1
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Arch M, Vidal M, Fuentes E, Abat AS, Cardona PJ. The reproductive status determines tolerance and resistance to Mycobacterium marinum in Drosophila melanogaster. Evol Med Public Health 2023; 11:332-347. [PMID: 37868078 PMCID: PMC10590161 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoad029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Sex and reproductive status of the host have a major impact on the immune response against infection. Our aim was to understand their impact on host tolerance or resistance in the systemic Mycobacterium marinum infection of Drosophila melanogaster. We measured host survival and bacillary load at time of death, as well as expression by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction of immune genes (diptericin and drosomycin). We also assessed the impact of metabolic and hormonal regulation in the protection against infection by measuring expression of upd3, impl2 and ecR. Our data showed increased resistance in actively mating flies and in mated females, while reducing their tolerance to infection. Data suggests that Toll and immune deficiency (Imd) pathways determine tolerance and resistance, respectively, while higher basal levels of ecR favours the stimulation of the Imd pathway. A dual role has been found for upd3 expression, linked to increased/decreased mycobacterial load at the beginning and later in infection, respectively. Finally, impl2 expression has been related to increased resistance in non-actively mating males. These results allow further assessment on the differences between sexes and highlights the role of the reproductive status in D. melanogaster to face infections, demonstrating their importance to determine resistance and tolerance against M. marinum infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Arch
- Tuberculosis Research Unit, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- Comparative Medicine and Bioimage Centre of Catalonia (CMCiB), Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Maria Vidal
- Tuberculosis Research Unit, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- Genetics and Microbiology Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Esther Fuentes
- Tuberculosis Research Unit, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- Comparative Medicine and Bioimage Centre of Catalonia (CMCiB), Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- Microbiology Department, Laboratori Clínic Metropolitana Nord, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Anmaw Shite Abat
- Tuberculosis Research Unit, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- Department of Veterinary Paraclinical Studies, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Pere-Joan Cardona
- Tuberculosis Research Unit, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- Comparative Medicine and Bioimage Centre of Catalonia (CMCiB), Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- Microbiology Department, Laboratori Clínic Metropolitana Nord, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- Genetics and Microbiology Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
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2
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Yaparla A, Stern DB, Hossainey MRH, Crandall KA, Grayfer L. Amphibian myelopoiesis. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 146:104701. [PMID: 37196852 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.104701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage-lineage cells are indispensable to immunity and physiology of all vertebrates. Amongst these, amphibians represent a key stage in vertebrate evolution and are facing decimating population declines and extinctions, in large part due to emerging infectious agents. While recent studies indicate that macrophages and related innate immune cells are critically involved during these infections, much remains unknown regarding the ontogeny and functional differentiation of these cell types in amphibians. Accordingly, in this review we coalesce what has been established to date about amphibian blood cell development (hematopoiesis), the development of key amphibian innate immune cells (myelopoiesis) and the differentiation of amphibian macrophage subsets (monopoiesis). We explore the current understanding of designated sites of larval and adult hematopoiesis across distinct amphibian species and consider what mechanisms may lend to these species-specific adaptations. We discern the identified molecular mechanisms governing the functional differentiation of disparate amphibian (chiefly Xenopus laevis) macrophage subsets and describe what is known about the roles of these subsets during amphibian infections with intracellular pathogens. Macrophage lineage cells are at the heart of so many vertebrate physiological processes. Thus, garnering greater understanding of the mechanisms responsible for the ontogeny and functionality of these cells in amphibians will lend to a more comprehensive view of vertebrate evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amulya Yaparla
- Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - David B Stern
- Milken Institute School of Public Health, Computational Biology Institute, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | | | - Keith A Crandall
- Milken Institute School of Public Health, Computational Biology Institute, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Leon Grayfer
- Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA.
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3
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Dal NJK, Schäfer G, Thompson AM, Schmitt S, Redinger N, Alonso-Rodriguez N, Johann K, Ojong J, Wohlmann J, Best A, Koynov K, Zentel R, Schaible UE, Griffiths G, Barz M, Fenaroli F. Π-Π interactions stabilize PeptoMicelle-based formulations of Pretomanid derivatives leading to promising therapy against tuberculosis in zebrafish and mouse models. J Control Release 2023; 354:851-868. [PMID: 36681282 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is the deadliest bacterial disease globally, threatening the lives of millions every year. New antibiotic therapies that can shorten the duration of treatment, improve cure rates, and impede the development of drug resistance are desperately needed. Here, we used polymeric micelles to encapsulate four second-generation derivatives of the antitubercular drug pretomanid that had previously displayed much better in vivo activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis than pretomanid itself. Because these compounds were relatively hydrophobic and had limited bioavailability, we expected that their micellar formulations would overcome these limitations, reduce toxicities, and improve therapeutic outcomes. The polymeric micelles were based on polypept(o)ides (PeptoMicelles) and were stabilized in their hydrophobic core by π-π interactions, allowing the efficient encapsulation of aromatic pretomanid derivatives. The stability of these π-π-stabilized PeptoMicelles was demonstrated in water, blood plasma, and lung surfactant by fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy and was further supported by prolonged circulation times of several days in the vasculature of zebrafish larvae. The most efficacious PeptoMicelle formulation tested in the zebrafish larvae infection model almost completely eradicated the bacteria at non-toxic doses. This lead formulation was further assessed against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the susceptible C3HeB/FeJ mouse model, which develops human-like necrotic granulomas. Following intravenous administration, the drug-loaded PeptoMicelles significantly reduced bacterial burden and inflammatory responses in the lungs and spleens of infected mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils-Jørgen K Dal
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Blindernveien 31, 0371 Oslo, Norway
| | - Gabriela Schäfer
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany; Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research (LACDR), Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Andrew M Thompson
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Sascha Schmitt
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Natalja Redinger
- Forschungszentrum Borstel, Leibniz Lungenzentrum, Program Area Infections, Div. Cellular Microbiology; University of Lübeck, Immunochemistry and Biochemical Microbiology, & German Center for Infection Research, partner site Hamburg-Lübeck - Borstel - Riems, 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | | | - Kerstin Johann
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jessica Ojong
- Forschungszentrum Borstel, Leibniz Lungenzentrum, Program Area Infections, Div. Cellular Microbiology; University of Lübeck, Immunochemistry and Biochemical Microbiology, & German Center for Infection Research, partner site Hamburg-Lübeck - Borstel - Riems, 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Jens Wohlmann
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Blindernveien 31, 0371 Oslo, Norway
| | - Andreas Best
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Kaloian Koynov
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Rudolf Zentel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ulrich E Schaible
- Forschungszentrum Borstel, Leibniz Lungenzentrum, Program Area Infections, Div. Cellular Microbiology; University of Lübeck, Immunochemistry and Biochemical Microbiology, & German Center for Infection Research, partner site Hamburg-Lübeck - Borstel - Riems, 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Gareth Griffiths
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Blindernveien 31, 0371 Oslo, Norway
| | - Matthias Barz
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany; Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research (LACDR), Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Federico Fenaroli
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Blindernveien 31, 0371 Oslo, Norway; Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, 4021 Stavanger, Norway.
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4
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Abstract
Pulmonary granulomas are widely considered the epicenters of the immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB). Recent animal studies have revealed factors that either promote or restrict TB immunity within granulomas. These models, however, typically ignore the impact of preexisting immunity on cellular organization and function, an important consideration because most TB probably occurs through reinfection of previously exposed individuals. Human postmortem research from the pre-antibiotic era showed that infections in Mtb-naïve individuals (primary TB) versus those with prior Mtb exposure (postprimary TB) have distinct pathologic features. We review recent animal findings in TB granuloma biology, which largely reflect primary TB. We also discuss our current understanding of postprimary TB lesions, about which much less is known. Many knowledge gaps remain, particularly regarding how preexisting immunity shapes granuloma structure and local immune responses at Mtb infection sites. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Immunology, Volume 40 is April 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara B. Cohen
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Benjamin H. Gern
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kevin B. Urdahl
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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5
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Shield CG, Swift BMC, McHugh TD, Dedrick RM, Hatfull GF, Satta G. Application of Bacteriophages for Mycobacterial Infections, from Diagnosis to Treatment. Microorganisms 2021; 9:2366. [PMID: 34835491 PMCID: PMC8617706 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other non-tuberculous mycobacteria are responsible for a variety of different infections affecting millions of patients worldwide. Their diagnosis is often problematic and delayed until late in the course of disease, requiring a high index of suspicion and the combined efforts of clinical and laboratory colleagues. Molecular methods, such as PCR platforms, are available, but expensive, and with limited sensitivity in the case of paucibacillary disease. Treatment of mycobacterial infections is also challenging, typically requiring months of multiple and combined antibiotics, with associated side effects and toxicities. The presence of innate and acquired drug resistance further complicates the picture, with dramatic cases without effective treatment options. Bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria) have been used for decades in Eastern Europe for the treatment of common bacterial infections, but there is limited clinical experience of their use in mycobacterial infections. More recently, bacteriophages' clinical utility has been re-visited and their use has been successfully demonstrated both as diagnostic and treatment options. This review will focus specifically on how mycobacteriophages have been used recently in the diagnosis and treatment of different mycobacterial infections, as potential emerging technologies, and as an alternative treatment option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G. Shield
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK;
| | - Benjamin M. C. Swift
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK;
| | - Timothy D. McHugh
- Centre for Clinical Microbiology, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK; (T.D.M.); (G.S.)
| | - Rebekah M. Dedrick
- Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; (R.M.D.); (G.F.H.)
| | - Graham F. Hatfull
- Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; (R.M.D.); (G.F.H.)
| | - Giovanni Satta
- Centre for Clinical Microbiology, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK; (T.D.M.); (G.S.)
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6
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Knobloch P, Koliwer-Brandl H, Arnold FM, Hanna N, Gonda I, Adenau S, Personnic N, Barisch C, Seeger MA, Soldati T, Hilbi H. Mycobacterium marinum produces distinct mycobactin and carboxymycobactin siderophores to promote growth in broth and phagocytes. Cell Microbiol 2020; 22:e13163. [PMID: 31945239 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium marinum is a model organism for pathogenic Mycobacterium species, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis. These pathogens enter phagocytes and replicate within the Mycobacterium-containing vacuole, possibly followed by vacuole exit and growth in the host cell cytosol. Mycobacteria release siderophores called mycobactins to scavenge iron, an essential yet poorly soluble and available micronutrient. To investigate the role of M. marinum mycobactins, we purified by organic solvent extraction and identified by mass spectrometry the lipid-bound mycobactin (MBT) and the water-soluble variant carboxymycobactin (cMBT). Moreover, we generated by specialised phage transduction a defined M. marinum ΔmbtB deletion mutant predicted to be defective for mycobactin production. The M. marinum ΔmbtB mutant strain showed a severe growth defect in broth and phagocytes, which was partially complemented by supplying the mbtB gene on a plasmid. Furthermore, purified Fe-MBT or Fe-cMBT improved the growth of wild type as well as ΔmbtB mutant bacteria on minimal plates, but only Fe-cMBT promoted the growth of wild-type M. marinum during phagocyte infection. Finally, the intracellular growth of M. marinum ΔmbtB in Acanthamoeba castellanii amoebae was restored by coinfection with wild-type bacteria. Our study identifies and characterises the M. marinum MBT and cMBT siderophores and reveals the requirement of mycobactins for extra- and intracellular growth of the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Knobloch
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Fabian M Arnold
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nabil Hanna
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Imre Gonda
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sophia Adenau
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Personnic
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Barisch
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Markus A Seeger
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Soldati
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hubert Hilbi
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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7
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Popovic M, Yaparla A, Paquin‐Proulx D, Koubourli DV, Webb R, Firmani M, Grayfer L. Colony‐stimulating factor‐1‐ and interleukin‐34‐derived macrophages differ in their susceptibility to
Mycobacterium marinum. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 106:1257-1269. [DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1a0919-147r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Milan Popovic
- Department of Biological Sciences George Washington University Washington DC 20052 USA
| | - Amulya Yaparla
- Department of Biological Sciences George Washington University Washington DC 20052 USA
| | - Dominic Paquin‐Proulx
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Tropical Medicine George Washington University Washington DC 20037 USA
| | - Daphne V. Koubourli
- Department of Biological Sciences George Washington University Washington DC 20052 USA
| | - Rose Webb
- Pathology Core Laboratory George Washington University Washington DC 20037 USA
| | - Marcia Firmani
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Sciences George Washington University Washington DC 20037 USA
| | - Leon Grayfer
- Department of Biological Sciences George Washington University Washington DC 20052 USA
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8
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Koliwer‐Brandl H, Knobloch P, Barisch C, Welin A, Hanna N, Soldati T, Hilbi H. DistinctMycobacterium marinumphosphatases determine pathogen vacuole phosphoinositide pattern, phagosome maturation, and escape to the cytosol. Cell Microbiol 2019; 21:e13008. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Koliwer‐Brandl
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical MicrobiologyUniversity of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Paulina Knobloch
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical MicrobiologyUniversity of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Caroline Barisch
- Faculty of Science, Department of BiochemistryUniversity of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
| | - Amanda Welin
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical MicrobiologyUniversity of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Nabil Hanna
- Faculty of Science, Department of BiochemistryUniversity of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
| | - Thierry Soldati
- Faculty of Science, Department of BiochemistryUniversity of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
| | - Hubert Hilbi
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical MicrobiologyUniversity of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
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9
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Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) - a zinc-dependent dicarboxypeptidase with two catalytic domains - plays a major part in blood pressure regulation by converting angiotensin I to angiotensin II. However, ACE cleaves many peptides besides angiotensin I and thereby affects diverse physiological functions, including renal development and male reproduction. In addition, ACE has a role in both innate and adaptive responses by modulating macrophage and neutrophil function - effects that are magnified when these cells overexpress ACE. Macrophages that overexpress ACE are more effective against tumours and infections. Neutrophils that overexpress ACE have an increased production of superoxide, which increases their ability to kill bacteria. These effects are due to increased ACE activity but are independent of angiotensin II. ACE also affects the display of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and MHC class II peptides, potentially by enzymatically trimming these peptides. Understanding how ACE expression and activity affect myeloid cells may hold great promise for therapeutic manipulation, including the treatment of both infection and malignancy.
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10
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Bernstein KE, Khan Z, Giani JF, Cao DY, Bernstein EA, Shen XZ. Angiotensin-converting enzyme in innate and adaptive immunity. Nat Rev Nephrol 2018; 14:325-336. [PMID: 29578208 DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2018.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) - a zinc-dependent dicarboxypeptidase with two catalytic domains - plays a major part in blood pressure regulation by converting angiotensin I to angiotensin II. However, ACE cleaves many peptides besides angiotensin I and thereby affects diverse physiological functions, including renal development and male reproduction. In addition, ACE has a role in both innate and adaptive responses by modulating macrophage and neutrophil function - effects that are magnified when these cells overexpress ACE. Macrophages that overexpress ACE are more effective against tumours and infections. Neutrophils that overexpress ACE have an increased production of superoxide, which increases their ability to kill bacteria. These effects are due to increased ACE activity but are independent of angiotensin II. ACE also affects the display of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and MHC class II peptides, potentially by enzymatically trimming these peptides. Understanding how ACE expression and activity affect myeloid cells may hold great promise for therapeutic manipulation, including the treatment of both infection and malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth E Bernstein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zakir Khan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center
| | - Jorge F Giani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Duo-Yao Cao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center
| | | | - Xiao Z Shen
- Department of Physiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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11
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Abstract
Granulomas are organized aggregates of macrophages, often with characteristic morphological changes, and other immune cells. These evolutionarily ancient structures form in response to persistent particulate stimuli-infectious or noninfectious-that individual macrophages cannot eradicate. Granulomas evolved as protective responses to destroy or sequester particles but are frequently pathological in the context of foreign bodies, infections, and inflammatory diseases. We summarize recent findings that suggest that the granulomatous response unfolds in a stepwise program characterized by a series of macrophage activations and transformations that in turn recruit additional cells and produce structural changes. We explore why different granulomas vary and the reasons that granulomas are protective and pathogenic. Understanding the mechanisms and role of granuloma formation may uncover new therapies for the multitude of granulomatous diseases that constitute serious medical problems while enhancing the protective function of granulomas in infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio J Pagán
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; , .,MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Lalita Ramakrishnan
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; , .,MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
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12
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Vijay S, Hai HT, Thu DDA, Johnson E, Pielach A, Phu NH, Thwaites GE, Thuong NTT. Ultrastructural Analysis of Cell Envelope and Accumulation of Lipid Inclusions in Clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis Isolates from Sputum, Oxidative Stress, and Iron Deficiency. Front Microbiol 2018; 8:2681. [PMID: 29379477 PMCID: PMC5770828 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Mycobacteria have several unique cellular characteristics, such as multiple cell envelope layers, elongation at cell poles, asymmetric cell division, and accumulation of intracytoplasmic lipid inclusions, which contributes to their survival under stress conditions. However, the understanding of these characteristics in clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) isolates and under host stress is limited. We previously reported the influence of host stress on the cell length distribution in a large set of clinical M. tuberculosis isolates (n = 158). Here, we investigate the influence of host stress on the cellular ultrastructure of few clinical M. tuberculosis isolates (n = 8) from that study. The purpose of this study is to further understand the influence of host stress on the cellular adaptations of clinical M. tuberculosis isolates. Methods: We selected few M. tuberculosis isolates (n = 8) for analyzing the cellular ultrastructure ex vivo in sputum and under in vitro stress conditions by transmission electron microscopy. The cellular adaptations of M. tuberculosis in sputum were correlated with the ultrastructure of antibiotic sensitive and resistant isolates in liquid culture, under oxidative stress, iron deficiency, and exposure to isoniazid. Results: In sputum, M. tuberculosis accumulated intracytoplasmic lipid inclusions. In liquid culture, clinical M. tuberculosis revealed isolate to isolate variation in the extent of intracytoplasmic lipid inclusions, which were absent in the laboratory strain H37Rv. Oxidative stress, iron deficiency, and exposure to isoniazid increased the accumulation of lipid inclusions and decreased the thickness of the cell envelope electron transparent layer in M. tuberculosis cells. Furthermore, intracytoplasmic compartments were observed in iron deficient cells. Conclusion: Our ultrastructural analysis has revealed significant influence of host stress on the cellular adaptations in clinical M. tuberculosis isolates. These adaptations may contribute to the survival of M. tuberculosis under host and antibiotic stress conditions. Variation in the cellular adaptations among clinical M. tuberculosis isolates may correlate with their ability to persist in tuberculosis patients during antibiotic treatment. These observations indicate the need for further analyzing these cellular adaptations in a large set of clinical M. tuberculosis isolates. This will help to determine the significance of these cellular adaptations in the tuberculosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasan Vijay
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Hoang T Hai
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Do D A Thu
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Errin Johnson
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Pielach
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nguyen H Phu
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Guy E Thwaites
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nguyen T T Thuong
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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13
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Ribeiro GM, Matsumoto CK, Real F, Teixeira D, Duarte RS, Mortara RA, Leão SC, de Souza Carvalho-Wodarz C. Increased survival and proliferation of the epidemic strain Mycobacterium abscessus subsp. massiliense CRM0019 in alveolar epithelial cells. BMC Microbiol 2017; 17:195. [PMID: 28903728 PMCID: PMC5598063 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-017-1102-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Outbreaks of infections caused by rapidly growing mycobacteria have been reported worldwide generally associated with medical procedures. Mycobacterium abscessus subsp. massiliense CRM0019 was obtained during an epidemic of postsurgical infections and was characterized by increased persistence in vivo. To better understand the successful survival strategies of this microorganism, we evaluated its infectivity and proliferation in macrophages (RAW and BMDM) and alveolar epithelial cells (A549). For that, we assessed the following parameters, for both M. abscessus CRM0019 as well as the reference strain M. abscessus ATCC 19977: internalization, intracellular survival for up 3 days, competence to subvert lysosome fusion and the intracellular survival after cell reinfection. RESULTS CRM0019 and ATCC 19977 strains showed the same internalization rate (approximately 30% after 6 h infection), in both A549 and RAW cells. However, colony forming units data showed that CRM0019 survived better in A549 cells than the ATCC 19977 strain. Phagosomal characteristics of CRM0019 showed the bacteria inside tight phagosomes in A549 cells, contrasting to the loosely phagosomal membrane in macrophages. This observation holds for the ATCC 19977 strain in both cell types. The competence to subvert lysosome fusion was assessed by acidification and acquisition of lysosomal protein. For M. abscessus strains the phagosomes were acidified in all cell lines; nevertheless, the acquisition of lysosomal protein was reduced by CRM0019 compared to the ATCC 19977 strain, in A549 cells. Conversely, in macrophages, both M. abscessus strains were located in mature phagosomes, however without bacterial death. Once recovered from macrophages M. abscessus could establish a new intracellular infection. Nevertheless, only CRM0019 showed a higher growth rate in A549, increasing nearly 10-fold after 48 and 72 h. CONCLUSION M. abscessus CRM0019 creates a protective and replicative niche in alveolar epithelial cells mainly by avoiding phagosome maturation. Once recovered from infected macrophages, CRM0019 remains infective and displays greater intracellular growth in A549 cells compared to the ATCC 19977 strain. This evasion strategy in alveolar epithelial cells may contribute to the long survival of the CRM0019 strain in the host and thus to the inefficacy of in vivo treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Monteiro Ribeiro
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Cristianne Kayoko Matsumoto
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando Real
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Laboratoire Entrée muqueuse du VIH et Immunité muqueuse, Department Infection, Immunité et Inflammation, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Daniela Teixeira
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael Silva Duarte
- Laboratório de Micobactérias, Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Renato Arruda Mortara
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sylvia Cardoso Leão
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Cristiane de Souza Carvalho-Wodarz
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. .,Department of Drug Delivery, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarbrücken, Germany.
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Mycobacterial Acid Tolerance Enables Phagolysosomal Survival and Establishment of Tuberculous Infection In Vivo. Cell Host Microbe 2017; 20:250-8. [PMID: 27512905 PMCID: PMC4985559 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The blockade of phagolysosomal fusion is considered a critical mycobacterial strategy to survive in macrophages. However, viable mycobacteria have been observed in phagolysosomes during infection of cultured macrophages, and mycobacteria have the virulence determinant MarP, which confers acid resistance in vitro. Here we show in mice and zebrafish that innate macrophages overcome mycobacterial lysosomal avoidance strategies to rapidly deliver a substantial proportion of infecting bacteria to phagolysosomes. Exploiting the optical transparency of the zebrafish, we tracked the fates of individual mycobacteria delivered to phagosomes versus phagolysosomes and discovered that bacteria survive and grow in phagolysosomes, though growth is slower. MarP is required specifically for phagolysosomal survival, making it an important determinant for the establishment of mycobacterial infection in their hosts. Our work suggests that if pathogenic mycobacteria fail to prevent lysosomal trafficking, they tolerate the resulting acidic environment of the phagolysosome to establish infection. In vivo, newly infecting mycobacteria are rapidly trafficked to lysosomes within macrophages The mycobacterial acid tolerance determinant MarP enables lysosomal survival and growth Phagolysosomal mycobacteria can successfully establish infection, which is MarP dependent
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Sundaramurthy V, Korf H, Singla A, Scherr N, Nguyen L, Ferrari G, Landmann R, Huygen K, Pieters J. Survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis BCG in lysosomes in vivo. Microbes Infect 2017; 19:515-526. [PMID: 28689009 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is one of the most successful pathogens known, having infected more than a third of the global population. An important strategy for intracellular survival of pathogenic mycobacteria relies on their capacity to resist delivery to lysosomes, instead surviving within macrophage phagosomes. Several factors of both mycobacterial and host origin have been implicated in this process. However, whether or not this strategy is employed in vivo is not clear. Here we show that in vivo, following intravenous infection, M. tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis BCG initially survived by resisting lysosomal transfer. However, after prolonged infection the bacteria were transferred to lysosomes yet continued to proliferate. A M. bovis BCG mutant lacking protein kinase G (PknG), that cannot avoid lysosomal transfer and is readily cleared in vitro, was found to survive and proliferate in vivo. The ability to survive and proliferate in lysosomal organelles in vivo was found to be due to an altered host environment rather than changes in the inherent ability of the bacteria to arrest phagosome maturation. Thus, within an infected host, both M. tuberculosis and M. bovis BCG adapts to infection-specific host responses. These results are important to understand the pathology of tuberculosis and may have implications for the development of effective strategies to combat tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hannelie Korf
- Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP (Site Ukkel)), Juliette Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ashima Singla
- National Center for Biological Sciences, GKVK, Bellary Road, Bengaluru, India
| | - Nicole Scherr
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 70, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Liem Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, LC 4860, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Giorgio Ferrari
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 70, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Regine Landmann
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital, Hebelstrasse 20, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kris Huygen
- Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP (Site Ukkel)), Juliette Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean Pieters
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 70, Basel, Switzerland
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16
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Barrows M, Koeppel K, Michel A, Mitchell E. Mycobacterial Arthritis and Synovitis in Painted Reed Frogs (Hyperolius marmoratus). J Comp Pathol 2017; 156:275-280. [PMID: 28233523 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Several species of atypical mycobacteria have been isolated from wild and captive amphibians. In captive anurans, cutaneous and visceral mycobacteriosis are common and can result in significant mortality, particularly when animals are immunocompromised. Mycobacterial arthritis and synovitis are reported rarely in amphibians. We describe 20 cases in painted reed frogs (Hyperolius marmoratus), which presented with cachexia, limb paresis or paralysis or 'spindly leg syndrome'. Histopathology revealed multifocal histiocytic to granulomatous synovitis affecting appendicular, rib or spinal intervertebral joints. Periarticular granulomata, granulomatous cellulitis and skeletal muscle atrophy, necrosis and degeneration were also present. In one case, granulomatous spinal osteomyelitis was recorded. Ziehl-Neelsen stains showed large numbers of acid-fast bacteria in macrophages and histiocytes. The mycobacterial isolates obtained from culture were identified as members of the Mycobacterium chelonae complex (either M. chelonae or Mycobacterium abscessus). This was confirmed by 5'-16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) sequencing. In 17 cases mycobacterial lesions were present only in the joints and skeleton, highlighting the importance of not ruling out mycobacterial infection on the basis of absence of cutaneous or visceral lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Barrows
- Bristol Zoological Society, Clifton, Bristol, UK.
| | - K Koeppel
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - A Michel
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort
| | - E Mitchell
- National Zoological Gardens of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
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17
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Yang D, Kong Y. The bacterial and host factors associated with extrapulmonary dissemination of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 10:252-261. [PMID: 26557138 DOI: 10.1007/s11515-015-1358-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
With high morbidity and mortality worldwide, tuberculosis (TB) is still an important public health threat. The majority of human TB cases are caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Although pulmonary TB is the most common presentation, M. tuberculosis can disseminate into other organs and causes extrapulmonary TB (EPTB). The dissemination of bacteria from the initial site of infection to other organs can lead to fatal diseases, such as miliary and meningeal TB. Thoroughly understanding the mechanisms and pathways of dissemination would develop therapies to prevent the lethal prognosis of EPTB (miliary and meningeal TB) and vaccines to promote the development of adaptive immunity. This review focuses on risk factors of EPTB, bacterial and host genes involved in EPTB, and potential mechanisms of M. tuberculosis extrapulmonary dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Yang
- The Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Ying Kong
- The Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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18
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Siegrist MS, Swarts BM, Fox DM, Lim SA, Bertozzi CR. Illumination of growth, division and secretion by metabolic labeling of the bacterial cell surface. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2015; 39:184-202. [PMID: 25725012 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuu012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell surface is the essential interface between a bacterium and its surroundings. Composed primarily of molecules that are not directly genetically encoded, this highly dynamic structure accommodates the basic cellular processes of growth and division as well as the transport of molecules between the cytoplasm and the extracellular milieu. In this review, we describe aspects of bacterial growth, division and secretion that have recently been uncovered by metabolic labeling of the cell envelope. Metabolite derivatives can be used to label a variety of macromolecules, from proteins to non-genetically-encoded glycans and lipids. The embedded metabolite enables precise tracking in time and space, and the versatility of newer chemoselective detection methods offers the ability to execute multiple experiments concurrently. In addition to reviewing the discoveries enabled by metabolic labeling of the bacterial cell envelope, we also discuss the potential of these techniques for translational applications. Finally, we offer some guidelines for implementing this emerging technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sloan Siegrist
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Benjamin M Swarts
- Department of Chemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA
| | - Douglas M Fox
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Shion An Lim
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Carolyn R Bertozzi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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19
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Host Evasion and Exploitation Schemes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Cell 2014; 159:1497-509. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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20
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Pagán AJ, Ramakrishnan L. Immunity and Immunopathology in the Tuberculous Granuloma. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2014; 5:cshperspect.a018499. [PMID: 25377142 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a018499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Granulomas, organized aggregates of immune cells, are a defining feature of tuberculosis (TB). Granuloma formation is implicated in the pathogenesis of a variety of inflammatory disorders. However, the tuberculous granuloma has been assigned the role of a host protective structure which "walls-off" mycobacteria. Work conducted over the past decade has provided a more nuanced view of its role in pathogenesis. On the one hand, pathogenic mycobacteria accelerate and exploit granuloma formation for their expansion and dissemination by manipulating host immune responses to turn leukocyte recruitment and cell death pathways in their favor. On the other hand, granuloma macrophages can preserve granuloma integrity by exerting a microbicidal immune response, thus preventing an even more rampant expansion of infection in the extracellular milieu. Even this host-beneficial immune response required to maintain the bacteria intracellular must be tempered, as an overly vigorous immune response can also cause granuloma breakdown, thereby directly supporting bacterial growth extracellularly. This review will discuss how mycobacteria manipulate inflammatory responses to drive granuloma formation and will consider the roles of the granuloma in pathogenesis and protective immunity, drawing from clinical studies of TB in humans and from animal models--rodents, zebrafish, and nonhuman primates. A deeper understanding of TB pathogenesis and immunity in the granuloma could suggest therapeutic approaches to abrogate the host-detrimental aspects of granuloma formation to convert it into the host-beneficial structure that it has been thought to be for nearly a century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio J Pagán
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Lalita Ramakrishnan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195 Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195 Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
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21
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Haridy M, Tachikawa Y, Yoshida S, Tsuyuguchi K, Tomita M, Maeda S, Wada T, Ibi K, Sakai H, Yanai T. Mycobacterium marinum infection in Japanese forest green tree frogs (Rhacophorus arboreus). J Comp Pathol 2014; 151:277-89. [PMID: 25047922 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2014.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Four Japanese forest green tree frogs (Rhacophorus arboreus) were presented with emaciation, abdominal distention and ulcerative and nodular cutaneous lesions affecting the brisket, limbs, digits and ventral abdomen. Another three frogs had been found dead in the same tank 1 year previously. Necropsy examination of these seven frogs revealed splenomegaly and hepatomegaly, with multiple tan-yellow nodular foci present in the liver, spleen, heart, lungs, ovaries and kidneys. Microscopically, five frogs had necrosis and surrounding granulomatous inflammation in the liver, spleen, kidneys, lungs, intestine and ovaries, with numerous acid-fast bacilli in the areas of necrosis. Two frogs had granulomatous lesions in the lungs, liver, spleen, heart, coelomic membrane, stomach and intestinal wall. These lesions had no or minimal necrosis and few acid-fast bacilli. Mycobacterium spp. was cultured from three frogs and identified as Mycobacterium marinum by colony growth rate and photochromogenicity and DNA sequencing. This is the first report of M. marinum infection in Japanese forest green tree frogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Haridy
- Department of Pathogenetic Veterinary Sciences, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; Department of Pathology and Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
| | - Y Tachikawa
- Gifu World Fresh Water Aquarium, Gifu, Japan
| | - S Yoshida
- National Hospital Organization, Kinki-Chuo Chest Medical Centre, Sakai, Osaka 591-8555, Japan; Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - K Tsuyuguchi
- National Hospital Organization, Kinki-Chuo Chest Medical Centre, Sakai, Osaka 591-8555, Japan
| | - M Tomita
- National Hospital Organization, Kinki-Chuo Chest Medical Centre, Sakai, Osaka 591-8555, Japan
| | - S Maeda
- The Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, 3-1-24 Matsuyama, Kiyose-shi, Tokyo 204-8533, Japan
| | - T Wada
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - K Ibi
- Department of Pathogenetic Veterinary Sciences, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - H Sakai
- Department of Pathogenetic Veterinary Sciences, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - T Yanai
- Department of Pathogenetic Veterinary Sciences, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
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Three-dimensional in vitro models of granuloma to study bacteria-host interactions, drug-susceptibility, and resuscitation of dormant mycobacteria. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:623856. [PMID: 24967387 PMCID: PMC4055484 DOI: 10.1155/2014/623856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium leprae, Mycobacterium bovis, and Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis can survive within host macrophages in a dormant state, encased within an organized aggregate of immune host cells called granuloma. Granulomas consist of uninfected macrophages, foamy macrophages, epithelioid cells, and T lymphocytes accumulated around infected macrophages. Within granulomas, activated macrophages can fuse to form multinucleated giant cells, also called giant Langhans cells. A rim of T lymphocytes surrounds the core, and a tight coat of fibroblast closes the structure. Several in vivo models have been used to study granuloma's structure and function, but recently developed in vitro models of granuloma show potential for closer observation of the early stages of host's responses to live mycobacteria. This paper reviews culture conditions that resulted in three-dimensional granulomas, formed by the adhesion of cell populations in peripheral blood mononuclear cells infected with mycobacteria. The similarities of these models to granulomas encountered in clinical specimens include cellular composition, granulomas' cytokine production, and cell surface antigens. A reliable in vitro dormancy model may serve as a useful platform to test whether drug candidates can kill dormant mycobacteria. Novel drugs that target dormancy-specific pathways may shorten the current long, difficult treatments necessary to cure mycobacterial diseases.
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23
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Differential macrophage response to slow- and fast-growing pathogenic mycobacteria. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:916521. [PMID: 24949482 PMCID: PMC4052160 DOI: 10.1155/2014/916521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) have recently been recognized as important species that cause disease even in immunocompetent individuals. The mechanisms that these species use to infect and persist inside macrophages are not well characterised. To gain insight concerning this process we used THP-1 macrophages infected with M. abscessus, M. fortuitum, M. celatum, and M. tuberculosis. Our results showed that slow-growing mycobacteria gained entrance into these cells with more efficiency than fast-growing mycobacteria. We have also demonstrated that viable slow-growing M. celatum persisted inside macrophages without causing cell damage and without inducing reactive oxygen species (ROS), as M. tuberculosis caused. In contrast, fast-growing mycobacteria destroyed the cells and induced high levels of ROS. Additionally, the macrophage cytokine pattern induced by M. celatum was different from the one induced by either M. tuberculosis or fast-growing mycobacteria. Our results also suggest that, in some cases, the intracellular survival of mycobacteria and the immune response that they induce in macrophages could be related to their growth rate. In addition, the modulation of macrophage cytokine production, caused by M. celatum, might be a novel immune-evasion strategy used to survive inside macrophages that is different from the one reported for M. tuberculosis.
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Pegoraro G, Eaton BP, Ulrich RL, Lane DJ, Ojeda JF, Bavari S, DeShazer D, Panchal RG. A high-content imaging assay for the quantification of the Burkholderia pseudomallei induced multinucleated giant cell (MNGC) phenotype in murine macrophages. BMC Microbiol 2014; 14:98. [PMID: 24750902 PMCID: PMC4077104 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-14-98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Burkholderia pseudomallei (Bp), a Gram-negative, motile, facultative intracellular bacterium is the causative agent of melioidosis in humans and animals. The Bp genome encodes a repertoire of virulence factors, including the cluster 3 type III secretion system (T3SS-3), the cluster 1 type VI secretion system (T6SS-1), and the intracellular motility protein BimA, that enable the pathogen to invade both phagocytic and non-phagocytic cells. A unique hallmark of Bp infection both in vitro and in vivo is its ability to induce cell-to-cell fusion of macrophages to form multinucleated giant cells (MNGCs), which to date are semi-quantitatively reported following visual inspection. RESULTS In this study we report the development of an automated high-content image acquisition and analysis assay to quantitate the Bp induced MNGC phenotype. Validation of the assay was performed using T6SS-1 (∆hcp1) and T3SS-3 (∆bsaZ) mutants of Bp that have been previously reported to exhibit defects in their ability to induce MNGCs. Finally, screening of a focused small molecule library identified several Histone Deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors that inhibited Bp-induced MNGC formation of macrophages. CONCLUSIONS We have successfully developed an automated HCI assay to quantitate MNGCs induced by Bp in macrophages. This assay was then used to characterize the phenotype of the Bp mutants for their ability to induce MNGC formation and identify small molecules that interfere with this process. Successful application of chemical genetics and functional reverse genetics siRNA approaches in the MNGC assay will help gain a better understanding of the molecular targets and cellular mechanisms responsible for the MNGC phenotype induced by Bp, by other bacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, or by exogenously added cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Pegoraro
- Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702-5011, USA
- Perkin Elmer, Waltham, MA 02451, USA
- Present Address: Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute/NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Brett P Eaton
- Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702-5011, USA
| | - Ricky L Ulrich
- Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702-5011, USA
| | - Douglas J Lane
- Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702-5011, USA
| | - Jenifer F Ojeda
- Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702-5011, USA
| | - Sina Bavari
- Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702-5011, USA
| | - David DeShazer
- Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702-5011, USA
| | - Rekha G Panchal
- Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702-5011, USA
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Structure and function of RNase AS, a polyadenylate-specific exoribonuclease affecting mycobacterial virulence in vivo. Structure 2014; 22:719-30. [PMID: 24704253 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2014.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The cell-envelope of Mycobacterium tuberculosis plays a key role in bacterial virulence and antibiotic resistance. Little is known about the molecular mechanisms of regulation of cell-envelope formation. Here, we elucidate functional and structural properties of RNase AS, which modulates M. tuberculosis cell-envelope properties and strongly impacts bacterial virulence in vivo. The structure of RNase AS reveals a resemblance to RNase T from Escherichia coli, an RNase of the DEDD family involved in RNA maturation. We show that RNase AS acts as a 3'-5'-exoribonuclease that specifically hydrolyzes adenylate-containing RNA sequences. Also, crystal structures of complexes with AMP and UMP reveal the structural basis for the observed enzyme specificity. Notably, RNase AS shows a mechanism of substrate recruitment, based on the recognition of the hydrogen bond donor NH2 group of adenine. Our work opens a field for the design of drugs able to reduce bacterial virulence in vivo.
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Wang H, Maeda Y, Fukutomi Y, Makino M. An in vitro model of Mycobacterium leprae induced granuloma formation. BMC Infect Dis 2013; 13:279. [PMID: 23782413 PMCID: PMC3693892 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-13-279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leprosy is a contagious and chronic systemic granulomatous disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. In the pathogenesis of leprosy, granulomas play a key role, however, the mechanisms of the formation and maintenance of M. leprae granulomas are still not clearly understood. Methods To better understand the molecular physiology of M. leprae granulomas and the interaction between the bacilli and human host cells, we developed an in vitro model of human granulomas, which mimicked the in vivo granulomas of leprosy. Macrophages were differentiated from human monocytes, and infected with M. leprae, and then cultured with autologous human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Results Robust granuloma-like aggregates were obtained only when the M. leprae infected macrophages were co-cultured with PBMCs. Histological examination showed M. leprae within the cytoplasmic center of the multinucleated giant cells, and these bacilli were metabolically active. Macrophages of both M1 and M2 types co-existed in the granuloma like aggregates. There was a strong relationship between the formation of granulomas and changes in the expression levels of cell surface antigens on macrophages, cytokine production and the macrophage polarization. The viability of M. leprae isolated from granulomas indicated that the formation of host cell aggregates benefited the host, but the bacilli also remained metabolically active. Conclusions A simple in vitro model of human M. leprae granulomas was established using human monocyte-derived macrophages and PBMCs. This system may be useful to unravel the mechanisms of disease progression, and subsequently develop methods to control leprosy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongsheng Wang
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 12 Jiangwangmiao Road, Nanjing 210042, China
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Coelho Filho JC, Takenami I, Arruda S. Revisiting the Rich's formula: an update about granulomas in human tuberculosis. Braz J Infect Dis 2013; 17:234-8. [PMID: 23465601 PMCID: PMC9427422 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2013.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The formula proposed by Rich in 1951 explained the formation in a tuberculous lesion in a period that was unknown cellular functions, cytokines and other immunological aspects involved in granuloma formation by tuberculosis; its components are assembled conceptually to explain the pathogenic mechanisms involved in the granulomatous lesion in tuberculosis. In this manuscript, we report an update of Rich's formula based on the new and old concepts about pathogenic mechanisms involved in the granulomatous lesion in tuberculosis. Current knowledge allows us to conclude that the balance between the characteristics of the bacillus and host protective response is necessary to indicate the outcome of pathogenesis, infection or active disease and the necrosis degree of the tuberculosis lesion.
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Looking Within the Zebrafish to Understand the Tuberculous Granuloma. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 783:251-66. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6111-1_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Hart BE, Tapping RI. Differential trafficking of TLR1 I602S underlies host protection against pathogenic mycobacteria. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2012; 189:5347-55. [PMID: 23105135 PMCID: PMC3504178 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
We recently identified I602S as a frequent single-nucleotide polymorphism of human TLR1 that greatly inhibits cell surface trafficking, confers hyporesponsiveness to TLR1 agonists, and protects against the mycobacterial diseases leprosy and tuberculosis. Because mycobacteria are known to manipulate the TLR system to their advantage, we hypothesize that the hyporesponsive 602S variant may confer protection by enabling the host to overcome this immune subversion. We report that primary human monocytes and macrophages from homozygous TLR1 602S individuals are resistant to mycobacterial-induced downregulation of macrophage MHC class II, CD64, and IFN-γ responses compared with individuals who harbor the TLR1 602I variant. Additionally, when challenged with mycobacterial agonists, macrophages from TLR1 602S/S individuals resist induction of host arginase-1, an enzyme that depletes cellular arginine stores required for the production of antimicrobial reactive nitrogen intermediates. The differences in cell activation mediated by TLR1 602S and TLR1 602I are observed upon stimulation with soluble mycobacterial-derived agonists but not with whole mycobacterial cells. Taken together, these results suggest that the TLR1 602S variant protects against mycobacterial disease by preventing soluble mycobacterial products, perhaps released from granulomas, from disarming myeloid cells prior to their encounter with whole mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan E. Hart
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Richard I. Tapping
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801
- College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801
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Bruns H, Stegelmann F, Fabri M, Döhner K, van Zandbergen G, Wagner M, Skinner M, Modlin RL, Stenger S. Abelson tyrosine kinase controls phagosomal acidification required for killing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in human macrophages. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:4069-78. [PMID: 22988030 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms that regulate the acidification of intracellular compartments are key to host defense against pathogens. In this paper, we demonstrate that Abl tyrosine kinase, a master switch for cell growth and trafficking of intracellular organelles, controls the acidification of lysosomes in human macrophages. Pharmacological inhibition by imatinib and gene silencing of Abelson (Abl) tyrosine kinase reduced the lysosomal pH in human macrophages by increasing the transcription and expression of the proton pumping enzyme vacuolar-type H(+)-adenosine triphosphatase. Because lysosomal acidification is required for antimicrobial activity against intracellular bacteria, we determined the effect of imatinib on the growth of the major human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Imatinib limited the multiplication of M. tuberculosis, and growth restriction was dependent on acidification of the mycobacterial compartment. The effects of imatinib were also active in vivo because circulating monocytes from imatinib-treated leukemia patients were more acidic than monocytes from control donors. Importantly, sera from imatinib-treated patients triggered acidification and growth restriction of M. tuberculosis in macrophages. In summary, our results identify the control of phagosomal acidification as a novel function of Abl tyrosine kinase and provide evidence that the regulation occurs on the level of the vacuolar-type H(+)-adenosine triphosphatase. Given the efficacy of imatinib in a mouse model of tuberculosis and our finding that orally administered imatinib increased the ability of human serum to trigger growth reduction of intracellular M. tuberculosis, clinical evaluation of imatinib as a complementary therapy of tuberculosis, in particular multidrug or extremely drug-resistant disease, is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Bruns
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
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Ramakrishnan L. Revisiting the role of the granuloma in tuberculosis. Nat Rev Immunol 2012; 12:352-66. [PMID: 22517424 DOI: 10.1038/nri3211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 528] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The granuloma, which is a compact aggregate of immune cells, is the hallmark structure of tuberculosis. It is historically regarded as a host-protective structure that 'walls off' the infecting mycobacteria. This Review discusses surprising new discoveries--from imaging studies coupled with genetic manipulations--that implicate the innate immune mechanisms of the tuberculous granuloma in the expansion and dissemination of infection. It also covers why the granuloma can fail to eradicate infection even after adaptive immunity develops. An understanding of the mechanisms and impact of tuberculous granuloma formation can guide the development of therapies to modulate granuloma formation. Such therapies might be effective for tuberculosis as well as for other granulomatous diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalita Ramakrishnan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.
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Abstract
Amphibians are commonly kept in laboratory and zoological facilities and are becoming more frequent as pets. However, many amphibian species are declining in the wild owing to a variety of infectious and noninfectious diseases. This article reviews the current state of knowledge of mycobacteriosis in amphibian species, including pathogenesis, clinical signs, appropriate diagnostics, treatment options, and zoonotic potential and prevention. It is hoped this review will provide clinical veterinarians and scientists the tools they need to provide better care for amphibian species suffering mycobacteriosis, as well as serve to stimulate additional research into amphibians affected by mycobacterosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Martinho
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Lisbon, Portugal
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Gupta A, Kaul A, Tsolaki AG, Kishore U, Bhakta S. Mycobacterium tuberculosis: immune evasion, latency and reactivation. Immunobiology 2011; 217:363-74. [PMID: 21813205 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2011.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Revised: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
One-third of the global human population harbours Mycobacterium tuberculosis in dormant form. This dormant or latent infection presents a major challenge for global efforts to eradicate tuberculosis, because it is a vast reservoir of potential reactivation and transmission. This article explains how the pathogen evades the host immune response to establish a latent infection, and how it emerges from a state of latency to cause reactivation disease. This review highlights the key factors responsible for immune evasion and reactivation. It concludes by identifying interesting candidates for drug or vaccine development, as well as identifying unresolved questions for the future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antima Gupta
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London WC1E 7HX, UK
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L'Abbate C, Cipriano I, Pérez-Hurtado EC, Leão SC, Carneiro CRW, Machado J. TGF-β-mediated sustained ERK1/2 activity promotes the inhibition of intracellular growth of Mycobacterium avium in epithelioid cells surrogates. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21465. [PMID: 21731758 PMCID: PMC3120888 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several diseases including infection with intracellular pathogens such as the Mycobacterium avium complex. Infection of macrophages with M. avium induces TGF-β production and neutralization of this cytokine has been associated with decreased intracellular bacterial growth. We have previously demonstrated that epithelioid cell surrogates (ECs) derived from primary murine peritoneal macrophages through a process of differentiation induced by IL-4 overlap several features of epithelioid cells found in granulomas. In contrast to undifferentiated macrophages, ECs produce larger amounts of TGF-β and inhibit the intracellular growth of M. avium. Here we asked whether the levels of TGF-β produced by ECs are sufficient to induce a self-sustaining autocrine TGF-β signaling controlling mycobacterial replication in infected-cells. We showed that while exogenous addition of increased concentration of TGF-β to infected-macrophages counteracted M. avium replication, pharmacological blockage of TGF-β receptor kinase activity with SB-431542 augmented bacterial load in infected-ECs. Moreover, the levels of TGF-β produced by ECs correlated with high and sustained levels of ERK1/2 activity. Inhibition of ERK1/2 activity with U0126 increased M. avium replication in infected-cells, suggesting that modulation of intracellular bacterial growth is dependent on the activation of ERK1/2. Interestingly, blockage of TGF-β receptor kinase activity with SB-431542 in infected-ECs inhibited ERK1/2 activity, enhanced intracellular M. avium burden and these effects were followed by a severe decrease in TGF-β production. In summary, our findings indicate that the amplitude of TGF-β signaling coordinates the strength and duration of ERK1/2 activity that is determinant for the control of intracellular mycobacterial growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina L'Abbate
- Disciplina de Imunologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Ivone Cipriano
- Disciplina de Biologia do Desenvolvimento, Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Elizabeth Cristina Pérez-Hurtado
- Disciplina de Imunologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Sylvia Cardoso Leão
- Disciplina de Microbiologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Célia Regina Whitaker Carneiro
- Disciplina de Imunologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Joel Machado
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Campus de Diadema, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
- * E-mail:
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Estrella JL, Kan-Sutton C, Gong X, Rajagopalan M, Lewis DE, Hunter RL, Eissa NT, Jagannath C. A Novel in vitro Human Macrophage Model to Study the Persistence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Using Vitamin D(3) and Retinoic Acid Activated THP-1 Macrophages. Front Microbiol 2011; 2:67. [PMID: 21747789 PMCID: PMC3128978 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2011.00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) replicates within the human macrophages and we investigated the activating effects of retinoic acid (RA) and vitamin D(3) (VD) on macrophages in relation to the viability of intracellular Mtb. A combination of these vitamins (RAVD) enhanced the levels of DC-SIGN and mannose receptors on THP-1 macrophages that increased mycobacterial uptake but inhibited the subsequent intracellular growth of Mtb by inducing reactive oxygen species and autophagy. RAVD also enhanced antigen presenting and chemotactic receptors on THPs suggesting an activated phenotype for RAVD activated THPs. RAVD mediated activation was also associated with a marked phenotypic change in Mtb infected THPs that fused with adjacent THPs to form multinucleated giant cells (MNGCs). Typically, MNGCs occurred over 30 days of in vitro culture and contained non-replicating persisting Mtb for more than 60 days in culture. Latent tuberculosis occurs in over a third of mankind and we propose that RAVD mediated induction of persistent Mtb within human macrophages provides a novel model to develop therapeutic approaches and investigate pathogenesis of latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaymie L. Estrella
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences CenterHouston, TX, USA
| | - Celestine Kan-Sutton
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences CenterHouston, TX, USA
| | - Xing Gong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor College of MedicineHouston, TX, USA
| | - Malini Rajagopalan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Sciences CenterTyler, TX, USA
| | - Dorothy E. Lewis
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Disease, University of Texas Health Sciences CenterHouston, TX, USA
| | - Robert L. Hunter
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences CenterHouston, TX, USA
| | - N. Tony Eissa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor College of MedicineHouston, TX, USA
| | - Chinnaswamy Jagannath
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences CenterHouston, TX, USA
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Yu J, Niu C, Wang D, Li M, Teo W, Sun G, Wang J, Liu J, Gao Q. MMAR_2770, a new enzyme involved in biotin biosynthesis, is essential for the growth of Mycobacterium marinum in macrophages and zebrafish. Microbes Infect 2011; 13:33-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2010.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Revised: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Fremont-Rahl JJ, Ek C, Williamson HR, Small PLC, Fox JG, Muthupalani S. Mycobacterium liflandii outbreak in a research colony of Xenopus (Silurana) tropicalis frogs. Vet Pathol 2010; 48:856-67. [PMID: 21118799 DOI: 10.1177/0300985810388520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A research colony of Xenopus (Silurana) tropicalis frogs presented with nodular and ulcerative skin lesions. Additional consistent gross findings included splenomegaly with multiple tan-yellow nodular foci in the spleen and liver of diseased frogs. Copious acid-fast positive bacteria were present in touch impression smears of spleen, skin, and livers of diseased frogs. Histologically, necrotizing and granulomatous dermatitis, splenitis, and hepatitis with numerous acid-fast bacilli were consistently present, indicative of systemic mycobacteriosis. Infrequently, granulomatous inflammation was noted in the lungs, pancreas, coelomic membranes, and rarely reproductive organs. Ultrastructurally, both extracellular bacilli and intracellular bacilli within macrophages were identified. Frogs in the affected room were systematically depopulated, and control measures were initiated. Cultured mycobacteria from affected organs were identified and genetically characterized as Mycobacterium liflandii by polymerase chain reaction amplification of the enoyl reductase domain and specific variable numbers of tandem repeats. In recent years, M. liflandii has had a devastating impact on research frog colonies throughout the United States. This detailed report with ultrastructural description of M. liflandii aids in further understanding of this serious disease in frogs.
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Silva TRMD, Petersen ALDOA, Santos TDA, Almeida TFD, Freitas LARD, Veras PST. Control of Mycobacterium fortuitum and Mycobacterium intracellulare infections with respect to distinct granuloma formations in livers of BALB/c mice. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2010; 105:642-8. [DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762010000500007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Kim KS, Park JY, Jou I, Park SM. Regulation of Weibel-Palade body exocytosis by alpha-synuclein in endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:21416-25. [PMID: 20448034 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.103499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
alpha-Synuclein is a small presynaptic protein implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease. Nevertheless, its physiological roles and mechanisms remain incompletely understood. alpha-Synuclein is not only expressed in neurons but also in the vascular endothelium, which contains intracellular granules called Weibel-Palade bodies (WPBs) that contain a number of chemokines, adhesive molecules, and inflammatory cytokines. This study explored whether the exocytosis of WPB is regulated by alpha-synuclein. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-, thrombin-, or forskolin-induced von Willebrand factor release or translocation of P-selectin from endothelial cells were inhibited by alpha- and beta-synuclein but not gamma-synuclein. Three point mutants (A30P, A53T, and E46K) found in familial Parkinson disease also inhibited WPB exocytosis similar to that of wild-type alpha-synuclein. Furthermore, the negative regulation of WPB exocytosis required the N terminus or the nonamyloid beta-component of Alzheimer disease amyloid region of alpha-synuclein, but not the C-terminal acidic tail, and alpha-synuclein affected WPB exocytosis through interference with RalA activation by enhancing the interaction of RalGDS-beta-arrestin complexes. Immuno-EM analysis revealed that alpha-synuclein was localized close to WPBs. These findings imply that alpha-synuclein plays as a negative regulator in WPB exocytosis in endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Soo Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 442-721, Korea
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40
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Abstract
It is expected that the obligatory human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis must adapt metabolically to the various nutrients available during its cycle of infection, persistence, and reactivation. Cholesterol, which is an important part of the mammalian cytoplasmic membrane, is a potential energy source. Here, we show that M. tuberculosis grown in medium containing a carbon source other than cholesterol is able to accumulate cholesterol in the free-lipid zone of its cell wall. This cholesterol accumulation decreases the permeability of the cell wall for the primary antituberculosis drug, rifampin, and partially masks the mycobacterial surface antigens. Furthermore, M. tuberculosis was able to grow on mineral medium supplemented with cholesterol as the sole carbon source. Targeted disruption of the Rv3537 (kstD) gene inhibited growth due to inactivation of the cholesterol degradation pathway, as evidenced by accumulation of the intermediate, 9-hydroxy-4-androstene-3,17-dione. Our findings that M. tuberculosis is able to accumulate cholesterol in the presence of alternative nutrients and use it when cholesterol is the sole carbon source in vitro may facilitate future studies into the pathophysiology of this important deadly pathogen.
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Mycobacteriosis in fishes: a review. Vet J 2008; 180:33-47. [PMID: 18620877 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2007] [Revised: 05/09/2008] [Accepted: 05/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium species have long been recognised as a significant source of morbidity and mortality in finfish aquaculture, as well as in wild finfishes. Mycobacteria infecting fishes also include zoonotic pathogens that can cause protracted illness, especially in immunocompromised individuals. Several basic aspects of mycobacterial pathobiology in aquatic animals remain poorly understood, although a number of important recent developments have been made, especially with respect to identification of novel Mycobacterium spp. infecting fishes and a new group of mycobacteria closely related to the human pathogen Mycobacterium ulcerans. This review will encompass important aspects of mycobacterial disease in fishes, discuss recent research including studies of mycobacteriosis in striped bass (Morone saxatilis) of Chesapeake Bay, USA, and suggest directions for future work.
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Tobin DM, Ramakrishnan L. Comparative pathogenesis of Mycobacterium marinum and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Cell Microbiol 2008; 10:1027-39. [PMID: 18298637 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2008.01133.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A thorough understanding of Mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogenesis in humans has been elusive in part because of imperfect surrogate laboratory hosts, each with its own idiosyncrasies. Mycobacterium marinum is the closest genetic relative of the M. tuberculosis complex and is a natural pathogen of ectotherms. In this review, we present evidence that the similar genetic programmes of M. marinum and M. tuberculosis and the corresponding host immune responses reveal a conserved skeleton of Mycobacterium host-pathogen interactions. While both species have made niche-specific refinements, an essential framework has persisted. We highlight genetic comparisons of the two organisms and studies of M. marinum in the developing zebrafish. By pairing M. marinum with the simplified immune system of zebrafish embryos, many of the defining mechanisms of mycobacterial pathogenesis can be distilled and investigated in a tractable host/pathogen pair.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Tobin
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Meconi S, Vercellone A, Levillain F, Payré B, Al Saati T, Capilla F, Desreumaux P, Darfeuille-Michaud A, Altare F. Adherent-invasive Escherichia coli isolated from Crohn's disease patients induce granulomas in vitro. Cell Microbiol 2007; 9:1252-61. [PMID: 17223928 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2006.00868.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) have been shown to be highly associated with ileal Crohn's disease (CD). AIEC survive within infected macrophages, residing within the phagolysosomal compartment where they take advantage of the low pH to replicate extensively. We investigated whether, like the tuberculous bacillus which also persists within macrophages, AIEC LF82 induces the formation of granulomas, which are a common histopathological feature of CD. For this purpose, we have taken advantage of an in vitro model of human granulomas that we recently developed, based on blood-derived mononuclear cells. We demonstrated that AIEC LF82 induces aggregation of infected macrophages, fusion of some of them to form multinucleated giant cells and subsequent recruitment of lymphocytes. Light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy analysis of the cell aggregates confirmed their granuloma features. This was further confirmed by histological analysis of granuloma sections. Noteworthy, this phenomenon can be reproduced by soluble protein extracts of AIEC LF82 coated onto beads. Although the cell aggregates not completely mimic natural CD-associated granulomas, they are very similar to early stages of epithelioid granulomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Meconi
- Department Molecular Mechanisms of Mycobacterial Infections, IPBS, CNRS UMR5089, Toulouse 31077, France
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44
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Swaim LE, Connolly LE, Volkman HE, Humbert O, Born DE, Ramakrishnan L. Mycobacterium marinum infection of adult zebrafish causes caseating granulomatous tuberculosis and is moderated by adaptive immunity. Infect Immun 2006; 74:6108-17. [PMID: 17057088 PMCID: PMC1695491 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00887-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The zebrafish, a genetically tractable model vertebrate, is naturally susceptible to tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium marinum, a close genetic relative of the causative agent of human tuberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We previously developed a zebrafish embryo-M. marinum infection model to study host-pathogen interactions in the context of innate immunity. Here, we have constructed a flowthrough fish facility for the large-scale longitudinal study of M. marinum-induced tuberculosis in adult zebrafish where both innate and adaptive immunity are operant. We find that zebrafish are exquisitely susceptible to M. marinum strain M. Intraperitoneal injection of five organisms produces persistent granulomatous tuberculosis, while the injection of approximately 9,000 organisms leads to acute, fulminant disease. Bacterial burden, extent of disease, pathology, and host mortality progress in a time- and dose-dependent fashion. Zebrafish tuberculous granulomas undergo caseous necrosis, similar to human tuberculous granulomas. In contrast to mammalian tuberculous granulomas, zebrafish lesions contain few lymphocytes, calling into question the role of adaptive immunity in fish tuberculosis. However, like rag1 mutant mice infected with M. tuberculosis, we find that rag1 mutant zebrafish are hypersusceptible to M. marinum infection, demonstrating that the control of fish tuberculosis is dependent on adaptive immunity. We confirm the previous finding that M. marinum DeltaRD1 mutants are attenuated in adult zebrafish and extend this finding to show that DeltaRD1 predominantly produces nonnecrotizing, loose macrophage aggregates. This observation suggests that the macrophage aggregation defect associated with DeltaRD1 attenuation in zebrafish embryos is ongoing during adult infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Swaim
- Department of Microbiology, Box 357242, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Abstract
A colony of frogs experienced excessive mortality due to glomerulonephritis. The presenting symptom in all cases was bloating due to hydrocoelom and anasarca. Mycobacteria sp was suspected to be a source of chronic antigenic stimulation that resulted in the glomerulonephritis. The prognosis was grave once symptoms appeared. Histopathology from some of the affected frogs is described, and mycobacterial disease in amphibians is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice Y Vannevel
- Lasalle Animal Clinic, 1560 Lasalle Boulevard, unit B, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada P3A 1Z7.
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Warner DF, Mizrahi V. Tuberculosis chemotherapy: the influence of bacillary stress and damage response pathways on drug efficacy. Clin Microbiol Rev 2006; 19:558-70. [PMID: 16847086 PMCID: PMC1539104 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00060-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The global tuberculosis (TB) control effort is focused on interrupting transmission of the causative agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, through chemotherapeutic intervention in active infectious disease. The insufficiency of this approach is manifest in the inexorable annual increase in TB infection and mortality rates and the emergence of multidrug-resistant isolates. Critically, the limited efficacy of the current frontline anti-TB drug combination suggests that heterogeneity of host and bacillary physiologies might impair drug activity. This review explores the possibility that strategies enabling adaptation of M. tuberculosis to hostile in vivo conditions might contribute to the subversion of anti-TB chemotherapy. In particular, evidence that infecting bacilli are exposed to environmental and host immune-mediated DNA-damaging insults suggests a role for error-prone DNA repair synthesis in the generation of chromosomally encoded antibiotic resistance mutations. The failure of frontline anti-TB drugs to sterilize a population of susceptible bacilli is independent of genetic resistance, however, and instead implies the operation of alternative tolerance mechanisms. Specifically, it is proposed that the emergence of persister subpopulations might depend on the switch to an altered metabolic state mediated by the stringent response alarmone, (p)ppGpp, possibly involving some or all of the many toxin-antitoxin modules identified in the M. tuberculosis genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Digby F Warner
- Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand and NHLS, P.O. Box 1038, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa.
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Cosma CL, Klein K, Kim R, Beery D, Ramakrishnan L. Mycobacterium marinum Erp is a virulence determinant required for cell wall integrity and intracellular survival. Infect Immun 2006; 74:3125-33. [PMID: 16714540 PMCID: PMC1479242 DOI: 10.1128/iai.02061-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mycobacterium tuberculosis exported repetitive protein (Erp) is a virulence determinant required for growth in cultured macrophages and in vivo. To better understand the role of Erp in Mycobacterium pathogenesis, we generated a mutation in the erp homologue of Mycobacterium marinum, a close genetic relative of M. tuberculosis. erp-deficient M. marinum was growth attenuated in cultured macrophage monolayers and during chronic granulomatous infection of leopard frogs, suggesting that Erp function is similarly required for the virulence of both M. tuberculosis and M. marinum. To pinpoint the step in infection at which Erp is required, we utilized a zebrafish embryo infection model that allows M. marinum infections to be visualized in real-time, comparing the erp-deficient strain to a DeltaRD1 mutant whose stage of attenuation was previously characterized in zebrafish embryos. A detailed microscopic examination of infected embryos revealed that bacteria lacking Erp were compromised very early in infection, failing to grow and/or survive upon phagocytosis by host macrophages. In contrast, DeltaRD1 mutant bacteria grow normally in macrophages but fail to induce host macrophage aggregation and subsequent cell-to-cell spread. Consistent with these in vivo findings, erp-deficient but not RD1-deficient bacteria exhibited permeability defects in vitro, which may be responsible for their specific failure to survive in host macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine L Cosma
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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Gao LY, Pak M, Kish R, Kajihara K, Brown EJ. A mycobacterial operon essential for virulence in vivo and invasion and intracellular persistence in macrophages. Infect Immun 2006; 74:1757-67. [PMID: 16495549 PMCID: PMC1418628 DOI: 10.1128/iai.74.3.1757-1767.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to invade and grow in macrophages is necessary for Mycobacterium tuberculosis to cause disease. We have found a Mycobacterium marinum locus of two genes that is required for both invasion and intracellular survival in macrophages. The genes were designated iipA (mycobacterial invasion and intracellular persistence) and iipB. The iip mutant, which was created by insertion of a kanamycin resistance gene cassette at the 5' region of iipA, was completely avirulent to zebra fish. Expression of the M. tuberculosis orthologue of iipA, Rv1477, fully complemented the iip mutant for infectivity in vivo, as well as for invasion and intracellular persistence in macrophages. In contrast, the iipB orthologue, Rv1478, only partially complemented the iip mutant in vivo and restored invasion but not intracellular growth in macrophages. While IipA and IipB differ at their N termini, they are highly similar throughout their C-terminal NLPC_p60 domains. The p60 domain of Rv1478 is fully functional to replace that of Rv1477, suggesting that the N-terminal sequence of Rv1477 is required for full virulence in vivo and in macrophages. Further mutations demonstrated that both Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) and Asp-Cys-Ser-Gly (DCSG) sequences in the p60 domain are required for function. The iip mutant exhibited increased susceptibility to antibiotics and lysozyme and failed to fully separate daughter cells in liquid culture, suggesting a role for iip genes in cell wall structure and function. Altogether, these studies demonstrate an essential role for a p60-containing protein, IipA, in the pathogenesis of M. marinum infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian-Yong Gao
- Program in Microbial Pathogenesis and Host Defense, University of California, San Francisco, 600 16th St., Campus Box 2140, San Francisco, CA 94143-2140, USA
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Moling O, Sechi LA, Zanetti S, Seebacher C, Rossi P, Rimenti G, Pagani L, Vedovelli C. Mycobacterium marinum, a further infectious agent associated with sarcoidosis: the polyetiology hypothesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 38:148-52. [PMID: 16449013 DOI: 10.1080/00365540500277540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A 39-y-old male had a diagnosis of sarcoidosis and corticosteroid therapy was started. Surprisingly, following his discharge from hospital, Mycobacterium marinum was isolated in 1 of 3 sputum samples taken 7 weeks earlier on admission. After this, Mycobacterium marinum-DNA was identified in the stored lung biopsies by the PCR-RFLP of the hsp65 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oswald Moling
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Ospedale Generale, Bolzano, Italy.
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Pagán-Ramos E, Master SS, Pritchett CL, Reimschuessel R, Trucksis M, Timmins GS, Deretic V. Molecular and physiological effects of mycobacterial oxyR inactivation. J Bacteriol 2006; 188:2674-80. [PMID: 16547055 PMCID: PMC1428386 DOI: 10.1128/jb.188.7.2674-2680.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2005] [Accepted: 01/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of slow-growing mycobacteria have a functional oxyR, the central regulator of the bacterial oxidative stress response. In contrast, this gene has been inactivated during the evolution of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Here we inactivated the oxyR gene in Mycobacterium marinum, an organism used to model M. tuberculosis pathogenesis. Inactivation of oxyR abrogated induction of ahpC, a gene encoding alkylhydroperoxide reductase, normally activated upon peroxide challenge. The absence of oxyR also resulted in increased sensitivity to the front-line antituberculosis drug isoniazid. Inactivation of oxyR in M. marinum did not affect either virulence in a fish infection model or survival in human macrophages. Our findings demonstrate, at the genetic and molecular levels, a direct role for OxyR in ahpC regulation in response to oxidative stress. Our study also indicates that oxyR is not critical for virulence in M. marinum. However, oxyR inactivation confers increased sensitivity to isonicotinic acid hydrazide, suggesting that the natural loss of oxyR in the tubercle bacillus contributes to the unusually high sensitivity of M. tuberculosis to isoniazid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Pagán-Ramos
- Department of Microbiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA
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