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SHIMIZU YASUYUKI, AKASAKA HIROAKI, MIYAWAKI DAISUKE, MUKUMOTO NARITOSHI, NAKAYAMA MASAO, WANG TIANYUAN, OSUGA SAKI, INUBUSHI SACHIKO, YADA RYUICHI, EJIMA YASUO, YOSHIDA KENJI, ISHIHARA TAKEAKI, SASAKI RYOHEI. Evaluation of a Small Animal Irradiation System for Animal Experiments Using EBT3 Model GAFCHROMIC™ Film. THE KOBE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2018; 63:E84-E91. [PMID: 29434180 PMCID: PMC5826025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In cancer research, small animal models, for example, mice, rats, or rabbits, facilitate the in-depth study of biological processes and the effects of radiation treatment that can lead to breakthrough discoveries. However, the physical quality of small animal irradiation systems has not been previously evaluated. In this study, we evaluate the quality of a small animal irradiation system using GAFCHROMIC™ film and a Tough Water Phantom. The profiles and percentage depth dose curves for several irradiation conditions were measured to evaluate the quality of the irradiation system. The symmetry ratios when the table was rotated were 1.1 (no filter), 1.0 (0.5 mm Al filter), 1.0 (1.0 mm Al filter), 1.1 (2 mm Al filter), and 1.0 (filter consisting of 0.5 mm Al combined with 0.1 mm Cu). The results of measuring the percentage depth dose curve showed that the relative doses were 17.5% (10 mm depth), 12.4% (20 mm depth), 9.5% (30 mm depth), and 7.4% (40 mm filter) with no filters inserted, 78.0% (10 mm depth), 61.1% (20 mm depth), 46.9% (30 mm depth), and 35.3% (40 mm depth) when a 1.0 mm Al filter was inserted, and 94.4% (10 mm depth), 81.7% (20 mm depth), 68.1% (30 mm depth), and 54.7% (40 mm depth) when a filter consisting of 1.0 mm Al combined with 0.2 mm Cu was inserted. These physical assessments seem to be necessary especially in vivo experiments because those increase reliability of data obtained from small animal irradiation systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- YASUYUKI SHIMIZU
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2 Kusunokicho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0017, Japan
| | - HIROAKI AKASAKA
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Kobe University Hospital, 7-5-2 Kusunokicho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0017, Japan
| | - DAISUKE MIYAWAKI
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2 Kusunokicho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0017, Japan
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Kobe University Hospital, 7-5-2 Kusunokicho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0017, Japan
| | - NARITOSHI MUKUMOTO
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Kobe University Hospital, 7-5-2 Kusunokicho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0017, Japan
| | - MASAO NAKAYAMA
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Kobe Minimally Invasive Cancer Center, 8-5-1, Minatojima-nakamachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0046, Japan
| | - TIANYUAN WANG
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2 Kusunokicho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0017, Japan
| | - SAKI OSUGA
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2 Kusunokicho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0017, Japan
| | - SACHIKO INUBUSHI
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2 Kusunokicho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0017, Japan
| | - RYUICHI YADA
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2 Kusunokicho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0017, Japan
| | - YASUO EJIMA
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Kobe University Hospital, 7-5-2 Kusunokicho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0017, Japan
| | - KENJI YOSHIDA
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2 Kusunokicho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0017, Japan
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Kobe University Hospital, 7-5-2 Kusunokicho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0017, Japan
| | - TAKEAKI ISHIHARA
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2 Kusunokicho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0017, Japan
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Kobe University Hospital, 7-5-2 Kusunokicho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0017, Japan
| | - RYOHEI SASAKI
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2 Kusunokicho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0017, Japan
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Kobe University Hospital, 7-5-2 Kusunokicho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0017, Japan
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Albring JC, Sandau MM, Rapaport AS, Edelson BT, Satpathy A, Mashayekhi M, Lathrop SK, Hsieh CS, Stelljes M, Colonna M, Murphy TL, Murphy KM. Targeting of B and T lymphocyte associated (BTLA) prevents graft-versus-host disease without global immunosuppression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 207:2551-9. [PMID: 21078889 PMCID: PMC2989771 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20102017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
One-time treatment with an antibody against BTLA provides long-term protection against graft-versus-host disease without affecting effector T cell responses to tumors or pathogens. Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) causes significant morbidity and mortality in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (aHSCT), preventing its broader application to non–life-threatening diseases. We show that a single administration of a nondepleting monoclonal antibody specific for the coinhibitory immunoglobulin receptor, B and T lymphocyte associated (BTLA), permanently prevented GVHD when administered at the time of aHSCT. Once GVHD was established, anti-BTLA treatment was unable to reverse disease, suggesting that its mechanism occurs early after aHSCT. Anti-BTLA treatment prevented GVHD independently of its ligand, the costimulatory tumor necrosis factor receptor herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM), and required BTLA expression by donor-derived T cells. Furthermore, anti-BTLA treatment led to the relative inhibition of CD4+ forkhead box P3− (Foxp3−) effector T cell (T eff cell) expansion compared with precommitted naturally occurring donor-derived CD4+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cell (T reg cell) and allowed for graft-versus-tumor (GVT) effects as well as robust responses to pathogens. These results suggest that BTLA agonism rebalances T cell expansion in lymphopenic hosts after aHSCT, thereby preventing GVHD without global immunosuppression. Thus, targeting BTLA with a monoclonal antibody at the initiation of aHSCT therapy might reduce limitations imposed by histocompatibility and allow broader application to treatment of non–life-threatening diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörn C Albring
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Ghochikyan A, Mkrtichyan M, Loukinov D, Mamikonyan G, Pack SD, Movsesyan N, Ichim TE, Cribbs DH, Lobanenkov VV, Agadjanyan MG. Elicitation of T cell responses to histologically unrelated tumors by immunization with the novel cancer-testis antigen, brother of the regulator of imprinted sites. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2007; 178:566-73. [PMID: 17182597 PMCID: PMC2377412 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.1.566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Brother of the regulator of imprinted sites (BORIS) was previously described as a transcription factor for epigenetic reprogramming the expression of which is strictly confined to germ cells of adult testes but is aberrantly activated in the vast majority of neoplastic cells. Considering the critical role of BORIS in cancerogenesis and the fact that its expression pattern may preclude thymic tolerance, we generated DNA- and protein-based mouse BORIS antitumor vaccines using a non-DNA-binding version of the BORIS molecule. Clinical use of BORIS as a vaccine Ag would require that certain safety concerns be met. Specifically, administration of the functional BORIS protein would hypothetically pose a risk of BORIS accelerating the progression of cancer. To alleviate such safety concerns, we have developed vaccines based on the BORIS molecule lacking the DNA-binding zinc fingers domain. To enhance anti-BORIS cellular immune responses, we used a standard molecular adjuvant approach. It consisted of plasmids encoding murine IL-12 and IL-18 for a DNA-based vaccine and conventional Th1 type adjuvant, Quil A, for a protein-based vaccine. Both DNA- and protein-based vaccines induced Ag-specific CD4(+) T cell proliferation with Th1 and Th2 cytokine profiles, respectively. Protein-based, but not DNA-based, BORIS vaccine induced a significant level of Ab production in immunized animals. Importantly, potent anticancer CD8(+)-cytotoxic lymphocytes were generated after immunization with the DNA-based, but not protein-based, BORIS vaccine. These cytolytic responses were observed across a wide range of different mouse cancers including mammary adenocarcinoma, glioma, leukemia, and mastocytoma.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Animals
- Antibody Formation
- Antigens, Neoplasm/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- CD4 Antigens/analysis
- Cancer Vaccines/genetics
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Cancer Vaccines/pharmacology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/immunology
- DNA-Binding Proteins/pharmacology
- Female
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/immunology
- Humans
- Immunization
- Interleukin-12/genetics
- Interleukin-18/genetics
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Neoplasms/pathology
- Plasmids/genetics
- Sequence Deletion
- Testis/immunology
- Th1 Cells/drug effects
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Anahit Ghochikyan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA 92647
- Department of Neurology, Institute for Brain Aging and Dementia, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Mikayel Mkrtichyan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA 92647
- Department of Neurology, Institute for Brain Aging and Dementia, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Dmitri Loukinov
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA 92647
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - Gregory Mamikonyan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA 92647
| | - Svetlana D. Pack
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - Nina Movsesyan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA 92647
| | - Thomas E. Ichim
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA 92647
- OncoMune Inc., Miami, FL 33122
| | - David H. Cribbs
- Department of Neurology, Institute for Brain Aging and Dementia, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Victor V. Lobanenkov
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - Michael G. Agadjanyan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA 92647
- Department of Neurology, Institute for Brain Aging and Dementia, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
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Loukinov D, Ghochikyan A, Mkrtichyan M, Ichim TE, Lobanenkov VV, Cribbs DH, Agadjanyan MG. Antitumor efficacy of DNA vaccination to the epigenetically acting tumor promoting transcription factor BORIS and CD80 molecular adjuvant. J Cell Biochem 2006; 98:1037-43. [PMID: 16741971 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer testis (CT) antigens are promising candidates for tumor vaccines due to their immunogenicity and tissue-restricted expression. Recently, we identified a novel cancer testis gene, BORIS, whose expression is restricted to male testis after puberty and is strictly absent in non-malignant female tissue. BORIS encodes a DNA-binding protein that shares 11 zing finger (ZF) with transcription factor CTCF and differs at the N- and C-termini. CTCF has been implicated in epigenetic regulation of imprinting, X chromosome inactivation, repression, and activation of cancer testis antigens. BORIS expression has been documented in cancers of diverse histological origin, including, but not limited to breast, prostate, ovary, gastric, liver, endometrial, glia, colon, and esophagus. Interestingly, BORIS induces demethylation and subsequent expression of many cancer-testis genes, including MAGE-A1 and NY-ESO-1, indicating that it is expressed very early in malignancy and might be an attractive candidate for immunotherapy. In this study we tested BORIS as a vaccine in a very aggressive, highly metastatic, and poorly immunogenic murine model of mammary carcinoma. Immunizations with a DNA encoding the mutant form of murine BORIS antigen (pmBORIS lacking DNA-binding function) significantly prolonged survival, and inhibited tumor growth in BALB/c mice inoculated with 4T1 cells. Priming with pmBORIS mixed with molecular adjuvant and boosting with adenoviral vector expressing mBORIS was generally more effective, suggesting that the vaccination protocol could be further optimized. This is the first report demonstrating the feasibility of vaccination with a cancer associated epigenetic regulator for the induction of tumor inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri Loukinov
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Mueller NJ, Wilkinson RA, Fishman JA. Listeria monocytogenes infection in caspase-11-deficient mice. Infect Immun 2002; 70:2657-64. [PMID: 11953408 PMCID: PMC127953 DOI: 10.1128/iai.70.5.2657-2664.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Caspase-11 (Cas11) is a cysteine protease involved in programmed cell death and cytokine maturation. Through activation of Cas1 (interleukin-1beta [IL-1beta]-converting enzyme), Cas11 is directly involved in the maturation of IL-1beta and IL-18. Apoptosis is mediated through Cas3. Given the role of apoptosis and cytokine signaling during the innate immune response in intracellular infection, we examined Cas11-deficient (Cas11(-/-)) mice during infection with Listeria monocytogenes. Cas11(-/-) and wild-type C57BL/6 mice were equally susceptible to intravenous infection with L. monocytogenes, resulting in similar bacterial burdens in tissue and similar survival rates. By contrast, enhanced susceptibility was observed in control mice on a mixed genetic 129/C57BL/DBA2 background. Cas11(-/-) and wild-type mice infected with Listeria had similar hepatic microabscess formation in terms of histologic appearance, size, and number. Apoptosis of L. monocytogenes-infected hepatocytes in vivo and in vitro in primary culture was not altered by the absence of Cas11. Serum IL-18 and IL-1beta levels were similar in Cas11(-/-) mice and controls. Endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide [LPS])-challenged Cas11(-/-) mice were deficient in the production of gamma interferon. IL-1beta responses in Cas11(-/-) were normal with intravenous administration of LPS but decreased with intraperitoneal administration. Our findings suggest that Cas11 deficiency does not impair the immune response to infection with L. monocytogenes. Apoptosis and maturation of IL-18 and IL-1beta were normal despite Cas11 deficiency. LPS-induced proinflammatory pathways are altered by the absence of Cas11. While Cas11-mediated Cas1 and Cas3 activation is crucial for cytokine maturation and apoptosis during inflammation, alternative pathways allow normal inflammatory and apoptotic responses during infection with L. monocytogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas J Mueller
- Infectious Disease Division, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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Hasegawa S, Miura T, Sasaki S, Madarame H, Nakane A. Dysregulation of interleukin-10 and interleukin-12 are involved in the reduced host resistance to Listeria monocytogenes infection in alymphoplastic aly mutant mice. FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2002; 32:111-7. [PMID: 11821232 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2002.tb00542.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aly is a unique spontaneous autosomal recessive mutation in mice that causes a systemic defect of lymph nodes and Peyer's patches and disorganized splenic and thymic structures with immunodeficiency. Our previous study demonstrated that resistance to Listeria monocytogenes infection and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production are attenuated in the mutant mice. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of decrease in antilisterial resistance and IFN-gamma production in aly mice. Interleukin (IL)-12 production in response to heat-killed L. monocytogenes (HK-LM) was decreased but IL-10 production was increased in aly/aly macrophage cultures, compared with those in aly/+ macrophages. Nonadherent cells and macrophages obtained from the spleens of naive aly/+ mice and aly/aly mice were reconstituted and stimulated with HK-LM. IFN-gamma production was markedly decreased when macrophages derived from aly/aly mice were used. IFN-gamma production in aly/aly spleen cell cultures was recovered in the presence of anti-IL-10 monoclonal antibody (mAb) or recombinant IL-12. When aly/+ mice and aly/aly mice were injected with mAb against IL-10 or IL-12 p40, antilisterial resistance was inhibited by injection of anti-IL-12 p40 mAb, while anti-IL-10 mAb treatment augmented the resistance. Administration of anti-IFN-gamma mAb attenuated antilisterial resistance in aly/+ mice but not in aly/aly mice. The present results suggest that downregulation of IL-12 and upregulation of IL-10 in macrophages might be involved in the decrease in antilisterial resistance and IFN-gamma production in aly/aly mice in addition to the structural defect in lymphoid organs. Moreover, the results predict that an IL-12-dependent and IFN-gamma-independent mechanism may be also involved in the decrease in antilisterial resistance in aly/aly mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suguru Hasegawa
- Department of Bacteriology, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, Aomori, Japan
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