1
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Park S, Cho E, Senevirathne A, Chung HJ, Ha S, Kim CH, Kang S, Lee JH. Salmonella vector induces protective immunity against Lawsonia and Salmonella in murine model using prokaryotic expression system. J Vet Sci 2024; 25:e4. [PMID: 38311319 PMCID: PMC10839175 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.23219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lawsonia intracellularis is the causative agent of proliferative enteropathy and is associated with several outbreaks, causing substantial economic loss to the porcine industry. OBJECTIVES In this study, we focused on demonstrating the protective effect in the mouse model through the immunological bases of two vaccine strains against porcine proliferative enteritis. METHODS We used live-attenuated Salmonella Typhimurium (ST) secreting two selected immunogenic LI antigens (Lawsonia autotransporter A epitopes and flagellin [FliC]-peptidoglycan-associated lipoprotein-FliC) as the vaccine carrier. The constructs were cloned into a Salmonella expression vector (pJHL65) and transformed into the ST strain (JOL912). The expression of immunogenic proteins within Salmonella was evaluated via immunoblotting. RESULTS Immunizing BALB/c mice orally and subcutaneously induced high levels of LI-specific systemic immunoglobulin G and mucosal secretory immunoglobulin A. In immunized mice, there was significant upregulation of interferon-γ and interleukin-4 cytokine mRNA and an increase in the subpopulations of cluster of differentiation (CD) 4+ and CD 8+ T lymphocytes upon splenocytes re-stimulation with LI antigens. We observed significant protection in C57BL/6 mice against challenge with 106.9 times the median tissue culture infectious dose of LI or 2 × 109 colony-forming units of the virulent ST strain. Immunizing mice with either individual vaccine strains or co-mixture inhibited bacterial proliferation, with a marked reduction in the percentage of mice shedding Lawsonia in their feces. CONCLUSIONS Salmonella-mediated LI gene delivery induces robust humoral and cellular immune reactions, leading to significant protection against LI and salmonellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungwoo Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan Campus, Iksan 54596, Korea
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Eunseok Cho
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Amal Senevirathne
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan Campus, Iksan 54596, Korea
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Hak-Jae Chung
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Seungmin Ha
- Dairy Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Chae-Hyun Kim
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Seogjin Kang
- Dairy Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Cheonan 31000, Korea.
| | - John Hwa Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan Campus, Iksan 54596, Korea.
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2
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Xiao N, Li J, Li M, Zhou H, Lin H, Fan H. Isolation and In Vitro cultivation of Lawsonia intracellularis from China. Vet Microbiol 2022; 270:109457. [PMID: 35609389 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Lawsonia intracellularis is an obligate intracellular bacterium that cannot be cultured by conventional bacteriological methods. Pigs infected with L. intracellularis suffer from decreased daily weight gain and poor feed conversion ratio. China is a large producer of pigs, but epidemiological investigation data of L. intracellularis has not been obtained in recent years. Additionally, there is no information about a L. intracellularis strain being successfully isolated and established in cell culture in China, and the above shortcomings limit understanding of the pathogenesis of L. intracellularis and alternative prevention and control methods. The aims of this study were to estimate the seroprevalence of L. intracellularis antibodies in eight major pig-producing provinces in China during 2019-2020, to isolate L. intracellularis from infected intestines and then to establish an infection model of L. intracellularis in mice. Our results showed that of the 3586 serum samples, 2837 (79.1%, 95% CI: 77.7%, 80.4%) were seropositive for the L. intracellularis antibody. Subsequently, the L. intracellularis strain LJS19051 from China was successfully isolated and established in cell culture. Furthermore, L. intracellularis DNA and antibodies could be detected in the feces and serum samples of infected mice, respectively. Moreover, infected crypts showed typical proliferative enteropathies (PE) lesions and L. intracellularis antigen was detected in infected mice by immunofluorescence at 28 days post inoculation. The results indicated that the new L. intracellularis strain LJS19051 was obtained and could successfully proliferate in ICR mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Xiao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jiannan Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Minxue Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Huixing Lin
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hongjie Fan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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3
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Li M, Xiao N, Li J, Lin H, Fan H. Evaluation of immune efficacy of Omp2 protein against Lawsonia intracellularis in mice. Vet Microbiol 2021; 263:109274. [PMID: 34781192 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Porcine proliferative enteropathy (PPE) is caused by the obligate intracellular bacterium Lawsonia intracellularis. Infection results in an enteric disease characterised by decreased growth performance of pigs, and presents a major economic burden for swine industries worldwide. Since vaccination is an effective technique for controlling PPE, novel effective vaccine platforms are need to be developed. In this study, five proteins of L. intracellularis were screened through animal experiments and the highly immunoprotective Omp2 protein was identified. Then, the immune efficacy of Omp2 was further evaluated based on humoral and cell mediated immune (CMI) responses, faecal bacterial shedding, histopathological lesions, immune barrier function of intestinal mucosa as well as digestive and absorptive capacity following challenge of mice with L. intracellularis. Mice immunised with Omp2 had reduced faecal shedding, fewer histopathological lesions and reduced bacteria colonisation of the ileum. Additionally, Omp2 immunised mice showed stronger serum IgG and IFN-γ levels, up-regulated Occludin and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) mRNA levels, as well as increased numbers of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) and levels of sIgA. On the contrary, the activities of LPS, α-AMS and AKP were significantly increased. Our investigation indicated that immunization with Omp2 reduced the severity of clinical signs and provided efficacious immunoprotection for target animals against L. intracellularis infection in mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minxue Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ning Xiao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jiannan Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Huixing Lin
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Hongjie Fan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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4
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Fourie KR, Choudhary P, Ng SH, Obradovic M, Brownlie R, Anand SK, Wilson HL. Evaluation of immunogenicity and protection mediated by Lawsonia intracellularis subunit vaccines. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2021; 237:110256. [PMID: 33971523 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lawsonia intracellularis is an economically important bacterium that causes ileitis in pigs. Current vaccines for L. intracellularis do not allow for differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals (DIVA), which is beneficial for disease tracking and surveillance. Previously, we identified five putative surface L. intracellularis proteins that were targeted by antibodies from pigs infected with L. intracellularis which could serve as antigens in a subunit vaccine. We conducted two trials to determine whether these antigens were immunogenic and provided protection against infectious challenge and whether truncated glycoprotein D could be used as a DIVA antigen. For Trial 1, 5 week-old piglets were administered intramuscular monovalent vaccines comprised of a recombinant (r) flagella subunit protein (rFliC,) and DIVA antigen (truncated glycoprotein D (TgD), a herpes virus antigen) both formulated with a combination adjuvant consisting of polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid(poly I:C), host defense peptide 1002 and polyphosphazene, referred to as Triple Adjuvant (TriAdj). Relative to control animals, animals vaccinated with rFliC and rTgD had significantly elevated antigen-specific humoral immunity in sera suggesting that rFliC and TgD are immunogenic. Control animals had negligible anti-TgD titres suggesting that TgD may be a suitable DIVA antigen for pigs. For Trial 2, piglets were immunized with a trivalent vaccine (FOG vaccine consisting of rFLiC, rOppA protein (a ABC Type dipeptide transport system) and rGroEL (a stress response protein)) and a divalent vaccine (CM vaccine consisting of rClpP (an ATP-dependent Clp protease proteolytic subunit) and rMetK (a S-adenosyl methionine synthase)) formulated with Emulsigen®. Relative to the control pigs, pigs immunized with the FOG vaccine produced robust and significantly higher serum IgG antibodies against rFliC and rGroEL, and significantly higher anti-FliC and anti-GroEL IgA antibodies in jejunal (GroEL only) and ileal intestinal mucosa. Pigs immunized with CM vaccine produced significantly higher serum antibodies against rClpP and rMetK and significantly higher anti-rClpP IgA antibodies in the ileum relative to the control pigs. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis showed that 18 days after challenge with infectious L. intracellularis, challenged/control pigs and pigs that received the CM vaccine, but not the pigs vaccinated with the FOG vaccine, shed significantly more bacteria in feces than the unchallenged controls pigs. These data suggest that the FOG vaccinated pigs showed limited protection. While promising, more work is needed to enhance the efficiency of the intramuscular vaccine to show significant disease protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kezia R Fourie
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Pooja Choudhary
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Siew Hon Ng
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Milan Obradovic
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Robert Brownlie
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | | | - Heather L Wilson
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
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5
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Campillo M, Smith SH, Gally DL, Opriessnig T. Review of methods for the detection of Lawsonia intracellularis infection in pigs. J Vet Diagn Invest 2021; 33:621-631. [PMID: 33739176 PMCID: PMC8225690 DOI: 10.1177/10406387211003551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Lawsonia intracellularis is an obligate intracellular bacterium
associated with enteric disease in pigs. Clinical signs include weight loss,
diarrhea, and, in some cases, sudden death. The hallmark lesion is the
thickening of the intestinal mucosa caused by increased epithelial cell
replication, known as proliferative enteropathy. The immune response to
L. intracellularis is not well defined, and detection of
the infection, especially in the early stages, is still a significant challenge.
We review here the main approaches used to identify this important but poorly
understood pathogen. Detection of L. intracellularis infection
as the cause of clinical disease is confounded by the high prevalence of the
pathogen in many countries and that several other pathogens can produce similar
clinical signs. A single L. intracellularis–specific ELISA and
several amplification assays are available commercially to aid detection and
surveillance, although histopathology remains the primary way to reach a
conclusive diagnosis. There are major gaps in our understanding of L.
intracellularis pathogenesis, especially how the host responds to
infection and the factors that drive infection toward different clinical
outcomes. Knowledge of pathogenesis will increase the predictive value of
antemortem tests to guide appropriate interventions, including identification
and treatment of subclinically affected pigs in the early stages of disease,
given that this important manifestation reduces pig productivity and contributes
to the economic burden of L. intracellularis worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Campillo
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - Sionagh H Smith
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - David L Gally
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - Tanja Opriessnig
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
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6
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Drolia R, Amalaradjou MAR, Ryan V, Tenguria S, Liu D, Bai X, Xu L, Singh AK, Cox AD, Bernal-Crespo V, Schaber JA, Applegate BM, Vemulapalli R, Bhunia AK. Receptor-targeted engineered probiotics mitigate lethal Listeria infection. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6344. [PMID: 33311493 PMCID: PMC7732855 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20200-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotic bacteria reduce the intestinal colonization of pathogens. Yet, their use in preventing fatal infection caused by foodborne Listeria monocytogenes (Lm), is inconsistent. Here, we bioengineered Lactobacillus probiotics (BLP) to express the Listeria adhesion protein (LAP) from a non-pathogenic Listeria (L. innocua) and a pathogenic Listeria (Lm) on the surface of Lactobacillus casei. The BLP strains colonize the intestine, reduce Lm mucosal colonization and systemic dissemination, and protect mice from lethal infection. The BLP competitively excludes Lm by occupying the surface presented LAP receptor, heat shock protein 60 and ameliorates the Lm-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction by blocking the nuclear factor-κB and myosin light chain kinase-mediated redistribution of the major epithelial junctional proteins. Additionally, the BLP increases intestinal immunomodulatory functions by recruiting FOXP3+T cells, CD11c+ dendritic cells and natural killer cells. Engineering a probiotic strain with an adhesion protein from a non-pathogenic bacterium provides a new paradigm to exclude pathogens and amplify their inherent health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi Drolia
- Molecular Food Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Mary Anne Roshni Amalaradjou
- Molecular Food Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Valerie Ryan
- Molecular Food Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Shivendra Tenguria
- Molecular Food Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Dongqi Liu
- Molecular Food Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Xingjian Bai
- Molecular Food Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Luping Xu
- Molecular Food Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Atul K Singh
- Molecular Food Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Abigail D Cox
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Victor Bernal-Crespo
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - James A Schaber
- Bindley Bioscience Research Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Bruce M Applegate
- Molecular Food Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Purdue University Interdisciplinary Life Science Program, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Ramesh Vemulapalli
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Arun K Bhunia
- Molecular Food Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
- Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
- Purdue University Interdisciplinary Life Science Program, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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7
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Quintard B, François‐Brazier C, Giorgiadis M, Lefaux B, Lemberger K. Suspicion of epizootic
Lawsonia intracellularis
disease in a group of pileated gibbons (
Hylobates pileatus
). VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2020-001284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Brice Lefaux
- Parc Zoologique et Botanique de MulhouseMulhouseFrance
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8
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Obradovic MR, Wilson HL. Immune response and protection against Lawsonia intracellularis infections in pigs. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2019; 219:109959. [PMID: 31710909 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.109959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Lawsonia intracellularis are Gram-negative, obligate intracellular bacteria that cause proliferative enteropathy (PE), an economically important disease for the pig industry. Numerous reviews have been published on the characteristics and pathogenesis of this bacterium since its isolation and taxonomic characterization, with most reviews only partially covering how the host immune response develops during infection and the immune correlates of protection. With the development of increasingly more sophisticated immunological assays and tools for the pig, the immune response against L. intracellularis at distinct stages of pathogenesis has been published. In this review, we discuss current knowledge of the pig immune response against L. intracellularis and strategies to achieve immune protection. The immune response is presented in relation to chronological progression of pathological lesions and clinical symptoms, with emphasis on innate immunity and the adaptive humoral and cell-mediated immune response. The aim is to achieve a comprehensive understanding of the host immune response with respect to the stage-dependent cellular and biochemical processes important during PE development. Also, strategies for development of immune protection and new vaccination technologies are discussed in the light of new discoveries in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan R Obradovic
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO)-International Vaccine Centre (InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E3, Canada; School of Public Health, Vaccinology, and Immunotherapeutics, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Heather L Wilson
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO)-International Vaccine Centre (InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E3, Canada; School of Public Health, Vaccinology, and Immunotherapeutics, Saskatchewan, Canada.
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9
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Park S, Won G, Lee JH. An attenuated Salmonella vaccine secreting Lawsonia intracellularis immunogenic antigens confers dual protection against porcine proliferative enteropathy and salmonellosis in a murine model. J Vet Sci 2019; 20:e24. [PMID: 31161742 PMCID: PMC6538521 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2019.20.e24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine proliferative enteropathy (PPE) caused by Lawsonia intracellularis (LI) is a global cause for substantial economic losses in the swine industry. Here, we constructed live attenuated Salmonella typhimurium (ST) mutant strains expressing and secreting 4 selected immunogenic LI antigens, namely, optA, optB, Lawsonia flagellin (LfliC), and Lawsonia hemolysin (Lhly); the resultant recombinant strains were designated Sal-optA, Sal-optB, Sal-LfliC, or Sal-Lhly, respectively. Using the BALB/c mouse model, we demonstrate that mice vaccinated once orally, either with a mixture of all 4 recombinant strains or with an individual recombinant strain, show significant (p < 0.05) production of LI-specific systemic immunoglobulin (Ig) G and mucosal IgA responses compared to the Salmonella alone group. Upon restimulation of vaccinated splenocytes with the LI-specific antigens, significant (p < 0.05) and comparable production of interferon-γ responses are found in all vaccinated groups, except the Sal-Lhly group, which shows non-significant levels. Challenge studies were performed in C57BL/6 vaccinated mice. On challenge with the LI (106.9 50% tissue culture infectious dose) 14 days post-vaccination, 20% (1/5) of mice in all vaccinated groups, except Sal-Lhly group, show the presence of the LI-specific genomic DNA (gDNA) in stool samples. In contrast, 40% (2/5) and 60% (3/5) of mice vaccinated with the Sal-Lhly strain and the attenuated Salmonella alone, respectively, were found positive for the LI-specific gDNA. Furthermore, 0% mortality was observed in mice vaccinated against the ST challenge compared to the 30% mortality observed in the unvaccinated control group. In conclusion, we demonstrate that the Salmonella-based LI-vaccines induce LI-specific humoral and cell-mediated immunities, and encompass the potential to offer dual protection against PPE and salmonellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyeon Park
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
| | - Gayeon Won
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
| | - John Hwa Lee
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea.
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10
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Disson O, Blériot C, Jacob JM, Serafini N, Dulauroy S, Jouvion G, Fevre C, Gessain G, Thouvenot P, Eberl G, Di Santo JP, Peduto L, Lecuit M. Peyer's patch myeloid cells infection by Listeria signals through gp38 + stromal cells and locks intestinal villus invasion. J Exp Med 2018; 215:2936-2954. [PMID: 30355616 PMCID: PMC6219733 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20181210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The foodborne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) crosses the intestinal villus epithelium via goblet cells (GCs) upon the interaction of Lm surface protein InlA with its receptor E-cadherin. Here, we show that Lm infection accelerates intestinal villus epithelium renewal while decreasing the number of GCs expressing luminally accessible E-cadherin, thereby locking Lm portal of entry. This novel innate immune response to an enteropathogen is triggered by the infection of Peyer's patch CX3CR1+ cells and the ensuing production of IL-23. It requires STAT3 phosphorylation in epithelial cells in response to IL-22 and IL-11 expressed by lamina propria gp38+ stromal cells. Lm-induced IFN-γ signaling and STAT1 phosphorylation in epithelial cells is also critical for Lm-associated intestinal epithelium response. GC depletion also leads to a decrease in colon mucus barrier thickness, thereby increasing host susceptibility to colitis. This study unveils a novel innate immune response to an enteropathogen, which implicates gp38+ stromal cells and locks intestinal villus invasion, but favors colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Disson
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1117, Paris, France
| | - Camille Blériot
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1117, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marie Jacob
- Institut Pasteur, Stroma, Inflammation and Tissue Repair Unit, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1224, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Serafini
- Institut Pasteur, Innate Immunity Unit, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1223, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Dulauroy
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1224, Paris, France.,Institut Pasteur, Microenvironnement and Immunity Unit, Paris, France
| | - Grégory Jouvion
- Institut Pasteur, Human Histopathology and Animal Models Unit, Paris, France
| | - Cindy Fevre
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1117, Paris, France
| | - Grégoire Gessain
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1117, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Thouvenot
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1117, Paris, France
| | - Gérard Eberl
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1224, Paris, France.,Institut Pasteur, Microenvironnement and Immunity Unit, Paris, France
| | - James P Di Santo
- Institut Pasteur, Innate Immunity Unit, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1223, Paris, France
| | - Lucie Peduto
- Institut Pasteur, Stroma, Inflammation and Tissue Repair Unit, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1224, Paris, France
| | - Marc Lecuit
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, Paris, France .,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1117, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, APHP, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
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11
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Park S, Won G, Kim J, Kim HB, Lee JH. Potent O-antigen-deficient (rough) mutants of Salmonella Typhimurium secreting Lawsonia intracellularis antigens enhance immunogenicity and provide single-immunization protection against proliferative enteropathy and salmonellosis in a murine model. Vet Res 2018; 49:57. [PMID: 29976253 PMCID: PMC6034208 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0552-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The obligate intracellular pathogen Lawsonia intracellularis (LI), the etiological agent of proliferative enteropathy (PE), poses a substantial economic loss in the swine industry worldwide. In this study, we genetically engineered an O-antigen-deficient (rough) Salmonella strain secreting four selected immunogenic LI antigens, namely OptA, OptB, LfliC, and Lhly. The genes encoding these antigens were individually inserted in the expression vector plasmid pJHL65, and the resultant plasmids were transformed into the ∆asd ∆lon ∆cpxR ∆rfaL Salmonella Typhimurium (ST) strain JOL1800. The individual expression of the selected LI antigens in JOL1800 was validated by an immunoblotting assay. We observed significant (P < 0.05) induction of systemic IgG and mucosal IgA responses against each LI antigen or Salmonella outer membrane protein in mice immunized once orally with a mixture of four JOL1800-derived strains. Further, mRNA of IL-4 and IFN-γ were highly upregulated in splenic T cells re-stimulated in vitro with individual purified antigens. Subsequently, immunized mice showed significant protection against challenge with 106.9 TCID50 LI or 2 × 109 CFU of a virulent ST strain. At day 8 post-challenge, no mice in the immunized groups showed the presence of LI-specific genomic DNA (gDNA) in stool samples, while 50% of non-immunized mice were positive for LI-specific gDNA. Further, all the immunized mice survived the virulent ST challenge, compared to a 20% mortality rate observed in the control mice. Collectively, the constructed rough ST-based LI vaccine candidate efficiently elicited LI and ST-specific humoral and cell-mediated immunity and conferred proper dual protection against PE and salmonellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyeon Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan Campus, Gobong-ro 79, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Gayeon Won
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan Campus, Gobong-ro 79, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Jehyoung Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan Campus, Gobong-ro 79, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeun Bum Kim
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, South Korea.
| | - John Hwa Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan Campus, Gobong-ro 79, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea.
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Yeh JY, Ga AR. Systemic cytokine response in pigs infected orally with a Lawsonia intracellularis isolate of South Korean origin. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 80:13-19. [PMID: 29142159 PMCID: PMC5797853 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In the swine industry, Lawsonia intracellularis is one of the main enteric pathogens; it causes acute intestinal hemorrhage (proliferative hemorrhagic enteropathy) in naïve adult pigs and a wasting
disease (proliferative enteropathy) in growing pigs. Among many kinds of cytokines, interferon-γ (IFN-γ) has previously been reported to play a significant role in limiting intracellular infection and increasing cellular
proliferation associated with L. intracellularis. However, the levels of various circulating inflammatory cytokines, including IFN-γ, in animals infected with L. intracellularis is still
an area of considerable interest for understanding immunity against this bacterium. In addition, there has been no information on cytokine response in animals infected with any L. intracellularis isolate
of South Korean origin or Asian origin. To determine the relationship between the changes in the systemic inflammatory cytokine response in the peripheral blood of the host after L. intracellularis
infection, we measured the levels of some pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IFN-γ), anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-10, and transforming growth factor-β
(TGF-β)), and a chemokine (IL-8) in pigs infected with L. intracellularis isolated from South Korea. This study demonstrated that a L. intracellularis isolate of South Korean origin
induced cytokine (TNF-α, IL-6, and IFN-γ) responses in infected animals within 15 days post-infection although the circulating levels of IL-4, IL-10, IL-8 and TGF-β were induced relatively late.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Yong Yeh
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - A-Reum Ga
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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Huan YW, Bengtsson RJ, MacIntyre N, Guthrie J, Finlayson H, Smith SH, Archibald AL, Ait-Ali T. Lawsonia intracellularis exploits β-catenin/Wnt and Notch signalling pathways during infection of intestinal crypt to alter cell homeostasis and promote cell proliferation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173782. [PMID: 28323899 PMCID: PMC5360247 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Lawsonia intracellularis is an obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen that causes proliferative enteropathy (PE) in pigs. L. intracellularis infection causes extensive intestinal crypt cell proliferation and inhibits secretory and absorptive cell differentiation. However, the affected host upstream cellular pathways leading to PE are still unknown. β-catenin/Wnt signalling is essential in maintaining intestinal stem cell (ISC) proliferation and self-renewal capacity, while Notch signalling governs differentiation of secretory and absorptive lineage specification. Therefore, in this report we used immunofluorescence (IF) and quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (RTqPCR) to examine β-catenin/Wnt and Notch-1 signalling levels in uninfected and L. intracellularis infected pig ileums at 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days post challenge (dpc). We found that while the significant increase in Ki67+ nuclei in crypts at the peak of L. intracellularis infection suggested enhanced cell proliferation, the expression of c-MYC and ASCL2, promoters of cell growth and ISC proliferation respectively, was down-regulated. Peak infection also coincided with enhanced cytosolic and membrane-associated β-catenin staining and induction of AXIN2 and SOX9 transcripts, both encoding negative regulators of β-catenin/Wnt signalling and suggesting a potential alteration to β-catenin/Wnt signalling levels, with differential regulation of the expression of its target genes. We found that induction of HES1 and OLFM4 and the down-regulation of ATOH1 transcript levels was consistent with the increased Notch-1 signalling in crypts at the peak of infection. Interestingly, the significant down-regulation of ATOH1 transcript levels coincided with the depletion of MUC2 expression at 14 dpc, consistent with the role of ATOH1 in promoting goblet cell maturation. The lack of significant change to LGR5 transcript levels at the peak of infection suggested that the crypt hyperplasia was not due to the expansion of ISC population. Overall, simultaneous induction of Notch-1 signalling and the attenuation of β-catenin/Wnt pathway appear to be associated with the inhibition of goblet cell maturation and enhanced crypt cell proliferation at the peak of L. intracellularis infection. Moreover, the apparent differential regulation of apoptosis between crypt and lumen cells together with the strong induction of Notch-1 signalling and the enhanced SOX9 expression along crypts 14 dpc suggest an expansion of actively dividing transit amplifying and/or absorptive progenitor cells and provide a potential basis for understanding the development and maintenance of PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang W. Huan
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca J. Bengtsson
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Neil MacIntyre
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Jack Guthrie
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Heather Finlayson
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Sionagh H. Smith
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Alan L. Archibald
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Tahar Ait-Ali
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
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Nowland MH, Brammer DW, Garcia A, Rush HG. Biology and Diseases of Rabbits. LABORATORY ANIMAL MEDICINE 2015. [PMCID: PMC7150064 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-409527-4.00010-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Beginning in 1931, an inbred rabbit colony was developed at the Phipps Institute for the Study, Treatment and Prevention of Tuberculosis at the University of Pennsylvania. This colony was used to study natural resistance to infection with tuberculosis (Robertson et al., 1966). Other inbred colonies or well-defined breeding colonies were also developed at the University of Illinois College of Medicine Center for Genetics, the Laboratories of the International Health Division of The Rockefeller Foundation, the University of Utrecht in the Netherlands, and Jackson Laboratories. These colonies were moved or closed in the years to follow. Since 1973, the U.S. Department of Agriculture has reported the total number of certain species of animals used by registered research facilities (1997). In 1973, 447,570 rabbits were used in research. There has been an overall decrease in numbers of rabbits used. This decreasing trend started in the mid-1990s. In 2010, 210,172 rabbits were used in research. Despite the overall drop in the number used in research, the rabbit is still a valuable model and tool for many disciplines.
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Pusterla N, Gebhart CJ, Lavoie JP, Drolet R. Lawsonia intracellularis. EQUINE INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2014. [PMCID: PMC7151967 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4557-0891-8.00034-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Pusterla N, Gebhart C. Lawsonia intracellularis infection and proliferative enteropathy in foals. Vet Microbiol 2013; 167:34-41. [PMID: 23871678 PMCID: PMC7126703 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Equine proliferative enteropathy (EPE) is a disease of foals caused by the obligate intracellular organism Lawsonia intracellularis. This organism is unique in that it causes proliferation of infected enterocytes, resulting in thickening of the intestinal epithelium, most often the small intestine. This disease affects mainly weanling foals and causes fever, lethargy, peripheral edema, diarrhea, colic and weight loss. The diagnosis of EPE may be challenging and relies on the presence of hypoproteinemia, thickening of segments of the small intestinal wall observed on abdominal ultrasonography, positive serology and molecular detection of L. intracellularis in feces. The epidemiology and genetic basis for pathogenesis for this disease is beginning to be elucidated. Phenotypic traits, genomic features, and gene expression profiles during L. intracellularis infection in vitro and in vivo are presented. In addition, this article reviews the epidemiology, pathological and clinicopathological findings, diagnosis, and control of EPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Pusterla
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Pusterla N, Gebhart CJ. Equine proliferative enteropathy--a review of recent developments. Equine Vet J 2013; 45:403-9. [PMID: 23662705 PMCID: PMC7163532 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Equine proliferative enteropathy (EPE) is a disease of foals caused by the obligate intracellular organism Lawsonia intracellularis. This emerging disease affects mainly weanling foals and causes fever, lethargy, peripheral oedema, diarrhoea, colic and weight loss. The diagnosis of EPE may be challenging and relies on the presence of hypoproteinaemia, thickening of segments of the small intestinal wall observed upon abdominal ultrasonography, positive serology and molecular detection of L. intracellularis in faeces. Although the clinical entity, diagnostic approach and treatment of EPE are well established and described, the epidemiology for this disease has remained largely unaddressed. This article focuses on new developments in the field of EPE, including epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment and prevention.
The Summary is available in Chinese – see Supporting information.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Pusterla
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, USA.
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18
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Viott ADM, França SA, Vannucci FA, Cruz Jr EC, Costa MC, Gebhart CJ, Guedes RM. Infection of sparrows (Passer domesticus) and different mice strains with Lawsonia intracellularis. PESQUISA VETERINÁRIA BRASILEIRA 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2013000300016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The susceptibility of sparrows (Passer domesticus) and strains of mice (Swiss, BALB/c, C-57 and DB-A) to Lawsonia intracellularis infection was studied. Thirty-two sparrows were inoculated with pure culture of L. intracellularis and eleven received sham inoculum. Feces were collected on -1, 7, 14 and 21 days post infection (dpi) for detection of L. intracellularis by PCR. After 21 days, all sparrows were euthanized and the tissues processed for histology and immunohistochemistry (IHC). One hundred sixty mice of four different strains (n=40, per strain) were used. For each mouse strain, 16 animals received mucosa homogenate from a pig infected with L. intracellularis, 16 received pure culture of L. intracellularis and eight animals received sham inoculum. Two control and four inoculated mice from each group were euthanized on 7, 14, 21 and 28 dpi. Sections of intestine were collected for histologic analysis and IHC and pooled feces were collected for L. intracellularis PCR. None of the sparrows had any histologic lesions characteristic of proliferative enteropathy or antigen labeling by IHC. All sparrow fecal samples were negative by PCR. All mice strains studied had histopathological lesions typical of PE and IHC labeling consistent with L. intracellularis infection, especially those animals inoculated with pure culture. The most severe lesions were observed in DB-A and Swiss mice. Fecal shedding was detected in all mice strains, with peak at 14 dpi. We conclude that sparrows do not seem to be relevant in the epidemiology of L. intracellularis. The results showed variations in the lesions among the four mice strains used.
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19
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Nogueira MG, Collins AM, Donahoo M, Emery D. Immunological responses to vaccination following experimental Lawsonia intracellularis virulent challenge in pigs. Vet Microbiol 2013; 164:131-8. [PMID: 23478250 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Although a live attenuated vaccine has been used extensively to provide immunity against porcine proliferative enteropathy (PE) caused by Lawsonia intracellularis, the nature of the protective response is an area of considerable interest for the control of PE. Two trials investigated immune responses in pigs after oral and intramuscular (IM) vaccination followed by virulent L. intracellularis challenge. After an oral vaccination with 10(5.9) TCID50 organisms, significantly increased serum and mucosal secretions of IgM, IgG and higher mucosal TNF-α and TGF-β1 were detected by day 17, together with a trend towards higher levels of IFN-γ and IL-6. Pigs vaccinated IM produced elevated serum antibody titres but mucosal immune responses were not detected. After challenge with virulent L. intracellularis, non-vaccinated control pigs had higher PE lesion scores and excreted significantly higher numbers of L. intracellularis in faeces than the vaccinated pigs. Reduced intestinal pathology and faecal L. intracellularis shedding were evident in the vaccinated groups. The results indicated that protection was associated with mucosal cytokine and specific IgG and IgA responses after vaccination and that systemic antibody responses were boosted following challenge. However in the search for an immune correlate with protection, a causal association was not evident from a kinetic analysis of immune parameters in serum, ileal pathology and faecal shedding.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Nogueira
- Farm Animal and Veterinary Public Health, University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, New South Wales 2570, Australia.
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20
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Vannucci FA, Pusterla N, Mapes SM, Gebhart C. Evidence of host adaptation in Lawsonia intracellularis infections. Vet Res 2012; 43:53. [PMID: 22715937 PMCID: PMC3443049 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-43-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lawsonia intracellularis is the causative agent of proliferative enteropathy, an endemic disease in pigs and an emerging concern in horses. Enterocyte hyperplasia is a common lesion in every case but there are differences regarding clinical and pathological presentations among affected species. We hypothesize that host susceptibility to L. intracellularis infection depends on the species of origin of the bacterial isolate. The objective of this study was to evaluate the susceptibilities of pigs and horses to L. intracellularis infection using either a porcine or an equine isolate. Materials and methods Twelve foals and eighteen pigs were equally divided into three groups and infected with either a porcine or an equine isolate (109L. Intracellularis/challenged animal), and a saline solution (negative control group). The animals were monitored regarding clinical signs, average of daily weight gain, fecal shedding of the bacteria by PCR and humoral serological response. Results Foals infected with the equine isolate developed moderate to severe clinical signs and maintained a lower average of weight gain compared to control foals. Fecal quantitative PCR in equine isolate-infected foals revealed higher amounts of bacterial DNA associated with longer duration of shedding compared with porcine isolate-infected foals. All four foals infected with the equine isolate demonstrated higher IgG titers in the serum compared with porcine isolate-infected foals. In the pig trial, diarrhea and seroconversion were only observed in animals infected with the porcine isolate. Pathological changes typical of proliferative enteropathy were observed in the necropsied foal infected with equine isolate and in the two necropsied pigs infected with the porcine isolate. Conclusions Evident clinical signs, longer periods of bacterial shedding and stronger serologic immune responses were observed in animals infected with species-specific isolates. These results show that host susceptibility is driven by the origin of the isolated L. intracellularis strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio A Vannucci
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St, Paul, MN, 55108, USA.
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Pusterla N, Mapes S, Gebhart C. Lawsonia intracellularis-specific interferon γ gene expression by peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vaccinated and naturally infected foals. Vet J 2012; 192:249-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Revised: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 05/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Cordes H, Riber U, Jensen TK, Jungersen G. Cell-mediated and humoral immune responses in pigs following primary and challenge-exposure to Lawsonia intracellularis. Vet Res 2012; 43:9. [PMID: 22316065 PMCID: PMC3313852 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-43-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate immune responses upon re-infection with Lawsonia intracellularis, local and peripheral humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to primary and challenge inoculations were studied in 22 pigs. Pigs were orally inoculated with virulent L. intracellularis at the age of 5-6 weeks, treated with antibiotics and challenged with a re-inoculation (RE) at the age of 12 weeks. Treatment control (TC) pigs received only the primary inoculation and challenge control (CC) pigs received only the secondary inoculation at 12 weeks of age. Following this regimen, all RE pigs were protected against the re-infection as defined by reduced colonisation and pathology of intestinal mucosa, absence of bacterial shedding and without increase in serum acute phase protein response. In the protected RE pigs, serum IgG responses were variable with both high and low responders. Serum IgA responses were not boosted by the re-inoculation, since identical intestinal IgA responses developed in response to the inoculation in both the susceptible CC pigs and the protected RE pigs. A memory recall cell-mediated immune response developed in RE pigs which was significantly stronger compared to the primary response in age-matched CC pigs as assessed by whole blood IFN-γ assay and by calculation of IFN-γ integrated median fluorescence intensity (iMFI) after flow cytometry. The major IFN-γ producing cells were identified as CD8+ and CD4+CD8+ double positive lymphocytes. The results indicate that cell-mediated immune responses are likely mediators of protective immunity against L. intracellularis, with CD8+ effector cells and CD4+CD8+ double positive memory T cells as main contributors to the antigen-specific IFN-γ production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriette Cordes
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Bülowsvej 27, 1790 Copenhagen V, Denmark.
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Jacobson M, Andersson M, Lindberg R, Fossum C, Jensen-Waern M. Microarray and cytokine analyses of field cases of pigs with diarrhoea. Vet Microbiol 2011; 153:307-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Revised: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Characterization of the interferon gamma response to Lawsonia intracellularis using an equine proliferative enteropathy challenge (EPE) model. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011; 143:55-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Revised: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Guedes RM, Gebhart CJ. Evidence of cell-mediated immune response and specific local mucosal immunoglobulin (Ig) A production against Lawsonia intracellularis in experimentally infected swine. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE VETERINAIRE 2010; 74:97-101. [PMID: 20592838 PMCID: PMC2851731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2009] [Accepted: 06/04/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to detect cell-mediated and local humoral immune responses to Lawsonia intracellularis in pigs inoculated with a pure culture of the pathogenic isolate or with an intestinal mucosa homogenate. Twenty-four 5-week-old pigs were inoculated with a pure culture of L. intracellularis (n = 10), an intestinal mucosa homogenate from proliferative enteropathy diseased pigs (n = 10), or a control solution (n = 4). All animals were bled 0, 7, 14, and 20 d post-inoculation (pi). Serum was tested for immunoglobulin (Ig) G against L. intracellularis and for the production of interferon (IFN)-gamma by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) after inoculation with L. intracellularis total proteins. Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions were evaluated 24 and 48 h after intra-dermal injection of different concentrations of L. intracellularis antigen 20 d pi. All animals were euthanized on day 22, intestinal lavages of ileum and IgA titrations were done. Weak IFN-gamma production was detected in 1 pig from the pure culture group and 2 pigs from the mucosal homogenate group 14 d pi, and in 2 animals from both groups 20 d pi. All pigs, in both inoculated groups, were seropositive for IgG on day 20. Inoculated pigs from both groups showed very weak dose-dependent DTH reactions, which were more evident at 24 h than 48 h pi. Eight pigs from the pure culture group and 7 from the mucosa homogenate group had detectable IgA titers in the intestinal lavage 22 d pi. In conclusion, specific local intestinal humoral and weak cell-mediated immune responses can be detected in pigs experimentally infected with L. intracellularis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Connie J. Gebhart
- Address all correspondence to Dr. Gebhart; telephone: (612) 624-3444; fax: (612) 625-5203; e-mail:
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Friedman M, Bednář V, Klimeš J, Smola J, Mrlík V, Literák I. Lawsonia intracellularisin rodents from pig farms with the occurrence of porcine proliferative enteropathy. Lett Appl Microbiol 2008; 47:117-21. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2008.02394.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Murakata K, Sato A, Yoshiya M, Kim S, Watarai M, Omata Y, Furuoka H. Infection of different strains of mice with Lawsonia intracellularis derived from rabbit or porcine proliferative enteropathy. J Comp Pathol 2008; 139:8-15. [PMID: 18479698 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2008.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2007] [Accepted: 03/05/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This report describes intestinal lesions in five strains of mice infected orally with Lawsonia intracellularis-infected tissue homogenates from rabbits or pigs (RLI and PLI). BALB/cA, C3H/HeJ, C57BL/6J and ICR mice were susceptible to infection with RLI, whereas only C3H/HeJ, C57BL/6J and ICR strains were susceptible to PLI. In susceptible mice, crypt epithelial hyperplasia occurred in association with an inflammatory reaction, as in proliferative enteropathy (PE) in other species. The intestinal changes in the infected mice varied from mild to severe. Unlike rabbit or porcine PE, in which the changes are confined to the ileum, the lesions in mice were located in the caecum. Immunolabelling of L. intracellularis antigen was abundant in early infection when the epithelial hyperplasia was mild or absent. When the hyperplasia had become severe, however, immunolabelling was weak. For this reason, it is suggested that transitory infection of the epithelium induces epithelial hyperplasia. Genetic differences between mouse strains appeared to play an important role in the response to L. intracellularis infection. Moreover, the susceptibility of BALB/cA mice to RLI but not to PLI suggests that there are significant biological differences between L. intracellularis isolates from rabbit PE and porcine PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Murakata
- Department of Pathobiological Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Japan
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Park KS, Ahn SH, Hwang JS, Cho KB, Chung WJ, Jang BK, Kang YN, Kwon JH, Kim YH. A survey about irritable bowel syndrome in South Korea: prevalence and observable organic abnormalities in IBS patients. Dig Dis Sci 2008; 53:704-11. [PMID: 17717743 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-007-9930-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2007] [Accepted: 07/09/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The aims of the present study were: (1) to assess the prevalence of symptom-based irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in Korean adults, (2) to assess several organic abnormalities which can be found in IBS patients, and (3) to analyze the risk or associated factors that influence the presence of IBS. Adult health examinees were requested to fill out a questionnaire. The prevalence of IBS was calculated using Rome II criteria. Using several tests, several organic abnormalities were identified in the IBS group. Risk factors were analyzed by comparing the IBS and normal groups. The prevalence value for IBS according to Rome II criteria was 16.8%. Mucosal hyperplasia, lymphocyte aggregation, and increased eosinophil counts were relatively common microscopic findings in IBS group. Female gender, self-consciousness of IBS, and irregular defecation were expressed as significantly independent risk or associated factors for IBS. Several colonic microscopic findings mentioned above may be helpful in accurate diagnosis of IBS. Therefore a more-precise and large population study about these findings is necessary to reach a definitive conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Sik Park
- Department of Gastroenterology, Keimyung University School of Medicine and Institute for Medical Science, 194 Dongsan-dong, Jung-gu, Daegu, South Korea.
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Kroll JJ, Roof MB, Hoffman LJ, Dickson JS, Harris DLH. Proliferative enteropathy: a global enteric disease of pigs caused byLawsonia intracellularis. Anim Health Res Rev 2007; 6:173-97. [PMID: 16583781 DOI: 10.1079/ahr2005109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
AbstractProliferative enteropathy (PE; ileitis) is a common intestinal disease affecting susceptible pigs raised under various management systems around the world. Major developments in the understanding of PE and its causative agent,Lawsonia intracellularis, have occurred that have led to advances in the detection of this disease and methods to control and prevent it. Diagnostic tools that have improved overall detection and early onset of PE in pigs include various serological and molecular-based assays. Histological tests such as immunohistochemistry continue to be the gold standard in confirmingLawsonia-specific lesions in pigspost mortem. Despite extreme difficulties in isolatingL. intracellularis, innovations in the cultivation and the development of pure culture challenge models, have opened doors to better characterization of the pathogenesis of PE throughin vivoandin vitro L. intracellularis–host interactions. Advancements in molecular research such as the genetic sequencing of the entireLawsoniagenome have provided ways to identify various immunogens, metabolic pathways and methods for understanding the epidemiology of this organism. The determinations of immunological responsiveness in pigs to virulent and attenuated isolates ofL. intracellularisand identification of various immunogens have led to progress in vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy J Kroll
- Department of Research and Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica Inc., 2501 North Loop Drive, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA.
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Jacobson M, Råsbäck T, Flöistrup H, Benz M, Braun-Fahrländer C, Riedler J, Schram-Bijkerk D, Fellström C. Survey on the occurrence of Brachyspira species and Lawsonia intracellularis in children living on pig farms. Epidemiol Infect 2006; 135:1043-5. [PMID: 17134531 PMCID: PMC2870646 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268806007606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of Brachyspira species and Lawsonia intracellularis was investigated by PCR analyses of faeces from 60 children living on European pig farms. In addition, 60 other children were included as controls. Two samples were positive for B. aalborgi but B. pilosicoli and L. intracellularis were not demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jacobson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Uppsala, Sweden.
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31
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Koyama T, Hirai T, Nagai S. In vitro cultivation and partial characterization of Lawsonia intracellularis from a Japanese field case of porcine proliferative enteropathy. J Vet Med Sci 2006; 68:609-13. [PMID: 16820719 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.68.609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lawsonia intracellularis isolated from a Japanese field case of porcine proliferative enteropathy (PPE) was cultivated and partially characterized. The bacterial cells isolated from the intestinal mucosa of a pig suffering from the acute form of PPE were used to inoculate rat small intestine cells (IEC-18) and human epithelial cells (HEp-2). Infected foci, which were stained with L. intracellularis-specific rabbit antiserum, were observed in the cell culture at 5 days post inoculation. The DNA sequence of several genes in the Japanese isolate had high similarity with those of the L. intracellularis type strain, suggesting the genetically close relationship of the two strains. This is the first report describing the cultivation and partial characterization of L. intracellularis originated in Japan.
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Dittmar M, Hoelzle LE, Hoelzle K, Sydler T, Corboz L, Miserez R, Wittenbrink MM. Diagnosis of porcine proliferative enteropathy: detection of Lawsonia intracellularis by pathological examinations, polymerase chain reaction and cell culture inoculation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 50:332-8. [PMID: 14535931 DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0450.2003.00691.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A total of 21 pigs aged 7-17 weeks with clinical symptoms suggestive for Porcine Proliferative Enteropathy were examined for Lawsonia intracellularis by analysing the following parameters: (i) intestinal gross and histological lesions, (ii) presence of comma-shaped bacteria in enterocytes by Warthin-Starry and a modified Ziehl-Neelsen stain, (iii) PCR amplification of L. intracellularis DNA from intestinal mucosa by using two oligonucleotide primer pairs targeting a 255-bp DNA fragment of the 16S rDNA-gene and a 319-bp DNA fragment of the L. intracellularis chromosome. Specificity of PCR reactions was confirmed by using DNA extracted from the L. intracellularis reference strain N343 (ATCC 55672) as well as by DNA sequence comparisons of PCR amplification products with data bank entries. Intestinal gross lesion indicative for PPE were observed in 20 pigs (95.2%). For all 21 pigs, the L. intracellularis aetiology was confirmed by histological as well as bacterioscopical examinations. Specific PCR amplification products were obtained from 20 pigs (95.2%). Taking PCR positivity as the definite criterion, L. intracellularis was diagnosed in 20 pigs from 11 herds in seven Swiss cantons (Argovia, Berne, Fribourg, Grisons, Lucerne, Schwyz, Thurgovia). To grow L. intracellularisin vitro, the cell culture method of Lawson et al. (J. Clin. Microbiol. 1993: 31, 1136-1142) was adopted. Inocula prepared from heavily infected fresh and frozen ileal mucosa of 15 pigs were cultured in rat enterocytic IEC-18 cells (ATCC CRL 1589). Six cell culture passages of 10 days each were completed. The reference strain N343 was examined for cultivability, accordingly. Except for occasional specific PCR amplifications from cell cultures up to the second passage, any indications for growth of L. intracellularis in IEC-18 cells were not found.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dittmar
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 270, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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Guedes RMC, Gebhart CJ. Onset and duration of fecal shedding, cell-mediated and humoral immune responses in pigs after challenge with a pathogenic isolate or attenuated vaccine strain of Lawsonia intracellularis. Vet Microbiol 2003; 91:135-45. [PMID: 12458163 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(02)00301-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the humoral and, especially, cell-mediated immune response in pigs exposed to Lawsonia intracellularis. The objectives of this study were to investigate the onset and duration of fecal shedding, cell-mediated and humoral immune responses in pigs after challenge with a pathogenic isolate or a commercial live vaccine strain of L. intracellularis. Twenty-four 5-week-old pigs were exposed to 4.4x10(9) organisms of a pathogenic L. intracellularis isolate PHE/MN1-00 (10 pigs), a L. intracellularis live attenuated vaccine strain (10 pigs) or sham inoculum (4 pigs). Fecal, serum and whole blood samples were collected from all animals before exposure and weekly up to 13 weeks post inoculation and tested by PCR, immunoperoxidase monolayer assay serology and an interferon-gamma assay, respectively. One animal from each group was euthanized on day 22 post exposure to confirm infection. Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses were initially detected 2 weeks after exposure in pigs challenged with the pathogenic isolate, and 5 and 4 weeks, respectively, in pigs exposed to the modified-live vaccine group. Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses were still detected in some pigs from both L. intracellularis exposed groups 13 weeks after exposure. Fecal shedding was initially detected 1 week and lasted, intermittently, 12 weeks post exposure in pigs challenged with the pathogenic isolate, while fecal shedding was first detected 2 weeks and lasted, also intermittently, 9 weeks after exposure to the vaccine. In summary, both pathogenic isolate challenged and vaccine exposed pigs demonstrated long-term shedding of and immune responses to L. intracellularis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto M C Guedes
- Department of Veterinary PathoBiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 205 Veterinary Science Building, 1971 Commonwealth Avenue, 55108, St. Paul, MN, USA.
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McCluskey J, Hannigan J, Harris JD, Wren B, Smith DGE. LsaA, an antigen involved in cell attachment and invasion, is expressed by Lawsonia intracellularis during infection in vitro and in vivo. Infect Immun 2002; 70:2899-907. [PMID: 12010978 PMCID: PMC128020 DOI: 10.1128/iai.70.6.2899-2907.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Lawsonia intracellularis has been identified recently as the etiological agent of proliferative enteropathies, which are characterized by intestinal epithelial hyperplasia and associated moderate immune responses. This disease complex has been reported in a broad range of animals, prevalently in pigs, and L. intracellularis has been linked with ulcerative colitis in humans. L. intracellularis is an obligate intracellular bacterium, and the pathogenic mechanisms used to cause disease are unknown. Using in vitro-grown organisms as a source of genomic DNA, we identified a Lawsonia gene which encodes a surface antigen, LsaA (for Lawsonia surface antigen), associated with attachment to and entry into cells. The deduced amino acid sequence of this protein showed some similarity to members of a novel protein family identified in a number of other bacterial pathogens but for which roles are not fully defined. Transcription of this gene was detected by reverse transcription-PCR in L. intracellularis grown in vitro in IEC18 cells and in bacteria present in ileal tissue from infected animals. Immunohistochemistry with specific monoclonal antibody and immunoblotting with sera from infected animals demonstrated that LsaA protein is synthesized by L. intracellularis during infection. Expression of this gene during infection in vitro and in vivo suggests that this surface antigen is involved during infection, and phenotypic analysis indicated a role during L. intracellularis attachment to and entry into intestinal epithelial cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackie McCluskey
- Zoonotic & Animal Pathogens Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Smith DG, Lawson GH. Lawsonia intracellularis: getting inside the pathogenesis of proliferative enteropathy. Vet Microbiol 2001; 82:331-45. [PMID: 11506927 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(01)00397-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Although proliferative enteropathy (PE) has been recognised for several decades, Lawsonia intracellularis, the aetiological agent, was identified formally in only 1995. This organism is both highly fastidious and obligately intracellular bacterium, characteristics which have inevitably restricted investigations in all aspects of its biology. Despite these limitations, advances have been made in characterising and understanding L. intracellularis-host interaction both in vivo and in vitro. Based upon evidence provided by mainly pathological and histological investigations conducted to date, we review salient features of our current understanding of processes involved throughout the course of infection by this unique pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Smith
- Zoonotic and Animal Pathogens Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Scotland EH8 9AG, Edinburgh, UK.
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Luperchio SA, Schauer DB. Molecular pathogenesis of Citrobacter rodentium and transmissible murine colonic hyperplasia. Microbes Infect 2001; 3:333-40. [PMID: 11334751 DOI: 10.1016/s1286-4579(01)01387-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Here we review the history, clinical significance, pathology and molecular pathogenesis of Citrobacter rodentium, the causative agent of transmissible murine colonic hyperplasia. C. rodentium serves as an important model pathogen for investigating the mechanisms controlling attaching and effacing pathology, epithelial hyperproliferation, and tumor promotion in the distal colon of the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Luperchio
- Division of Bioengineering and Environmental Health, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Room 56-787B, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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