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Özavci V, Erbas G, Parin U, Yüksel HT, Kirkan Ş. Molecular detection of feline and canine periodontal pathogens. Vet Anim Sci 2019; 8:100069. [PMID: 32734086 PMCID: PMC7386636 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2019.100069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
It is concluded that the feline oral flora is highly diverse than canine oral flora. Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella nigrescens and Porphyromonas gulae were the dominant species in cats and dogs. T. forsythia, C. ochracea, and C. sputigena in cats and T. forsythia, C. ochracea, C. sputigena T. denticola and, E. corrodens, in dogs showed that the prevalence was lower than 10%. E. corrodens in cats and, P. intermedia, A. actinomycetemcomitans, and C. rectus in dogs were also isolated from the swab samples with less than 30% percentage. A balanced diet for cats and dogs should be provided to reduce the formation of residues in the oral flora. Daily rinsing with antiseptic solutions may also be helpful against the development of periodontal pathogens.
Periodontal disease is the most common infectious disease of cats and dogs which are strongly associated with periodontal pathogens. The primary etiologic factor in the formation of periodontal disease is microbial dental plaque accumulation on teeth. In our research, we aimed to investigate the presence of periodontal disease-related bacterial species in dental plaques of cats and dogs. Specimens collected from 50 cats and 51 dogs with periodontal disease examined in terms of periodontal pathogens by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primers directed to 16S rRNA and tdpA genes. Our findings indicate the presence of periodontal disease-related pathogens, especially Porphyromonas gingivalis (cats 96%, dogs 88%), Prevotella nigrescens (cats 90%, dogs 57%) and, Porphyromonas gulae (cats 70%, dogs 39%). In addition, the prevalence of Tannerella forthysia (cats 2%, dogs 4%) well-known pathogen in cats and dogs were isolated with an extremely low percentage. Furthermore, our results suggest that the feline oral cavity microbiota has considerably more diversity than dogs. Consequently, daily oral hygiene practices may become essential for controlling the pathogenic bacteria which have clinical importance and in preventing the propagation of microorganisms in the oral cavity of cats and dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volkan Özavci
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yozgat Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey
- Corresponding author.
| | - Göksel Erbas
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Uğur Parin
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Hafize Tuğba Yüksel
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Şükrü Kirkan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
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Aral K, Aral CA, Kapila Y. The role of caspase-8, caspase-9, and apoptosis inducing factor in periodontal disease. J Periodontol 2018; 90:288-294. [PMID: 30311940 DOI: 10.1002/jper.17-0716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Caspases are key mediators of apoptosis. Caspase-8 mediates extrinsic, and caspase-9 initiates the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. Apoptosis Inducing Factor (AIF), a mitochondrial proapoptotic protein, mediates cell death by a caspase-independent process. Because apoptosis is involved in periodontal disease, this study evaluated caspase-8, -9, and AIF in periodontal disease. METHODS Twenty periodontally healthy volunteers (Group Healthy), 20 patients with generalized aggressive periodontitis (Group AgP), and 20 patients with generalized chronic periodontitis (Group CP) were included in this study. Levels of caspase-8, -9, and AIF were evaluated in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of all participants via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. RESULTS AIF was significantly higher in the AgP (P = 0.07) and CP groups (P = 0.01) than the Healthy group, and similar to the CP and AgP groups (P > 0.05). Caspase-8 was significantly higher in the CP and Healthy groups than the AgP group (P = 0.00), and similar between Healthy and CP groups (P > 0.05). Caspase-9 was significantly higher in the AgP group than the Healthy group (P = 0.01), and similar between Healthy and CP groups (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The mitochondrial-centered intrinsic pathway involving caspase-9 and AIF, and the extrinsic pathway involving caspase-8 are significant for aggressive periodontitis. The intrinsic pathway involving caspase-independent AIF is also significant for chronic periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kübra Aral
- Division of Periodontics, Malatya Oral and Dental Heath Hospital, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Cüneyt Asım Aral
- Division of Periodontics, Malatya Oral and Dental Heath Hospital, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Yvonne Kapila
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Mahalakshmi K, Krishnan P, Chandrasekaran SC. Detection of Tannerella forsythia bspA and prtH genotypes among periodontitis patients and healthy subjects-A case-Control study. Arch Oral Biol 2018; 96:178-181. [PMID: 30268559 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND T. forsythia a gram negative, anaerobe inhabits the mature biofilm present at sites expressing progressive periodontitis. It is a part of "red complex" group which contributes to the pathogenesis of periodontitis. The BspA protein and prtH gene encoded cysteine protease play a vital role in the virulence of T. forsythia. The present study aims to detect the two genotypes (bspA and prtH) in periodontitis and healthy subjects. MATERIALS & METHOD Subgingival plaque samples were collected from periodontitis patients and healthy subjects (Chronic Periodontitis n = 128, Aggressive Periodontitis n = 72, healthy subjects n = 200). The samples were screened for the presence of T. forsythia 16S rRNA, bspA and prtH genotypes by Polymerase Chain Reaction. The prevalence of the genotypes between periodontitis patients and healthy subjects was compared with Pearson's Chi-square test. A P value of < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. RESULTS The prevalence for T. forsythia in Chronic Periodontitis (n = 128), Aggressive Periodontitis (n = 72) and health (n = 200) was 73.4%, 59.7% and 10.5% respectively. The prevalence of T.forsythia bspA/prtH genotypes was 81.90%/43.60%, 88.40%/53.50% and 33.30%/14.3% in Chronic Periodontitis, aggressive Periodontitis and health respectively. Compared to healthy subjects, the odds of detecting T.forsythia 16S rRNA was 18.53 times high in individuals with periodontitis (P = 0.0001). CONCLUSION The high odds ratio of T.forsythia 16S rRNA among periodontitis strongly suggests its role in periodontitis. In addition, the high prevalence of T. forsythia bspA genotype among Chronic Periodontitis signifies it as a useful marker for chronic periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnan Mahalakshmi
- Department of Microbiology, Research Lab for Oral -Systemic Health, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Velachery, Tambaram Road, Chennai, 600100, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - Padma Krishnan
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. ALM PGIBMS, University of Madras, Chennai, 600113, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - S C Chandrasekaran
- Department of Periodontology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Tamilnadu, India.
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Onishi H, Ro M, Suzuki T, Ishii M, Otsuka H, Yatabe K, Hayashi J, Tatsumi J, Shin K. Lysine-specific proteolytic activity responsible for forsythia detaching factor modification. Arch Oral Biol 2016; 71:24-30. [PMID: 27399273 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2016.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of the present study was to clarify the lysine-specific proteolytic activity derived from periodontal pathogens responsible for Forsythia detaching factor (FDF) modification. DESIGN The activity responsible for FDF modification in Tannerella forsythia and Porphyromonas gingivalis were evaluated by colorimetric assay using Ac-Arg-Ala-Lys-p-nitroaniline as a substrate. FDF modification in T. forsythia and P. gingivalis were evaluated by Western blotting using recombinant FDF (rFDF) as a substrate. Furthermore, the activity in GCF of 20 patients with periodontitis and 10 healthy subjects was also evaluated by colorimetric assay. Bacteria in subgingival plaque were detected using polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS The activity of both bacteria in colorimetric assay were 21.35 unit (P. gingivalis) and 3.61 unit (T. forsythia), respectively. Western blot analysis revealed that P. gingivalis was found to efficiently degrade rFDF and T. forsythia partially cleaved rFDF. The activity in GCF from patients with periodontitis (clinically healthy sites: CH, deep bleeding sites: DB and deep non-bleeding sites: DNB) was significantly higher than those from healthy subjects (healthy sites: H). Among the patients with periodontitis, the activity from CH was significantly lower than those from DB and DNB. T. forsythia was detected in 68.4% of DNB, in 78.4% of DB and in none of CH. P. gingivalis was detected in 63.2% of DNB, in 84.0% of DB and in 10.5% of CH. No bacterium was detected in healthy subjects. CONCLUSION The lysine-specific proteolytic activity responsible for FDF modification correlates with the presence of major periodontal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetomo Onishi
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Biology & Tissue Engineering, Meikai University School of Dentistry, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado-shi, Saitama 350-0283, Japan.
| | - Munehiko Ro
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Loma Linda University, CA 92350, USA
| | - Takafumi Suzuki
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Biology & Tissue Engineering, Meikai University School of Dentistry, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado-shi, Saitama 350-0283, Japan
| | - Makiko Ishii
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Biology & Tissue Engineering, Meikai University School of Dentistry, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado-shi, Saitama 350-0283, Japan
| | - Hideharu Otsuka
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Biology & Tissue Engineering, Meikai University School of Dentistry, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado-shi, Saitama 350-0283, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Yatabe
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Biology & Tissue Engineering, Meikai University School of Dentistry, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado-shi, Saitama 350-0283, Japan
| | - Joichiro Hayashi
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Biology & Tissue Engineering, Meikai University School of Dentistry, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado-shi, Saitama 350-0283, Japan
| | - Junichi Tatsumi
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Biology & Tissue Engineering, Meikai University School of Dentistry, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado-shi, Saitama 350-0283, Japan
| | - Kitetsu Shin
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Biology & Tissue Engineering, Meikai University School of Dentistry, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado-shi, Saitama 350-0283, Japan
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Lipid from infective L. donovani regulates acute myeloid cell growth via mitochondria dependent MAPK pathway. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120509. [PMID: 25750993 PMCID: PMC4353703 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The microbial source, which includes live, attenuated, or genetically modified microbes or their cellular component(s) or metabolites, has gained increasing significance for therapeutic intervention against several pathophysiological conditions of disease including leukemia, which remains an incurable disease till now despite recent advances in the medical sciences. We therefore took up the present study to explore if the leishmanial lipid (pLLD) isolated from L. donovani can play an anti-neoplastic role in acute myeloid leukemia cells by regulating cellular growth. Indeed pLLD significantly inhibited cell proliferation of four AML cell lines (HL-60, MOLT-4, U937, and K562). Scanning electron microscopy and DNA fragmentation analysis revealed that it significantly induced apoptosis of U937 cells through morphological alteration. Occurrence of apoptosis was checked by using Annexin exposure and this established that the cell cycle was arrested at G0/G1 phase in time-dependent manner. pLLD increased the intracellular ROS with alteration of mitochondrial membrane potential, as detected using DCFDA. It also regulated the expression of apoptosis-related proteins like Bax, Bcl2, Bad and t-Bid besides causing cleavage of PARP as determined by western blot analysis. Treatment of U937 cells with pLLD induced the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)1/2, p38, and caspases 9/3. The results suggest that pLLD induces apoptosis in acute myeloid leukemia cells possibly via increasing intracellular ROS and regulating the MAPK pathway.
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Raja M, Ummer F, Dhivakar CP. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans - a tooth killer? J Clin Diagn Res 2014; 8:ZE13-6. [PMID: 25302290 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2014/9845.4766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Strong evidence is available on Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (A.a) on its role as the causative agent of localised juvenile periodontitis (LJP), a disease characterised by rapid destruction of the tooth-supporting tissues. This organism possesses a large number of virulence factors with a wide range of activities which enable it to colonise the oral cavity, invade periodontal tissues, evade host defences, initiate connective tissue destruction and interfere with tissue repair. Adhesion to epithelial and tooth surfaces is dependent on the presence of surface proteins and structures such as microvesicles and fimbriae. Invasion has been demonstrated in vivo and in vitro. The organism has a number of means of evading host defences which include: (i) production of leukotoxin; (ii) producing immunosuppressive factors; (iv) secreting proteases capable of cleaving IgG; and (v) producing Fc-binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Raja
- Reader, Department of Periodontics, Karpaga Vinayaga Institute of Dental Sciences , Chennai, India
| | - Fajar Ummer
- Reader, Department of Periodontics, MES Dental College , Perintalmanna, India
| | - C P Dhivakar
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Periodontics, Karpagavinayaga Institute of Dental Sciences , Chennai, India
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Gojkov-Vukelic M, Hadzic S, Dedic A, Konjhodzic R, Beslagic E. Application of a diode laser in the reduction of targeted periodontal pathogens. Acta Inform Med 2013; 21:237-40. [PMID: 24554796 PMCID: PMC3916176 DOI: 10.5455/aim.2013.21.237-240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Periodontal disease belongs to a group of diseases with more than one cause, it is a disease of a multifactorial etiology. Although bacteria are the main cause of the disease, immunoinflammatory reaction of the host is responsible for the majority of destructive changes in periodontal tissue. The main issue in the evaluation of the success of periodontal therapy is the pluralism of the bacteria and their dynamic changes during the duration, on the one hand, and the possible inaccuracy of classical microbiological analysis in determination of the dominant role of a microorganism, or the success of its reduction or elimination, on the other. Thanks to advances of microbiology and technological development, it is possible to make an assessment of specific microorganisms in a large number of samples of sub-gingival plaque with extreme precision, using checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization and method of polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The development of laser technology and the discovery of its significant antimicrobial effects have introduced and presented this treatment modality as a possible auxiliary method of periodontitis treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS The sample for the study estimating the efficiency of application of diode lasers in the reduction of periodontal pockets consisted of 1164 periodontal pockets in 24 subjects of both sexes. For laser irradiation of periodontal pockets a diode laser was used, a low-power laser (SmilePro 980, Biolitec, Germany), working in a mode precisely tuned for treatment of periodontal pockets. All subjects underwent: general anamnesis, periodontal status, and orthopantogram radiograph analysis. Following a standard periodontal preparation, a sample of subgingival plaque was collected for molecular-biological analysis (real-time PCR method) prior to laser irradiation of periodontal pockets, immediately following the irradiation, and during the control examination 3 months after irradiation. RESULTS The results of the molecular-biological analysis of target periodontal pathogens Actinobacillus (Aggregatibacter) actinomycetemcomitans (AA) and Porphyromonas gingivalis (PG) isolated from periodontal pockets prior to laser irradiation, immediately after laser irradiation, and at the control examination after 3 months were processed statistically (using real-time PCR method). The results showed that there was a statistically significant decrease in CT values for the tested bacteria immediately after treatment and the control examination, compared with the level of CT values for the same bacteria before treatment. CONCLUSIONS Based on the obtained results, we concluded that diode laser irradiation reduces the number of active periodontal pathogens. We believe that the use of diode lasers, as a supplementary method in the treatment of periodontal disease, is extremely useful and efficient, and can be recommended as part of standard clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjana Gojkov-Vukelic
- Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Sanja Hadzic
- Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Amira Dedic
- Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Rijad Konjhodzic
- Institute of Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology, Clinical center of Sarajevo University, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Edina Beslagic
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Modification of forsythia detaching factor by gingival crevicular fluid in periodontitis. Arch Oral Biol 2013; 58:1007-13. [PMID: 23538166 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2013.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Forsythia detaching factor (FDF) is a virulence factor of Tannerella forsythia detected as a mixture of the 60-kDa form of FDF and the 28-kDa C-terminal fragment (FDFc). The objective of the present study was to clarify the proteolytic activity of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) from patients with periodontitis and healthy subjects using recombinant FDF (rFDF) as substrate. DESIGN Eleven patients with periodontitis and 6 healthy subjects were recruited. Modification of rFDF and subsequent production of rFDFc by proteolytic activity of GCF was determined by Western blotting. Proteolytic activity of GCF was evaluated using an Ac-Arg-Ala-Lys-p-nitroaniline substrate. Correlation analysis between two different sets of variables was performed. Variables used in this analysis were proteolytic activity, clinical parameters, relative band density of rFDFc and those of rFDF. RESULTS Proteolytic activity in GCF was significantly higher in patients with periodontitis than in healthy subjects. Production of rFDFc was determined by treatment of rFDF with GCF from patients with periodontitis and with GCF from healthy subjects. Correlations between clinical parameters and proteolytic activity in GCF were significantly positive. On the other hand, correlations between relative band density of rFDFc or rFDF on Western blot and cleaving activity or clinical parameters were significantly negative. CONCLUSION The detected extend of GCF-activity generating rFDFc from rFDF and/or even further degrading rFDF correlates with severity of periodontitis.
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Ghosh SK, Yohannes E, Bebek G, Weinberg A, Jiang B, Willard B, Chance MR, Kinter MT, McCormick TS. Proteomic and bioinformatic profile of primary human oral epithelial cells. J Proteome Res 2012; 11:5492-502. [PMID: 23035736 DOI: 10.1021/pr3007254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Wounding of the oral mucosa occurs frequently in a highly septic environment. Remarkably, these wounds heal quickly and the oral cavity, for the most part, remains healthy. Deciphering the normal human oral epithelial cell (NHOEC) proteome is critical for understanding the mechanism(s) of protection elicited when the mucosal barrier is intact, as well as when it is breached. Combining 2D gel electrophoresis with shotgun proteomics resulted in identification of 1662 NHOEC proteins. Proteome annotations were performed based on protein classes, molecular functions, disease association and membership in canonical and metabolic signaling pathways. Comparing the NHOEC proteome with a database of innate immunity-relevant interactions (InnateDB) identified 64 common proteins associated with innate immunity. Comparison with published salivary proteomes revealed that 738/1662 NHOEC proteins were common, suggesting that significant numbers of salivary proteins are of epithelial origin. Gene ontology analysis showed similarities in the distributions of NHOEC and saliva proteomes with regard to biological processes, and molecular functions. We also assessed the interindividual variability of the NHOEC proteome and observed it to be comparable with other primary cells. The baseline proteome described in this study should serve as a resource for proteome studies of the oral mucosa, especially in relation to disease processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh K Ghosh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.
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Bakthavatchalu V, Meka A, Sathishkumar S, Lopez MC, Bhattacharyya I, Boyce BF, Mans JJ, Lamont RJ, Baker HV, Ebersole JL, Kesavalu L. Tannerella forsythia infection-induced calvarial bone and soft tissue transcriptional profiles. Mol Oral Microbiol 2011; 25:317-30. [PMID: 20883221 DOI: 10.1111/j.2041-1014.2010.00583.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tannerella forsythia is associated with subgingival biofilms in adult periodontitis, although the molecular mechanisms contributing to chronic inflammation and loss of periodontal bone remain unclear. We examined changes in the host transcriptional profiles during a T. forsythia infection using a murine calvarial model of inflammation and bone resorption. Tannerella forsythia was injected into the subcutaneous soft tissue over calvariae of BALB/c mice for 3 days, after which the soft tissues and calvarial bones were excised. RNA was isolated and Murine GeneChip (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA) array analysis of transcript profiles showed that 3226 genes were differentially expressed in the infected soft tissues (P < 0.05) and 2586 genes were differentially transcribed in calvarial bones after infection. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis of transcription levels of selected genes corresponded well with the microarray results. Biological pathways significantly impacted by T. forsythia infection in calvarial bone and soft tissue included leukocyte transendothelial migration, cell adhesion molecules (immune system), extracellular matrix-receptor interaction, adherens junction, and antigen processing and presentation. Histologic examination revealed intense inflammation and increased osteoclasts in calvariae compared with controls. In conclusion, localized T. forsythia infection differentially induces transcription of a broad array of host genes, and the profiles differ between inflamed soft tissues and calvarial bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Bakthavatchalu
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Pham TK, Roy S, Noirel J, Douglas I, Wright PC, Stafford GP. A quantitative proteomic analysis of biofilm adaptation by the periodontal pathogen Tannerella forsythia. Proteomics 2010; 10:3130-41. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200900448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Onishi H, Arakawa S, Nakajima T, Izumi Y. Levels of specific immunoglobulin G to the forsythia detaching factor of Tannerella forsythia in gingival crevicular fluid are related to the periodontal status. J Periodontal Res 2010; 45:672-80. [PMID: 20572920 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2010.01283.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Forsythia detaching factor (FDF) is a putative virulence factor of Tannerella forsythia that induces detachment of adherent cells and interleukin-8 production in human fibroblasts. The objective of the present study was to clarify the relationship between anti-FDF IgG levels in gingival crevicular fluid and the clinical status in patients with periodontitis and in healthy subjects. MATERIAL AND METHODS Gingival crevicular fluid and subgingival plaque samples were obtained from both the diseased and healthy sites of 37 patients with periodontitis and from 30 healthy subjects. Anti-FDF IgG levels were evaluated, and both the fdf gene and T. forsythia 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) were detected using the PCR. RESULTS Anti-FDF IgG levels (of both diseased and healthy sites) of patients with periodontitis were significantly higher than those of healthy subjects. Among the patients with periodontitis, anti-FDF IgG levels of healthy sites were significantly higher than those of diseased sites and the levels showed negative correlations with probing pocket depth and clinical attachment level. Among the patients with periodontitis, T. forsythia 16S rRNA was detected in 18 of 37 diseased sites and in 5 of 29 healthy sites, and the fdf gene was detected in 19 of 37 diseased sites and in 7 of 29 healthy sites. By contrast, no healthy subjects were positive for T. forsythia 16S rRNA or the fdf gene. CONCLUSION These data suggest that anti-FDF IgG levels in gingival crevicular fluid are related to the periodontal status.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Onishi
- Department of Hard Tissue Engineering, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Yin L, Swanson B, An J, Hacker BM, Silverman GA, Dale BA, Chung WO. Differential effects of periopathogens on host protease inhibitors SLPI, elafin, SCCA1, and SCCA2. J Oral Microbiol 2010; 2. [PMID: 21523231 PMCID: PMC3084571 DOI: 10.3402/jom.v2i0.5070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2010] [Revised: 04/02/2010] [Accepted: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Secretory leukocyte peptidase inhibitors (SLPI), elafin, squamous cell carcinoma antigen 1 and 2 (SCCA1 and SCCA2) are specific endogenous serine protease inhibitors expressed by epithelial cells that prevent tissue damage from excessive proteolytic enzyme activity due to inflammation. To determine the effects of various periopathogens on these protease inhibitors, we utilized human gingival epithelial cells (GECs) challenged with cell-free bacteria supernatants of various periopathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, and Fusobacterium nucleatum. Design The gene expression and secretion of SLPI, elafin, SCCA1, and SCCA2 were determined using real-time PCR and ELISA, respectively. The direct effects of periopathogens and P. gingivalis gingipain mutants on these inhibitors were examined in vitro by Western Blot. The effect on the innate immune response of GECs was measured by expression of antimicrobial peptides: human beta-defenisin-2 (hBD2) and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 20 (CCL20). Results We found that SLPI, SCCA2, elafin, hBD2, and CCL20 gene expression levels were significantly induced (p<0.001) in response to P. gingivalis, whose virulence factors include cysteine proteases, but not in response to stimulation by other bacteria. P. gingivalis reduced the secretion of SLPI and elafin significantly in GECs, and degraded recombinant SLPI, elafin, SCCA1, and SCCA2. Differential degradation patterns of SLPI, elafin, SCCA1, and SCCA2 were observed with different bacteria as well as P. gingivalis mutants associated with the loss of specific gingipains secreted by P. gingivalis. In addition, pretreatment of GECs with SLPI, SCCA1, or SCCA2 partially blocked hBD2 and CCL20 mRNA expression in response to P. gingivalis, suggesting a protective effect. Conclusion Our results suggest that different periopathogens affect the host protease inhibitors in a different manner, suggesting host susceptibility may differ in the presence of these pathogens. The balance between cellular protease inhibitors and their degradation may be an important factor in susceptibility to periodontal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yin
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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14
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Nho Y, Kim JY, Khang D, Webster TJ, Lee JE. Adsorption of mesenchymal stem cells and cortical neural stem cells on carbon nanotube/polycarbonate urethane. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2010; 5:409-17. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.10.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & aim: Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are a promising material for implantation due to the fact that CNTs are conductive and have nanostructured dimensions that mimic the 3D structure of proteins found in extracellular matrices. We have investigated whether the CNTs interact with various types of stem cells and either selectively enhance survival of stem cells or not. Materials & methods: CNTs used in the experiments are aligned with polycarbonate urethane. Experiments were carried out using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and cortical derived neurospheres. Immunocytochemistry and scanning electron microscopic analysis were performed for determining the favorable surface material (either CNT or polycarbonate urethane array) for cell survival. Results: It was demonstrated that the MSCs and the neurosphere of cortex-derived neural stem cells (NSCs) grew on the CNT array and both MSCs and NSCs interacted with the aligned CNTs. The results suggest that CNTs assist in the proliferation of MSCs and aid differentiation of cortex-derived NSCs. Conclusion: CNTs may be a novel biocompatible nanophase material with the potential for aiding neuron differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonmi Nho
- Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, 134, shinchon-dong, seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120–752, South Korea
| | - Jong Youl Kim
- Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, 134, shinchon-dong, seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120–752, South Korea
| | - Dongwoo Khang
- Division of Engineering & Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Thomas J Webster
- Division of Engineering & Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Jong Eun Lee
- Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, 134, shinchon-dong, seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120–752, South Korea
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15
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Handfield M, Baker HV, Lamont RJ. Beyond good and evil in the oral cavity: insights into host-microbe relationships derived from transcriptional profiling of gingival cells. J Dent Res 2008; 87:203-23. [PMID: 18296603 DOI: 10.1177/154405910808700302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In many instances, the encounter between host and microbial cells, through a long-standing evolutionary association, can be a balanced interaction whereby both cell types co-exist and inflict a minimal degree of harm on each other. In the oral cavity, despite the presence of large numbers of diverse organisms, health is the most frequent status. Disease will ensue only when the host-microbe balance is disrupted on a cellular and molecular level. With the advent of microarrays, it is now possible to monitor the responses of host cells to bacterial challenge on a global scale. However, microarray data are known to be inherently noisy, which is caused in part by their great sensitivity. Hence, we will address several important general considerations required to maximize the significance of microarray analysis in depicting relevant host-microbe interactions faithfully. Several advantages and limitations of microarray analysis that may have a direct impact on the significance of array data are highlighted and discussed. Further, this review revisits and contextualizes recent transcriptional profiles that were originally generated for the specific study of intricate cellular interactions between gingival cells and 4 important plaque micro-organisms. To our knowledge, this is the first report that systematically investigates the cellular responses of a cell line to challenge by 4 different micro-organisms. Of particular relevance to the oral cavity, the model bacteria span the entire spectrum of documented pathogenic potential, from commensal to opportunistic to overtly pathogenic. These studies provide a molecular basis for the complex and dynamic interaction between the oral microflora and its host, which may lead, ultimately, to the development of novel, rational, and practical therapeutic, prophylactic, and diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Handfield
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, Box 100424 JHMHSC, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0424, USA.
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16
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Tomi N, Fukuyo Y, Arakawa S, Nakajima T. Pro-inflammatory cytokine production from normal human fibroblasts is induced by Tannerella forsythia detaching factor. J Periodontal Res 2008; 43:136-42. [PMID: 18302614 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2007.01003.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Tannerella forsythia is a periodontal pathogen. Recently, we have reported that the cytopathic component of T. forsythia contains two distinct factors. One arrests the cell cycle at the G2 phase and the other, named forsythia detaching factor, detaches adhesion-dependent immortalized human cells. In this study, we investigated the biological function of forsythia detaching factor using human normal fibroblasts. MATERIAL AND METHODS A recombinant forsythia detaching factor, reported previously, was used. TIG-3 cells, cultured in the absence or presence of forsythia detaching factor, were lysed and the supernatant was analyzed by western blotting with polyclonal forsythia detaching factor antibodies. The cells were subsequently fractionated to isolate the cytoplasmic, mitochondrial and remaining fractions. In order to measure the activity of mitochondria using nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-linked reductase, the water-soluble tetrazolium method was used. The mitochondrial oxidative membrane potential was estimated by measuring the oxidization-dependent fluorogenic conversion of dihydrotetramethylrosamine using flow cytometry. The concentration of interleukin-8 in the culture supernatant was assayed using a Human IL-8 ELISA kit. RESULTS Forsythia detaching factor-treated cells detached from the substratum and aggregated from 3 to 24 h. Then, the detached cells resumed adhesion and proliferated after 48 h. The western blot analysis revealed that most forsythia detaching factor trans-located into the mitochondrial fraction. Forsythia detaching factor suppressed the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-linked reductase activity in a dose-dependent manner and consequently increased the mitochondrial oxidative membrane potential. The production of interleukin-8 was reinforced in forsythia detaching factor-treated cells at 72 h through an increase of the mitochondrial oxidative membrane potential. CONCLUSION The forsythia detaching factor might be involved in the virulence of T. forsythia through induction of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Tomi
- Department of Molecular Cellular Oncology and Microbiology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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17
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Silva N, Dutzan N, Hernandez M, Dezerega A, Rivera O, Aguillon JC, Aravena O, Lastres P, Pozo P, Vernal R, Gamonal J. Characterization of progressive periodontal lesions in chronic periodontitis patients: levels of chemokines, cytokines, matrix metalloproteinase-13, periodontal pathogens and inflammatory cells. J Clin Periodontol 2008; 35:206-14. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2007.01190.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Yoo JY, Kim HC, Zhu W, Kim SM, Sabet M, Handfield M, Hillman J, Progulske-Fox A, Lee SW. Identification of Tannerella forsythia antigens specifically expressed in patients with periodontal disease. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2007; 275:344-52. [PMID: 17868359 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2007.00906.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular pathogenesis of Tannerella forsythia, a putative periodontal pathogen, has not yet been adequately elucidated due to limited information on its virulence factors. Here, identification of in vivo expressed antigens of T. forsythia is reported using in vivo-induced antigen technology (IVIAT). Among 13 000 recombinant clones screened, 16 positive clones were identified that reacted reproducibly with sera obtained from patients with periodontal disease. DNA sequences from 12 of these in vivo-induced genes were determined. IVIAT-identified protein antigens of T. forsythia include: BspA, a well-defined virulence factor of T. forsythia; enzymes involved in housekeeping functions (tRNA synthetases, glycine hydroxymethyltransferase, and glucoside glucohydrolase); enzymes implicated in tissue destruction (dipeptidyl peptidase IV); a DNA mismatch repair protein; and putative outer membrane proteins of unknown function. The in vivo gene expression of these IVIAT-identified antigens was confirmed by a quantitative real-time PCR analysis. This is, to the best of the authors' knowledge, the first report using IVIAT in T. forsythia. It is anticipated that detailed analysis of the in vivo-induced genes identified by IVIAT in this study will lead to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms mediating periodontal infection by T. forsythia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yeon Yoo
- Division of Periodontics, College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University, NY, USA
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19
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Derdilopoulou FV, Nonhoff J, Neumann K, Kielbassa AM. Microbiological findings after periodontal therapy using curettes, Er:YAG laser, sonic, and ultrasonic scalers. J Clin Periodontol 2007; 34:588-98. [PMID: 17555412 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2007.01093.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate and compare the microbiological effects of hand instruments, Er:YAG-laser, sonic, and ultrasonic scalers in patients with chronic periodontitis. Patient perception of each treatment was documented. MATERIAL AND METHODS From 72 patients, bacterial samples were collected from the deepest pocket in each quadrant (total: 288 sites). A polymerase chain reaction kit estimated the amount of Aggregatibacter (Actinobacillus) actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), Prevotella intermedia (Pi), Tannerella forsythensis (Tf), and Treponema denticola (Td) at baseline as well as 3 and 6 months after therapy. One quadrant in each patient was randomly assigned to curettes (H-group), Er:YAG laser (L-group), sonic device (S-group), or ultrasonic device (U-group). RESULTS Three months post-operatively, the amounts of Pg, Pi, Tf, and Td were significantly reduced in all groups. Laser and sonic instrumentation failed to reduce Aa. Six months after therapy, significant differences were still detected for Pg (L- and U-group), for Pi and Tf (S-group), and for Td (L-, S- and U-group). Patients rated ultrasonic treatment as more preferable than hand and laser instrumentation. CONCLUSION The various treatment methods resulted in a comparable reduction of the evaluated periodontal pathogens, and bacterial increase was only partially different 6 months post-operatively. Ultrasonic instrumentation caused less discomfort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foteini V Derdilopoulou
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University School of Dental Medicine, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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20
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Hamlet SM, Taiyeb-Ali TB, Cullinan MP, Westerman B, Palmer JE, Seymour GJ. Tannerella forsythensis prtHGenotype and Association With Periodontal Status. J Periodontol 2007; 78:344-50. [PMID: 17274725 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2007.060161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prtH gene of Tannerella forsythensis encodes for a cysteine protease possessing virulent properties. Subgingival colonization by T. forsythensis with this genotype has been suggested to be a discriminator between periodontal health and disease. This study examined the prevalence of T. forsythensis prtH genotype in subgingival plaque and its association with periodontal disease progression and current disease status. METHODS Subjects harboring T. forsythensis in their subgingival plaque were identified using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The presence or absence of the prtH genotype was assessed by conventional PCR. Probing depths and relative attachment levels were also assessed. RESULTS The prtH genotype was detected in 13 of 56 (23.2%) subjects harboring T. forsythensis in their subgingival plaque. Periodontal disease progression was defined as two or more sites with > or = 2 mm attachment loss in the previous 2-year period; current disease was defined as four or more sites with probing depths > or = 4 mm. The odds of periodontal disease (progression and/or current disease) were 1.55 times greater in subjects harboring prtH genotype T. forsythensis than in subjects in whom prtH was not detected. The prtH genotype was associated with higher numbers of T. forsythensis. In subjects with high levels of T. forsythensis, prtH genotype was associated with an increased extent of periodontal disease 2 years subsequently. CONCLUSIONS These results show that T. forsythensis prtH genotype is associated with high levels of T. forsythensis. However, further work is needed to determine whether it also is a useful marker of periodontal disease progression in T. forsythensis-infected subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Hamlet
- School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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21
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Nakajima T, Tomi N, Fukuyo Y, Ishikura H, Ohno Y, Arvind R, Arai T, Ishikawa I, Arakawa S. Isolation and identification of a cytopathic activity in Tannerella forsythia. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 351:133-9. [PMID: 17054916 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2006] [Accepted: 10/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between pathogens and host induce human disorders including periodontitis, disintegration of the tooth supporting tissues. Tannerella forsythia has been linked to the periodontitis and several cytopathic reagents have been found in the bacterium; however, its contribution to the disease remains unclear. Biochemical approach to explore the cytopathic effect revealed two distinct activities in T. forsythia (ATCC 43037) extract; one detaches adherent cells from substratum and another arrests cells at G2. An executor of former activity, forsythia detaching factor (FDF) was identified; its genomic sequence and peptidase activity revealed that FDF is a substantial form of putative PrtH; prtH gene was hypothetically identified directly from a DNA fragment of the bacterium and its native product has never been shown. Since FDF was found in the bacterial culture supernatant, its activity implies a contribution to the disintegration of tissues although the mechanism how FDF disturbs cellular anchors remains elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Nakajima
- Department of Molecular Cellular Oncology and Microbiology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan.
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne C R Tanner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Forsyth Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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23
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Airila-Månsson S, Söder B, Kari K, Meurman JH. Influence of Combinations of Bacteria on the Levels of Prostaglandin E2, Interleukin-1β, and Granulocyte Elastase in Gingival Crevicular Fluid and on the Severity of Periodontal Disease. J Periodontol 2006; 77:1025-31. [PMID: 16734578 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2006.050208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate the simultaneous presence of periodontal microbiota on inflammatory markers in gingival crevicular fluid from individuals with periodontal diseases. METHODS A total of 82 individuals with periodontal disease (mean age: 54.3 +/- 3.0 years) and 31 periodontally healthy individuals (mean age: 53.2 +/- 3.0 years) were randomly chosen and underwent clinical oral examinations in 2003 with the determination of the dental plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), and periodontal probing depth (PD). The simultaneous presence of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-assessed periodontal bacteria, levels of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), granulocyte elastase, interleukin 1-beta (IL-1beta), and total protein concentration were determined from the pockets. Marginal bone height percent was measured on x-rays. Analysis of variance and chi(2) tests were used to analyze the results. RESULTS In sites with Tannerella forsythensis, levels of PGE(2) (pg/site), granulocyte elastase (monoclonal antibodies (mAbs)/site), and total protein (mg/ml) were significantly higher than in sites without T. forsythensis (P <0.05, P <0.01, and P <0.05, respectively). Those with periodontal disease with simultaneous presence of T. forsythensis and Porphyromonas gingivalis, or T. forsythensis and Prevotella nigrescens, showed significantly higher PI and GI, deeper PD, more loss of attachment, and more release of PGE(2) and granulocyte elastase than did periodontitis patients without these bacteria. CONCLUSION The simultaneous presence of T. forsythensis and P. gingivalis, or T. forsythensis and P. nigrescens, seemed to promote the release of subgingival inflammatory mediators and seemed to be associated with more severe periodontal disease.
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Contreras A, Herrera JA, Soto JE, Arce RM, Jaramillo A, Botero JE. Periodontitis is associated with preeclampsia in pregnant women. J Periodontol 2006; 77:182-8. [PMID: 16460242 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2006.050020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent investigations have demonstrated a positive association between periodontitis and pregnancy complications. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of periodontitis and the subgingival microbial composition on preeclampsia. METHODS A case-control study was carried out in Cali, Colombia that included 130 preeclamptic and 243 non-preeclamptic women between 26 to 36 weeks of pregnancy. Sociodemographic data, obstetric risk factors, periodontal status, and subgingival microbial composition were determined in both groups. Preeclampsia was defined as blood pressure>or=140/90 mm Hg, and >or=2+ proteinuria, confirmed by 0.3 g proteinuria/24 hours of urine specimens. Controls were healthy pregnant women. Odds ratios (ORs) for periodontitis and subgingival microbiota compositions were calculated. RESULTS A total of 83 out of 130 preeclamptic women (63.8%) and 89 out of 243 controls (36.6%) had chronic periodontitis (OR: 3.0; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.91 to 4.87; P<0.001). Clinical attachment loss increased in the case group (4.0+/-0.10 mm) compared to the control group (3.0+/-0.08 mm) (P<0.001). The average newborn birth weight from preeclamptic mothers was 2.453 g, whereas in controls was 2.981 g (P<0.001). Two red complex microorganisms, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythensis, and the green complex microorganism Eikenella corrodens were more prevalent in the preeclamptic group than in controls (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS Chronic periodontal disease and the presence of P. gingivalis, T. forsythensis, and E. corrodens were significantly associated with preeclampsia in pregnant women. Further research is needed to establish pathogenic mechanisms of active periodontal disease and subgingival periodontopathogens related to preeclampsia development.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Contreras
- Periodontal Medicine Research Group, Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, University of Valle, Cali, Colombia.
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25
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Bantel H, Beikler T, Flemmig TF, Schulze-Osthoff K. Caspase activation is involved in chronic periodontitis. FEBS Lett 2005; 579:5559-64. [PMID: 16213496 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2005.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2005] [Revised: 07/12/2005] [Accepted: 09/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis, a common infectious disease, is initiated by various gram-negative bacteria and characterized by the destruction of the periodontal tissue. Here, we investigated the role of caspases, intracellular proteases that are the key mediators of apoptosis. We show that activation of caspase-3 and caspase-7 is considerably enhanced in gingival tissue from patients with periodontitis. We also demonstrate in in vitro experiments that various periodontopathic bacteria exert a direct growth-suppressing effect and, moreover, can trigger a host-mediated cytotoxic activity involving the CD95 death receptor. Our data suggest that caspase activation is a prominent feature in periodontitis-associated tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Bantel
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Düsseldorf, Germany
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Sharma A, Inagaki S, Honma K, Sfintescu C, Baker PJ, Evans RT. Tannerella forsythia-induced alveolar bone loss in mice involves leucine-rich-repeat BspA protein. J Dent Res 2005; 84:462-7. [PMID: 15840784 DOI: 10.1177/154405910508400512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tannerella forsythia (formerly Bacteroides forsythus) is one of the periodontal pathogens recently implicated in the development of periodontal disease. The cell-surface-associated, as well as the secreted, leucine-rich-repeat protein (BspA) of this bacterium have been suggested to play roles in bacterial adherence, and also in inflammation, by triggering release of pro-inflammatory cytokines from monocytes and chemokines from osteoblasts, leading to inflammation and bone resorption. In this study, we sought to determine the pathogenic potential of T. forsythia and the in vivo role of the BspA protein in pathogenesis in the mouse model of infection-induced alveolar bone loss. The results showed alveolar bone loss in mice infected with the T. forsythia wild-type strain, whereas the BspA mutant was impaired. In conclusion, evidence is presented in support of T. forsythia as an important organism involved in inducing alveolar bone loss, and the BspA protein is an important virulence factor of this bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sharma
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA.
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Yoshida A, Nagashima S, Ansai T, Tachibana M, Kato H, Watari H, Notomi T, Takehara T. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for rapid detection of the periodontopathic bacteria Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, and Treponema denticola. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43:2418-24. [PMID: 15872275 PMCID: PMC1153746 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.43.5.2418-2424.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), a novel nucleic acid amplification method, was developed for the rapid detection of the major periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, and Treponema denticola. The LAMP method amplifies DNA with high specificity, efficiency, and rapidity under isothermal conditions using a set of four specially designed primers and a DNA polymerase with strand displacement activity. In this study, we initially designed the primers for LAMP assays to detect these bacteria and evaluated the specificity and sensitivity of these assays. The specificities of the primers for these bacteria were examined using various oral bacteria and various reaction times. The lower detection limits of the 60-min LAMP reaction without loop primers were 1 microg/tube for P. gingivalis, 10 fg/tube for T. forsythia, and 1 ng/tube for T. denticola. Addition of the loop primers for each bacterium improved the detection specificities and sensitivities by several magnitudes. Furthermore, LAMP assays were applied to the rapid detection of these periodontal pathogens in clinical specimens, and the results were compared with those of conventional PCR detection. The results of the LAMP assays corresponded to those of conventional PCR assays. These results indicate that the LAMP assay is an extremely rapid, highly sensitive, specific method. This method is very useful for the rapid detection of periodontopathic bacteria and the diagnosis of periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Yoshida
- Division of Community Oral Health Science, Kyushu Dental College, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Japan.
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Holt SC, Ebersole JL. Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Tannerella forsythia: the "red complex", a prototype polybacterial pathogenic consortium in periodontitis. Periodontol 2000 2005; 38:72-122. [PMID: 15853938 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2005.00113.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 629] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stanley C Holt
- Department of Periodontology, The Forsyth Institute, Boston, MA, USA
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29
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Siqueira JF. Reaction of periradicular tissues to root canal treatment: benefits and drawbacks. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-1546.2005.00134.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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O'Brien-Simpson NM, Veith PD, Dashper SG, Reynolds EC. Antigens of bacteria associated with periodontitis. Periodontol 2000 2004; 35:101-34. [PMID: 15107060 DOI: 10.1111/j.0906-6713.2004.003559.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Neil M O'Brien-Simpson
- Centre for Oral Health Science, School of Dental Science, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Hasebe A, Yoshimura A, Into T, Kataoka H, Tanaka S, Arakawa S, Ishikura H, Golenbock DT, Sugaya T, Tsuchida N, Kawanami M, Hara Y, Shibata KI. Biological activities of Bacteroides forsythus lipoproteins and their possible pathological roles in periodontal disease. Infect Immun 2004; 72:1318-25. [PMID: 14977934 PMCID: PMC356049 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.3.1318-1325.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteroides forsythus is a gram-negative, anaerobic, fusiform bacterium and is considered to be an etiological agent in periodontal disease. A lipoprotein fraction prepared from B. forsythus cells by Triton X-114 phase separation (BfLP) activated human gingival fibroblasts and a human monocytic cell line, THP-1, to induce interleukin-6 production and tumor necrosis factor alpha production. BfLP was found to be capable of inducing nuclear factor-kappaB translocation in human gingival fibroblasts and THP-1 cells. By using Chinese hamster ovary K1 cells transfected with Toll-like receptor genes together with a nuclear factor-kappaB-dependent CD25 reporter plasmid, it was found that signaling by BfLP was mediated by Toll-like receptor 2 but not by CD14 or Toll-like receptor 4. BfLP induced apoptotic cell death in human gingival fibroblasts, KB cells (an oral epithelial cell line), HL-60 cells (a human myeloid leukemia cell line), and THP-1 cells but not in MOLT4 cells (a T-cell leukemia cell line). Caspase-8, an initiator caspase in apoptosis, was found to be activated in these cells in response to BfLP stimulation. Thus, this study suggested that BfLP plays some etiological roles in oral infections, especially periodontal disease, by induction of cell activation or apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Hasebe
- Departments of Oral Pathobiological Science. Oral Health Science, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Nishi 7, Kita 13, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan
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Sabet M, Lee SW, Nauman RK, Sims T, Um HS. The surface (S-) layer is a virulence factor of Bacteroides forsythus. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2004; 149:3617-3627. [PMID: 14663093 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.26535-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Bacteroides forsythus has emerged as a crucial periodontal pathogen with possible implications for systemic disease. The aim of this study was to isolate the S-layer from B. forsythus and examine its virulence potential as a part of efforts to characterize virulence factors of B. forsythus. The role of the S-layer in the haemagglutinating and adherent/invasive activities was evaluated. It was observed that the S-layer alone was able to mediate haemagglutination. In adherent and invasive studies, transmission electron microscopy clearly revealed that B. forsythus cells were able to attach to and invade KB cells, showing the formation of a microvillus-like extension around adherent and intracellular bacteria. The quantitative analysis showed that five different B. forsythus strains exhibited attachment (1.9-2.3 %) and invasion (0.4-0.7 %) capabilities. It was also observed through antibody inhibition assays that adherent/invasive activities of B. forsythus are mediated by the S-layer. Furthermore, an in vivo immunization study adopting a murine abscess model was used to prove that the S-layer is involved in the infectious process of abscess formation. While mice immunized with purified S-layer and B. forsythus whole cells did not develop any abscesses when challenged with viable B. forsythus cells, unimmunized mice developed abscesses. Collectively, the data obtained from these studies indicate that the S-layer of B. forsythus is a virulence factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sabet
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Dental School, 666 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - S-W Lee
- Department of Periodontics, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Dental School, 666 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - R K Nauman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Dental School, 666 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - T Sims
- Oral Health Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - H-S Um
- Department of Periodontics, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Dental School, 666 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Ishikura H, Arakawa S, Nakajima T, Tsuchida N, Ishikawa I. Cloning of the Tannerella forsythensis (Bacteroides forsythus) siaHI gene and purification of the sialidase enzyme. J Med Microbiol 2003; 52:1101-1107. [PMID: 14614069 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.05349-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tannerella forsythensis (previously named Bacteroides forsythus) is a Gram-negative, anaerobic, fusiform bacterium that is a primary or secondary aetiological agent in periodontal disease in humans. T. forsythensis expresses several putative virulence factors, including a sialidase; however, there has been no molecular genetic characterization of this enzyme. A sialidase clone (pHI-1) was screened from a total of 455 recombinant clones of a genomic DNA library using the 2'- (4-methylumbelliferyl)-alpha-D-N-acetylneuraminic acid (MUNeuAc) filter-paper spot assay. The sialidase gene ORF (siaHI) consists of a 1395 bp coding sequence and encodes a protein with 465 amino acids with an overall molecular mass of 52 kDa. The sialidase does not have sequence similarity to any other bacterial sialidase. The entire sialidase ORF was expressed in Escherichia coli. Furthermore, the sialidase was purified from the type strain of T. forsythensis and from a recombinant clone, pHI-1 : 1, and was analysed using a non-denaturing gel, revealing that the enzyme preparations were respectively separated as two major bands and as a single band. Southern blot hybridization analysis revealed similar patterns of siaHI-hybridizing bands among clinical isolates of T. forsythensis from periodontitis patients. This is the first study on the cloning and expression of a T. forsythensis sialidase gene and the purification of the SiaHI enzyme from T. forsythensis ATCC 43037(T) and recombinant E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Ishikura
- Section of Periodontology1, Section of Molecular and Cellular Oncology and Microbiology2 and Dental Hospital, Section of Periodontology3, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
| | - Shinichi Arakawa
- Section of Periodontology1, Section of Molecular and Cellular Oncology and Microbiology2 and Dental Hospital, Section of Periodontology3, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
| | - Takuma Nakajima
- Section of Periodontology1, Section of Molecular and Cellular Oncology and Microbiology2 and Dental Hospital, Section of Periodontology3, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
| | - Nobuo Tsuchida
- Section of Periodontology1, Section of Molecular and Cellular Oncology and Microbiology2 and Dental Hospital, Section of Periodontology3, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
| | - Isao Ishikawa
- Section of Periodontology1, Section of Molecular and Cellular Oncology and Microbiology2 and Dental Hospital, Section of Periodontology3, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
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Abstract
Aggressive periodontitis is characterized by a considerable attachment loss over a relatively short period of time. It may be the consequence of either the presence of highly aggressive pathogens or a highly susceptible host. In the first case, the use of antimicrobials should be beneficial in the treatment of those patients. However, due to the organization of the micro-organisms as a biofilm, the increasing incidence of allergies and resistance against antimicrobials and their side-effects, there is still controversy about their benefit in the treatment of periodontal disease. This paper discusses indications for the use of antimicrobials, the substances prescribed and the type of application under the conditions of aggressive periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Dörfer
- Department Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Ezzo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Dentistry, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center Dallas, Texas, USA
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Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of Bacteroides forsythus in primary endodontic infections using a species-specific nested polymerase chain reaction assay. Samples were collected from 50 teeth having carious lesions, necrotic pulps, and different forms of periradicular diseases. DNA extracted from the samples was initially amplified using universal 16S rDNA primers. A second round of amplification used the first polymerase chain reaction products to detect a specific fragment of B. forsythus 16S rDNA. B. forsythus was detected in 13 of 22 asymptomatic cases (59.1%), 4 of 10 root canals associated with acute apical periodontitis (40%), and 9 of 18 cases diagnosed as acute periradicular abscesses (50%). There was no relationship between the presence of B. forsythus and the occurrence of symptoms. In general, this bacterial species was detected in 26 of 50 samples of endodontic infections (52%). The findings of this study support the assertion that this bacterial species is associated with infections of endodontic origin and suggest that B. forsythus may be involved in the pathogenesis of different forms of periradicular lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- José F Siqueira
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Estácio de Sá University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Yoneda M, Hirofuji T, Motooka N, Nozoe K, Shigenaga K, Anan H, Miura M, Kabashima H, Matsumoto A, Maeda K. Humoral immune responses to S-layer-like proteins of Bacteroides forsythus. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2003; 10:383-7. [PMID: 12738635 PMCID: PMC154965 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.10.3.383-387.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Bacteroides forsythus is one of the important periodontopathic bacteria, and this microorganism is known to have an S-layer outside the outer membrane. The S-layer-like antigens were recently isolated from B. forsythus, and they were found to be 270- and 230-kDa proteins in the envelope fraction. In this study, these proteins were confirmed to be specific to B. forsythus by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and they were clearly recognized by sera from patients with adult and early-onset periodontitis in Western immmunoblot analysis. We compared the immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses against the purified S-layer-like antigen by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. IgG responses against this antigen were low in healthy control subjects, but they were significantly higher in subjects with adult and early-onset periodontitis. Together with the fact that the IgG responses against the crude extract of B. forsythus did not rise significantly in patients with periodontitis, S-layer-like proteins are considered to be specific antigens of B. forsythus and may play an important role in the progression of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Yoneda
- Section of Periodontology, Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Japan.
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Lakio L, Kuula H, Dogan B, Asikainen S. Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans proportion of subgingival bacterial flora in relation to its clonal type. Eur J Oral Sci 2002; 110:212-7. [PMID: 12120706 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0447.2002.201238.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether certain Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans clones occur in elevated proportions in subgingival flora, and if the proportions relate to other bacteria in the samples. A total of 121 A. actinomycetemcomitans strains from 121 patients with periodontitis were serotyped and 60 strains were also genotyped. The 121 strains were divided into three groups and the 60 strains into two groups according proportion of A. actinomycetemcomitans. The samples from the 60 patients with genotyped strains were cultured for five other species. Among the 121 strains, serotype b occurred significantly more frequently in the high- (n = 14, proportions > 5%, mean = 18.09, SD = 20.07%) than low- (n = 49, proportions < or = 0.1%), mean = 0.04, SD = 0.03%) or intermediate-proportion groups (n = 58, proportions > 0.5%, mean = 1.31, SD = 1.24%). Genotype 3 occurred significantly more frequently in samples with low A. actinomycetemcomitans proportions (n = 28, < or = 0.1%, mean = 0.04, SD = 0.03%) than in those with high proportions (n = 32, > 0.1%, mean = 5.70, SD = 14.60%). No differences were seen in the detection frequencies or proportions of the five bacterial species between the samples with low or high A. actinomycetemcomitans proportions. The results indicate that certain clonotypes of A. actinomycetemcomitans may preferentially occur as low proportions, suggesting their controlled growth. Conversely, some serotype b clones may have a competitive advantage in subgingival flora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Lakio
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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Honma K, Kuramitsu HK, Genco RJ, Sharma A. Development of a gene inactivation system for Bacteroides forsythus: construction and characterization of a BspA mutant. Infect Immun 2001; 69:4686-90. [PMID: 11402017 PMCID: PMC98550 DOI: 10.1128/iai.69.7.4686-4690.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteroides forsythus is a gram-negative anaerobic bacterium associated with periodontitis. The bspA gene encoding a cell surface associated leucine-rich repeat protein (BspA) involved in adhesion to fibronectin and fibrinogen was recently cloned from this bacterium in our laboratory. We now describe the construction of a BspA-defective mutant of B. forsythus. This is the first report describing the generation of a specific gene knockout mutant of B. forsythus, and this procedure should be useful in establishing the identity of virulence-associated factors in these organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Honma
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214, USA
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