1
|
Acharya S, Hegde U, Acharya AB, Nitin P. Dysbiosis linking periodontal disease and oral squamous cell carcinoma-A brief narrative review. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32259. [PMID: 38947439 PMCID: PMC11214465 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
An association between periodontal disease and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has been recognized. However, there is no causal relationship between the two. The polymicrobial etiology of periodontal disease is confirmed, and so are the proven etiological factors for OSCC. Inflammation lies at the core of periodontal pathogenesis induced by the putative microbes. OSCC has inflammatory overtures in its pathobiology. Bacterial species involved in periodontal disease have been extensively documented and validated. The microbial profile in OSCC has been explored with no specific conclusions. The scientific reasoning to link a common microbial signature that connects periodontal disease to OSCC has led to many studies but has not provided conclusive evidence. Therefore, it would be beneficial to know the status of any plausible microbiota having a similarity in periodontal disease and OSCC. This brief review attempted to clarify the existence of a dysbiotic "fingerprint" that may link these two diseases. The review examined the literature with a focused objective of identifying periodontal microbial profiles in OSCC that could provide insights into pathogen commonality. The review concluded that there is great diversity in microbial association, but important bacterial species that correlate with periodontal disease and OSCC are forthcoming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swetha Acharya
- Department of Oral Pathology, JSS Dental College and Hospital, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSSAHER), Mysuru, 570004, Karnataka, India
| | - Usha Hegde
- Department of Oral Pathology, JSS Dental College and Hospital, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSSAHER), Mysuru, 570004, Karnataka, India
| | - Anirudh B. Acharya
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Priyanka Nitin
- Department of Oral Pathology, JSS Dental College and Hospital, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSSAHER), Mysuru, 570004, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Oral spirochetes: Pathogenic mechanisms in periodontal disease. Microb Pathog 2020; 144:104193. [PMID: 32304795 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is an infectious inflammatory disease resulting from infection of biofilm forming bacteria. Several bacterial factors regulate inflammatory response and cause to tissue damage and loss of connection between gingival and tooth. Since bacterial virulence factors and also host immune responses have role, understanding of periodontal disease is complex, in overall we can say that in this disease epithelium is deleted by bacteria. Oral spirochetes are related to periodontitis, among them, Treponema denticola, have been associated with periodontal diseases such as early-onset periodontitis, necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis, and acute pericoronitis. This review will analyse mechanisms of pathogenesis of spirochetes in periodontitis. Microorganisms cause destruction of gingival tissue by two mechanisms. In one, damage results from the direct action of bacterial enzymes and cytotoxic products of bacterial metabolism. In the other, only bacterial components have role, and tissue destruction is the inevitable side effect of a subverted and exaggerated host inflammatory response to plaque antigens.
Collapse
|
3
|
A di-iron protein recruited as an Fe[II] and oxygen sensor for bacterial chemotaxis functions by stabilizing an iron-peroxy species. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:14955-14960. [PMID: 31270241 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1904234116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Many bacteria contain cytoplasmic chemoreceptors that lack sensor domains. Here, we demonstrate that such cytoplasmic receptors found in 8 different bacterial and archaeal phyla genetically couple to metalloproteins related to β-lactamases and nitric oxide reductases. We show that this oxygen-binding di-iron protein (ODP) acts as a sensor for chemotactic responses to both iron and oxygen in the human pathogen Treponema denticola (Td). The ODP di-iron site binds oxygen at high affinity to reversibly form an unusually stable μ-peroxo adduct. Crystal structures of ODP from Td and the thermophile Thermotoga maritima (Tm) in the Fe[III]2-O2 2-, Zn[II], and apo states display differences in subunit association, conformation, and metal coordination that indicate potential mechanisms for sensing. In reconstituted systems, iron-peroxo ODP destabilizes the phosphorylated form of the receptor-coupled histidine kinase CheA, thereby providing a biochemical link between oxygen sensing and chemotaxis in diverse prokaryotes, including anaerobes of ancient origin.
Collapse
|
4
|
Veith PD, Glew MD, Gorasia DG, Chen D, O’Brien-Simpson NM, Reynolds EC. Localization of Outer Membrane Proteins in Treponema denticola by Quantitative Proteome Analyses of Outer Membrane Vesicles and Cellular Fractions. J Proteome Res 2019; 18:1567-1581. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul D. Veith
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Michelle D. Glew
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Dhana G. Gorasia
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Dina Chen
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Neil M. O’Brien-Simpson
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Eric C. Reynolds
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ebersole JL, Dawson D, Emecen-Huja P, Nagarajan R, Howard K, Grady ME, Thompson K, Peyyala R, Al-Attar A, Lethbridge K, Kirakodu S, Gonzalez OA. The periodontal war: microbes and immunity. Periodontol 2000 2017; 75:52-115. [DOI: 10.1111/prd.12222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
6
|
Proteomic shifts in multi-species oral biofilms caused by Anaeroglobus geminatus. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4409. [PMID: 28667274 PMCID: PMC5493653 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04594-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaeroglobus geminatus is a relatively newly discovered putative pathogen, with a potential role in the microbial shift associated with periodontitis, a disease that causes inflammatory destruction of the periodontal tissues, and eventually tooth loss. This study aimed to introduce A. geminatus into a polymicrobial biofilm model of relevance to periodontitis, and monitor the proteomic responses exerted to the rest of the biofilm community. A. geminatus was grown together with another 10-species in a well-established "subgingival" in vitro biofilm model. Its effects on the other species were quantitatively evaluated by qPCR and label-free proteomics. A. geminatus caused a significant increase in P. intermedia numbers, but not the other species in the biofilm. Whole cell proteome profiling of the biofilms by LC-MS/MS identified a total of 3213 proteins. Label-free quantitative proteomics revealed that 187 proteins belonging to the other 10 species were differentially abundant when A. geminatus was present in the biofilm. The species with most up-regulated and down-regulated proteins were P. intermedia and S. oralis, respectively. Regulated proteins were of primarily of ribosomal origin, and other affected categories involved proteolysis, carbon metabolism and iron transport. In conclusion, A. geminatus can be successfully grown in a polymicrobial biofilm community, causing quantitative proteomic shifts commensurate with increased virulence properties.
Collapse
|
7
|
Gaur S, Agnihotri R. Trace Mineral Micronutrients and Chronic Periodontitis-a Review. Biol Trace Elem Res 2017; 176:225-238. [PMID: 27580897 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-016-0832-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Trace mineral micronutrients are imperative for optimum host response. Populations worldwide are prone to their insufficiency owing to lifestyle changes or poor nutritional intake. Balanced levels of trace minerals like iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), selenium (Se) and copper (Cu) are essential to prevent progression of chronic conditions like periodontitis. Their excess as well as deficiency is detrimental to periodontal health. This is specifically true in relation to Fe. Furthermore, some trace elements, e.g. Se, Zn and Cu are integral components of antioxidant enzymes and prevent reactive oxygen species induced destruction of tissues. Their deficiency can worsen periodontitis associated with systemic conditions like diabetes mellitus. With this background, the present review first focusses on the role of four trace minerals, namely, Fe, Zn, Se and Cu in periodontal health followed by an appraisal of the data from case control studies related to their association with chronic periodontitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Gaur
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Rupali Agnihotri
- Department of Periodontology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Li SW, Sheng GP, Cheng YY, Yu HQ. Redox properties of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) from electroactive bacteria. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39098. [PMID: 27991531 PMCID: PMC5171820 DOI: 10.1038/srep39098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the capacity for electroactive bacteria to convert environmental metallic minerals and organic pollutants is well known, the role of the redox properties of microbial extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in this process is poorly understood. In this work, the redox properties of EPS from two widely present electroactive bacterial strains (Shewanella oneidensis and Pseudomonas putida) were explored. Electrochemical analysis demonstrates that the EPS extracted from the two strains exhibited redox properties. Spectroelectrochemical and protein electrophoresis analyses indicate that the extracted EPS from S. oneidensis and P. putida contained heme-binding proteins, which were identified as the possible redox components in the EPS. The results of heme-mediated behavior of EPS may provide an insight into the important roles of EPS in electroactive bacteria to maximize their redox capability for biogeochemical cycling, environmental bioremediation and wastewater treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Wei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Guo-Ping Sheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Cheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Han-Qing Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Nielsen MW, Strube ML, Isbrand A, Al-Medrasi WDHM, Boye M, Jensen TK, Klitgaard K. Potential bacterial core species associated with digital dermatitis in cattle herds identified by molecular profiling of interdigital skin samples. Vet Microbiol 2016; 186:139-49. [PMID: 27016768 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although treponemes are consistently identified in tissue from bovine digital dermatitis (DD) lesions, the definitive etiology of this debilitating polymicrobial disease is still unresolved. To study the microbiomes of 27 DD-infected and 10 healthy interdigital skin samples, we used a combination of different molecular methods. Deep sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene variable regions V1-V2 showed that Treponema, Mycoplasma, Fusobacterium and Porphyromonas were the genera best differentiating the DD samples from the controls. Additional deep sequencing analysis of the most abundant genus, Treponema, targeting another variable region of the 16S rRNA gene, V3-V4, identified 15 different phylotypes, among which Treponema phagedenis-like and Treponema refringens-like species were the most abundant. Although the presence of Treponema spp., Fusobacterium necrophorum and Porphyromonas levii was confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), the results for Mycoplasma spp. were inconclusive. Extensive treponemal epidermal infiltration, constituting more than 90% of the total bacterial population, was observed in 24 of the 27 DD samples. F. necrophorum and P. levii were superficially located in the epidermal lesions and were present in only a subset of samples. RT-qPCR analysis showed that treponemes were also actively expressing a panel of virulence factors at the site of infection. Our results further support the hypothesis that species belonging to the genus Treponema are major pathogens of DD and also provide sufficient clues to motivate additional research into the role of M. fermentans, F. necrophorum and P. levii in the etiology of DD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin W Nielsen
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Bülowsvej 27, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Mikael L Strube
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Bülowsvej 27, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Anastasia Isbrand
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Bülowsvej 27, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Worood D H M Al-Medrasi
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Bülowsvej 27, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Mette Boye
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Bülowsvej 27, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Tim K Jensen
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Bülowsvej 27, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Kirstine Klitgaard
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Bülowsvej 27, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Xu X, Steffensen B, Robichaud TK, Mikhailova M, Lai V, Montgomery R, Chu L. Fibronectin-binding protein TDE1579 affects cytotoxicity of Treponema denticola. Anaerobe 2015; 36:39-48. [PMID: 26456217 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
While FbpA, a family of bacterial fibronectin (FN) binding proteins has been studied in several gram-positive bacteria, the gram-negative Treponema denticola, an anaerobic periodontal pathogen, also has an overlooked fbp gene (tde1579). In this research, we confirm that recombinant Fbp protein (rFbp) of T. denticola binds human FN with a Kdapp of 1.5 × 10(-7) M and blocks the binding of T. denticola to FN in a concentration-dependent manner to a level of 42%. The fbp gene was expressed in T. denticola. To reveal the roles of fbp in T. denticola pathogenesis, an fbp isogenic mutant was constructed. The fbp mutant had 51% reduced binding ability to human gingival fibroblasts (hGF). When hGF were challenged with T. denticola, the fbp mutant caused less cell morphology change, had 50% reduced cytotoxicity to hGF, and had less influence on the growth of hGF cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Xu
- Department of Periodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
| | - Bjorn Steffensen
- Department of Periodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA; Department of Periodontology, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MD, 02111, USA
| | - Trista K Robichaud
- Department of Periodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Margarita Mikhailova
- Department of Periodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Veronica Lai
- Department of Periodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Ryan Montgomery
- Department of Periodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Lianrui Chu
- Department of Developmental Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Liu LY, McGregor N, Wong BKJ, Butt H, Darby IB. The association between clinical periodontal parameters and free haem concentration within the gingival crevicular fluid: a pilot study. J Periodontal Res 2015; 51:86-94. [DOI: 10.1111/jre.12286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Y. Liu
- Melbourne Dental School; The University of Melbourne; Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - N. McGregor
- Melbourne Dental School; The University of Melbourne; Melbourne Vic. Australia
- BioScreen Medical; Parkville Vic. Australia
| | - B. K. J. Wong
- Melbourne Dental School; The University of Melbourne; Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - H. Butt
- BioScreen Medical; Parkville Vic. Australia
| | - I. B. Darby
- Melbourne Dental School; The University of Melbourne; Melbourne Vic. Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bao K, Bostanci N, Selevsek N, Thurnheer T, Belibasakis GN. Quantitative proteomics reveal distinct protein regulations caused by Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans within subgingival biofilms. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119222. [PMID: 25756960 PMCID: PMC4355292 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is an infectious disease that causes the inflammatory destruction of the tooth-supporting (periodontal) tissues, caused by polymicrobial biofilm communities growing on the tooth surface. Aggressive periodontitis is strongly associated with the presence of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in the subgingival biofilms. Nevertheless, whether and how A. actinomycetemcomitans orchestrates molecular changes within the biofilm is unclear. The aim of this work was to decipher the interactions between A. actinomycetemcomitans and other bacterial species in a multi-species biofilm using proteomic analysis. An in vitro 10-species "subgingival" biofilm model, or its derivative that included additionally A. actinomycetemcomitans, were anaerobically cultivated on hydroxyapatite discs for 64 h. When present, A. actinomycetemcomitans formed dense intra-species clumps within the biofilm mass, and did not affect the numbers of the other species in the biofilm. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used to identify the proteomic content of the biofilm lysate. A total of 3225 and 3352 proteins were identified in the biofilm, in presence or absence of A. actinomycetemcomitans, respectively. Label-free quantitative proteomics revealed that 483 out of the 728 quantified bacterial proteins (excluding those of A. actinomycetemcomitans) were accordingly regulated. Interestingly, all quantified proteins from Prevotella intermedia were up-regulated, and most quantified proteins from Campylobacter rectus, Streptococcus anginosus, and Porphyromonas gingivalis were down-regulated in presence of A. actinomycetemcomitans. Enrichment of Gene Ontology pathway analysis showed that the regulated groups of proteins were responsible primarily for changes in the metabolic rate, the ferric iron-binding, and the 5S RNA binding capacities, on the universal biofilm level. While the presence of A. actinomycetemcomitans did not affect the numeric composition or absolute protein numbers of the other biofilm species, it caused qualitative changes in their overall protein expression profile. These molecular shifts within the biofilm warrant further investigation on their potential impact on its virulence properties, and association with periodontal pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Bao
- Oral Translational Research, Institute for Oral Biology, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nagihan Bostanci
- Oral Translational Research, Institute for Oral Biology, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Selevsek
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Thurnheer
- Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Oral Biology, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Georgios N. Belibasakis
- Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Oral Biology, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yakob M, Meurman JH, Sorsa T, Söder B. Treponema denticola associates with increased levels of MMP-8 and MMP-9 in gingival crevicular fluid. Oral Dis 2013; 19:694-701. [PMID: 23294114 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Revised: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim was to assess the association between the presence of site-specific subgingival micro-organisms and the levels of matrix metalloproteinases-8 and matrix metalloproteinases-9 (MMP-8 and MMP-9) in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). MATERIALS AND METHODS The patient group consisted of 56 subjects with periodontitis and the control group of 43 subjects without periodontitis. GCF samples from four test sites for each subject were collected. Polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the presence of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Tannerella forsythia, and Treponema denticola. MMP-8 concentrations were analyzed by a time-resolved immunofluorometric assay, and MMP-9 levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Student's unpaired t-test, chi-square test, and Fisher's exact P-value were calculated. RESULTS The presence of T. denticola in the test sites was significantly higher in the patient group than in the control group. The presence of T. forsythia and T. denticola was associated with increased levels of MMP-8 in the test sites. Respectively, site-specific presence of T. denticola was associated with an increase in MMP-9 levels in three of the four test sites. CONCLUSIONS The presence of subgingival micro-organisms in GCF, particularly T. denticola, appeared to induce a host response with an increased release of MMP-8 and MMP-9 in the test sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Yakob
- Department of Dental Medicine, Division of Periodontology, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zainal-Abidin Z, Veith PD, Dashper SG, Zhu Y, Catmull DV, Chen YY, Heryanto DC, Chen D, Pyke JS, Tan K, Mitchell HL, Reynolds EC. Differential proteomic analysis of a polymicrobial biofilm. J Proteome Res 2012; 11:4449-64. [PMID: 22808953 DOI: 10.1021/pr300201c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Tannerella forsythia exist in a polymicrobial biofilm associated with chronic periodontitis. The aim of this study was to culture these three species as a polymicrobial biofilm and to determine proteins important for bacterial interactions. In a flow cell all three species attached and grew as a biofilm; however, after 90 h of culture P. gingivalis and T. denticola were closely associated and dominated the polymicrobial biofilm. For comparison, planktonic cultures of P. gingivalis and T. denticola were grown separately in continuous culture. Whole cell lysates were subjected to SDS-PAGE, followed by in-gel proteolytic H₂¹⁶O/H₂¹⁸O labeling. From two replicates, 135 and 174 P. gingivalis proteins and 134 and 194 T. denticola proteins were quantified by LC-MALDI TOF/TOF MS. The results suggest a change of strategy in iron acquisition by P. gingivalis due to large increases in the abundance of HusA and HusB in the polymicrobial biofilm while HmuY and other iron/haem transport systems decreased. Significant changes in the abundance of peptidases and enzymes involved in glutamate and glycine catabolism suggest syntrophy. These data indicate an intimate association between P. gingivalis and T. denticola in a biofilm that may play a role in disease pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zamirah Zainal-Abidin
- Oral Health CRC, Melbourne Dental School and the Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
|
16
|
Tanabe SI, Bodet C, Grenier D. Treponema denticolapeptidoglycan induces the production of inflammatory mediators and matrix metalloproteinase 9 in macrophage-like cells. J Periodontal Res 2009; 44:503-10. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2008.01141.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
17
|
Brett PJ, Burtnick MN, Fenno JC, Gherardini FC. Treponema denticola TroR is a manganese- and iron-dependent transcriptional repressor. Mol Microbiol 2008; 70:396-409. [PMID: 18761626 PMCID: PMC2628430 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2008.06418.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Treponema denticola harbours a genetic locus with significant homology to most of the previously characterized Treponema pallidum tro operon. Within this locus are five genes (troABCDR) encoding for the components of an ATP-binding cassette cation-transport system (troABCD) and a DtxR-like transcriptional regulator (troR). In addition, a sigma(70)-like promoter and an 18 bp region of dyad symmetry were identified upstream of the troA start codon. This putative operator sequence demonstrated similarity to the T. pallidum TroR (TroR(Tp)) binding sequence; however, the position of this motif with respect to the predicted tro promoters differed. Interestingly, unlike the T. pallidum orthologue, T. denticola TroR (TroR(Td)) possesses a C-terminal Src homology 3-like domain commonly associated with DtxR family members. In the present study, we show that TroR(Td) is a manganese- and iron-dependent transcriptional repressor using Escherichia coli reporter constructs and in T. denticola. In addition, we demonstrate that although TroR(Td) possessing various C-terminal deletions maintain metal-sensing capacities, these truncated proteins exhibit reduced repressor activities in comparison with full-length TroR(Td). Based upon these findings, we propose that TroR(Td) represents a novel member of the DtxR family of transcriptional regulators and is likely to play an important role in regulating both manganese and iron homeostases in this spirochaete.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Brett
- Laboratory of Zoonotic Pathogens, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Asuthkar S, Velineni S, Stadlmann J, Altmann F, Sritharan M. Expression and characterization of an iron-regulated hemin-binding protein, HbpA, from Leptospira interrogans serovar Lai. Infect Immun 2007; 75:4582-91. [PMID: 17576761 PMCID: PMC1951163 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00324-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In an earlier study, based on the ferric enterobactin receptor FepA of Escherichia coli, we identified and modeled a TonB-dependent outer membrane receptor protein (LB191) from the genome of Leptospira interrogans serovar Lai. Based on in silico analysis, we hypothesized that this protein was an iron-dependent hemin-binding protein. In this study, we provide experimental evidence to prove that this protein, termed HbpA (hemin-binding protein A), is indeed an iron-regulated hemin-binding protein. We cloned and expressed the full-length 81-kDa recombinant rHbpA protein and a truncated 55-kDa protein from L. interrogans serovar Lai, both of which bind hemin-agarose. Assay of hemin-associated peroxidase activity and spectrofluorimetric analysis provided confirmatory evidence of hemin binding by HbpA. Immunofluorescence studies by confocal microscopy and the microscopic agglutination test demonstrated the surface localization and the iron-regulated expression of HbpA in L. interrogans. Southern blot analysis confirmed our earlier observation that the hbpA gene was present only in some of the pathogenic serovars and was absent in Leptospira biflexa. Hemin-agarose affinity studies showed another hemin-binding protein with a molecular mass of approximately 44 kDa, whose expression was independent of iron levels. This protein was seen in several serovars, including nonpathogenic L. biflexa. Sequence analysis and immunoreactivity with specific antibodies showed this protein to be LipL41.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swapna Asuthkar
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Cui J, Han LY, Cai CZ, Zheng CJ, Ji ZL, Chen YZ. Prediction of functional class of novel bacterial proteins without the use of sequence similarity by a statistical learning method. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 2006; 9:86-100. [PMID: 16319498 DOI: 10.1159/000088839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A substantial percentage of the putative protein-encoding open reading frames (ORFs) in bacterial genomes have no homolog of known function, and their function cannot be confidently assigned on the basis of sequence similarity. Methods not based on sequence similarity are needed and being developed. One method, SVMProt (http://jing.cz3.nus.edu.sg/cgi-bin/svmprot.cgi), predicts protein functional family irrespective of sequence similarity (Nucleic Acids Res. 2003;31:3692-3697). While it has been tested on a large number of proteins, its capability for non-homologous proteins has so far been evaluated for a relatively small number of proteins, and additional tests are needed to more fully assess SVMProt. In this work, 90 novel bacterial proteins (non-homologous to known proteins) are used to evaluate the capability of SVMProt. These proteins are such that none of their homologs are in the Swiss-Prot database, their functions not clearly described in the literature, and they themselves and their homologs are not included in the training sets of SVMProt. They represent proteins whose function cannot be confidently predicted by sequence similarity methods at present. The predicted functional class of 76.7% of each of these proteins shows various levels of consistency with the literature-described function, compared to the overall accuracy of 87% for the SVMProt functional class assignment of 34,582 proteins that have at least one homolog of known function. Our study suggests that SVMProt is capable of assigning functional class for novel bacterial proteins at a level not too much lower than that of sequence alignment methods for homologous proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Cui
- Bioinformatics and Drug Design Group, Department of Computational Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lee SH, Kim KK, Choi BK. Upregulation of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 and proinflammatory cytokines by the major surface proteins of Treponema maltophilum and Treponema lecithinolyticum, the phylogenetic group IV oral spirochetes associated with periodontitis and endodontic infections. Infect Immun 2005; 73:268-76. [PMID: 15618163 PMCID: PMC538977 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.1.268-276.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2004] [Revised: 08/13/2004] [Accepted: 09/27/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Treponema maltophilum and Treponema lecithinolyticum belong to the group IV oral spirochetes and are associated with endodontic infections, as well as periodontitis. Recently, the genes encoding the major surface proteins (Msps) of these bacteria (MspA and MspTL, respectively) were cloned and sequenced. The amino acid sequences of these proteins showed significant similarity. In this study we analyzed the functional role of these homologous proteins in human monocytic THP-1 cells and primary cultured periodontal ligament (PDL) cells using recombinant proteins. The complete genes encoding MspA and MspTL without the signal sequence were cloned into Escherichia coli by using the expression vector pQE-30. Fusion proteins tagged with N-terminal hexahistidine (recombinant MspA [rMspA] and rMspTL) were obtained, and any possible contamination of the recombinant proteins with E. coli endotoxin was removed by using polymyxin B-agarose. Flow cytometry showed that rMspA and rMspTL upregulated the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) in both THP-1 and PDL cells. Expression of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-8, was also induced significantly in both cell types by the Msps, as determined by reverse transcription-PCR and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, whereas IL-1beta synthesis could be detected only in the THP-1 cells. The upregulation of ICAM-1, IL-6, and IL-8 was completely inhibited by pretreating the cells with an NF-kappaB activation inhibitor, l-1-tosylamido-2-phenylethyl chloromethyl ketone. This suggests involvement of NF-kappaB activation. The increased ICAM-1 and IL-8 expression in the THP-1 cells obtained with rMsps was not inhibited in the presence of the IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), a natural inhibitor of IL-1. Our results show that the Msps of the group IV oral spirochetes may play an important role in amplifying the local immune response by continuous inflammatory cell recruitment and retention at an infection site by stimulation of expression of ICAM-1 and proinflammatory cytokines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hoon Lee
- Department of Oromaxillofacial Infection and Immunity, College of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 28 Yongon-Dong, Chongno-Gu, Seoul 110-749, Republic of Korea
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
Pathogenic spirochetes are the causative agents of several important diseases including syphilis, Lyme disease, leptospirosis, swine dysentery, periodontal disease and some forms of relapsing fever. Spirochetal bacteria possess two membranes and the proteins present in the outer membrane are at the site of interaction with host tissue and the immune system. This review describes the current knowledge in the field of spirochetal outer membrane protein (OMP) biology. What is known concerning biogenesis and structure of OMPs, with particular regard to the atypical signal peptide cleavage sites observed amongst the spirochetes, is discussed. We examine the functions that have been determined for several spirochetal OMPs including those that have been demonstrated to function as adhesins, porins or to have roles in complement resistance. A detailed description of the role of spirochetal OMPs in immunity, including those that stimulate protective immunity or that are involved in antigenic variation, is given. A final section is included which covers experimental considerations in spirochetal outer membrane biology. This section covers contentious issues concerning cellular localization of putative OMPs, including determination of surface exposure. A more detailed knowledge of spirochetal OMP biology will hopefully lead to the design of new vaccines and a better understanding of spirochetal pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul A. Cullen
- Australian Bacterial Pathogenesis Program, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic. 3800, Australia
- Victorian Bioinformatics Consortium, Monash University, Vic. 3800, Australia
| | - David A. Haake
- School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Veteran Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
| | - Ben Adler
- Australian Bacterial Pathogenesis Program, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic. 3800, Australia
- Victorian Bioinformatics Consortium, Monash University, Vic. 3800, Australia
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +61-3-9905-4815; fax: +61-3-9905-4811. E-mail address: (B. Adler)
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ikegami A, Honma K, Sharma A, Kuramitsu HK. Multiple functions of the leucine-rich repeat protein LrrA of Treponema denticola. Infect Immun 2004; 72:4619-27. [PMID: 15271922 PMCID: PMC470683 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.8.4619-4627.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The gene lrrA, encoding a leucine-rich repeat protein, LrrA, that contains eight consensus tandem repeats of 23 amino acid residues, has been identified in Treponema denticola ATCC 35405. A leucine-rich repeat is a generally useful protein-binding motif, and proteins containing this repeat are typically involved in protein-protein interactions. Southern blot analysis demonstrated that T. denticola ATCC 35405 expresses the lrrA gene, but the gene was not identified in T. denticola ATCC 33520. In order to analyze the functions of LrrA in T. denticola, an lrrA-inactivated mutant of strain ATCC 35405 and an lrrA gene expression transformant of strain ATCC 33520 were constructed. Characterization of the mutant and transformant demonstrated that LrrA is associated with the extracytoplasmic fraction of T. denticola and expresses multifunctional properties. It was demonstrated that the attachment of strain ATCC 35405 to HEp-2 cell cultures and coaggregation with Tannerella forsythensis were attenuated by the lrrA mutation. In addition, an in vitro binding assay demonstrated specific binding of LrrA to a portion of the Tannerella forsythensis leucine-rich repeat protein, BspA, which is mediated by the N-terminal region of LrrA. It was also observed that the lrrA mutation caused a reduction of swarming in T. denticola ATCC 35405 and consequently attenuated tissue penetration. These results suggest that the leucine-rich repeat protein LrrA plays a role in the attachment and penetration of human epithelial cells and coaggregation with Tannerella forsythensis. These properties may play important roles in the virulence of T. denticola.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Ikegami
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York, Buffalo, 14214, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Xu X, Kolodrubetz D. Construction and analysis of hemin binding protein mutants in the oral pathogen Treponema denticola. Res Microbiol 2002; 153:569-77. [PMID: 12455704 DOI: 10.1016/s0923-2508(02)01370-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Treponema denticola, a periodontal pathogen, can use hemin as its sole iron source. The organism synthesizes two low-iron-induced outer-membrane hemin-binding proteins, HbpA and HbpB. To characterize genetically the function of these two novel proteins, standard recombinant DNA procedures and electroporation were used to construct T. denticola strains in which the genomic copies of either hbpA or both hbpA and hbpB were interrupted with an erythromycin resistance cassette. Northern blot and RT-PCR analyses verified that the normal hbpA transcripts were missing in both mutants. The hbpA mutation also had a polar effect on the transcription of hbpB and thus neither mutant strain transcribes the downstream hbpB gene. The parental and hbp mutant strains had similar growth properties in normal media, but the mutants reached a lower cell density than parental cells in iron-restricted media. The results indicate that HbpA and/or HbpB are required for efficient iron utilization but that there is an additional system that can help T. denticola acquire iron. The growth defect of the mutants was totally restored by lactoferrin but only partially restored by adding exogenous hemin or inorganic iron. Thus, hbpA and/or hbpB specifically facilitate hemin and iron utilization under low iron conditions and are presumably important for T. denticola virulence in the host environment.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Southern
- Blotting, Western
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- DNA, Bacterial/chemistry
- DNA, Bacterial/genetics
- Escherichia coli/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial
- Heme-Binding Proteins
- Hemeproteins/genetics
- Hemeproteins/metabolism
- Hemin/metabolism
- Iron/metabolism
- Mutagenesis, Insertional
- RNA, Bacterial/chemistry
- RNA, Bacterial/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Transcription, Genetic
- Treponema/genetics
- Treponema/growth & development
- Treponema/metabolism
Collapse
|