infected nos2(-/-) mice. Transcriptomic comparison between CD4(+)CD44(hi)CD69(hi) and CD4(+)CD44(hi)CD69(lo) populations revealed that CD4(+)CD44(hi)CD69(lo) cells had higher expression of the integrin itgb1/itga4 (VLA-4, CD49d/CD29). Inhibition of Nos2 activity allowed increased accumulation of the CD4(+) CD44(hi)T-bet(+)CD69(lo) population in WT mice as well as increased expression of VLA-4. These data support the hypothesis that effector T cells in mycobacterial granulomata are not a uniform effector population but exist in distinct subsets with differential susceptibility to the regulatory effects of nitric oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Pearl
- Trudeau Institute Inc, Saranac Lake, NY 12983, USA
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21
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Borges M, Barreira-Silva P, Flórido M, Jordan MB, Correia-Neves M, Appelberg R. Molecular and cellular mechanisms of Mycobacterium avium-induced thymic atrophy. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:3600-8. [PMID: 22922815 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Thymic atrophy has been described as a consequence of infection by several pathogens and shown to be induced through diverse mechanisms. Using the mouse model of Mycobacterium avium infection, we show in this study that the production of NO from IFN-γ-activated macrophages plays a major role in mycobacterial infection-induced thymic atrophy. Our results show that disseminated infection with a highly virulent strain of M. avium, but not with a low-virulence strain, led to a progressive thymic atrophy. Thymic involution was prevented in genetically manipulated mice unable to produce IFN-γ or the inducible NO synthase. In addition, mice with a selective impairment of IFN-γ signaling in macrophages were similarly protected from infection-induced thymic atrophy. A slight increase in the concentration of corticosterone was found in mice infected with the highly virulent strain, and thymocytes presented an increased susceptibility to dexamethasone-induced death during disseminated infection. The administration of an antagonist of glucocorticoid receptors partially reverted the infection-induced thymic atrophy. We observed a reduction in all thymocyte populations analyzed, including the earliest thymic precursors, suggesting a defect during thymic colonization by T cell precursors and/or during the differentiation of these cells in the bone marrow in addition to local demise of thymic cells. Our data suggest a complex picture underlying thymic atrophy during infection by M. avium with the participation of locally produced NO, endogenous corticosteroid activity, and reduced bone marrow seeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Borges
- Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
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22
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Amaral EP, Kipnis TL, de Carvalho ECQ, da Silva WD, Leão SC, Lasunskaia EB. Difference in virulence of Mycobacterium avium isolates sharing indistinguishable DNA fingerprint determined in murine model of lung infection. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21673. [PMID: 21738761 PMCID: PMC3125297 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Opportunistic Mycobacterium avium typically causes disease in immunocompromised patients and in some groups of apparently healthy individuals. The high virulence of some bacterial lineages increases the disease risk. High-resolution molecular genotyping studies of M. avium clinical isolates demonstrated that some genotype patterns were more prevalent than others, suggesting that close genetic relatedness of these successful isolates sharing a similar genotype could determine similar biological properties associated with high virulence. METHODS AND FINDINGS In this study, we aimed to compare the virulence and pathogenic properties of two epidemiologically unrelated M. avium isolates sharing an indistinguishable DNA fingerprint in a well-characterized model of pulmonary infection in mice, resistant or susceptible to mycobacteria. The mice, C57BL/6 wild- type or IFN-gamma gene disrupted (GKO), respectively, were intratracheally infected with two isolates, H27 (human blood isolate) and P104 (pig lymph node isolate), and the lungs were examined for bacterial loads, histopathology and cytokine gene expression. The obtained data demonstrated significant differences in the virulence properties of these strains. Although the H27 strain grew significantly faster than P104 in the early stage of infection, this bacterium induced protective immunity that started to reduce bacterial numbers in the wild-type mice, whereas the P104 strain established a chronic infection. In the GKO mice, both strains were capable of causing a chronic infection, associated with higher bacterial burdens and severe lung pathology, in a similar manner. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The results demonstrated that the studied isolates differed in the pathogenic properties although were indistinguishable by actually widely used genotyping techniques demonstrating that the genotype similarity does not predict similarity in virulence of M. avium isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Pinheiro Amaral
- Laboratory of Biology of Recognition, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Campos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thereza Liberman Kipnis
- Laboratory of Biology of Recognition, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Campos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Sylvia Cardoso Leão
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elena B. Lasunskaia
- Laboratory of Biology of Recognition, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Campos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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23
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Borges M, Rosa GT, Appelberg R. The death-promoting molecule tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) is not required for the development of peripheral lymphopenia or granuloma necrosis during infection with virulent Mycobacterium avium. Clin Exp Immunol 2011; 164:407-16. [PMID: 21470210 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2011.04385.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Disseminated infection with virulent Mycobacterium avium in C57Bl/6 (B6) mice leads to severe lymphocyte depletion in secondary lymphoid organs. In this study, we found an up-regulation of caspase-8 activity in spleen cell extracts from M. avium 25291-infected B6 mice compared to non-infected mice. The activation of this extrinsic apoptotic pathway correlated with an increase in inter-nucleosomal DNA fragmentation in CD4(+) spleen cells, as analysed by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) assay. These data suggest the involvement of death receptors in the induction of lymphocyte loss in the spleen, but previous work has excluded a role for tumour necrosis factor (TNF) receptors and Fas/CD95 in M. avium-induced lymphopenia. TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is expressed by different cell types of the immune system and induces apoptosis and killing of tumour cells while sparing normal cells. Here we used TRAIL(-/-) mice to determine if the absence of TRAIL prevented M. avium-induced immune pathology. We found that TRAIL-deficient mice still developed splenic lymphopenia during disseminated infection or granuloma necrosis during low-dose infections while exhibiting slightly increased susceptibility to M. avium 25291 when compared to B6 mice. However, in vivo proliferation of less virulent strains of M. avium was not influenced by TRAIL deficiency despite a decrease in interferon-γ production in infected B6.TRAIL(-/-) mice compared to B6 mice. Our results show that TRAIL does not play a significant role in either M. avium-induced pathology or protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Borges
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology of Infection, Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, Porto, Portugal
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24
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Nobrega C, Roque S, Nunes-Alves C, Coelho A, Medeiros I, Castro AG, Appelberg R, Correia-Neves M. Dissemination of mycobacteria to the thymus renders newly generated T cells tolerant to the invading pathogen. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 184:351-8. [PMID: 19949112 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The ability of the thymus to generate a population of T cells that is, for the most part, self-restricted and self-tolerant depends to a great extent on the Ags encountered during differentiation. We recently showed that mycobacteria disseminate to the thymus, which raised the questions of how mycobacteria within the thymus influence T cell differentiation and whether such an effect impacts host-pathogen interactions. Athymic nude mice were reconstituted with thymic grafts from Mycobacterium avium-infected or control noninfected donors. T cells generated from thymi of infected donors seemed generally normal, because they retained the ability to reconstitute the periphery and to respond to unspecific stimuli in vitro as well as to antigenic stimulation with third-party Ags, such as OVA, upon in vivo immunization. However, these cells were unable to mount a protective immune response against a challenge with M. avium. The observation that thymic infection interferes with T cell differentiation, generating T cells that are tolerant to pathogen-specific Ags, is of relevance to understand the immune response during chronic persistent infections. In addition, it has potential implications for the repertoire of T cells generated in patients with a mycobacterial infection recovering from severe lymphopenia, such as patients coinfected with HIV and receiving antiretroviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Nobrega
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
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25
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Sharma J, Li Q, Mishra BB, Teale JM. Lethal pulmonary infection with Francisella novicida causes depletion of alphabeta T cells from lungs. Cell Immunol 2009; 257:1-4. [PMID: 19356746 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2009.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2009] [Revised: 03/11/2009] [Accepted: 03/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory Francisella infections induce a delayed innate immune response followed by a severe sepsis like condition. In this study, mice infected intranasally with Francisella novicida showed a depletion of alphabeta T cells in lungs while exhibiting large accumulations of other leukocytes correlating with disease severity. The depleted T cells were predominantly CD4(+). The alphabeta T cells in infected mice showed significantly higher levels of Annexin V binding than those in mock control mice suggesting increased apoptosis of T cells. These results suggest that lack of transition from an innate to adaptive host response is associated with lethality of respiratory tularemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotika Sharma
- Department of Biology, South Texas Center for Emerging Diseases, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249-1644, USA
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26
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Liu T, Nerren J, Liu M, Martens R, Cohen N. Basal and stimulus-induced cytokine expression is selectively impaired in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of newborn foals. Vaccine 2008; 27:674-83. [PMID: 19056444 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2008] [Revised: 11/11/2008] [Accepted: 11/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Neonates are thought to be generally deficient in production of Th-1-associated cytokines at birth, and thereby more susceptible to bacterial infections. Using neonatal foals as a model, this study examined the age-dependent maturation of both basal and stimulus-induced immune responses, as reflected by the expression of a panel of Th-1-associated and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Results showed that although the basal production of IFN-gamma and IL-6 was impaired (P<0.05) in PBMCs of neonatal foals at birth, the basal production of IL-8, IL-12(p35/p40) and IL-23(p19/p40) were either in excess of or comparable to that of older foals. In response to Rhodococcus equi and CpG-ODN stimulation in vitro, PBMCs of neonatal foals showed increased (P<0.05) expression of IFN-gamma and IL-6, and preferentially increased expression of either IL-23(p19/p40) with R. equi stimulation or IL-12(p35/p40) with CpG-ODN stimulation. The magnitude of these stimulus-induced responses (except for IL-23p19), were significantly (P<0.05) less for newborn foals than for older foals. The selective impairment of age-dependent basal and stimulus-induced cytokine expression by newborn foals may reflect the different functional state of various TLR pathways in newborns, and be directly associated with their age-dependent susceptibility to infection. Our results indicate that CpG-ODNs can selectively stimulate deficient cytokines (P<0.05) from PBMCs in newborn foals in vitro, suggesting immunoprophylactic or therapeutic potential of CpG-ODNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Liu
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4475, USA
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27
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Liu T, Nerren J, Murrell J, Juillard V, El Garch H, Martens R, Cohen N. CpG-Induced Stimulation of Cytokine Expression by Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Foals and Their Dams. J Equine Vet Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2008.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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28
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Liu S, Gong Q, Wang C, Liu H, Wang Y, Guo S, Wang W, Liu J, Shao M, Chi L, Zhao K, Wang Z, Shi Y, Huang Y, guli A, Zhang C, Kong X. A novel DNA vaccine for protective immunity against virulent Mycobacterium bovis in mice. Immunol Lett 2008; 117:136-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2008.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2007] [Revised: 12/27/2007] [Accepted: 01/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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29
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Lousada S, Flórido M, Appelberg R. Virulence of Mycobacterium avium in mice does not correlate with resistance to nitric oxide. Microb Pathog 2007; 43:243-8. [PMID: 17683898 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2007.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2007] [Accepted: 06/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The growth in C57Bl/6 mice of seven distinct Mycobacterium avium strains was not exacerbated by the disruption of the inducible (type 2) nitric oxide synthase regardless of the virulence of the strain. The susceptibility of this panel of M. avium strains to reactive nitrogen intermediates in a cell-free system, namely the exposure to acidified nitrite or to the NO donor NOC-18, showed that there is no correlation between strain virulence and the corresponding minimal bactericidal and minimal inhibitory concentrations for those compounds determined in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Lousada
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology of Infection, IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal
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30
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Abstract
AbstractMycobacterium aviumsubspeciesparatuberculosis(M. paratuberculosis) is the causative agent of Johne’s disease, a deadly intestinal ailment of ruminants. Johne’s disease is of tremendous economic importance to the worldwide dairy industry, causing major losses due to reduced production and early culling of animals. A highly controversial but developing link between exposure toM. paratuberculosisand human Crohn’s disease in some individuals has led to the suggestion thatM. paratuberculosisis also a potential food safety concern. As with many other mycobacteria,M. paratuberculosisis exquisitely adapted to survival in the host, despite aggressive immune reactions to these organisms. One hallmark of mycobacteria, includingM. paratuberculosis, is their propensity to infect macrophages. Inside the macrophage,M. paratuberculosisinterferes with the maturation of the phagosome by an unknown mechanism, thereby evading the host’s normal first line of defense against bacterial pathogens. The host immune system begins a series of attacks againstM. paratuberculosis-infected macrophages, including the rapid deployment of activated γδ T cells, CD4+T cells and cytolytic CD8+T cells. These cells interact with the persistently infected macrophage and with each other through a complex network of cytokines and receptors. Despite these aggressive efforts to clear the infection,M. paratuberculosispersists and the constant struggle of the immune system leads to pronounced damage to the intestinal epithelial cells. Enhancing our ability to control this important and tenacious pathogen will require a deeper understanding of howM. paratuberculosisinterferes with macrophage action, the cell types involved in the immune response, the cytokines these cells use to communicate, and the host genetic factors that control the response to infection.
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31
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Appelberg R. Pathogenesis of Mycobacterium avium infection: typical responses to an atypical mycobacterium? Immunol Res 2007; 35:179-90. [PMID: 17172645 DOI: 10.1385/ir:35:3:179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Studying infections with Mycobacterium avium in mouse models has allowed the dissection of the antimycobacterial pathways of the mammalian host. Whereas the paradigm of cell-mediated immunity to intracellular pathogens has been confirmed, namely with regard to the pivotal roles of CD4+ T cells, macrophages, and the IL12-IFNgamma cytokine axis, atypical features have been uncovered such as the resistance to NO, the involvement of minor players in the induction of type 1 protective immunity (such as TLR2, CD40, and CD30), and the development of immunopathology during the infection with highly virulent strains such as the development of caseous necrosis of granulomas or the progressive emergence of severe lymphopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Appelberg
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology of Infection, IBMC-Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology and ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Portugal.
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32
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Lousada S, Flórido M, Appelberg R. Regulation of granuloma fibrosis by nitric oxide during Mycobacterium avium experimental infection. Int J Exp Pathol 2006; 87:307-15. [PMID: 16875496 PMCID: PMC2517369 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2613.2006.00487.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Collagen deposition within granulomas formed after Mycobacterium avium infection was analysed on histological sections stained with Masson's trichrome using acquired computerized image analysis and a program that was specifically designed for that purpose. Comparison was made between immunocompetent C57BL/6 mice and mice genetically deficient in the inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase gene (iNOS(-/-) mice) infected with either a highly virulent strain or a moderately virulent strain of M. avium. iNOS-deficient mice were more resistant to the highly virulent strain than control C57B1/6 mice, but both strains were equally susceptible to the less virulent M. avium strain. Collagen distribution in the granuloma was found in the cuff surrounding the granuloma in an area rich in lymphoid cells as well as inside the granuloma itself, conferring a mesh-like structure within that lesion. It was seen that iNOS(-/-) mice induced a higher collagen deposition than C57BL/6 mice and that such collagen deposition varied with the mycobacterial strain used to infect the animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Lousada
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology of Infection, IBMC-Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, University of PortoPorto, Portugal
| | - Manuela Flórido
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology of Infection, IBMC-Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, University of PortoPorto, Portugal
| | - Rui Appelberg
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology of Infection, IBMC-Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, University of PortoPorto, Portugal
- ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, University of PortoPorto, Portugal
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33
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Flórido M, Pearl JE, Solache A, Borges M, Haynes L, Cooper AM, Appelberg R. Gamma interferon-induced T-cell loss in virulent Mycobacterium avium infection. Infect Immun 2005; 73:3577-86. [PMID: 15908387 PMCID: PMC1111831 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.6.3577-3586.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection by virulent Mycobacterium avium caused progressive severe lymphopenia in C57BL/6 mice due to increased apoptosis rates. T-cell depletion did not occur in gamma interferon (IFN-gamma)-deficient mice which showed increased T-cell numbers and proliferation; in contrast, deficiency in nitric oxide synthase 2 did not prevent T-cell loss. Although T-cell loss was IFN-gamma dependent, expression of the IFN-gamma receptor on T cells was not required for depletion. Similarly, while T-cell loss was optimal if the T cells expressed IFN-gamma, CD8(+) T-cell depletion could occur in the absence of T-cell-derived IFN-gamma. Depletion did not require that the T cells be specific for mycobacterial antigen and was not affected by deficiencies in the tumor necrosis factor receptors p55 or p75, the Fas receptor (CD95), or the respiratory burst enzymes or by forced expression of bcl-2 in hematopoietic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Flórido
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology of Infection, Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
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34
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Pearl JE, Khader SA, Solache A, Gilmartin L, Ghilardi N, deSauvage F, Cooper AM. IL-27 signaling compromises control of bacterial growth in mycobacteria-infected mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 173:7490-6. [PMID: 15585875 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.12.7490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to tuberculosis (TB) is dependent on the induction of Ag-specific CD4 Th1 T cells capable of expressing IFN-gamma. Generation of these T cells is dependent upon IL-12p70, yet other cytokines have also been implicated in this process. One such cytokine, IL-27, augments differentiation of naive T cells toward an IFN-gamma-producing phenotype by up-regulating the transcription factor T-bet and promoting expression of the IL-12Rbeta2 chain allowing T cells to respond to IL-12p70. We show that the components of IL-27 are induced during TB and that the absence of IL-27 signaling results in an altered disease profile. In the absence of the IL-27R, there is reduced bacterial burden and an increased lymphocytic character to the TB granuloma. Although the number of Ag-specific CD4 IFN-gamma-producing cells is unaffected by the absence of the IL-27R, there is a significant decrease in the level of mRNA for IFN-gamma and T-bet within the lungs of infected IL-27R(-/-) mice. Ag-specific CD4 T cells in the lungs of IL-27R(-/-) also produce less IFN-gamma protein per cell. The data show that expression of IL-27 during TB is detrimental to the control of bacteria and that although it does not affect the number of cells capable of producing IFN-gamma it does reduce the ability of CD4 T cells to produce large amounts of IFN-gamma. Because IFN-gamma is detrimental to the survival of effector T cells, we hypothesize that the reduced IFN-gamma within the IL-27R(-/-) lung is responsible for the increased accumulation of lymphocytes within the mycobacterial granuloma.
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MESH Headings
- Aerosols
- Animals
- Cell Movement/genetics
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Dimerization
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Female
- Glycoproteins/biosynthesis
- Granuloma/genetics
- Granuloma/immunology
- Granuloma/pathology
- Interferon-gamma/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Interleukins/biosynthesis
- Interleukins/deficiency
- Interleukins/genetics
- Interleukins/physiology
- Lymphocyte Count
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Minor Histocompatibility Antigens
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/growth & development
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/immunology
- Protein Subunits/biosynthesis
- Protein Subunits/deficiency
- Protein Subunits/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Cytokine/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Cytokine/deficiency
- Receptors, Cytokine/genetics
- Receptors, Cytokine/physiology
- Receptors, Interleukin
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/metabolism
- Th1 Cells/pathology
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/genetics
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/immunology
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/microbiology
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/prevention & control
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Pearl
- Trudeau Institute, Inc., Saranac Lake, NY 12983, USA
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35
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Flórido M, Borges M, Yagita H, Appelberg R. Contribution of CD30/CD153 but not of CD27/CD70, CD134/OX40L, or CD137/4-1BBL to the optimal induction of protective immunity toMycobacterium avium. J Leukoc Biol 2004; 76:1039-46. [PMID: 15316035 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1103572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A panel of monoclonal antibodies specific for CD27 ligand (CD70), CD30 ligand (CD153), CD134 ligand (OX40L), and CD137 ligand (4-1BBL) were screened in vivo for their ability to affect the control of Mycobacterium avium infection in C57Bl/6 mice. Only the blocking of CD153 led to increased mycobacterial burdens. We then used CD30-deficient mice and found an increase in the proliferation of two strains of M. avium in these mice as compared with control animals. The increased mycobacterial growth was associated with decreased T cell expansion and reduced interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) responses as a result of reduced polarization of the antigen-specific, IFN-gamma-producing T cells. At late times but not early in infection, the lymphoid cuff surrounding granulomas was depleted in the CD30-deficient animals. This report expands our knowledge about tumor necrosis factor superfamily members involved in the immune responses to mycobacterial infection by identifying CD30-CD153 interactions as required for optimal immune control of M. avium infection.
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MESH Headings
- 4-1BB Ligand
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- CD27 Ligand
- CD30 Ligand
- Cell Division/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Humans
- Immunity, Cellular/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Ki-1 Antigen/genetics
- Ki-1 Antigen/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Membrane Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Membrane Proteins/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mycobacterium avium/growth & development
- Mycobacterium avium/immunology
- Mycobacterium avium/pathogenicity
- OX40 Ligand
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/immunology
- Receptors, OX40
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Tuberculosis/genetics
- Tuberculosis/immunology
- Tuberculosis/microbiology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 7/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 9
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/antagonists & inhibitors
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Flórido
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology of Infection, Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, Portugal
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36
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Feng CG, Collazo-Custodio CM, Eckhaus M, Hieny S, Belkaid Y, Elkins K, Jankovic D, Taylor GA, Sher A. Mice deficient in LRG-47 display increased susceptibility to mycobacterial infection associated with the induction of lymphopenia. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:1163-8. [PMID: 14707092 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.2.1163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although IFN-gamma is essential for host control of mycobacterial infection, the mechanisms by which the cytokine restricts pathogen growth are only partially understood. LRG-47 is an IFN-inducible GTP-binding protein previously shown to be required for IFN-gamma-dependent host resistance to acute Listeria monocytogenes and Toxoplasma gondii infections. To examine the role of LRG-47 in control of mycobacterial infection, LRG-47(-/-) and wild-type mice were infected with Mycobacterium avium, and host responses were analyzed. LRG-47 protein was strongly induced in livers of infected wild-type animals in an IFN-gamma-dependent manner. LRG-47(-/-) mice were unable to control bacterial replication, but survived the acute phase, succumbing 11-16 wk postinfection. IFN-gamma-primed, bone marrow-derived macrophages from LRG-47(-/-) and wild-type animals produced equivalent levels of TNF and NO upon M. avium infection in vitro and developed similar intracellular bacterial loads. In addition, priming for IFN-gamma production was observed in T cells isolated from infected LRG-47(-/-) mice. Importantly, however, mycobacterial granulomas in LRG-47(-/-) mice showed a marked lymphocyte deficiency. Further examination of these animals revealed a profound systemic lymphopenia and anemia triggered by infection. As LRG47(-/-) T lymphocytes were found to both survive and confer resistance to M. avium in recipient recombinase-activating gene-2(-/-) mice, the defect in cellular response and bacterial control in LRG-47(-/-) mice may also depend on a factor(s) expressed in a nonlymphocyte compartment. These findings establish a role for LRG-47 in host control of mycobacteria and demonstrate that in the context of the IFN-gamma response to persistent infection, LRG-47 can have downstream regulatory effects on lymphocyte survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl G Feng
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Room 6148, Building 50, 50 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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37
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Abstract
Mycobacteria activate a series of macrophage signalling pathways upon engaging host cell receptors and during the invasion process. These signals initiate a cascade of events leading to the production of immune effector molecules including cytokines, chemokines and reactive nitrogen intermediates. This response by the macrophage is critical for the control of the mycobacterial infection and, not surprisingly, pathogenic mycobacteria have evolved mechanisms to limit this macrophage activation. Recent data has suggested that macrophages infected with pathogenic compared to non-pathogenic mycobacteria are restricted in their activation of the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. Mitogen activated protein kinase activation in macrophages appears to play an important role in promoting antimycobacterial activity and in the production of various effector molecules following a mycobacterial infection. Therefore, the ability of pathogenic mycobacteria to limit MAPK activity is likely an important virulence mechanism and may be a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Schorey
- University of Notre Dame, Department of Biology and Center of Tropical Disease Research and Training, 130 Galvin Life Science Center, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
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38
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Mullerad J, Hovav AH, Fishman Y, Barletta RG, Bercovier H. Antigenicity of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis superoxide dismutase in mice. FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2002; 34:81-8. [PMID: 12208610 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2002.tb00606.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium paratuberculosis (MPT) is the etiologic agent of paratuberculosis. The disease is prevalent in cattle worldwide, and exacts a heavy financial toll. Effective control requires the development of acellular vaccines offering a better protection than the current available vaccines without side effects and allowing the discrimination between infected and vaccinated animals. We studied the immune response of mice to the MPT superoxide dismutase (SOD) alone or adjuvanted by Ribi. We cloned, overexpressed and purified this antigen in Escherichia coli. Spleen cells from immunized mice, after exposure to recombinant MPT SOD (MPT rSOD), produced significant levels of IFNgamma, TNFalpha and IL-6. IFNgamma and TNFalpha production was increased by the addition of Ribi. In contrast, low levels of NO, IL-4 and IL-10 were secreted by spleen cells culture from immunized mice. The immunoglobulin isotype distribution analysis showed that Ribi adjuvant clearly induced a significantly higher anti-MPT rSOD antibody production of all classes tested and decreased the IgG1/IgG2a ratio thus improving the Th1 response. Delayed-type hypersensitivity responses in mice footpads were observed only in mice immunized with MPT rSOD emulsified in Ribi. Vaccination of MPT rSOD emulsified with Ribi induced both a Th2 and Th1 type of immune response with the later slightly more pronounced. The results presented here on the immunogenicity of MPT SOD suggest that this antigen should be further tested as a candidate antigen for a future acellular vaccine against paratuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Mullerad
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, The Hebrew University, Hadassah Medical School, P.O.B. 12272, Jerusalem, Israel
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39
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Cooper AM, Adams LB, Dalton DK, Appelberg R, Ehlers S. IFN-gamma and NO in mycobacterial disease: new jobs for old hands. Trends Microbiol 2002; 10:221-6. [PMID: 11973155 DOI: 10.1016/s0966-842x(02)02344-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Granulomatous disease following exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium leprae or Mycobacterium avium is correlated with strong inflammatory and protective responses. The mouse model of mycobacterial infection provides an excellent tool with which to examine the inter-relationship between protective cell-mediated immunity and tissue-damaging hypersensitivity. It is well established that T cells and interferon (IFN)-gamma are necessary components of anti-bacterial protection. We propose that IFN-gamma also modulates the local cellular response by downregulating lymphocyte activation and by driving T cells into apoptosis, and that the events that limit excessive inflammation are largely mediated by IFN-gamma-induced nitric oxide (NO). In several murine models of mycobacterial infection, the absence of IFN-gamma and/or NO results in dysregulated granuloma formation and increased lymphocytic responses, which, in the case of M. avium infection, even leads to reduced bacterial growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M Cooper
- The Trudeau Institute, PO Box 59, 100 Algonquin Ave, Saranac Lake, NY 12983, USA.
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40
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Mannering SI, Cheers C. Interleukin-2 and loss of immunity in experimental Mycobacterium avium infection. Infect Immun 2002; 70:27-35. [PMID: 11748160 PMCID: PMC127607 DOI: 10.1128/iai.70.1.27-35.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental infection of mice with a virulent strain of Mycobacterium avium leads to a slowly progressive disease, which we have previously shown culminates in loss of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) production by T lymphocytes and death of the animals approximately 40 weeks after infection. Here we investigated the changes in T-cell activation, the production of interleukin-2 (IL-2), and the response to IL-2 throughout M. avium infection as a possible explanation for this loss. We found that there is a steady increase in the percentage of T cells expressing activation markers right to the end of infection. However, in vivo T-cell proliferation, measured as a percentage of CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells incorporating 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine, initially increased but then remained constant. In the final stages of infection there was a decline in proliferation of activated (CD62L(-)) T cells. Since IL-2 is a major driver of T-cell proliferation, we asked whether this was due to loss of IL-2 responsiveness or production. However, CD25 (IL-2Ralpha) continued to be highly expressed in the terminal stages of infection, and although IL-2 production declined, addition of recombinant IL-2 to cultures could not rescue the final loss of IFN-gamma production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart I Mannering
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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41
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Leal IS, Smedegård B, Andersen P, Appelberg R. Failure to induce enhanced protection against tuberculosis by increasing T-cell-dependent interferon-gamma generation. Immunology 2001; 104:157-61. [PMID: 11683955 PMCID: PMC1783293 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2001.01305.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the use of recombinant human interleukin-6 (rhIL-6) and a monoclonal antibody specific for interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) as co-adjuvants in a subunit vaccine against tuberculosis consisting of the culture filtrate proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (ST-CF) emulsified in the adjuvant dimethyl-dioctadecylammonium bromide (DDA). Both the addition of rhIL-6 and the neutralization of IFN-gamma resulted in an increased T helper type 1 (Th1) response characterized by enhanced IFN-gamma production and cell proliferation. Nevertheless, this did not result in the enhancement of protection against either an intravenous or an aerosol M. tuberculosis challenge. Our data stress the need to identify further correlates of protection in addition to IFN-gamma production to screen vaccines against tuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- I S Leal
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology of Infection, Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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42
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Silva RA, Flórido M, Appelberg R. Interleukin-12 primes CD4+ T cells for interferon-gamma production and protective immunity during Mycobacterium avium infection. Immunology 2001; 103:368-74. [PMID: 11454066 PMCID: PMC1783245 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2001.01237.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is a crucial cytokine for the generation of a protective immune response against Mycobacterium avium infection. In contrast to infected control mice, IL-12-deficient mice were unable to control bacterial proliferation and their spleen T cells were almost unresponsive in vitro to specific antigens of M. avium. Susceptibility of mice deficient in IL-12 was similar to that of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)-deficient mice. These data indicate a crucial role of IL-12 in the development of a T-cell population able to produce IFN-gamma and to mediate protection against M. avium infection. Treatment of M. avium-infected mice with IL-12 induced CD4+ T cells with enhanced capacity to produce IFN-gamma as well as to confer increased protection against M. avium.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Silva
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology of Infection, Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Porto, Portugal
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43
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Ehlers S, Richter E. Differential requirement for interferon-gamma to restrict the growth of or eliminate some recently identified species of nontuberculous mycobacteria in vivo. Clin Exp Immunol 2001; 124:229-38. [PMID: 11422199 PMCID: PMC1906046 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2001.01509.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, a number of newly identified species of the genus Mycobacterium (M.) have been isolated from tissues of both immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients, e.g. M. celatum, M. intermedium, M. interjectum, M. bohemicum, M. conspicuum, M. confluentis, M. heidelbergense, M. lentiflavum, and M. branderi. Little is known about their in vivo virulence characteristics and the host factors predisposing to infection with these strains. In an effort to elucidate the pathogenesis of these nontuberculous mycobacterial species, BALB/c and syngeneic IFNgamma-deficient (GKO) mice were intravenously infected with 106 colony forming units of each of these species, and bacterial growth in infected organs and the development of splenomegaly and granulomatous liver lesions were examined for a period of 3 months. Based on their in vivo virulence, mycobacterial strains could be divided into three major groups: (i) Most species examined either grew progressively or persisted at plateau levels in the livers and spleens of immunocompetent mice, and their growth was increased in GKO mice. (ii) M. heidelbergense, M. intermedium and another species not officially accorded separate taxonomical status were eliminated in BALB/c mice, but persisted in GKO mice. (iii) M. confluentis, M. lentiflavum and another novel species were eradicated even in the absence of IFNgamma. Nontuberculous mycobacterial species differed widely in their capacity to induce splenomegaly and lymphadenopathy in GKO mice. In conclusion, IFNgamma is a crucial determinant of infection outcome with most, but not all opportunistic mycobacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ehlers
- Division of Molecular Infection Biology, Research Centre Borstel, Centre for Medicine and Biosciences, Borstel, Germany.
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44
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients exhibit alterations in the metabolism of iron that lead to increased deposition of this element in the tissues. Such alterations may underlie an increased susceptibility of AIDS patients to mycobacterial infections, namely by Mycobacterium avium. OBJECTIVES The understanding of the role of iron metabolism during M. avium infections in mouse models may allow the design of new therapies based on the manipulation of iron stores. STUDY DESIGN In vitro macrophage cultures and in vivo mouse studies of iron depletion and iron overload are used to assess mycobacterial multiplication and testing of the efficacy of iron depletion strategies such as the use of iron chelators. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The levels of iron loading of macrophages in vitro or in vivo affect the growth of M. avium. The currently available iron chelators have poor efficacy in depleting the macrophage iron stores and, therefore, have a poor impact on the infection. Therefore, newer drugs are required that may be used in the context of in vivo infections such as in the case of affected AIDS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Gomes
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology of Infection, Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
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45
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Ouadrhiri Y, Sibille Y. Phagocytosis and killing of intracellular pathogens: interaction between cytokines and antibiotics. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2000; 13:233-240. [PMID: 11964792 DOI: 10.1097/00001432-200006000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Phagocytosis and bacterial killing are the primary functions of macrophages. Among the mechanisms involved in the phagocytic process, cytokines, especially those of T-helper 1 profile, appear to influence considerably the internalization and the intracellular fate of the pathogen within the macrophage. In particular, the evidence for a cooperation of cytokines with antibiotics in intracellular infection could provide new therapeutic approaches to intracellular infectious diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef Ouadrhiri
- Unit of Experimental Medicine, Christian de Duve International Institute of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Brussels, Belgium
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46
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Abstract
Factors determining the in vivo replication of the opportunistic pathogen Mycobacterium genavense are largely unknown. Following intravenous injection of a patient isolate, M. genavense could not be recovered by culture or detected by PCR in the livers or spleens of infected BALB/c mice. In contrast, M. genavense was found to chronically persist and multiply in the livers and spleens of intravenously infected syngeneic gamma-interferon-gene-deficient (GKO) mice as evidenced by acid-fast stains of infected tissues and recovery by both PCR and liquid culture following organ homogenization. In GKO mice, M. genavense elicited a chronic inflammatory response, resulting in marked splenomegaly and extensive lymphadenopathy. Granulomatous lesions in the livers of GKO mice were diffuse, were composed of monocytes, neutrophils, and CD3(+) cells, and were histochemically negative for inducible nitric oxide synthase.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ehlers
- Division of Molecular Infection Biology, Research Center Borstel, D-23845 Borstel, Germany.
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47
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Morris S, Kelley C, Howard A, Li Z, Collins F. The immunogenicity of single and combination DNA vaccines against tuberculosis. Vaccine 2000; 18:2155-63. [PMID: 10715531 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(99)00540-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
DNA immunization is a promising new approach for the development of novel tuberculosis vaccines. In this study, the immune responses following the administration of single and combination tuberculosis DNA vaccines were evaluated. Single DNA vaccines encoding the MPT-63 and MPT-83 tuberculosis antigens evoked partial protection against an aerogenic challenge with M. tuberculosis Erdman in the mouse model of pulmonary tuberculosis. Immunization with a multivalent combination DNA vaccine (containing the ESAT-6, MPT-64, MPT-63, and KatG constructs) generated immune responses that indicated an absence of antigenic competition since antigen-specific cell-mediated and humoral responses were detected to each component of the mixture. More importantly, the combination vaccine elicited a strong protective response relative to the protection evoked by live BCG vaccine.
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MESH Headings
- Aerosols
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bacterial/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Bacterial/immunology
- Antigens, Bacterial/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- BCG Vaccine/administration & dosage
- BCG Vaccine/classification
- BCG Vaccine/immunology
- Female
- Immunity, Cellular
- Immunization, Secondary
- Immunoglobulin G/biosynthesis
- Injections, Intramuscular
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/immunology
- Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
- Tuberculosis/prevention & control
- Vaccination
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- S Morris
- Laboratory of Mycobacteria, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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48
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Silva RA, Gomes MS, Appelberg R. Minor role played by type I tumour necrosis factor receptor in the control of Mycobacterium avium proliferation in infected mice. Immunology 2000; 99:203-7. [PMID: 10692037 PMCID: PMC2327159 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2000.00937.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/1999] [Revised: 09/05/1999] [Accepted: 09/05/1999] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Control of mycobacterial growth depends on the concerted activity of different cytokines acting in different stages of the development of innate and adaptive immune responses. Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) has been shown to play a protective role in Mycobacterium avium infections. Here we assessed the growth of this mycobacterial species in wild-type mice and in mice with a genetically engineered disruption of the type I receptor for TNF-alpha (p55-KO mice). p55-KO mice infected with a low-virulence strain of M. avium exhibited a slightly delayed capacity to eliminate the micro-organisms from the liver as compared with wild-type animals. However, either the growth of this strain in the other organs studied (spleen and lung) or the growth of two other strains of M. avium with intermediate or high virulence, failed to be affected by mutation of the TNF-alpha receptor. p55-KO mice were also as protected by the administration of recombinant interleukin-12 as the heterozygous p55 +/- mice. We conclude that signalling through the type I TNF receptor plays a small role in vivo in the induction of mycobacteriostasis during M. avium infection but may improve survival during infection with virulent mycobacteria, independently of the extent of their proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Silva
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology of Infection, Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Porto, Portugal
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49
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Pais TF, Appelberg R. Macrophage control of mycobacterial growth induced by picolinic acid is dependent on host cell apoptosis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 164:389-97. [PMID: 10605034 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.1.389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The effects of picolinic acid (PA) on the intramacrophagic growth of Mycobacterium avium were studied. PA reduced M. avium growth inside mouse macrophages and led to a complete control of mycobacterial growth when added together with IFN-gamma. The mechanism involved did not require TNF-alpha, NO, or the respiratory burst, and was not dependent on either iron or zinc withholding. The mycobacteriostatic activity of the macrophages was associated with the induction of morphological changes that culminated in apoptosis at day 4 of treatment. PA alone induced apoptosis in macrophages, and this effect was increased by IFN-gamma treatment. Apoptosis at day 4 of infection was reduced by inhibiting macrophage activation with the prostaglandin 15 deoxy-prostaglandin J2 or by treating the cells with the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine. Mycobacterial growth was partially restored in macrophages treated with PA and IFN-gamma when 15 deoxy-prostaglandin J2 was added, concomitant with a delay in apoptosis. N-Acetylcysteine or glutathione could also completely revert the mycobacteriostatic effects of PA or PA plus IFN-gamma.
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Affiliation(s)
- T F Pais
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology of Infection, Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Porto, Portugal
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50
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Appelberg R, Leal IS, Pais TF, Pedrosa J, Flórido M. Differences in resistance of C57BL/6 and C57BL/10 mice to infection by Mycobacterium avium are independent of gamma interferon. Infect Immun 2000; 68:19-23. [PMID: 10603363 PMCID: PMC97096 DOI: 10.1128/iai.68.1.19-23.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
After infection with a low-virulence strain of Mycobacterium avium, C57BL/6 and C57BL/10 mice had clear differences in the control of the infection in their livers and spleens. This difference in susceptibility was not associated with differences in the H-2 complex. It was dependent on the activity of CD4(+) T cells but unrelated to the ability of these cells to secrete gamma interferon or to the development of delayed-type hypersensitivity responses at 3 weeks of infection. It was associated with lower total numbers of CD4(+) cells present in infected spleens and was related to an earlier induction of protective T cells, as measured by adoptive-transfer assays. These data further strengthen the notion of gamma-interferon-independent mechanisms of protection against mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Appelberg
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology of Infection, Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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