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O’Brien A, Hayton A, Cutler K, Adler A, Shaw DJ, Clarke J, Watt N, Harkiss GD. Diagnostic accuracy of the Enferplex Bovine TB antibody test using individual milk samples from cattle. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301609. [PMID: 38687765 PMCID: PMC11060599 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis is usually diagnosed using tuberculin skin tests or at post-mortem. Recently, we have developed a serological test for bovine tuberculosis in cattle which shows a high degree of accuracy using serum samples. Here, we have assessed the performance of the test using individual bovine milk samples. The diagnostic specificity estimate using the high sensitivity setting of the test was 99.7% (95% CI: 99.2-99.9). This estimate was not altered significantly by tuberculin boosting. The relative sensitivity estimates of the test using the high sensitivity setting in milk samples from comparative skin test positive animals was 90.8% (95% CI: 87.1-93.6) with boosting. In animals with lesions, the relative sensitivity was 96.0% (95% CI: 89.6-98.7). Analysis of paired serum and milk samples from skin test positive animals showed correlation coefficients ranging from 0.756-0.955 for individual antigens used in the test. Kappa analysis indicated almost perfect agreement between serum and milk results, while McNemar marginal homogeneity analysis showed no statistically significant differences between the two media. The positive and negative likelihood ratio were 347.8 (95% CI: 112.3-1077.5) and 0.092 (95% CI: 0.07-0.13) respectively for boosted samples from skin test positive animals. The results show that the test has high sensitivity and specificity in individual milk samples and thus milk samples could be used for the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Keith Cutler
- Synergy Farm Health, Maiden Newton, Dorset, United Kingdom
| | - Andy Adler
- Synergy Farm Health, Maiden Newton, Dorset, United Kingdom
| | - Darren J. Shaw
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies & The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - John Clarke
- Enfer Scientific, Naas, County Kildare, Ireland
| | - Neil Watt
- MV Diagnostics Ltd, Roslin Innovation Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon D. Harkiss
- MV Diagnostics Ltd, Roslin Innovation Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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2
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Purdie AC, Plain KM, Pooley H, Begg DJ, de Silva K, Whittington RJ. Correlates of vaccine protection against Mycobacterium avium sub-species paratuberculosis infection revealed in a transcriptomic study of responses in Gudair ® vaccinated sheep. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1004237. [PMID: 36504842 PMCID: PMC9729357 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1004237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A critical hindrance in the development of effective vaccine strategies to combat infectious disease is lack of knowledge about correlates of protection and of the host responses necessary for successful adaptive immunity. Often vaccine formulations are developed by stepwise experimentation, with incomplete investigation of the fundamental mechanisms of protection. Gudair® is a commercially available vaccine registered for use in sheep and goats for controlling spread of Mycobacterium avium sub-species paratuberculosis (MAP) infections and reduces mortality by up to 90%. Here, using an experimental infection model in sheep, we have utilized a transcriptomics approach to identify white blood cell gene expression changes in vaccinated, MAP-exposed Merino sheep with a protective response in comparison to those vaccinated animals that failed to develop immunity to MAP infection. This methodology facilitated an overview of gene-associated functional pathway adaptations using an in-silico analysis approach. We identified a group of genes that were activated in the vaccine-protected animals and confirmed stability of expression in samples obtained from naturally exposed commercially maintained sheep. We propose these genes as correlates of vaccine induced protection.
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Mallikarjunappa S, Brito LF, Pant SD, Schenkel FS, Meade KG, Karrow NA. Johne's Disease in Dairy Cattle: An Immunogenetic Perspective. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:718987. [PMID: 34513975 PMCID: PMC8426623 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.718987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Johne's disease (JD), also known as paratuberculosis, is a severe production-limiting disease with significant economic and welfare implications for the global cattle industry. Caused by infection with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), JD manifests as chronic enteritis in infected cattle. In addition to the economic losses and animal welfare issues associated with JD, MAP has attracted public health concerns with potential association with Crohn's disease, a human inflammatory bowel disease. The lack of effective treatment options, such as a vaccine, has hampered JD control resulting in its increasing global prevalence. The disease was first reported in 1895, but in recognition of its growing economic impact, extensive recent research facilitated by a revolution in technological approaches has led to significantly enhanced understanding of the immunological, genetic, and pathogen factors influencing disease pathogenesis. This knowledge has been derived from a variety of diverse models to elucidate host-pathogen interactions including in vivo and in vitro experimental infection models, studies measuring immune parameters in naturally-infected animals, and by studies conducted at the population level to enable the estimation of genetic parameters, and the identification of genetic markers and quantitative trait loci (QTL) putatively associated with susceptibility or resistance to JD. The main objectives of this review are to summarize these recent developments from an immunogenetics perspective and attempt to extract the principal and common findings emerging from this wealth of recent information. Based on these analyses, and in light of emerging technologies such as gene-editing, we conclude by discussing potential future avenues for effectively mitigating JD in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Mallikarjunappa
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Luiz F Brito
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Sameer D Pant
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Flavio S Schenkel
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Kieran G Meade
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Niel A Karrow
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Koets AP, van den Esker MH, Riepema K, Bakker D. The Role of Phosphatidylinositol Mannosides in the Serological Diagnosis of Mycobacterial Infections. Vet Sci 2019; 6:E91. [PMID: 31766256 PMCID: PMC6958488 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci6040091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate diagnosis of mycobacterial infections, such as bovine tuberculosis and paratuberculosis, remains challenging. Available direct diagnostic tests aimed at detecting the pathogen are highly specific but lack sensitivity, depending on the stage of infection and the prevalence of infection in a population. The sensitivity of indirect diagnostic assays that measure the host immune response to infection is similarly affected by disease characteristics. The choice of antigen used to detect a host response to infection has a critical impact on test sensitivity and specificity. Many indirect tests rely on crude antigen preparations and cell-free extracts, of which the production is poorly standardized. Moreover, these preparations contain ample uncharacterized cross-reactive compounds. To enhance serological test specificity, existing assays depend on the pre-treatment of samples and a relatively high cut-off value, that in turn influences test sensitivity. Research therefore focuses on the identification of more specific, defined antigens to improve diagnostics. In the current study, we extracted phosphatidylinositol mannosides (PIMs) and investigated their potential use in antibody-based tests. Our results demonstrate that specific IgG class antibodies are generated against PIMs in cows, but this is unrelated to tuberculosis or paratuberculosis infection status, making these antigens unsuitable for diagnostic applications. In addition, we demonstrate that PIMs are widely present in crude antigen preparations and in serum pre-absorption buffer. Our results indicate that PIMs are cross-reactive compounds with immunodominant B cell epitopes that could impair serological test specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ad P. Koets
- Department of Bacteriology and Epidemiology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Houtribweg 398221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands; (M.H.v.d.E.); (K.R.)
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 73584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marielle H. van den Esker
- Department of Bacteriology and Epidemiology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Houtribweg 398221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands; (M.H.v.d.E.); (K.R.)
| | - Karel Riepema
- Department of Bacteriology and Epidemiology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Houtribweg 398221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands; (M.H.v.d.E.); (K.R.)
| | - Douwe Bakker
- Independent Researcher, 8212 AM Lelystad, The Netherlands;
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Barber BM, Bell N, Van Winden S. Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis seroconversion in dairy cattle and its association with raised somatic cell count. Vet Rec 2019; 185:374. [PMID: 31346134 DOI: 10.1136/vr.104923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
This retrospective case-control study investigates the relationship between seroconversion to Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) and raised somatic cell count (SCC). The study consists of 112 case cows from three dairy farms in the UK; for each case cow with a positive antibody titre, there was a seronegative control cow for comparison. Seroconversion was monitored using milk ELISA antibody titres for MAP taken at quarterly intervals. SCCs were recorded at the time a positive antibody titre was first recorded as well as at the previous and subsequent milk recording in order to explore a temporal relationship between the two events. The previous and subsequent milk recordings were a month before and after seroconversion was identified. The results showed that cows that were infected with MAP had an increased SCC around the time that they first became seropositive, providing evidence for a temporal relationship between the two events; high SCCs were particularly prevalent before and at the time of first detecting seroconversion. The explanation is being discussed that potentially an underlying, currently not studied, factor may be predisposing both events, the progression of paratuberculosis is predisposing the host to mastitis, or indeed intramammary infections help initiate paratuberculosis progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nick Bell
- Herd Health, BOS International, Colehill, UK
| | - Steven Van Winden
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, UK
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Koets A, Ravesloot L, Ruuls R, Dinkla A, Eisenberg S, Lievaart-Peterson K. Effects of Age and Environment on Adaptive Immune Responses to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) Vaccination in Dairy Goats in Relation to Paratuberculosis Control Strategies. Vet Sci 2019; 6:vetsci6030062. [PMID: 31266267 PMCID: PMC6789810 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci6030062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Paratuberculosis infection is caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). In the Netherlands, 75% herd level prevalence of caprine paratuberculosis has been estimated, and vaccination is the principal control strategy applied. Most goat dairy farms with endemic paratuberculosis systematically vaccinate goat kids in the first months of life with a commercially available whole cell MAP vaccine. We hypothesized that the development of adaptive immune responses in goats vaccinated at young age depends on the environment they are raised in, and this has implications for the application of immune diagnostic tests in vaccinated dairy goats. We evaluated the early immune response to vaccination in young goat kids sourced from a MAP unsuspected non-vaccinated herd and raised in a MAP-free environment. Subsequently we compared these with responses observed in birth year and vaccination matched adult goats raised on farms with endemic paratuberculosis. Results indicated that initial adaptive immune responses to vaccination are limited in a MAP-free environment. In addition, adult antibody positive vaccinated goats raised in a MAP endemic environment are less likely to be IS900 PCR-positive as compared to antibody negative herd mates. We conclude that test-and-cull strategies in a vaccinated herd are currently not feasible using available immune diagnostic tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ad Koets
- Department of Bacteriology and Epidemiology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands.
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Lars Ravesloot
- Department of Bacteriology and Epidemiology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Robin Ruuls
- Department of Bacteriology and Epidemiology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Annemieke Dinkla
- Department of Bacteriology and Epidemiology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Susanne Eisenberg
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Fernández B, Colavecchia SB, Ingratta GG, Jolly A, Stempler A, Fortuny ML, Paolicchi FA, Mundo SL. Early IgG2 in calves experimentally infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2019; 213:109886. [PMID: 31307667 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.109886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The diagnosis of the early stages of paratuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map), is a cumbersome task. In this study, an experimental Map-infection model of calves was used to improve the knowledge of early antibody response and to evaluate different in-house ELISAs in the detection of subclinical paratuberculosis. Calves were challenged with Map strain IS900-RFLPA (n = 3) or Map strain IS900-RFLPC (n = 2) (Argentinean isolated strains) or mock infected (n = 3), and their specific humoral response was evaluated. The diagnostic ELISA (IgG against Map protoplasmic antigen; PPA) could not detect the infection throughout the experimental period (180 days post-infection; dpi), whereas the IgG2/PPA-ELISA was able to identify infected calves at least once during the experiment. In addition, the use of crude Map extract detected most of the infections from 60 dpi onwards. Antibodies were also characterized by immunoblot: IgG2-reactivity to antigens of molecular weight lower than 50 kDa was detected in all infected calves. The experimental Map-infection model of calves used allows the study of the early humoral immune response in paratuberculosis. The evaluation of IgG2 specific to antigens lighter than 50 kDa emerges as an interesting alternative in calves naturally infected with paratuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Fernández
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Inmunología, Av. Chorroarín 280, C1427CWO, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Instituto de Investigación y Tecnología en Reproducción Animal (INITRA), Av. Chorroarín 280, C1427CWO, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Silvia Beatriz Colavecchia
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Inmunología, Av. Chorroarín 280, C1427CWO, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Giselle Gabriela Ingratta
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Inmunología, Av. Chorroarín 280, C1427CWO, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Ana Jolly
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Inmunología, Av. Chorroarín 280, C1427CWO, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Ana Stempler
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Inmunología, Av. Chorroarín 280, C1427CWO, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - María Laura Fortuny
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Inmunología, Av. Chorroarín 280, C1427CWO, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Fernando Alberto Paolicchi
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce, Laboratorio de Bacteriología, Ruta 226, Km 73.5, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Balcarce B7620BEN, Argentina; Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Departamento de Producción Animal, Mar del Plata, Ruta 226, Km 73.5, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Balcarce B7620BEN, Argentina.
| | - Silvia Leonor Mundo
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Inmunología, Av. Chorroarín 280, C1427CWO, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Instituto de Investigación y Tecnología en Reproducción Animal (INITRA), Av. Chorroarín 280, C1427CWO, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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8
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Okuni JB, Kateete DP, Okee M, Nanteza A, Joloba M, Ojok L. Application of antibodies to recombinant heat shock protein 70 in immunohistochemical diagnosis of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in tissues of naturally infected cattle. Ir Vet J 2017; 70:10. [PMID: 28344769 PMCID: PMC5364614 DOI: 10.1186/s13620-017-0088-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Detection of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) infection is key to the control of Johne’s disease. Immunohistochemistry is one of the methods of detection of MAP infection in tissues. However, unavailability of commercial antibodies that can detect the organism is a limiting factor for the use of immunohistochemistry. This study was aimed at developing an immunohistochemistry method to diagnose MAP in infected tissues using antibodies against MAP recombinant heat shock protein 70kd. Results MAP Heat shock protein 70 gene was amplified and cloned into an expression vector, Champion pET-SUMO, then expressed in E coli, purified and used to produce polyclonal rabbit antibodies against the Heat shock protein. Immunohistochemistry was performed in 35 MAP infected tissues with anti-HSP70 polyclonal antibodies. All 35 MAP infected tissues were positive for MAP within macrophages, epithelioid cells and giant cells either in clumps or singly as individual bacilli. No positive staining was seen in the three uninfected normal tissues and in MAP infected tissues where primary antibodies were substituted with PBS or pre-immune serum from the same rabbit. Conclusion Anti-HSP70 produced in this study offers an opportunity for improved diagnosis, screening of MAP in animal tissues and in studies on the pathogenesis of MAP Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13620-017-0088-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Boniface Okuni
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Moses Okee
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Anna Nanteza
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Moses Joloba
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Lonzy Ojok
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
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Magombedze G, Eda S, Koets A. Can Immune Response Mechanisms Explain the Fecal Shedding Patterns of Cattle Infected with Mycobacterium avium Subspecies paratuberculosis? PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146844. [PMID: 26808389 PMCID: PMC4725749 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Johne’s disease (JD) is a chronic disease in ruminants and is caused by infection with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). At late stages of the disease, MAP bacilli are shed via feces excretion and in turn create the potential for oral-fecal transmission. The role of the host immune response in MAP bacteria shedding patterns at different stages of JD is still unclear. We employed mathematical modeling to predict if the variation in MAP shedding could be correlated to the immune response in infected animals. We used a novel inverse modeling approach that assumed biological interactions among the antigen-specific lymphocyte proliferation response (cell-mediated response), antibody/humoral immune responses, and MAP bacteria. The modeling framework was used to predict and test possible biological interactions between the measured variables and returns only the essential interactions that are relevant in explaining the observed cattle MAP experimental infection data. Through confronting the models with data, we predicted observed effects (enhancement or suppression) and extents of interactions among the three variables. This analysis enabled classification of the infected cattle into three different groups that correspond to the unique predicted immune responses that are essential to explain the data from cattle within these groups. Our analysis highlights the strong and weak points of the modeling approach, as well as the key immune mechanisms predicted to be expressed in all animals and those that were different between animals, hence giving insight into how animals exhibit different disease dynamics and bacteria shedding patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gesham Magombedze
- National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis (NIMBioS), University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
- MRC Centre for Outbreak Analysis & Modelling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: ;
| | - Shigetoshi Eda
- Center for Wildlife Health, Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
| | - Ad Koets
- Department of Bacteriology and Epidemiology, Central Veterinary Institute, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Lelystad, The Netherlands
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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10
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Ganusov VV, Klinkenberg D, Bakker D, Koets AP. Evaluating contribution of the cellular and humoral immune responses to the control of shedding of Mycobacterium avium spp. paratuberculosis in cattle. Vet Res 2015; 46:62. [PMID: 26092254 PMCID: PMC4474352 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0204-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium spp. paratuberculosis (MAP) causes a persistent infection and chronic inflammation of the gut in ruminants leading to bacterial shedding in feces in many infected animals. Although there are often strong MAP-specific immune responses in infected animals, immunological correlates of protection against progression to disease remain poorly defined. Analysis of cross-sectional data has suggested that the cellular immune response observed early in infection is effective at containing bacterial growth and shedding, in contrast to humoral immune responses. In this study, 20 MAP-infected calves were followed for nearly 5 years during which MAP shedding, antigen-specific cellular (LPT) and humoral (ELISA) immune responses were measured. We found that MAP-specific cellular immune response developed slowly, with the peak of the immune response occurring one year post infection. MAP-specific humoral immunity expanded only in a subset of animals. Only in a subset of animals there was a statistically significant negative correlation between the amount of MAP shedding and magnitude of the MAP-specific cellular immune response. Direct fitting of simple mechanistic mathematical models to the shedding data suggested that MAP-specific immune responses contributed significantly to the kinetics of MAP shedding in most animals. However, whereas the MAP-specific cellular immune response was predicted to suppress shedding in some animals, in other animals it was predicted to increase shedding. In contrast, MAP-specific humoral response was always predicted to increase shedding. Our results illustrate the use of mathematical methods to understand relationships between mycobacteria and immunity in vivo but also highlight problems with establishing cause-effect links from observational data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly V Ganusov
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.
| | - Don Klinkenberg
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Douwe Bakker
- Department of Bacteriology and TSE, Central Veterinary Institute part of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands.
| | - Ad P Koets
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands. .,Department of Bacteriology and TSE, Central Veterinary Institute part of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands.
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11
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Comparative Evaluation of Different Test Combinations for Diagnosis of Mycobacterium avium Subspecies paratuberculosis Infecting Dairy Herds in India. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:983978. [PMID: 25945351 PMCID: PMC4402184 DOI: 10.1155/2015/983978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A total of 355 cows were sampled (serum, n = 315; faeces, n = 355; milk, n = 209) from dairy farms located in the Punjab state of India. Faeces and serum/milk samples were screened by acid fast staining and “indigenous ELISA,” respectively. IS900 PCR was used to screen faeces and milk samples. Bio-load of MAP in dairy cows was 36.9, 15.6, 16.3, and 14.4%, using microscopy, serum ELISA, milk ELISA and milk PCR, respectively. Estimated kappa values between different test combinations: serum and milk ELISA, faecal microscopy and faecal PCR, milk ELISA and milk PCR, faecal PCR and serum ELISA were 0.325, 0.241, 0.682, and 0.677, respectively. Estimation of the relative sensitivity and specificity of different tests in the present study indicated that “serum ELISA” and “milk ELISA” were good screening tests, add “milk PCR” was “confirmatory test” for MAP infection. Combination of milk ELISA with milk PCR may be adopted as a model strategy for screening and diagnosis of JD in lactating/dairy cattle herds in Indian conditions.
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12
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Mortier RAR, Barkema HW, Negron ME, Orsel K, Wolf R, De Buck J. Antibody response early after experimental infection with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in dairy calves. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:5558-65. [PMID: 24996279 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Serological testing in the early stages of Johne's disease has been successful using specific antigens and in-house ELISA. However, the use of a commercial ELISA has not been evaluated shortly after Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) infection, nor has it been determined whether this serological response is age or dose dependent. Fifty-six calves were randomly allocated to challenge groups (5 per group) and a negative control group. Calves were inoculated orally on 2 consecutive days at 2wk or at 3, 6, 9, or 12mo. Within each age group, 5 calves received either a high or low dose of MAP. Using a commercial ELISA, antibody responses were detected in 42% of the inoculated calves and were present in all age and dose groups (except for the 6-mo low-dose group). Antibody response profiles differed among individual calves; persistent as well as peak and bimodal peak responses existed. Calves inoculated at 12mo were ELISA positive within 4.5mo after inoculation, whereas those inoculated at younger ages took longer to become ELISA positive. Furthermore, calves inoculated with a high dose of MAP more often became ELISA positive than low-dose calves when inoculated at a younger age. In conclusion, a dose-dependent antibody response was detected by ELISA in a larger proportion of calves than expected soon after inoculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rienske A R Mortier
- Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, T2N 4N1, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Herman W Barkema
- Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, T2N 4N1, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Maria E Negron
- Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, T2N 4N1, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Karin Orsel
- Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, T2N 4N1, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Robert Wolf
- Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, T2N 4N1, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jeroen De Buck
- Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, T2N 4N1, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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Jee J, Hoet AE, Azevedo MP, Vlasova AN, Loerch SC, Pickworth CL, Hanson J, Saif LJ. Effects of dietary vitamin A content on antibody responses of feedlot calves inoculated intramuscularly with an inactivated bovine coronavirus vaccine. Am J Vet Res 2014; 74:1353-62. [PMID: 24066921 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.74.10.1353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate effects of low dietary vitamin A content on antibody responses in feedlot calves inoculated with an inactivated bovine coronavirus (BCoV) vaccine. ANIMALS 40 feedlot calves. PROCEDURES Calves were fed diets containing high (3,300 U/kg) or low (1,100 U/kg) amounts of vitamin A beginning on the day of arrival at a feedlot (day 0) and continuing daily until the end of the study (day 140). Serum retinol concentrations were evaluated in blood samples obtained throughout the study. Calves were inoculated IM with an inactivated BCoV vaccine on days 112 and 126. Blood samples obtained on days 112 and 140 were used for assessment of BCoV-specific serum IgG1, IgG2, IgM, and IgA titers via an ELISA. RESULTS The low vitamin A diet reduced serum retinol concentrations between days 112 and 140. After the BCoV inoculation and booster injections, predominantly serum IgG1 antibodies were induced in calves fed the high vitamin A diet; however, IgG1 titers were compromised at day 140 in calves fed the low vitamin A diet. Other isotype antibodies specific for BCoV were not affected by the low vitamin A diet. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Dietary vitamin A restriction increases marbling in feedlot cattle; however, its effect on antibody responses to vaccines is unknown. A low vitamin A diet compromised the serum IgG1 responses against inactivated BCoV vaccine, which suggested suppressed T-helper 2-associated antibody (IgG1) responses. Thus, low vitamin A diets may compromise the effectiveness of viral vaccines and render calves more susceptible to infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junbae Jee
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691
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Kostoulas P, Browne WJ, Nielsen SS, Leontides L. Bayesian mixture models for partially verified data: Age- and stage-specific discriminatory power of an antibody ELISA for paratuberculosis. Prev Vet Med 2013; 111:200-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Vrieling M, Santema W, Vordermeier M, Rutten V, Koets A. Hsp70 vaccination-induced primary immune responses in efferent lymph of the draining lymph node. Vaccine 2013; 31:4720-7. [PMID: 23973322 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Bovine paratuberculosis is a highly prevalent chronic infection of the small intestine in cattle, caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). In earlier studies we showed the protective effect of Hsp70/DDA subunit vaccination against paratuberculosis. In the current study we set out to measure primary immune responses generated at the site of Hsp70 vaccination. Lymph vessel cannulation was performed to obtain efferent lymph from the prescapular lymph node draining the neck area where the vaccine was applied. Hsp70 vaccination induced a significant increase of CD21(+) B cells in efferent lymph, accounting for up to 40% of efferent cells post-vaccination. Proliferation (Ki67(+)) within the CD21(+) B cell and CD4(+) T cell populations peaked between day 3 and day 5 post-vaccination. From day 7, Hsp70-specific antibody secreting cells (ASCs) could be detected in efferent lymph. Hsp70-specific antibodies, mainly of the IgG1 isotype, were also detected from this time point onwards. However, post-vaccination IFN-γ production in efferent lymph was non-sustained. In conclusion, Hsp70-vaccination induces only limited Th1 type immune responsiveness as reflected in efferent lymph draining the vaccination site. This is in line with our previous observations in peripheral blood. The main primary immunological outcome of the Hsp70/DDA subunit vaccination is B cell activation and abundant Hsp70-specific IgG1 production. This warrants the question whether Hsp70-specific antibodies contribute to the observed protective effect of Hsp70 vaccination in calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manouk Vrieling
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584CL Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Flow cytometric detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis-specific antibodies in experimentally infected and naturally exposed calves. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2013; 20:1457-65. [PMID: 23885032 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00295-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A desirable test to diagnose infections with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis facilitates identification of infected cattle prior to the state of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis shedding. This study aimed at adjusting a flow cytometry (FC)-based assay, using intact M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis bacteria as the antigen, for diagnosis of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis infections in calves. Serum samples were collected from experimentally infected (n = 12) and naturally exposed (n = 32) calves. Samples from five calves from positive dams were analyzed to determine the dynamics of maternal antibodies. Samples from adult cattle with defined infection status served as the standard (18 M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis shedders, 22 M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis free). After preadsorption with Mycobacterium phlei, sera were incubated with M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis and M. avium subsp. avium bacterial suspensions, respectively, followed by the separate detection of bovine IgG, IgG1, IgG2, and IgM attached to the bacterial surface. M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis-specific sample/positive (S/P) ratios were compared to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) S/P ratios. In adult cattle, the FC assay for IgG1 had a sensitivity of 78% at a specificity of 100%. Maternally acquired antibodies could be detected in calves up to 121 days of life. While all but two sera taken at day 100 ± 10 postnatum from naturally exposed calves tested negative, elevated S/P ratios (IgG and IgG1) became detectable from 44 and 46 weeks postinoculation onwards in two calves infected experimentally. Even with the optimized FC assay, M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis-specific antibodies can only occasionally be detected in infected calves less than 12 months of age. The failure to detect such antibodies apparently reflects the distinct immunobiology of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis infections rather than methodological constraints.
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Vazquez P, Garrido JM, Juste RA. Specific antibody and interferon-gamma responses associated with immunopathological forms of bovine paratuberculosis in slaughtered Friesian cattle. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64568. [PMID: 23724062 PMCID: PMC3665815 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) infection causes a chronic granulomatous inflammatory regional enteritis in ruminants. Cell-mediated immune responses are assumed to be protective and therefore, to be associated with its more delimited lesion types, while humoral responses are mainly associated with diffuse histopathological lesions. However, this duality of immune responses has been recently questioned. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between both types of immunological responses and the type and extension of intestinal lesions and the presence of MAP in bovine tissues. Standard histopathological examinations, two microbiological procedures (culture and real time PCR (rtPCR)), as well as MAP specific antibody and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) release assays (IGRA) were performed on tissues and blood of 333 slaughtered Holstein-Friesian animals. Paratuberculous lesions were observed in 176 (52.9%) of the animals and overall MAP detection rates were estimated at 13.5% and 28.5% for tissue culture and rtPCR, respectively. Unlike the relatively constant non-specific IFN-γ release, both the antibody levels and the specific IFN-γ release significantly increased with tissue damage. Delimited immunopathological forms, which accounted for 93.2% of all forms, were mostly related to positive testing in the IGRA (38.4%) whereas diffuse ones (6.8%) were associated with antibody seropositivity (91.7%). However, since the frequency of positive immune responses in both tests increased as the lesions severity increased, polarization of Th1/Th2 responses was less prominent than expected. MAP was detected in the majority of ELISA-positive animals (culture+: 90%, rtPCR+: 85%) but the bacteria was only confirmed in the 36.1% of IGRA-positive animals by any of the two microbiological tests. In terms of diagnosis, the antibody test was a good indicator of advanced tissue damage (diffuse forms), but the IGRA did not associate well with more delimited forms or with MAP detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Vazquez
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Tecnalia, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | | | - Ramon A. Juste
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Tecnalia, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Verdier J, Deroche L, Allez M, Loy C, Biet F, Bodier CC, Bay S, Ganneau C, Matysiak-Budnik T, Reyrat JM, Heyman M, Cerf-Bensussan N, Ruemmele FM, Ménard S. Specific IgG response against Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis in children and adults with Crohn's disease. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62780. [PMID: 23658774 PMCID: PMC3642204 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Presence of serum antibodies against Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (MAP) in Crohn's Disease (CD) as a disease characteristic remains controversial. In the present work, we assessed antibody reactivity of serum and intestinal fluid against four distinct MAP-antigens, including the recently identified MAP-specific lipopentapeptide (L5P). METHODS Immunoglobulin concentrations and specificity against 3 non MAP-specific antigens: glycosyl-transferase-d (GSD), purified protein derivative from MAP (Johnin-PPD), heparin binding haemagglutinin (MAP-HBHA) and one MAP-specific antigen: synthetic L5P were determined by ELISA in gut lavage fluids from adult controls or patients with CD, and in sera of children or adult controls or patients with CD, ulcerative colitis or celiac disease. RESULTS Total IgA and IgG concentrations were increased in sera of children with CD but were decreased in sera of adults with CD, thereof specificity against MAP antigens was assessed by normalizing immunoglobulin concentrations between samples. In CD patients, IgG reactivity was increased against the four MAP antigens, including L5P in gut lavage fluids but it was only increased against L5P in sera. By contrast, anti-L5P IgG were not increased in patients with ulcerative colitis or celiac disease. CONCLUSIONS A significant increase in anti-L5P IgG is observed in sera of children and adults with CD but not in patients with other intestinal inflammatory diseases. Anti-L5P antibodies may serve as serological marker for CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Verdier
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR989, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - Louis Deroche
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR989, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - Matthieu Allez
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Loy
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR989, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - Franck Biet
- UMR ISP 1282, Infectiologie et Santé Publique,INRA centre de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - Christelle C. Bodier
- UMR ISP 1282, Infectiologie et Santé Publique,INRA centre de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - Sylvie Bay
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Chimie des Biomolécules, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 3523, Paris, France
| | - Christelle Ganneau
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Chimie des Biomolécules, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 3523, Paris, France
| | | | - Jean Marc Reyrat
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
- INSERM-UMR 570, unité de Pathogénie des Infections Systémiques, Groupe Avenir, Paris, France
| | - Martine Heyman
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR989, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - Nadine Cerf-Bensussan
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR989, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - Frank M. Ruemmele
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR989, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
- APHP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Service de Gastroenterology, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Ménard
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR989, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
- Neuro-Gastroenterology and Nutrition Unit, Toxalim Research Center, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Toulouse, France
- * E-mail:
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Nielsen SS, Toft N, Okura H. Dynamics of specific anti-Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis antibody response through age. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63009. [PMID: 23658660 PMCID: PMC3639166 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) causes a chronic infection in cattle. MAP infected cattle with humoral immune (HI) reactions with IgG antibodies are usually those where latency of infection has ceased and their infection is progressing towards reduced milk yield, weight loss and significant bacterial excretion in feces. The proportion of detectable infections among all infected animals that will develop disease is often referred to as 'the tip of the iceberg'. The purpose of this study was to estimate this proportion. Test-records from 18,972 Danish dairy cows with MAP specific IgG antibodies on their final test-record were used to estimate age-specific sensitivities (Se). These cows were the infected ones considered to develop disease in a population with a representative age-distribution and were defined as cases. The specificity (Sp) of the test was estimated based on test-results from 166,905 cows, which had no MAP IgG antibodies in their final four test-records. The Sp, age-specific Se and maximum Se were used to estimate the probability of having HI at a given age resulting in the proportion of infected cows with HI at a given age. For cows 2 years of age, the proportion of detectable cases was 0.33, while it was 0.94 for cows 5 years of age. Thus, there was a significant shift in the tip of the iceberg with aging. This study provided a model for estimating the proportion of latent chronic infections that would progress to disease, and the results can be used to model infection dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren Saxmose Nielsen
- Department of Large Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Zervens LML, Nielsen SS, Jungersen G. Characterisation of an ELISA detecting immunoglobulin G to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in bovine colostrum. Vet J 2013; 197:889-91. [PMID: 23611487 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Although colostrum has been used to detect specific immunoglobulin (Ig) G to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) in cattle, confounding, non-specific reactions can be a problem. The objectives of this study were to determine the proportion of non-specific ELISA reactions in samples of colostrum taken between 0 and 4 days-in-milk (DIM), and to assess the probability of an animal testing positive for MAP specific IgG over this time-period. Non-specific reactions were found in 3/365 (0.8%) of samples. The odds of an animal testing positive on day of calving were 130 times higher than at 4 DIM. The findings suggest colostral samples may have enhanced diagnostic potential over milk samples in determining if cattle have been exposed to or infected with MAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Marie-Louise Zervens
- Department of Large Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 8, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Postexposure subunit vaccination against chronic enteric mycobacterial infection in a natural host. Infect Immun 2013; 81:1990-5. [PMID: 23509147 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01121-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The control of chronic bacterial diseases with high prevalence in areas of endemicity would strongly benefit from availability of postexposure vaccines. The development of these vaccines against mycobacterial infections, such as (para)tuberculosis, is hampered by lack of experience in natural hosts. Paratuberculosis in cattle is both a mycobacterial disease of worldwide importance and a natural host model for mycobacterial infections in general. The present study showed beneficial effects of therapeutic heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) vaccination in cattle with naturally acquired chronic infection with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Vaccination-induced protection was associated with antibody responses, rather than with induction of specific T helper 1 cells. Targeted therapeutic postexposure vaccination complementary to selective use of antibiotics could be an effective approach for control of chronic mycobacterial infections.
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Santema WJ, Poot J, Segers RP, Van den Hoff DJ, Rutten VP, Koets AP. Early infection dynamics after experimental challenge with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in calves reveal limited calf-to-calf transmission and no impact of Hsp70 vaccination. Vaccine 2012; 30:7032-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.09.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Revised: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Nielsen SS, Toft N. Effect of days in milk and milk yield on testing positive in milk antibody ELISA to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in dairy cattle. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012; 149:6-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Detection of Bovine IgG Isotypes in a PPA-ELISA for Johne's Disease Diagnosis in Infected Herds. Vet Med Int 2012; 2012:145318. [PMID: 22792511 PMCID: PMC3390138 DOI: 10.1155/2012/145318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Johne's Disease or Paratuberculosis is a chronic granulomatous enteritis disease affecting ruminants. Detection of subclinically infected animals is difficult, hampering the control of this disease. The aim of this work was to evaluate the performance of detection of IgG isotypes in a PPA-ELISA to improve the recognition of cattle naturally infected with Map in different stages. A total of 108 animals from Tuberculosis-free herds were grouped as follows: exposed (n = 30), subclinically infected (n = 26), clinically infected (n = 14), and healthy controls (n = 38). Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves of isotypes/PPA-ELISAs were constructed and areas under the curves were compared to evaluate the performance of each test. Our study demonstrated that the conventional PPA-ELISA (detecting IgG) is the best to identify clinically infected animals with high sensitivity (92.9%) and specificity (100%). Meanwhile, IgG2/PPA-ELISA improved the number of subclinically infected cattle detected as compared with conventional IgG/PPA-ELISA (53.8 versus 23.1%). In addition, it had the maximum sensitivity (65.0%, taking into account all Map-infected cattle). In conclusion, the combination of IgG and IgG2/PPA-ELISAs may improve the identification of Map-infected cattle in different stages of disease. The usefulness of IgG2 detection in serological tests for Johne's Disease diagnosis should be further evaluated.
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Search for Mycobacterium avium Subspecies paratuberculosis Antigens for the Diagnosis of Paratuberculosis. Vet Med Int 2012; 2012:860362. [PMID: 22792514 PMCID: PMC3389728 DOI: 10.1155/2012/860362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate a wide panel of antigens of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) to select candidates for the diagnosis of paratuberculosis (PTB). A total of 54 recombinant proteins were spotted onto nitrocellulose membranes and exposed to sera from animals with PTB (n = 25), healthy animals (n = 10), and animals experimentally infected with M. bovis (n = 8). This initial screening allowed us to select seven antigens: MAP 2513, MAP 1693, MAP 2020, MAP 0038, MAP 1272, MAP 0209c, and MAP 0210c, which reacted with sera from animals with PTB and showed little cross-reactivity with sera from healthy animals and animals experimentally infected with M. bovis. The second step was to evaluate the antigen cocktail of these seven antigens by ELISA. For this evaluation, we used sera from animals with PTB (n = 25), healthy animals (n = 26), and animals experimentally infected with M. bovis (n = 17). Using ELISA, the cocktail of the seven selected MAP antigens reacted with sera from 18 of the 25 animals with PTB and did not exhibit cross-reactivity with healthy animals and only low reactivity with animals with bovine tuberculosis. The combined application of these antigens could form part of a test which may help in the diagnosis of PTB.
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Opportunities for improved serodiagnosis of human tuberculosis, bovine tuberculosis, and paratuberculosis. Vet Med Int 2012; 2012:674238. [PMID: 22720192 PMCID: PMC3375143 DOI: 10.1155/2012/674238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterial infections—tuberculosis (TB), bovine tuberculosis (bTB), and Johne's disease (JD)—are major infectious diseases of both human and animals. Methods presently in use for diagnosis of mycobacterial infections include bacterial culture, nucleic acid amplification, tuberculin skin test, interferon-γ assay, and serology. Serological tests have several advantages over other methods, including short turn-around time, relatively simple procedures, and low cost. However, current serodiagnostic methods for TB, bTB and JD exhibit low sensitivity and/or specificity. Recent studies that have aimed to develop improved serodiagnostic tests have mostly focused on identifying useful species-specific protein antigens. A review of recent attempts to improve diagnostic test performance indicates that the use of multiple antigens can improve the accuracy of serodiagnosis of these mycobacterial diseases. Mycobacteria also produce a variety of species-specific nonprotein molecules; however, only a few such molecules (e.g., cord factor and lipoarabinomannan) have so far been evaluated for their effectiveness as diagnostic antigens. For TB and bTB, there has been recent progress in developing laboratory-free diagnostic methods. New technologies such as microfluidics and “Lab-on-Chip” are examples of promising new technologies that can underpin development of laboratory-free diagnostic devices for these mycobacterial infections.
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Nikbakht Brujeni G, Gharibi D. Development of DNA-Designed Avian IgY Antibodies for Detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Heat Shock Protein 70 (Hsp70) and Anti-Hsp70 Antibodies in the Serum of Normal Cattle. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2012; 167:14-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-012-9648-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Colavecchia SB, Jolly A, Fernández B, Fontanals AM, Fernández E, Mundo SL. Effect of lipoarabinomannan from Mycobacterium avium subsp avium in Freund's incomplete adjuvant on the immune response of cattle. Braz J Med Biol Res 2012; 45:139-46. [PMID: 22286534 PMCID: PMC3854252 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2012007500012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine whether lipoarabinomannan (LAM), in combination with Freund's incomplete adjuvant (FIA), was able to improve cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immune responses against ovalbumin (OVA) in cattle. Twenty-three calves were assigned to four treatment groups, which were subcutaneously immunized with either OVA plus FIA, OVA plus FIA and LAM from Mycobacterium avium subsp avium, FIA plus LAM, or FIA alone. Lymphoproliferation, IFN-γ production and cell subpopulations on peripheral blood mononuclear cells before and 15 days after treatment were evaluated. Delayed hypersensitivity was evaluated on day 57. Specific humoral immune response was measured by ELISA. Inoculation with LAM induced higher levels of lymphoproliferation and IFN-γ production in response to ConA and OVA (P < 0.05). Specific antibody titers were similar in both OVA-immunized groups. Interestingly, our results showed that the use of LAM in vaccine preparations improved specific cell immune response evaluated by lymphoproliferation and IFN-γ production by at least 50 and 25%, respectively, in cattle without interfering with tuberculosis and paratuberculosis diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Colavecchia
- Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Purdie AC, Plain KM, Begg DJ, de Silva K, Whittington RJ. Expression of genes associated with the antigen presentation and processing pathway are consistently regulated in early Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2012; 35:151-62. [PMID: 22239946 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2011.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The primary objective of this study was to evaluate early gene expression profiles associated with paratuberculosis in cattle exposed to known infectious doses of Mycobacterium avium sub-species paratuberculosis (MAP). A Johne's disease experimental infection field trial was conducted on a mixed population of Holstein and Holstein Red cattle. Blood samples from four MAP exposed and four unexposed cattle, selected based on IFNγ expressions were taken at 9, 13 and 21 weeks and RNA processed to Affymetrix GeneChip™ Bovine Genome arrays. Ontological analysis revealed consistent differences in gene expression between MAP exposed and control animals. A stark variation was observed in expression of a number of genes along antigen presentation pathways, suggesting that MAP exposure potentially results in the host immune response switching to a CD8(+) biased antigen presentation profile. This requires further in-depth analysis since it exposes a hitherto unconfirmed association between MAP exposure and in vivo MHC gene modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Auriol C Purdie
- Farm Animal and Veterinary Public Health, University of Sydney, Camden, Australia.
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Jolly A, Colavecchia SB, Fernández B, Fernández E, Mundo SL. Antibodies Induced by Lipoarabinomannan in Bovines: Characterization and Effects on the Interaction between Mycobacterium Avium Subsp. Paratuberculosis and Macrophages In Vitro. Vet Med Int 2011; 2011:258479. [PMID: 21772964 PMCID: PMC3134984 DOI: 10.4061/2011/258479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Revised: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoarabinomannan (LAM) is a major glycolipidic antigen on the mycobacterial envelope. The aim of this study was to characterize the humoral immune response induced by immunization with a LAM extract in bovines and to evaluate the role of the generated antibodies in the in vitro infection of macrophages with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). Sera from fourteen calves immunized with LAM extract or PBS emulsified in Freund's Incomplete Adjuvant and from five paratuberculosis-infected bovines were studied. LAM-immunized calves developed specific antibodies with IgG1 as the predominant isotype. Serum immunoglobulins were isolated and their effect was examined in MAP ingestion and viability assays using a bovine macrophage cell line. Our results show that the antibodies generated by LAM immunization significantly increase MAP ingestion and reduce its intracellular viability, suggesting an active role in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Jolly
- Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Chorroarín 280, C1427CWO Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvia Beatriz Colavecchia
- Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Chorroarín 280, C1427CWO Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Bárbara Fernández
- Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Chorroarín 280, C1427CWO Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eloy Fernández
- Clínica de Rumiantes, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aire (UBA), Chorroarín 280, C1427CWO Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvia Leonor Mundo
- Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Chorroarín 280, C1427CWO Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Immune response of cattle immunized with a conjugate of the glycolipid glucose monomycolate and protein. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011; 142:265-70. [PMID: 21640388 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Revised: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Strong anti glycolipid IgG responses can occur in humans and animals, but contrary to anti protein responses and anti glycoprotein responses, the exact mechanism of induction is unknown. We have previously shown that experimental immunization with the glycolipid glucose monomycolate (GMM) causes the development of specific T cell responses, but not of anti GMM antibodies. However, cattle naturally infected with Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis produce high levels of anti GMM IgG. In the present study, we tested whether vaccination with GMM conjugated to a protein mimics natural infection in its capacity to induce the production of antibodies against GMM. Cattle were immunized (n=5 per group) with GMM conjugated to a protein, or GMM and protein non-conjugated and administered at contralateral locations, or carrier only. Although immunization with the GMM-protein conjugate vaccine and the non-conjugated vaccine induced protein specific antibody responses, GMM specific antibodies were not detected in either of the groups. In conclusion, the generation of isotype-switched anti lipid antibodies appears to require more than providing peptide epitopes for T helper cells to support glycolipid specific B cells in antibody production.
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Nielsen SS, Toft N, Gardner IA. Structured approach to design of diagnostic test evaluation studies for chronic progressive infections in animals. Vet Microbiol 2011; 150:115-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Revised: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Click RE, Van Kampen CL. Comparison of ante-mortem assays to assess progression/regression of paratuberculosis in individual dairy animals. Virulence 2011; 1:134-44. [PMID: 21178432 DOI: 10.4161/viru.1.3.10896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Johne's disease, caused by Mycobacterium avium, subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is becoming increasingly widespread on dairy farms worldwide, due in part, to the absence of vaccine/drug or curative modalities. This spread is of concern since MAP is at the center of a controversy as to its role in Crohn's disease. None of the methods presently available to define paratuberculosis in cattle have been examined for their ability to assess progression/regression of any treatment or intervention of this disease The research presented herein, therefore was designed to assess the reliability and accuracy of available ante-mortem assays to predict disease change of individual animals undergoing a probiotic, potentially therapeutic, treatment. Paratuberculosis positive (n = 75) and negative (n = 10) animals were longitudinally monitored over their natural lifetimes with specific serum antibody and fecal shedding assays, and for development of end-stage clinical disease. Longitudinal, increasing/decreasing serum ELISA values were associated with, and predictive of, progression/regression of disease. Changes in fecal shedding and serum AGID were of value at only specific stages. Documentation that ELISA-positive animals were positive for paratuberculosis was done by a compilation of ELISA-independent assays--succumbing with end-stage clinical disease, autopsy, AGID, and MAP fecal shedding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Click
- University of Wisconsin-River Falls, River Falls, WI, USA.
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34
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Santema W, van Kooten P, Hoek A, Leeflang M, Overdijk M, Rutten V, Koets A. Hsp70 vaccination-induced antibodies recognize B cell epitopes in the cell wall of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. Vaccine 2011; 29:1364-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.12.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Revised: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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35
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Hoek A, Rutten VP, van der Zee R, Davies CJ, Koets AP. Epitopes of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis 70kDa heat-shock protein activate bovine helper T cells in outbred cattle. Vaccine 2010; 28:5910-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2010] [Revised: 05/06/2010] [Accepted: 06/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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36
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Van Rhijn I, Nguyen TKA, Michel A, Cooper D, Govaerts M, Cheng TY, van Eden W, Moody DB, Coetzer JAW, Rutten V, Koets AP. Low cross-reactivity of T-cell responses against lipids from Mycobacterium bovis and M. avium paratuberculosis during natural infection. Eur J Immunol 2010; 39:3031-41. [PMID: 19688747 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200939619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Although CD1 proteins are known to present mycobacterial lipid antigens to T cells, there is little understanding of the in vivo behavior of T cells restricted by CD1a, CD1b and CD1c, and the relative immunogenicity and immunodominance of individual lipids within the total array of lipids that comprise a bacterium. Because bovines express multiple CD1 proteins and are natural hosts of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (MAP), we used them as a new animal model of CD1 function. Here, we report the surprisingly divergent responses against lipids produced by these two pathogens during infection. Despite considerable overlap in lipid content, only three out of 69 animals cross-react with M. bovis and MAP total lipid preparations. The unidentified immunodominant compound of M. bovis is a hydrophilic compound, whereas the immunodominant lipid of MAP is presented by CD1b and was identified as glucose monomycolate (GMM). The preferential recognition of GMM antigen by MAP-infected cattle may be explained by the higher expression of GMM by MAP than by M. bovis. The bacterial species-specific nature of the CD1-restricted, adaptive T-cell response affects the approach to development of lipid based immunodiagnostic tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildiko Van Rhijn
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Santema W, Hensen S, Rutten V, Koets A. Heat shock protein 70 subunit vaccination against bovine paratuberculosis does not interfere with current immunodiagnostic assays for bovine tuberculosis. Vaccine 2009; 27:2312-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2008] [Revised: 01/15/2009] [Accepted: 02/11/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Santema W, Overdijk M, Barends J, Krijgsveld J, Rutten V, Koets A. Searching for proteins of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis with diagnostic potential by comparative qualitative proteomic analysis of mycobacterial tuberculins. Vet Microbiol 2009; 138:191-6. [PMID: 19349126 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2009] [Revised: 03/02/2009] [Accepted: 03/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Accurate immunodiagnosis of bovine paratuberculosis is among others hampered by the lack of specific antigens. One of the most frequently used antigen preparations is purified protein derivative (PPD), also known as tuberculin. This crude extract has limitations when used in diagnostic assays due to the presence of cross-reactive antigens. The aim of the current study was to systematically analyze the qualitative protein composition of PPD of the major mycobacterial pathogens. One-dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by tandem mass spectrometry analysis of PPD from Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), Mycobacterium avium subspecies avium (MAA) and Mycobacterium bovis (MB) identified 156, 95 and 132 proteins, respectively. Comparative sequence analysis led to the selection of a MAP-specific protein (MAP1718c), and finally heterologous expression in Escherichia coli of this and other diagnostic candidate proteins (MAP3515c and MAP1138c (LprG)) enabled evaluation of their immunogenicity. Lymphocyte proliferation responses did not indicate substantial diagnostic potential of the antigens tested. In contrast serum antibody levels for MAP1138c in paratuberculosis infected cows (N=20) were significantly higher (p<0.01) than in control animals (N=20), despite the conserved nature of this protein. In conclusion, this study showed that a combination of proteomics and genomics, starting from complex protein mixtures, present in tuberculins, can reveal novel proteins aiding the development of immunodiagnostics for mycobacterial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebren Santema
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Immunology Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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39
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Characterization of the immune response induced by lipoarabinomannan (LAM) from Mycobacterium sp. in vaccinated calves. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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40
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Nielsen S, Krogh M, Enevoldsen C. Time to the occurrence of a decline in milk production in cows with various paratuberculosis antibody profiles. J Dairy Sci 2009; 92:149-55. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2008-1488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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41
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Nielsen S. Transitions in diagnostic tests used for detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infections in cattle. Vet Microbiol 2008; 132:274-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2008] [Revised: 05/13/2008] [Accepted: 05/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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42
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Nielsen S, Toft N. Ante mortem diagnosis of paratuberculosis: A review of accuracies of ELISA, interferon-γ assay and faecal culture techniques. Vet Microbiol 2008; 129:217-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2007] [Revised: 12/11/2007] [Accepted: 12/13/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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43
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Sharma G, Singh SV, Sevilla I, Singh AV, Whittington RJ, Juste RA, Kumar S, Gupta VK, Singh PK, Sohal JS, Vihan VS. Evaluation of indigenous milk ELISA with m-culture and m-PCR for the diagnosis of Bovine Johne’s disease (BJD) in lactating Indian dairy cattle. Res Vet Sci 2008; 84:30-7. [PMID: 17544046 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2007.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2006] [Revised: 03/04/2007] [Accepted: 03/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Present study is the first attempt to evaluate an indigenous milk ELISA with milk culture, standardize milk PCR, estimate lacto-prevalence of Map and genotype Map DNA from milk samples in few Indian dairy herds. In all 115 cows were sampled from 669 lactating cows in six dairy herds from three districts of North India. Fifty milk samples (four herds) were screened by three tests (milk culture, m-ELISA and m-PCR). Lacto-prevalence of Map in four dairy herds was 84.0% (50.0% in fat and 62.0% in sediment). Screening of both fat and sediment increased the sensitivity of culture. Colonies appeared between 45 and 120 DPI. In indigenous m-ELISA, protoplasmic antigen derived from native Map 'Bison type' strain of goat origin was used. Screening of 115 lactating cows by m-ELISA ('herd screening test') detected 32.1% positive lactating cows (lacto-prevalence). Sensitivity of ELISA was 28.5% and 42.8% in single point cutoff and S/P ratio, respectively. Lacto-prevalence of JD was high in dairy herds (66.6-100.0% by culture and 20.0-50.0% by m-ELISA). DDD farm, Mathura had very high (95.8%) and moderate prevalence of Map and lacto-antibodies, respectively. All cows were clinically suffering from JD. Specific IS 900 PCR was standardized in decontaminated fat and sediment of milk samples. DNA isolated from decontaminated pellets was amplified and characteristic 229 bp band was confirmatory for Map. Of the 50 milk samples, 6.0% were positive in m-PCR. The test needs further standardization. Map DNA were genotyped as Map 'Bison type' by IS 1311 PCR-REA. Of the three tests, milk culture was most sensitive followed by m-ELISA and m-PCR. Map DNA isolated from milk samples of dairy cattle were first time genotyped as Map, 'Bison type' in India. High prevalence of Map in milk of dairy herds, posed major health hazard for calves and human beings.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Sharma
- Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, 281 122 Farah, Mathura District, UP, India
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44
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Bannantine JP, Bayles DO, Waters WR, Palmer MV, Stabel JR, Paustian ML. Early antibody response against Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis antigens in subclinical cattle. Proteome Sci 2008; 6:5. [PMID: 18226229 PMCID: PMC2265687 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-6-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2007] [Accepted: 01/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Our laboratories have previously reported on the experimental infection of cattle with Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (M. paratuberculosis) using an intratonsillar infection model. In addition, we have recently developed a partial protein array representing 92 M. paratuberculosis coding sequences. These combined tools have enabled a unique look at the temporal analysis of M. paratuberculosis antigens within the native host. The primary objective of this study was to identify M. paratuberculosis antigens detected by cattle early during infection. A secondary objective was to evaluate the humoral immune response in cattle during the initial year of infection. Results Sera from two experimentally infected cattle, taken pre-inoculation and at day 70, 194 and 321 post infection, identified dynamic antibody reactivity among antigens with some showing an increased response over time and others showing declining levels of reactivity over the same time period. A M. paratuberculosis specific protein, encoded by MAP0862, was strongly detected initially, but the antibody response became weaker with time. The most reactive protein was a putative surface antigen encoded by MAP1087. A second protein, MAP1204, implicated in virulence, was also strongly detected by day 70 in both cattle. Subsequent experiments showed that these two proteins were detected with sera from 5 of 9 naturally infected cattle in the subclinical stage of Johne's disease. Conclusion Collectively these results demonstrate that M. paratuberculosis proteins are detected by sera from experimentally infected cattle as early as 70 days after exposure. These data further suggest at least two antigens may be useful in the early diagnosis of M. paratuberculosis infections. Finally, the construction and use of a protein array in this pilot study has led to a novel approach for discovery of M. paratuberculosis antigens.
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Profiling bovine antibody responses to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection by using protein arrays. Infect Immun 2007; 76:739-49. [PMID: 18039835 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00915-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
With the genome sequence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis determined, technologies are now being developed for construction of protein arrays to detect the presence of antibodies against M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis in host serum. The power of this approach is that it enables a direct comparison of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis proteins to each other in relation to their immunostimulatory capabilities. In this study, 93 recombinant proteins, produced in Escherichia coli, were arrayed and spotted onto nitrocellulose. These proteins include unknown hypothetical proteins and cell surface proteins as well as proteins encoded by large sequence polymorphisms present uniquely in M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Also included were previously reported or known M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis antigens to serve as a frame of reference. Sera from healthy control cattle (n = 3) and cattle infected with either M. avium subsp. avium and Mycobacterium bovis were exposed to the array to identify nonspecific or cross-reactive epitopes. These data demonstrated a degree of cross-reactivity with the M. avium subsp. avium proteins that was higher than the degree of cross-reactivity with the more distantly related M. bovis proteins. Finally, sera from naturally infected cattle (n = 3) as well as cattle experimentally infected with M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis (n = 3) were used to probe the array to identify antigens in the context of Johne's disease. Three membrane proteins were the most strongly detected in all serum samples, and they included an invasion protein, an ABC peptide transport permease, and a putative GTPase protein. This powerful combination of genomic information, molecular tools, and immunological assays has enabled the identification of previously unknown antigens of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis.
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46
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Mundo SL, Fontanals AM, García M, Durrieu M, Álvarez E, Gentilini ER, Hajos SE. Bovine IgG1 antibodies againstMycobacterium aviumsubsp.paratuberculosisprotein p34-cx improve association of bacteria and macrophages. Vet Res 2007; 39:6. [DOI: 10.1051/vetres:2007043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2006] [Accepted: 08/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Eisenberg SWF, Cacciatore G, Klarenbeek S, Bergwerff AA, Koets AP. Influence of 17beta-oestradiol, nortestosterone and dexamethasone on the adaptive immune response in veal calves. Res Vet Sci 2007; 84:199-205. [PMID: 17588626 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2007.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2007] [Revised: 04/27/2007] [Accepted: 04/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In veal calf production androgens, estrogens and glucocorticoids are used to stimulate growth. However, sexhormones and glucocorticoids also influence the function of the immune system. From studies in humans and mice, androgens are known as immunosuppressive, while estrogens stimulate the production of antibodies and glucocorticoids also enhance the T-helper 2 response. To investigate whether the adaptive immune system is influenced by hormone administration, calves were treated with a hormone cocktail containing androgens, estrogens and glucocorticoids and vaccinated against Mycobacterium avium spp. paratuberculosis. The activity of the adaptive immune system was measured by using an antigen specific elispot assay (ES), lymphocyte stimulation test (LST) and an enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA). The results showed that the hormone treatment did not lead to significant differences in the function of the adaptive immune system between the hormone treated and the not hormone treated group while growth was stimulated in the hormone treated group.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W F Eisenberg
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, 3583 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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48
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Berger S, Bannantine JP, Griffin JFT. Autoreactive antibodies are present in sheep with Johne's disease and cross-react with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis antigens. Microbes Infect 2007; 9:963-70. [PMID: 17544799 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2007.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2006] [Revised: 03/25/2007] [Accepted: 03/29/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterial infection has been linked to the generation of autoantibodies, including anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies (ANCA), in clinical studies and small animal models. In an attempt to identify antibodies that react with both self and mycobacterial antigens in naturally infected ruminants, we generated a phage display library comprising single chain antibody fragments (scFv) from sheep with Johne's disease (JD). The library was screened simultaneously against ovine small intestinal tissue and Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). A clone (termed AutoH1) reacted strongly with host tissue and MAP, recognizing a proteinase-susceptible 32 kDa determinant in ovine gut tissues and lymphatics, and in blood granulocytes but not mononuclear cells. In granulocytes, binding was to cytoplasmic granules and cell membranes; in MAP, AutoH1 bound bacterial cell wall determinants. We further identified a synthetic peptide sequence recognized by AutoH1, using this to generate a carrier:peptide fusion protein (paH1). Sera of normal and JD sheep were screened for AutoH1-like autoantibody activity; 7/11 JD animals showed autoreactivity that could be blocked by paH1, while 0/21 normal animals showed no such serological reactivity. It is possible that the severe pathology observed in ruminant JD may have an autoimmune component, possibly due to ANCA-type binding; this remains to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Berger
- Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin NZ 1, New Zealand
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49
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Bannantine JP, Radosevich TJ, Stabel JR, Sreevatsan S, Kapur V, Paustian ML. Development and characterization of monoclonal antibodies and aptamers against major antigens of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2007; 14:518-26. [PMID: 17344350 PMCID: PMC1865628 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00022-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Specific antibodies, available in unlimited quantities, have not been produced against Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, the bacterium that causes Johne's disease (JD). To fill this gap in JD research, monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis were produced from BALB/c mice immunized with a whole-cell extract of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis. A total of 10 hybridomas producing MAbs to proteins ranging from 25 to 85 kDa were obtained. All MAbs showed some degree of cross-reactivity when they were analyzed against a panel of whole-cell protein lysates comprising seven different mycobacterial species. The MAbs were characterized by several methods, which included isotype analysis, specificity analysis, epitope analysis, reactivity in immunoblot assays, and electron microscopy. The identities of the antigens that bound to two selected MAbs were determined by screening an M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis lambda phage expression library. This approach revealed that MAb 9G10 detects MAP1643 (isocitrate lyase) and that MAb 11G4 detects MAP3840 (a 70-kDa heat shock protein), two proteins present in high relative abundance in M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis. The epitopes for MAb 11G4 were mapped to the N-terminal half of MAP3840, whereas MAb 9G10 bound to the C-terminal half of MAP1643. Aptamers, nucleic acids that bind to specific protein sequences, against the hypothetical protein encoded by MAP0105c were also generated and tested for their binding to M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis as well as other mycobacteria. These detection reagents may be beneficial in many JD research applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Bannantine
- National Animal Disease Center, ARS-USDA, 2300 North Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA 50010, USA.
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50
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Cho D, Collins MT. Comparison of the proteosomes and antigenicities of secreted and cellular proteins produced by Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2007; 13:1155-61. [PMID: 17028217 PMCID: PMC1595327 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00058-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The protein expression profiles and antigenicities of both culture filtrates (CF) and cellular extracts (CE) of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis were compared by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), one-dimensional electrophoresis (1-DE) and 2-DE immunoblotting, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The CF proteins were harvested from supernatants of stationary-phase liquid cultures and concentrated by size exclusion filtration. The CE proteins were extracted by mechanical disruption of cells using glass beads and a high-speed agitator. Analysis of SDS-PAGE gels showed that the majority of CF proteins had low molecular masses (<50 kDa), whereas CE protein mass ranged more evenly over a broader range up to 100 kDa. By 2-DE, CF proteins had a narrow array of pI values, with most being between pH 4.0 and 5.5; CE proteins spanned pI values from pH 4.0 to 7.0. The antigenicities of CF and CE proteins were first determined by 1-DE and 2-DE immunoblotting with serum from a cow naturally infected with M. paratuberculosis. The serum reacted strongly to more proteins in the CF than the CE. Sera from 444 infected and 412 uninfected cattle were tested by ELISA with CF and CE as solid-phase antigens. Receiver-operator characteristic curve analysis of the ELISA results showed a significantly greater area under the curve for CF compared to CE (P<0.05). A high degree of variability in protein binding patterns was shown with 1-DE immunoblot analysis with 31 sera from M. paratuberculosis-infected cattle. Collectively, these results indicate that serologic tests for bovine paratuberculosis may be improved by using proteins derived from CF instead of CE. To maximize the diagnostic sensitivity of serologic tests, multiple proteins will be required. Even so, a CF ELISA may not be able to detect all M. paratuberculosis-infected cattle, in particular those in the early stages of infection that have yet to mount an antibody response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghee Cho
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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