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Kingsberg SA, Adler B, Metropoulos J, Faubion SS. The yin and yang of GSM and low sexual desire. Climacteric 2023; 26:323-328. [PMID: 37083058 DOI: 10.1080/13697137.2023.2194529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Numerous surveys have documented that sexuality and/or sexual activity is important to women at all stages of adulthood, including postmenopause. Genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) and hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) are common disorders in postmenopausal women and may co-occur. Both are often undiagnosed due to a lack of knowledge of the disorder, health-care professional discomfort in discussing sexual problems or a lack of routine screening. It is incumbent upon health-care professionals to identify and differentiate these conditions in women through a biopsychosocial assessment, and may require a focused physical examination. Numerous treatments, both non-pharmacologic and pharmacologic, are available to address GSM and HSDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Kingsberg
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - B Adler
- Indegene Inc., Princeton, NJ, USA
- Rearden Health Partners, Long Valley, NJ, USA
| | - J Metropoulos
- Indegene Inc., Princeton, NJ, USA
- Rearden Health Partners, Long Valley, NJ, USA
| | - S S Faubion
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Center for Women's Health, Rochester, MN, USA
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2
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Ma E, Chen K, Shi H, Stahl EC, Adler B, Trinidad M, Liu J, Zhou K, Ye J, Doudna J. Improved genome editing by an engineered CRISPR-Cas12a. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:12689-12701. [PMID: 36537251 PMCID: PMC9825149 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac1192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR-Cas12a is an RNA-guided, programmable genome editing enzyme found within bacterial adaptive immune pathways. Unlike CRISPR-Cas9, Cas12a uses only a single catalytic site to both cleave target double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) (cis-activity) and indiscriminately degrade single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) (trans-activity). To investigate how the relative potency of cis- versus trans-DNase activity affects Cas12a-mediated genome editing, we first used structure-guided engineering to generate variants of Lachnospiraceae bacterium Cas12a that selectively disrupt trans-activity. The resulting engineered mutant with the biggest differential between cis- and trans-DNase activity in vitro showed minimal genome editing activity in human cells, motivating a second set of experiments using directed evolution to generate additional mutants with robust genome editing activity. Notably, these engineered and evolved mutants had enhanced ability to induce homology-directed repair (HDR) editing by 2-18-fold compared to wild-type Cas12a when using HDR donors containing mismatches with crRNA at the PAM-distal region. Finally, a site-specific reversion mutation produced improved Cas12a (iCas12a) variants with superior genome editing efficiency at genomic sites that are difficult to edit using wild-type Cas12a. This strategy establishes a pipeline for creating improved genome editing tools by combining structural insights with randomization and selection. The available structures of other CRISPR-Cas enzymes will enable this strategy to be applied to improve the efficacy of other genome-editing proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enbo Ma
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Kai Chen
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Honglue Shi
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Elizabeth C Stahl
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ben Adler
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Marena Trinidad
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Junjie Liu
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Kaihong Zhou
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jinjuan Ye
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jennifer A Doudna
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- MBIB Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Gladstone Institutes, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94114, USA
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3
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Cagliero J, Vernel-Pauillac F, Murray G, Adler B, Matsui M, Werts C. Pathogenic Leptospires Limit Dendritic Cell Activation Through Avoidance of TLR4 and TRIF Signaling. Front Immunol 2022; 13:911778. [PMID: 35812397 PMCID: PMC9258186 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.911778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospira interrogans is a bacterial species responsible for leptospirosis, a neglected worldwide zoonosis. Mice and rats are resistant and can become asymptomatic carriers, whereas humans and some other mammals may develop severe forms of leptospirosis. Uncommon among spirochetes, leptospires contain lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in their outer membrane. LPS is highly immunogenic and forms the basis for a large number of serovars. Vaccination with inactivated leptospires elicits a protective immunity, restricted to serovars with related LPS. This protection that lasts in mice, is not long lasting in humans and requires annual boosts. Leptospires are stealth pathogens that evade the complement system and some pattern recognition receptors from the Toll-like (TLR) and Nod-Like families, therefore limiting antibacterial defense. In macrophages, leptospires totally escape recognition by human TLR4, and escape the TRIF arm of the mouse TLR4 pathway. However, very little is known about the recognition and processing of leptospires by dendritic cells (DCs), although they are crucial cells linking innate and adaptive immunity. Here we tested the activation of primary DCs derived from human monocytes (MO-DCs) and mouse bone marrow (BM-DCs) 24h after stimulation with saprophytic or different pathogenic virulent or avirulent L. interrogans. We measured by flow cytometry the expression of DC-SIGN, a lectin involved in T-cell activation, co-stimulation molecules and MHC-II markers, and pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines by ELISA. We found that exposure to leptospires, live or heat-killed, activated dendritic cells. However, pathogenic L. interrogans, especially from the Icterohaemorraghiae Verdun strain, triggered less marker upregulation and less cytokine production than the saprophytic Leptospira biflexa. In addition, we showed a better activation with avirulent leptospires, when compared to the virulent parental strains in murine BM-DCs. We did not observe this difference in human MO-DCs, suggesting a role for TLR4 in DC stimulation. Accordingly, using BM-DCs from transgenic deficient mice, we showed that virulent Icterohaemorraghiae and Manilae serovars dampened DC activation, at least partly, through the TLR4 and TRIF pathways. This work shows a novel bacterial immune evasion mechanism to limit DC activation and further illustrates the role of the leptospiral LPS as a virulence factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Cagliero
- Institut Pasteur de Nouvelle-Calédonie, member of the Pasteur Network, Immunity and Inflammation Group (GIMIN), Noumea, New Caledonia
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR6047, INSERM U1306, Unité de Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi bactérienne, F-75015 Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur de Nouvelle-Calédonie, member of the Pasteur Network, Leptospirosis Research and Expertise Unit, Noumea, New Caledonia
| | - Frédérique Vernel-Pauillac
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR6047, INSERM U1306, Unité de Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi bactérienne, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Gerald Murray
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ben Adler
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mariko Matsui
- Institut Pasteur de Nouvelle-Calédonie, member of the Pasteur Network, Immunity and Inflammation Group (GIMIN), Noumea, New Caledonia
| | - Catherine Werts
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR6047, INSERM U1306, Unité de Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi bactérienne, F-75015 Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Catherine Werts,
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Fule L, Halifa R, Fontana C, Sismeiro O, Legendre R, Varet H, Coppée JY, Murray GL, Adler B, Hendrixson DR, Buschiazzo A, Guo S, Liu J, Picardeau M. Role of the major determinant of polar flagellation FlhG in the endoflagella-containing spirochete Leptospira. Mol Microbiol 2021; 116:1392-1406. [PMID: 34657338 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Spirochetes can be distinguished from other bacteria by their spiral-shaped morphology and subpolar periplasmic flagella. This study focused on FlhF and FlhG, which control the spatial and numerical regulation of flagella in many exoflagellated bacteria, in the spirochete Leptospira. In contrast to flhF which seems to be essential in Leptospira, we demonstrated that flhG- mutants in both the saprophyte L. biflexa and the pathogen L. interrogans were less motile than the wild-type strains in gel-like environments but not hyperflagellated as reported previously in other bacteria. Cryo-electron tomography revealed that the distance between the flagellar basal body and the tip of the cell decreased significantly in the flhG- mutant in comparison to wild-type and complemented strains. Additionally, comparative transcriptome analyses of L. biflexa flhG- and wild-type strains showed that FlhG acts as a negative regulator of transcription of some flagellar genes. We found that the L. interrogans flhG- mutant was attenuated for virulence in the hamster model. Cross-species complementation also showed that flhG is not interchangeable between species. Our results indicate that FlhF and FlhG in Leptospira contribute to governing cell motility but our data support the hypothesis that FlhF and FlhG function differently in each bacterial species, including among spirochetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Fule
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Spirochetes Unit, Paris, France
- Pasteur International Unit, Integrative Microbiology of Zoonotic Agents, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay/Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Ruben Halifa
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Spirochetes Unit, Paris, France
| | - Celia Fontana
- Boehringer Ingelheim Santé Animale, Saint Priest, France
| | - Odile Sismeiro
- Transcriptome and Epigenome Platform, Biomics, Center for Technological Resources and Research (C2RT), Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Rachel Legendre
- Transcriptome and Epigenome Platform, Biomics, Center for Technological Resources and Research (C2RT), Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub, Department of Computational Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Hugo Varet
- Transcriptome and Epigenome Platform, Biomics, Center for Technological Resources and Research (C2RT), Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub, Department of Computational Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Yves Coppée
- Transcriptome and Epigenome Platform, Biomics, Center for Technological Resources and Research (C2RT), Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Gerald L Murray
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ben Adler
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - David R Hendrixson
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Alejandro Buschiazzo
- Pasteur International Unit, Integrative Microbiology of Zoonotic Agents, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay/Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Laboratory of Molecular and Structural Microbiology, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Shuaiqi Guo
- Microbial Sciences Institute & Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jun Liu
- Microbial Sciences Institute & Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Mathieu Picardeau
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Spirochetes Unit, Paris, France
- Pasteur International Unit, Integrative Microbiology of Zoonotic Agents, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay/Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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Phoka T, Techawiwattanaboon T, Sangjun N, Komanee P, Murray GL, Wongratanacheewin Sermswan R, Adler B, Patarakul K. Identification of in vivo expressed proteins in live attenuated lipopolysaccharide mutant that mediates heterologous protection against Leptospira spp. Vet Microbiol 2021; 262:109220. [PMID: 34509026 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Leptospirosis vaccines that elicit broad protection against a range of pathogenic Leptospira spp. would overcome a major drawback of currently licensed bacterin vaccines. Live attenuated vaccine produced from a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) mutant strain of L. interrogans serovar Manilae M1352 (Live M1352) stimulated better protective efficacy than heat killed M1352 (HK M1352) against a heterologous challenge with L. interrogans serovar Pomona. To identify antigens of Live M1352 potentially responsible for cross protection, in vivo-induced antigen technology (IVIAT), a powerful tool to identify in vivo-induced (ivi) genes expressed during infection, was employed in this study. Pooled sera from hamsters immunized with Live M1352 were sequentially adsorbed with various preparations of in vitro grown M1352. The pre-adsorbed sera were used to screen a genomic expression library of M1352. Nineteen strongly reactive clones were selected for DNA sequencing. These ivi genes are conserved in most Leptospira strains. Four selected genes including LIMLP_04965 (tolB), LIMLP_01535, LIMLP_06785 (fliI), and LIMLP_14930 were confirmed for their upregulated expression in kidneys of infected hamsters by RT-qPCR, suggesting their role in leptospiral infection. These ivi proteins represent potential targets for vaccine candidates that warrant further investigation for their protective efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theerapat Phoka
- Medical Microbiology, Interdisciplinary and International Program, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Teerasit Techawiwattanaboon
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Chula Vaccine Research Center (Chula VRC), Center of Excellence in Vaccine Research and Development, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Noppadon Sangjun
- Armed Force Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Pat Komanee
- Armed Force Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Gerald L Murray
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia; The Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Rasana Wongratanacheewin Sermswan
- Melioidosis Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Ben Adler
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Kanitha Patarakul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Chula Vaccine Research Center (Chula VRC), Center of Excellence in Vaccine Research and Development, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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Vriesman MH, de Jonge CS, Kuizenga-Wessel S, Adler B, Menys A, Nederveen AJ, Stoker J, Benninga MA, Di Lorenzo C. Simultaneous assessment of colon motility in children with functional constipation by cine-MRI and colonic manometry: a feasibility study. Eur Radiol Exp 2021; 5:8. [PMID: 33565002 PMCID: PMC7873179 DOI: 10.1186/s41747-021-00205-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colonic manometry is the current reference standard for assessing colonic neuromuscular function in children with intractable functional constipation (FC). Recently, cine magnetic resonance imaging (cine-MRI) has been proposed as a non-invasive alternative. We compared colonic motility patterns on cine-MRI with those obtained by manometry in children, by stimulating high-amplitude propagating contractions (HAPCs) with bisacodyl under manometric control while simultaneously acquiring cine-MRI. METHODS After Institutional Review Board approval, adolescents with FC scheduled to undergo colonic manometry were included. A water-perfused 8-lumen catheter was used for colonic manometry recordings. After an intraluminal bisacodyl infusion, cine-MRI sequences of the descending colon were acquired for about 30 min simultaneously with colonic manometry. Manometry recordings were analysed for HAPCs. MRI images were processed with spatiotemporal motility MRI techniques. The anonymised motility results of both techniques were visually compared for the identification of HAPCs in the descending colon. RESULTS Data regarding six patients (three males) were analysed (median age 14 years, range 12-17). After bisacodyl infusion, three patients showed a total of eleven HAPCs with colonic manometry. Corresponding cine-MRI recorded high colonic activity during two of these HAPCs, minimal activity during seven HAPCs, while two HAPCs were not recorded. In two of three patients with absent HAPCs on manometry, colonic activity was recorded with cine-MRI. CONCLUSIONS Simultaneous acquisition of colonic cine-MRI and manometry in children with FC is feasible. Their motility results did not completely overlap in the identification of HAPCs. Research is needed to unravel the role of cine-MRI in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Vriesman
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Emma Children's Hospital/Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - C S de Jonge
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S Kuizenga-Wessel
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Emma Children's Hospital/Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - B Adler
- Department of Radiology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - A J Nederveen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Stoker
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M A Benninga
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Emma Children's Hospital/Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C Di Lorenzo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
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Bonhomme D, Santecchia I, Vernel-Pauillac F, Caroff M, Germon P, Murray G, Adler B, Boneca IG, Werts C. Correction: Leptospiral LPS escapes mouse TLR4 internalization and TRIF-associated antimicrobial responses through O antigen and associated lipoproteins. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1009173. [PMID: 33362240 PMCID: PMC7757799 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Bonhomme D, Santecchia I, Vernel-Pauillac F, Caroff M, Germon P, Murray G, Adler B, Boneca IG, Werts C. Leptospiral LPS escapes mouse TLR4 internalization and TRIF‑associated antimicrobial responses through O antigen and associated lipoproteins. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008639. [PMID: 32790743 PMCID: PMC7447051 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a worldwide re-emerging zoonosis caused by pathogenic Leptospira spp. All vertebrate species can be infected; humans are sensitive hosts whereas other species, such as rodents, may become long-term renal carrier reservoirs. Upon infection, innate immune responses are initiated by recognition of Microbial Associated Molecular Patterns (MAMPs) by Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs). Among MAMPs, the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is recognized by the Toll-Like-Receptor 4 (TLR4) and activates both the MyD88-dependent pathway at the plasma membrane and the TRIF-dependent pathway after TLR4 internalization. We previously showed that leptospiral LPS is not recognized by the human-TLR4, whereas it signals through mouse-TLR4 (mTLR4), which mediates mouse resistance to acute leptospirosis. However, although resistant, mice are known to be chronically infected by leptospires. Interestingly, the leptospiral LPS has low endotoxicity in mouse cells and is an agonist of TLR2, the sensor for bacterial lipoproteins. Here, we investigated the signaling properties of the leptospiral LPS in mouse macrophages. Using confocal microscopy and flow cytometry, we showed that the LPS of L. interrogans did not induce internalization of mTLR4, unlike the LPS of Escherichia coli. Consequently, the LPS failed to induce the production of the TRIF-dependent nitric oxide and RANTES, both important antimicrobial responses. Using shorter LPS and LPS devoid of TLR2 activity, we further found this mTLR4-TRIF escape to be dependent on both the co-purifying lipoproteins and the full-length O antigen. Furthermore, our data suggest that the O antigen could alter the binding of the leptospiral LPS to the co-receptor CD14 that is essential for TLR4-TRIF activation. Overall, we describe here a novel leptospiral immune escape mechanism from mouse macrophages and hypothesize that the LPS altered signaling could contribute to the stealthiness and chronicity of the leptospires in mice. Leptospira interrogans is a bacterial pathogen, responsible for leptospirosis, a worldwide neglected reemerging disease. L. interrogans may cause an acute severe disease in humans, whereas rodents and other animals asymptomatically carry the leptospires in their kidneys. They can therefore excrete live bacteria in urine and contaminate the environment. Leptospires are stealth pathogens known to escape the innate immune defenses of their hosts. They are covered in lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a bacterial motif recognized in mammals through the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), which triggers two different signaling pathways. We showed previously that pathogenic leptospires fully escape TLR4 recognition in humans. Here we focused on the LPS signaling in mice that are, although resistant to acute leptospirosis, chronically infected. We showed in mouse cells that the leptospiral LPS triggers only one arm of the TLR4 pathway and escapes the other, hence avoiding production of antimicrobial compounds. Removing the lipoproteins that always co-purify with the leptospiral LPS, or using shorter LPS, restores the stimulation of both pathways. This suggests a novel escape mechanism linked to the LPS and involving lipoproteins that could be instrumental for leptospires to escape the mouse defense and to allow for their chronic renal colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Bonhomme
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 2001 « Microbiologie intégrative et Moléculaire », Paris, France; INSERM, Equipe Avenir, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Ignacio Santecchia
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 2001 « Microbiologie intégrative et Moléculaire », Paris, France; INSERM, Equipe Avenir, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Frédérique Vernel-Pauillac
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 2001 « Microbiologie intégrative et Moléculaire », Paris, France; INSERM, Equipe Avenir, Paris, France
| | - Martine Caroff
- LPS-BioSciences, Université de Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Pierre Germon
- INRAE, UMR ISP, Université François Rabelais de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - Gerald Murray
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ben Adler
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ivo G. Boneca
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 2001 « Microbiologie intégrative et Moléculaire », Paris, France; INSERM, Equipe Avenir, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Werts
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 2001 « Microbiologie intégrative et Moléculaire », Paris, France; INSERM, Equipe Avenir, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Ihdayhid A, Lickfold C, Flack J, Adler B, Dembo L, Chow B, Dwivedi G. Feasibility And Performance Of Fully Automated Coronary Artery Calcium Scoring Using Deep Machine Learning. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcct.2020.06.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- I R Bass
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - A Tiersten
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - K Trlica
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - A Ryncarz
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - B Adler
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - E J Gallagher
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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11
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Alwis PA, Treerat P, Gong L, Deveson Lucas D, Allwood EM, Prescott M, Devenish RJ, Adler B, Boyce JD. Disruption of the Burkholderia pseudomallei two-component signal transduction system BbeR-BbeS leads to increased extracellular DNA secretion and altered biofilm formation. Vet Microbiol 2020; 242:108603. [PMID: 32122607 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Two-component signal transduction systems (TCSTS) are abundant among prokaryotes and regulate important functions, including drug resistance and virulence. The Gram-negative bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei, which causes the severe infectious disease melioidosis, encodes 136 putative TCSTS components. In silico analyses of these TCSTS indicated that the predicted BbeR-BbeS system (BPSL1036-BPSL1037) displayed significant amino acid sequence similarity to the Shigella flexneri virulence-associated OmpR-EnvZ osmoregulator. To assess the function of the B. pseudomallei BbeR-BbeS system, we constructed by allelic exchange a ΔbbeRS double mutant strain lacking both genes, and single ΔbbeR and ΔbbeS mutants. All three mutant strains caused disease in the BALB/c acute melioidosis model at the same rate as the wild-type strain, displayed unchanged swarming motility on semi-solid medium, and were unaffected for viability on high-osmolarity media. However, when cultured at 37 °C for at least 14 days, ΔbbeS and ΔbbeR colonies developed a distinct, hypermucoid morphology absent in similarly-cultured wild-type colonies. At both 30 °C and 37 °C, these hypermucoid strains produced wild-type levels of type I capsule but released increased quantities of extracellular DNA (eDNA). Upon static growth in liquid medium, all B. pseudomallei strains produced pellicle biofilms that contained DNA in close association with bacterial cells; however, the ΔbbeS and ΔbbeR strains produced increased biofilms with altered microscopic architecture compared to the wild-type. Unusually, while the ΔbbeS and ΔbbeR single-deletion mutants displayed clear phenotypes, the ΔbbeRS double-deletion mutant was indistinguishable from the wild-type strain. We propose that BbeR-BbeS indirectly affects eDNA secretion and biofilm formation through cross-talk with one or more other TCSTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyangi A Alwis
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Puthayalai Treerat
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lan Gong
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Deanna Deveson Lucas
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elizabeth M Allwood
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark Prescott
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rodney J Devenish
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ben Adler
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - John D Boyce
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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12
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Abstract
Until about 15 years ago, the molecular and cellular basis for pathogenesis in leptospirosis was virtually unknown. The determination of the first full genome sequence in 2003 was followed rapidly by other whole genome sequences, whose availability facilitated the development of transposon mutagenesis and then directed mutagenesis of pathogenic Leptospira spp. The combination of genomics, transcriptomics and mutant construction and characterisation has resulted in major progress in our understanding of the taxonomy and biology of Leptospira. The most recent advances are analysed and discussed in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Bulach
- Melbourne Bioinformatics, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC, Australia
| | - Ben Adler
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
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13
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Balch Samora J, Adler B, Druhan S, Brown SA, Erickson J, Samora WP, Klingele KE. MRI in idiopathic, stable, slipped capital femoral epiphysis: evaluation of contralateral pre-slip. J Child Orthop 2018; 12:454-460. [PMID: 30294369 PMCID: PMC6169561 DOI: 10.1302/1863-2548.12.170204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Early diagnosis and treatment of slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) is important to prevent slip progression and avoid complications. We sought to determine if MRI findings in patients with unilateral SCFE could indicate 'pre-slip' or predict future SCFE in the contralateral hip. METHODS A prospective study evaluated patients with unilateral SCFE over a two-year period. MRI of the asymptomatic hip was performed within the perioperative period. Patients were followed with radiographs until a contralateral slip occurred or until physeal closure. Demographics, clinical stability, severity, posterior slope angle (PSA), modified Oxford Bone Score (mOBS) and patency of the triradiate cartilage were recorded and statistical analysis performed. RESULTS In all, 33 of 54 patients with unilateral SCFE were enrolled into the study. In all, 29 (87.8%) had complete follow-up. Five of the enrolled patients (15.2%) developed a sequential slip requiring in situ pinning. Six of 33 (18.2%) patients had positive MRI findings: four of which proceeded to sequential SCFE and two which did not. One sequential slip had a negative MRI. PSA predicted 1/11 sequential slips (sensitivity 9.09%, specificity 81.4%, positive predictive value (PPV) 11.1%, negative predictive value (NPV) 77.8%) and mOBS predicted 5/11 sequential slips (sensitivity 45.5%, specificity 93%, PPV 62.5%, NPV 87%). An open triradiate cartilage was present in 8/11 patients with sequential slips (sensitivity 72.7%, specificity 81.4%, PPV 50%, NPV 92.1%). CONCLUSION MRI findings consistent with 'pre-slip' were present in 66.7% of patients who developed a sequential SCFE. Further study on the utility/sensitivity of MRI in predicting sequential SCFE is warranted. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE II, diagnostic.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Balch Samora
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - B. Adler
- Department of Radiology, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - S. Druhan
- Department of Radiology, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - S. A. Brown
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - J. Erickson
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - W. P. Samora
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - K. E. Klingele
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA, Correspondence should be sent to K. E. Klingele, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, 700 Children’s Drive, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, T2E-A2700, Columbus, OH 43205, United States. E-mail:
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14
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Murray GL, Simawaranon T, Kaewraemruaen C, Adler B, Sermswan RW. Heterologous protection elicited by a live, attenuated, Leptospira vaccine. Vet Microbiol 2018; 223:47-50. [PMID: 30173751 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A previously-described live, attenuated vaccine (M1352, serovar Manilae, serogroup Pyrogenes) was tested in the hamster model of infection for cross-protective immunity. The vaccine elicited strong, significant cross-protection against lethal infection by strains representing four serologically distinct leptospiral serovars (Grippotyphosa, Australis, Canicola, and Autumnalis). Combined with our previously reported protection against serovars Pomona and Manilae, this work demonstrates unequivocal proof of concept for cross-protective immunity in leptospirosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald L Murray
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Theeraya Simawaranon
- Melioidosis Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Chamraj Kaewraemruaen
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Ben Adler
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Rasana W Sermswan
- Melioidosis Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.
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15
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Adler B, Wang C, Bui T, Schilperoort H, Armstrong A. 437 Efficacy and safety of tumor necrosis factor inhibitors in cutaneous sarcoidosis: A systematic review. J Invest Dermatol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.03.444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Adhikarla H, Wunder EA, Mechaly AE, Mehta S, Wang Z, Santos L, Bisht V, Diggle P, Murray G, Adler B, Lopez F, Townsend JP, Groisman E, Picardeau M, Buschiazzo A, Ko AI. Lvr, a Signaling System That Controls Global Gene Regulation and Virulence in Pathogenic Leptospira. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:45. [PMID: 29600195 PMCID: PMC5863495 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is an emerging zoonotic disease with more than 1 million cases annually. Currently there is lack of evidence for signaling pathways involved during the infection process of Leptospira. In our comprehensive genomic analysis of 20 Leptospira spp. we identified seven pathogen-specific Two-Component System (TCS) proteins. Disruption of two these TCS genes in pathogenic Leptospira strain resulted in loss-of-virulence in a hamster model of leptospirosis. Corresponding genes lvrA and lvrB (leptospira virulence regulator) are juxtaposed in an operon and are predicted to encode a hybrid histidine kinase and a hybrid response regulator, respectively. Transcriptome analysis of lvr mutant strains with disruption of one (lvrB) or both genes (lvrA/B) revealed global transcriptional regulation of 850 differentially expressed genes. Phosphotransfer assays demonstrated that LvrA phosphorylates LvrB and predicted further signaling downstream to one or more DNA-binding response regulators, suggesting that it is a branched pathway. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that lvrA and lvrB evolved independently within different ecological lineages in Leptospira via gene duplication. This study uncovers a novel-signaling pathway that regulates virulence in pathogenic Leptospira (Lvr), providing a framework to understand the molecular bases of regulation in this life-threatening bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haritha Adhikarla
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Elsio A Wunder
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Ariel E Mechaly
- Laboratory of Molecular & Structural Microbiology, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Sameet Mehta
- Yale Centre for Genome Analysis, West Haven, CT, United States
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Luciane Santos
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States.,Gonçalo Moniz Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Vimla Bisht
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Peter Diggle
- Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Gerald Murray
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Ben Adler
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Structural and Functional Microbial Genomics, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Francesc Lopez
- Yale Centre for Genome Analysis, West Haven, CT, United States
| | - Jeffrey P Townsend
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Eduardo Groisman
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | | | - Alejandro Buschiazzo
- Laboratory of Molecular & Structural Microbiology, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Department of Microbiology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Albert I Ko
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States.,Gonçalo Moniz Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil
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17
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Lim K, Manners D, Adler B, Melsom S, Harris E, Brims F, Mcwilliams A. P2.13-002 The LungScreen WA Project: Feasibility of LDCT Screening with the PLCOm2012 Risk Model and PanCan Nodule Risk Calculator. J Thorac Oncol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2017.09.1350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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18
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Lim K, Manners D, Adler B, Melsom S, Harris E, Brims F, McWilliams A. The lungScreen WA project: Results from a prospective LDCT screening programme of high-risk smokers. Respir Med 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2017.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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19
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Harper M, Wright A, St Michael F, Li J, Deveson Lucas D, Ford M, Adler B, Cox AD, Boyce JD. Characterization of Two Novel Lipopolysaccharide Phosphoethanolamine Transferases in Pasteurella multocida and Their Role in Resistance to Cathelicidin-2. Infect Immun 2017; 85:e00557-17. [PMID: 28874446 PMCID: PMC5649011 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00557-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) produced by the Gram-negative bacterial pathogen Pasteurella multocida has phosphoethanolamine (PEtn) residues attached to lipid A, 3-deoxy-d-manno-octulosonic acid (Kdo), heptose, and galactose. In this report, we show that PEtn is transferred to lipid A by the P. multocida EptA homologue, PetL, and is transferred to galactose by a novel PEtn transferase that is unique to P. multocida called PetG. Transcriptomic analyses indicated that petL expression was positively regulated by the global regulator Fis and negatively regulated by an Hfq-dependent small RNA. Importantly, we have identified a novel PEtn transferase called PetK that is responsible for PEtn addition to the single Kdo molecule (Kdo1), directly linked to lipid A in the P. multocida glycoform A LPS. In vitro assays showed that the presence of a functional petL and petK, and therefore the presence of PEtn on lipid A and Kdo1, was essential for resistance to the cationic, antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin-2. The importance of PEtn on Kdo1 and the identification of the transferase responsible for this addition have not previously been shown. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that PetK is the first representative of a new family of predicted PEtn transferases. The PetK family consists of uncharacterized proteins from a range of Gram-negative bacteria that produce LPS glycoforms with only one Kdo molecule, including pathogenic species within the genera Vibrio, Bordetella, and Haemophilus We predict that many of these bacteria will require the addition of PEtn to Kdo for maximum protection against host antimicrobial peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Harper
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, VIC, Australia
| | - Amy Wright
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, VIC, Australia
| | - Frank St Michael
- Vaccine Program, Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, National Research Council, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jianjun Li
- Vaccine Program, Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, National Research Council, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Deanna Deveson Lucas
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, VIC, Australia
| | - Mark Ford
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Ben Adler
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew D Cox
- Vaccine Program, Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, National Research Council, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - John D Boyce
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, VIC, Australia
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20
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Ozuru R, Saito M, Kanemaru T, Miyahara S, Villanueva SYAM, Murray GL, Adler B, Fujii J, Yoshida SI. Adipose tissue is the first colonization site of Leptospira interrogans in subcutaneously infected hamsters. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172973. [PMID: 28245231 PMCID: PMC5330501 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is one of the most widespread zoonoses in the world, and its most severe form in humans, “Weil’s disease,” may lead to jaundice, hemorrhage, renal failure, pulmonary hemorrhage syndrome, and sometimes,fatal multiple organ failure. Although the mechanisms underlying jaundice in leptospirosis have been gradually unraveled, the pathophysiology and distribution of leptospires during the early stage of infection are not well understood. Therefore, we investigated the hamster leptospirosis model, which is the accepted animal model of human Weil’s disease, by using an in vivo imaging system to observe the whole bodies of animals infected with Leptospira interrogans and to identify the colonization and growth sites of the leptospires during the early phase of infection. Hamsters, infected subcutaneously with 104 bioluminescent leptospires, were analyzed by in vivo imaging, organ culture, and microscopy. The results showed that the luminescence from the leptospires spread through each hamster’s body sequentially. The luminescence was first detected at the injection site only, and finally spread to the central abdomen, in the liver area. Additionally, the luminescence observed in the adipose tissue was the earliest detectable compared with the other organs, indicating that the leptospires colonized the adipose tissue at the early stage of leptospirosis. Adipose tissue cultures of the leptospires became positive earlier than the blood cultures. Microscopic analysis revealed that the leptospires colonized the inner walls of the blood vessels in the adipose tissue. In conclusion, this is the first study to report that adipose tissue is an important colonization site for leptospires, as demonstrated by microscopy and culture analyses of adipose tissue in the hamster model of Weil’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Ozuru
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Division of Bacteriology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Mitsumasa Saito
- Department of Microbiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takaaki Kanemaru
- Morphology Core Unit, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Miyahara
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Gerald L. Murray
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ben Adler
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jun Fujii
- Division of Bacteriology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Yoshida
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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21
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Lazar Adler NR, Allwood EM, Deveson Lucas D, Harrison P, Watts S, Dimitropoulos A, Treerat P, Alwis P, Devenish RJ, Prescott M, Govan B, Adler B, Harper M, Boyce JD. Perturbation of the two-component signal transduction system, BprRS, results in attenuated virulence and motility defects in Burkholderia pseudomallei. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:331. [PMID: 27147217 PMCID: PMC4855414 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2668-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis, a severe invasive disease of humans and animals. Initial screening of a B. pseudomallei signature-tagged mutagenesis library identified an attenuated mutant with a transposon insertion in a gene encoding the sensor component of an uncharacterised two-component signal transduction system (TCSTS), which we designated BprRS. Results Single gene inactivation of either the response regulator gene (bprR) or the sensor histidine kinase gene (bprS) resulted in mutants with reduced swarming motility and reduced virulence in mice. However, a bprRS double mutant was not attenuated for virulence and displayed wild-type levels of motility. The transcriptomes of the bprS, bprR and bprRS mutants were compared with the transcriptome of the parent strain K96243. Inactivation of the entire BprRS TCSTS (bprRS double mutant) resulted in altered expression of only nine genes, including both bprR and bprS, five phage-related genes and bpss0686, encoding a putative 5, 10-methylene tetrahydromethanopterin reductase involved in one carbon metabolism. In contrast, the transcriptomes of each of the bprR and bprS single gene mutants revealed more than 70 differentially expressed genes common to both mutants, including regulatory genes and those required for flagella assembly and for the biosynthesis of the cytotoxic polyketide, malleilactone. Conclusions Inactivation of the entire BprRS TCSTS did not alter virulence or motility and very few genes were differentially expressed indicating that the definitive BprRS regulon is relatively small. However, loss of a single component, either the sensor histidine kinase BprS or its cognate response regulator BprR, resulted in significant transcriptomic and phenotypic differences from the wild-type strain. We hypothesize that the dramatically altered phenotypes of these single mutants are the result of cross-regulation with one or more other TCSTSs and concomitant dysregulation of other key regulatory genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie R Lazar Adler
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, 19 Innovation Walk, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia.,Core Biotechnology Services, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Elizabeth M Allwood
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, 19 Innovation Walk, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Deanna Deveson Lucas
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, 19 Innovation Walk, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia.,Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul Harrison
- Victorian Bioinformatics Platform, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen Watts
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, 19 Innovation Walk, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Alexandra Dimitropoulos
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Puthayalai Treerat
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, 19 Innovation Walk, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia.,Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Priyangi Alwis
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, 19 Innovation Walk, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia.,Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rodney J Devenish
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark Prescott
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brenda Govan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ben Adler
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, 19 Innovation Walk, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia.,Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marina Harper
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, 19 Innovation Walk, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia.,Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - John D Boyce
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, 19 Innovation Walk, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia. .,Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Victoria, Australia.
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22
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Harper M, John M, Edmunds M, Wright A, Ford M, Turni C, Blackall PJ, Cox A, Adler B, Boyce JD. Protective efficacy afforded by live Pasteurella multocida vaccines in chickens is independent of lipopolysaccharide outer core structure. Vaccine 2016; 34:1696-703. [PMID: 26892738 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pasteurella multocida is a major animal pathogen that causes a range of diseases including fowl cholera. P. multocida infections result in considerable losses to layer and breeder flocks in poultry industries worldwide. Both killed whole-cell and live-attenuated vaccines are available; these vaccines vary in their protective efficacy, particularly against heterologous strains. Moreover, until recently there was no knowledge of P. multocida LPS genetics and structure to determine precisely how LPS structure affects the protective capacity of these vaccines. In this study we show that defined lipopolysaccharide (LPS) mutants presented as killed whole-cell vaccines elicited solid protective immunity only against P. multocida challenge strains expressing highly similar or identical LPS structures. This finding indicates that vaccination of commercial flocks with P. multocida killed cell formulations will not protect against strains producing an LPS structure different to that produced by strains included in the vaccine formulation. Conversely, protective immunity conferred by vaccination with live P. multocida strains was found to be largely independent of LPS structure. Birds vaccinated with a range of live mutants belonging to the L1 and L3 LPS genotypes, each expressing a specific truncated LPS structure, were protected against challenge with the parent strain. Moreover, birds vaccinated with any of the five LPS mutants belonging to the L1 LPS genotype were also protected against challenge with an unrelated strain and two of the five groups vaccinated with live LPS mutants belonging to the L3 genotype were protected against challenge with an unrelated strain. In summary, vaccination with live P. multocida aroA mutants producing full-length L1 or L3 LPS or vaccination with live strains producing shortened L1 LPS elicited strong protective immunity against both homologous and heterologous challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Harper
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, VIC, Australia.
| | - Marietta John
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - Mark Edmunds
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, VIC, Australia; Poultry CRC, University of New England, Armidale 2351, NSW, Australia
| | - Amy Wright
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - Mark Ford
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong 3220, VIC, Australia
| | - Conny Turni
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - P J Blackall
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - Andrew Cox
- Vaccine Program, Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, National Research Council, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0R6
| | - Ben Adler
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - John D Boyce
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, VIC, Australia
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Fouts DE, Matthias MA, Adhikarla H, Adler B, Amorim-Santos L, Berg DE, Bulach D, Buschiazzo A, Chang YF, Galloway RL, Haake DA, Haft DH, Hartskeerl R, Ko AI, Levett PN, Matsunaga J, Mechaly AE, Monk JM, Nascimento ALT, Nelson KE, Palsson B, Peacock SJ, Picardeau M, Ricaldi JN, Thaipandungpanit J, Wunder EA, Yang XF, Zhang JJ, Vinetz JM. What Makes a Bacterial Species Pathogenic?:Comparative Genomic Analysis of the Genus Leptospira. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004403. [PMID: 26890609 PMCID: PMC4758666 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis, caused by spirochetes of the genus Leptospira, is a globally widespread, neglected and emerging zoonotic disease. While whole genome analysis of individual pathogenic, intermediately pathogenic and saprophytic Leptospira species has been reported, comprehensive cross-species genomic comparison of all known species of infectious and non-infectious Leptospira, with the goal of identifying genes related to pathogenesis and mammalian host adaptation, remains a key gap in the field. Infectious Leptospira, comprised of pathogenic and intermediately pathogenic Leptospira, evolutionarily diverged from non-infectious, saprophytic Leptospira, as demonstrated by the following computational biology analyses: 1) the definitive taxonomy and evolutionary relatedness among all known Leptospira species; 2) genomically-predicted metabolic reconstructions that indicate novel adaptation of infectious Leptospira to mammals, including sialic acid biosynthesis, pathogen-specific porphyrin metabolism and the first-time demonstration of cobalamin (B12) autotrophy as a bacterial virulence factor; 3) CRISPR/Cas systems demonstrated only to be present in pathogenic Leptospira, suggesting a potential mechanism for this clade's refractoriness to gene targeting; 4) finding Leptospira pathogen-specific specialized protein secretion systems; 5) novel virulence-related genes/gene families such as the Virulence Modifying (VM) (PF07598 paralogs) proteins and pathogen-specific adhesins; 6) discovery of novel, pathogen-specific protein modification and secretion mechanisms including unique lipoprotein signal peptide motifs, Sec-independent twin arginine protein secretion motifs, and the absence of certain canonical signal recognition particle proteins from all Leptospira; and 7) and demonstration of infectious Leptospira-specific signal-responsive gene expression, motility and chemotaxis systems. By identifying large scale changes in infectious (pathogenic and intermediately pathogenic) vs. non-infectious Leptospira, this work provides new insights into the evolution of a genus of bacterial pathogens. This work will be a comprehensive roadmap for understanding leptospirosis pathogenesis. More generally, it provides new insights into mechanisms by which bacterial pathogens adapt to mammalian hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derrick E. Fouts
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Matthias
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Haritha Adhikarla
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Ben Adler
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Structural and Functional Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Luciane Amorim-Santos
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz/MS, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Douglas E. Berg
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Dieter Bulach
- Victorian Bioinformatics Consortium, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alejandro Buschiazzo
- Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Laboratory of Molecular and Structural Microbiology, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry, Paris, France
| | - Yung-Fu Chang
- Department of Population Medicine & Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Renee L. Galloway
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (DHHS, CDC, OID, NCEZID, DHCPP, BSPB), Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - David A. Haake
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel H. Haft
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rudy Hartskeerl
- WHO/FAO/OIE and National Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Leptospirosis, KIT Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute (KIT), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert I. Ko
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz/MS, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Paul N. Levett
- Government of Saskatchewan, Disease Control Laboratory Regina, Canada
| | - James Matsunaga
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Ariel E. Mechaly
- Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Laboratory of Molecular and Structural Microbiology, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Jonathan M. Monk
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Ana L. T. Nascimento
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Programa Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Karen E. Nelson
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bernhard Palsson
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Sharon J. Peacock
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mathieu Picardeau
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Spirochetes Unit, National Reference Centre and WHO Collaborating Center for Leptospirosis, Paris, France
| | - Jessica N. Ricaldi
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt; Facultad de Medicina Alberto Hurtado, Universidd Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Elsio A. Wunder
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz/MS, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - X. Frank Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Jun-Jie Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Joseph M. Vinetz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt; Facultad de Medicina Alberto Hurtado, Universidd Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Instituto de Medicina “Alexander von Humboldt,” Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
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Cao J, Adler B, Perlmutter P. Synthesis and evaluation of antibacterial activity of (R)-2-methylheptyl isonicotinate, a putative naturally occurring bioactive agent. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:5025-7. [PMID: 26497285 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A putative antibacterial and antifungal compound, (R)-2-methylheptyl isonicotinate, was synthesized via reductive lactone alkylation of (R)-4-methyldihydrofuran-2(3H)-one. Structural characterisation data as well as bioassay results (with Bacillus subtilis or Escherichia coli) contradict those previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Cao
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Ben Adler
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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25
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Chua EG, Al-Hasani K, Scanlon M, Adler B, Sakellaris H. Determinants of Proteolysis and Cell-Binding for the Shigella flexneri Cytotoxin, SigA. Curr Microbiol 2015; 71:613-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-015-0893-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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27
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Moustafa AM, Seemann T, Gladman S, Adler B, Harper M, Boyce JD, Bennett MD. Comparative Genomic Analysis of Asian Haemorrhagic Septicaemia-Associated Strains of Pasteurella multocida Identifies More than 90 Haemorrhagic Septicaemia-Specific Genes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130296. [PMID: 26151935 PMCID: PMC4495038 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pasteurella multocida is the primary causative agent of a range of economically important diseases in animals, including haemorrhagic septicaemia (HS), a rapidly fatal disease of ungulates. There is limited information available on the diversity of P. multocida strains that cause HS. Therefore, we determined draft genome sequences of ten disease-causing isolates and two vaccine strains and compared these genomes using a range of bioinformatic analyses. The draft genomes of the 12 HS strains were between 2,298,035 and 2,410,300 bp in length. Comparison of these genomes with the North American HS strain, M1404, and other available P. multocida genomes (Pm70, 3480, 36950 and HN06) identified a core set of 1,824 genes. A set of 96 genes was present in all HS isolates and vaccine strains examined in this study, but absent from Pm70, 3480, 36950 and HN06. Moreover, 59 genes were shared only by the Asian B:2 strains. In two Pakistani isolates, genes with high similarity to genes in the integrative and conjugative element, ICEPmu1 from strain 36950 were identified along with a range of other antimicrobial resistance genes. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the HS strains formed clades based on their country of isolation. Future analysis of the 96 genes unique to the HS isolates will aid the identification of HS-specific virulence attributes and facilitate the development of disease-specific diagnostic tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M. Moustafa
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, South Street, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Torsten Seemann
- Victorian Bioinformatics Consortium, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Victorian Life Sciences Computation Initiative, Grattan Street, Carlton, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simon Gladman
- Victorian Bioinformatics Consortium, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Victorian Life Sciences Computation Initiative, Grattan Street, Carlton, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ben Adler
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Structural and Functional Microbial Genomics, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marina Harper
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Structural and Functional Microbial Genomics, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - John D. Boyce
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Structural and Functional Microbial Genomics, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Mark D. Bennett
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, South Street, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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28
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Abstract
Leptospirosis is a global infection of humans and animals caused by pathogenic Leptospira spp. Leptospirosis is a major zoonosis, with infection acquired from wild and domestic animals. It is also a significant cause of morbidity, mortality, and economic loss in production and companion animals. Leptospirosis in dogs is prevalent worldwide and as well as a cause of canine disease, it presents a zoonotic risk to human contacts. Canine leptospirosis does not differ greatly from the syndromes seen in other animal species, with hepatic, renal, and pulmonary involvement being the main manifestations. While the pathogenesis of disease is well documented at the whole animal level, the cellular and molecular basis remains obscure. Killed, whole-cell bacterin vaccines are licensed worldwide and have not changed greatly over the past several decades. Vaccine-induced immunity is restricted to serologically related serovars and is generally short-lived, necessitating annual revaccination. The appearance of new serovars as causes of canine leptospirosis requires constant epidemiological surveillance and tailoring of vaccines to cover emerging serovars. At the present time, there is no realistic prospect of alternative, non-bacterin vaccines in the foreseeable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henricus Lbm Eric Klaasen
- Global Companion Animals Research and Development, Merck Sharp and Dohme Animal Health, Boxmeer, the Netherlands,
| | - Ben Adler
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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29
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Warburton K, Adler B, McCallion J. 22 * PATIENTS ADMITTED TO CARE OF THE ELDERLY WARDS FREQUENTLY REQUIRE UNAVOIDABLE READMISSION AND HAVE HIGH MORTALITY. Age Ageing 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afv029.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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30
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Gong L, Lai SC, Treerat P, Prescott M, Adler B, Boyce JD, Devenish RJ. Burkholderia pseudomallei type III secretion system cluster 3 ATPase BsaS, a chemotherapeutic target for small-molecule ATPase inhibitors. Infect Immun 2015; 83:1276-85. [PMID: 25605762 PMCID: PMC4363454 DOI: 10.1128/iai.03070-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Melioidosis is an infectious disease of high mortality for humans and other animal species; it is prevalent in tropical regions worldwide. The pathogenesis of melioidosis depends on the ability of its causative agent, the Gram-negative bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei, to enter and survive in host cells. B. pseudomallei can escape from the phagosome into the cytosol of phagocytic cells where it replicates and acquires actin-mediated motility, avoiding killing by the autophagy-dependent process, LC3 (microtubule-associated protein light chain 3)-associated phagocytosis (LAP). The type III secretion system cluster 3 (TTSS3) facilitates bacterial escape from phagosomes, although the mechanism has not been fully elucidated. Given the recent identification of small-molecule inhibitors of the TTSS ATPase, we sought to determine the potential of the predicted TTSS3 ATPase, encoded by bsaS, as a target for chemotherapeutic treatment of infection. A B. pseudomallei bsaS deletion mutant was generated and used as a control against which to assess the effect of inhibitor treatment. Infection of RAW 264.7 cells with wild-type bacteria and subsequent treatment with the ATPase inhibitor compound 939 resulted in reduced intracellular bacterial survival, reduced escape from phagosomes, and increased colocalization with both LC3 and the lysosomal marker LAMP1 (lysosome-associated membrane protein 1). These changes were similar to those observed for infection of RAW 264.7 cells with the bsaS deletion mutant. We propose that treatment with the ATPase inhibitor compound 939 decreased intracellular bacterial survival through a reduced ability of bacteria to escape from phagosomes and increased killing via LAP. Therefore, small-molecule inhibitors of the TTSS3 ATPase have potential as therapeutic treatments against melioidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Gong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Victoria, Clayton, Australia Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Structural and Functional Microbial Genomics, Monash University, Victoria, Clayton, Australia
| | - Shu-Chin Lai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Victoria, Clayton, Australia
| | - Puthayalai Treerat
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria, Clayton, Australia Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Structural and Functional Microbial Genomics, Monash University, Victoria, Clayton, Australia
| | - Mark Prescott
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Victoria, Clayton, Australia
| | - Ben Adler
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria, Clayton, Australia Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Structural and Functional Microbial Genomics, Monash University, Victoria, Clayton, Australia
| | - John D Boyce
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria, Clayton, Australia Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Structural and Functional Microbial Genomics, Monash University, Victoria, Clayton, Australia
| | - Rodney J Devenish
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Victoria, Clayton, Australia Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Structural and Functional Microbial Genomics, Monash University, Victoria, Clayton, Australia
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31
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Henry R, Crane B, Powell D, Deveson Lucas D, Li Z, Aranda J, Harrison P, Nation RL, Adler B, Harper M, Boyce JD, Li J. The transcriptomic response of Acinetobacter baumannii to colistin and doripenem alone and in combination in an in vitro pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics model. J Antimicrob Chemother 2015; 70:1303-13. [PMID: 25587995 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dku536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Colistin remains a last-line treatment for MDR Acinetobacter baumannii and combined use of colistin and carbapenems has shown synergistic effects against MDR strains. In order to understand the bacterial responses to these antibiotics, we analysed the transcriptome of A. baumannii following exposure to each. METHODS RNA sequencing was employed to determine changes in the transcriptome following treatment with colistin and doripenem, both alone and in combination, using an in vitro pharmacokinetics (PK)/pharmacodynamics model to mimic the PK of both antibiotics in patients. RESULTS After treatment with colistin (continuous infusion at 2 mg/L), >400 differentially regulated genes were identified, including many associated with outer membrane biogenesis, fatty acid metabolism and phospholipid trafficking. No genes were differentially expressed following treatment with doripenem (Cmax 25 mg/L, t1/2 1.5 h) for 15 min, but 45 genes were identified as differentially expressed after 1 h of growth under this condition. Treatment of A. baumannii with both colistin and doripenem together for 1 h resulted in >450 genes being identified as differentially expressed. More than 70% of these gene expression changes were also observed following colistin treatment alone. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that colistin causes gross damage to the outer membrane, facilitates lipid exchange between the inner and outer membrane and alters the normal asymmetric outer membrane composition. The transcriptional response to colistin was highly similar to that observed for an LPS-deficient strain, indicating that many of the observed changes are responses to outer membrane instability resulting from LPS loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah Henry
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Bethany Crane
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - David Powell
- Victorian Bioinformatics Consortium, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | | | - Zhifeng Li
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Jesús Aranda
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Paul Harrison
- Victorian Bioinformatics Consortium, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Roger L Nation
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
| | - Ben Adler
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Structural and Functional Microbial Genomics, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Marina Harper
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Structural and Functional Microbial Genomics, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - John D Boyce
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Jian Li
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
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Abstract
Vaccines against leptospirosis followed within a year of the first isolation of Leptospira, with the first use of a killed whole cell bacterin vaccine in guinea pigs published in 1916. Since then, bacterin vaccines have been used in humans, cattle, swine, and dogs and remain the only vaccines licensed at the present time. The immunity elicited is restricted to serovars with related lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antigen. Likewise, vaccines based on LPS antigens have clearly demonstrated protection in animal models, which is also at best serogroup specific. The advent of leptospiral genome sequences has allowed a reverse vaccinology approach for vaccine development. However, the use of inadequate challenge doses and inappropriate statistical analysis invalidates many of the claims of protection with recombinant proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Adler
- Department of Microbiology, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Structural and Functional Microbial Genomics, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia,
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34
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Cullinane M, Gong L, Li X, Adler NL, Tra T, Wolvetang E, Prescott M, Boyce JD, Devenish RJ, Adler B. Stimulation of autophagy suppresses the intracellular survival ofBurkholderia pseudomalleiin mammalian cell lines. Autophagy 2014; 4:744-53. [DOI: 10.4161/auto.6246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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35
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Harper M, St Michael F, Steen JA, John M, Wright A, van Dorsten L, Vinogradov E, Adler B, Cox AD, Boyce JD. Characterization of the lipopolysaccharide produced by Pasteurella multocida serovars 6, 7 and 16: Identification of lipopolysaccharide genotypes L4 and L8. Glycobiology 2014; 25:294-302. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwu110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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36
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Bager RJ, Kudirkiene E, da Piedade I, Seemann T, Nielsen TK, Pors SE, Mattsson AH, Boyce JD, Adler B, Bojesen AM. In silico prediction of Gallibacterium anatis pan-immunogens. Vet Res 2014; 45:80. [PMID: 25223320 PMCID: PMC4423631 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-014-0080-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gram-negative bacterium Gallibacterium anatis is a major cause of salpingitis and peritonitis in commercial egg-layers, leading to reduced egg production and increased mortality. Unfortunately, widespread multidrug resistance and antigenic diversity makes it difficult to control infections and novel prevention strategies are urgently needed. In this study, a pan-genomic reverse vaccinology (RV) approach was used to identify potential vaccine candidates. Firstly, the genomes of 10 selected Gallibacterium strains were analyzed and proteins selected on the following criteria; predicted surface-exposure or secretion, none or one transmembrane helix (TMH), and presence in six or more of the 10 genomes. In total, 42 proteins were selected. The genes encoding 27 of these proteins were successfully cloned in Escherichia coli and the proteins expressed and purified. To reduce the number of vaccine candidates for in vivo testing, each of the purified recombinant proteins was screened by ELISA for their ability to elicit a significant serological response with serum from chickens that had been infected with G. anatis. Additionally, an in silico prediction of the protective potential was carried out based on a protein property prediction method. Of the 27 proteins, two novel putative immunogens were identified; Gab_1309 and Gab_2312. Moreover, three previously characterized virulence factors; GtxA, FlfA and Gab_2156, were identified. Thus, by combining the pan-genomic RV approach with subsequent in vitro and in silico screening, we have narrowed down the pan-proteome of G. anatis to five vaccine candidates. Importantly, preliminary immunization trials indicated an in vivo protective potential of GtxA-N, FlfA and Gab_1309.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragnhild J Bager
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Egle Kudirkiene
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Isabelle da Piedade
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Torsten Seemann
- Victorian Bioinformatics Consortium, Monash University, 3800, Clayton, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Tine K Nielsen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark.
| | - Susanne E Pors
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Andreas H Mattsson
- Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Lyngby, Denmark. .,Evaxion Biotech North America LLC, Wilmington, USA.
| | - John D Boyce
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, 3800, Clayton, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Ben Adler
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Structural and Functional Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, 3800, Clayton, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Anders M Bojesen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Harper M, St Michael F, John M, Steen J, van Dorsten L, Parnas H, Vinogradov E, Adler B, Cox AD, Boyce JD. Structural analysis of lipopolysaccharide produced by Heddleston serovars 10, 11, 12 and 15 and the identification of a new Pasteurella multocida lipopolysaccharide outer core biosynthesis locus, L6. Glycobiology 2014; 24:649-59. [PMID: 24740556 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwu030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pasteurella multocida is a Gram-negative bacterial pathogen classified into 16 serovars based on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antigens. Previously, we have characterized the LPS outer core biosynthesis loci L1, L2, L3, L5 and L7, and have elucidated the full range of LPS structures associated with each. In this study, we have determined the LPS structures produced by the type strains representing the serovars 10, 11, 12 and 15 and characterized a new LPS outer core biosynthesis locus, L6, common to all. The L6 outer core biosynthesis locus shares significant synteny with the L3 locus but due to nucleotide divergence, gene duplication and gene redundancy, the L6 and L3 LPS outer cores are structurally distinct. Using LPS structural and genetic differences identified in each L6 strain, we have predicted a role for most of the L6 glycosyltransferases in LPS assembly. Importantly, we have identified two glycosyltransferases, GctD and GatB, that differ by one amino acid, A162T, but use different donor sugars [uridine diphosphate (UDP)-Glc and UDP-Gal, respectively]. The longest outer core oligosaccharide, produced by the serovar 12 type strain, contained a terminal region consisting of β-Gal-(1,4)-β-GlcNAc-(1,3)-β-Gal-(1,4)-β-Glc that was identical in structure to the vertebrate glycosphingolipid, paragloboside. Mimicry of host glycosphingolipids has been observed previously in P. multocida strains belonging to L3 LPS genotype, which produce LPS similar in structure to the globo-series of glycosphingolipids. The expression of a paragloboside-like oligosaccharide on the LPS produced by the serovar 12 type strain indicates that strains belonging to the L6 LPS genotype may also engage in molecular mimicry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Harper
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Structural and Functional Microbial Genomics, Monash University, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Frank St Michael
- Vaccine Program, Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, National Research Council, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0R6
| | - Marietta John
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Structural and Functional Microbial Genomics, Monash University, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Jason Steen
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Structural and Functional Microbial Genomics, Monash University, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Lieke van Dorsten
- Vaccine Program, Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, National Research Council, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0R6
| | - Henrietta Parnas
- Vaccine Program, Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, National Research Council, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0R6
| | - Evgeny Vinogradov
- Vaccine Program, Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, National Research Council, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0R6
| | - Ben Adler
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Structural and Functional Microbial Genomics, Monash University, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Andrew D Cox
- Vaccine Program, Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, National Research Council, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0R6
| | - John D Boyce
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Structural and Functional Microbial Genomics, Monash University, VIC 3800, Australia Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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Toma C, Murray GL, Nohara T, Mizuyama M, Koizumi N, Adler B, Suzuki T. Leptospiral outer membrane protein LMB216 is involved in enhancement of phagocytic uptake by macrophages. Cell Microbiol 2014; 16:1366-77. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Toma
- Department of Molecular Bacteriology and Immunology; Graduate School of Medicine; University of the Ryukyus; Okinawa 903-0215 Japan
| | - Gerald L. Murray
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Structural and Functional Microbial Genomics; Department of Microbiology; Monash University; Clayton Vic. 3800 Australia
| | - Toshitsugu Nohara
- Department of Molecular Bacteriology and Immunology; Graduate School of Medicine; University of the Ryukyus; Okinawa 903-0215 Japan
| | - Masaru Mizuyama
- Department of Molecular Bacteriology and Immunology; Graduate School of Medicine; University of the Ryukyus; Okinawa 903-0215 Japan
| | - Nobuo Koizumi
- Department of Bacteriology I; National Institute of Infectious Diseases; Tokyo 162-8640 Japan
| | - Ben Adler
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Structural and Functional Microbial Genomics; Department of Microbiology; Monash University; Clayton Vic. 3800 Australia
| | - Toshihiko Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Bacteriology and Immunology; Graduate School of Medicine; University of the Ryukyus; Okinawa 903-0215 Japan
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Adler B, Meeusen E. The 6th International Veterinary Vaccines and Diagnostic Conference (6th IVVDC). Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2014; 158:1-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Deveson Lucas DS, Lo M, Bulach DM, Quinsey NS, Murray GL, Allen A, Adler B. Recombinant LipL32 stimulates interferon-gamma production in cattle vaccinated with a monovalent Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo subtype Hardjobovis vaccine. Vet Microbiol 2014; 169:163-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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41
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Bager RJ, Kudirkiene E, da Piedade I, Seemann T, Nielsen TK, Pors SE, Mattsson AH, Boyce JD, Adler B, Bojesen AM. In silico prediction of. Vet Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1186/preaccept-1710723955128849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Adler B, Gaastra W, Gilkerson J, Osterrieder K, Schwarz S, Truyen U. Equine infectious diseases. Vet Microbiol 2013; 167:1. [PMID: 24210576 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ben Adler
- Monash University, Wellington Rd, Clayton 3800, Australia.
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Harper M, St. Michael F, John M, Vinogradov E, Steen JA, van Dorsten L, Steen JA, Turni C, Blackall PJ, Adler B, Cox AD, Boyce JD. Pasteurella multocida Heddleston serovar 3 and 4 strains share a common lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis locus but display both inter- and intrastrain lipopolysaccharide heterogeneity. J Bacteriol 2013; 195:4854-64. [PMID: 23974032 PMCID: PMC3807493 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00779-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pasteurella multocida is a Gram-negative multispecies pathogen and the causative agent of fowl cholera, a serious disease of poultry which can present in both acute and chronic forms. The major outer membrane component lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is both an important virulence factor and a major immunogen. Our previous studies determined the LPS structures expressed by different P. multocida strains and revealed that a number of strains belonging to different serovars contain the same LPS biosynthesis locus but express different LPS structures due to mutations within glycosyltransferase genes. In this study, we report the full LPS structure of the serovar 4 type strain, P1662, and reveal that it shares the same LPS outer core biosynthesis locus, L3, with the serovar 3 strains P1059 and Pm70. Using directed mutagenesis, the role of each glycosyltransferase gene in LPS outer core assembly was determined. LPS structural analysis of 23 Australian field isolates that contain the L3 locus revealed that at least six different LPS outer core structures can be produced as a result of mutations within the LPS glycosyltransferase genes. Moreover, some field isolates produce multiple but related LPS glycoforms simultaneously, and three LPS outer core structures are remarkably similar to the globo series of vertebrate glycosphingolipids. Our in-depth analysis showing the genetics and full range of P. multocida lipopolysaccharide structures will facilitate the improvement of typing systems and the prediction of the protective efficacy of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Harper
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Structural and Functional Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Frank St. Michael
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marietta John
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Structural and Functional Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Evgeny Vinogradov
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer A. Steen
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Structural and Functional Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lieke van Dorsten
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jason A. Steen
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Structural and Functional Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Conny Turni
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, Dutton Park, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Patrick J. Blackall
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, Dutton Park, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ben Adler
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Structural and Functional Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrew D. Cox
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - John D. Boyce
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Structural and Functional Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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Marcsisin RA, Bartpho T, Bulach DM, Srikram A, Sermswan RW, Adler B, Murray GL. Use of a high-throughput screen to identify Leptospira mutants unable to colonize the carrier host or cause disease in the acute model of infection. J Med Microbiol 2013; 62:1601-1608. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.058586-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular basis for leptospirosis infection and colonization remains poorly understood, with no efficient methods available for screening libraries of mutants for attenuation. We analysed the attenuation of leptospiral transposon mutants in vivo using a high-throughput method by infecting animals with pooled sets of transposon mutants. A total of 95 mutants was analysed by this method in the hamster model of acute infection, and one mutant was identified as attenuated (M1233, lb058 mutant). All virulence factors identified in Leptospira to date have been characterized in the acute model of infection, neglecting the carrier host. To address this, a BALB/c mouse colonization model was established. The lb058 mutant and two mutants defective in LPS synthesis were colonization deficient in the mouse model. By applying the high-throughput screening method, a further five colonization-deficient mutants were identified for the mouse model; these included two mutants in genes encoding proteins with a predicted role in iron uptake (LB191/HbpA and LB194). Two attenuated mutants had transposon insertions in either la0589 or la2786 (encoding proteins of unknown function). The final attenuated mutant had an unexpected deletion of genes la0969–la0975 at the point of transposon insertion. This is the first description of defined, colonization-deficient mutants in a carrier host for Leptospira. These mutants were either not attenuated or only weakly attenuated in the hamster model of acute leptospirosis, thus illustrating that different factors that may be required in the carrier and acute models of leptospiral infection. High-throughput screening can reduce the number of animals used in virulence studies and increase the capacity to screen mutants for attenuation, thereby enhancing the likelihood of detecting unique virulence factors. A comparison of virulence factors required in the carrier and acute models of infection will help to unravel colonization and dissemination mechanisms of leptospirosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee A. Marcsisin
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Thanatchaporn Bartpho
- Melioidosis Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Dieter M. Bulach
- Victorian Bioinformatics Consortium, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Amporn Srikram
- Section of Food Technology, Faculty of Natural Resources and Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiate Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon 47000, Thailand
| | - Rasana W. Sermswan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Ben Adler
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Structural and Functional Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Victorian Bioinformatics Consortium, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Gerald L. Murray
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Structural and Functional Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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Soon RL, Li J, Boyce JD, Harper M, Adler B, Larson I, Nation RL. Cell surface hydrophobicity of colistin-susceptible vs resistant Acinetobacter baumannii determined by contact angles: methodological considerations and implications. J Appl Microbiol 2013; 113:940-51. [PMID: 22574702 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2012.05337.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Contact angle analysis of cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH) describes the tendency of a water droplet to spread across a lawn of filtered bacterial cells. Colistin-induced disruption of the Gram-negative outer membrane necessitates hydrophobic contacts with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We aimed to characterize the CSH of Acinetobacter baumannii using contact angles, to provide insight into the mechanism of colistin resistance. Contact angles were analysed for five paired colistin-susceptible and resistant Ac. baumannii strains. Drainage of the water droplet through bacterial layers was demonstrated to influence results. Consequently, measurements were performed 0·66s after droplet deposition. Colistin-resistant cells exhibited lower contact angles (38·8±2·8-46·8±1·3°) compared with their paired colistin-susceptible strains (40·7±3·0-48·0±1·4°; anova; P<0·05). Contact angles increased at stationary phase (50·3±2·9-61·5±2·5° and 47·4±2·0-50·8±3·2°, susceptible and resistant, respectively, anova; P<0·05) and in response to colistin 32mgl(-1) exposure (44·5±1·5-50·6±2·8° and 43·5±2·2-48·0±2·2°, susceptible and resistant, respectively; anova; P<0·05). Analysis of complemented strains constructed with an intact lpxA gene, or empty vector, highlighted the contribution of LPS to CSH. Compositional outer-membrane variations likely account for CSH differences between Ac. baumannii phenotypes, which influence the hydrophobic colistin-bacterium interaction. Important insight into the mechanism of colistin resistance has been provided. Greater consideration of contact angle methodology is necessary to ensure accurate analyses are performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Soon
- Facility for Anti-infective Drug Development and Innovation, Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Vic., Australia
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McGhee DJM, Royle PL, Counsell CE, Abbas A, Sethi P, Manku L, Narayan A, Clegg K, Bardai A, Brown SHM, Hafeez U, Abdelhafiz AH, McGovern A, Breckenridge A, Seenan P, Samani A, Das S, Khan S, Puffett AJ, Morgan J, Ross G, Cantlay A, Khan N, Bhalla A, Sweeting M, Nimmo CAMD, Fleet J, Igbedioh C, Harari D, Downey CL, Handforth C, Stothard C, Cracknell A, Barnes C, Shaw L, Bainbridge L, Crabtree L, Clark T, Root S, Aitken E, Haroon K, Sudlow M, Hanley K, Welsh S, Hill E, Falconer A, Miller H, Martin B, Tidy E, Pendlebury S, Thompson S, Burnett E, Taylor H, Lonan J, Adler B, McCallion J, Sykes E, Bancroft R, Tullo ES, Young TJ, Clift E, Flavin B, Roberts HC, Sayer AA, Belludi G, Aithal S, Verma A, Singh I, Barne M, Wilkinson I, Sakoane R, Singh N, Wilkinson I, Cottee M, Irani TS, Martinovic O, Abdulla AJJ, Irani TS, Abdulla AJJ, Riglin J, Husk J, Lowe D, Treml J, Vasilakis JN, Buttery A, Reid J, Healy P, Grant-Casey J, Pendry K, Richards J, Singh A, Jarrett D, Hewitt J, Slevin J, Barwell G, Youde J, Kennedy C, Romero-Ortuno R, O'Shea D, Robinson D, O'Shea D, Kenny RA, O'Connell J, Kennedy C, Romero-Ortuno R, O'Shea D, Robinson D, O'Shea D, Robinson D, O'Connell J, Topp JD, Topp JD, Warburton K, Simpson L, Bryce K, Suntharalingam S, Grosser K, D'Silva A, Southern L, Bielawski C, Cook L, Sutton GM, Flanagan L, Storr A, Charlton L, Kerr S, Robinson L, Shaw F, Finch LK, Weerasuriya N, Walker M, Sahota O, Logan P, Brown F, Rossiter F, Baxter M, Mucci E, Brown A, Jackson SHD, de Savary N, Hasan S, Jones H, Birrell J, Hockley J, Hensey N, Meiring R, Athavale N, Simms J, Brown S, West A, Diem P, Simms J, Brown S, West A, Diem P, Davies R, Kings R, Coleman H, Stevens D, Campbell C, Hope S, Morris A, Ong T, Harwood R, Dasgupta D, Mitchell S, Dimmock V, Collin F, Wood E, Green V, Hendrickse-Welsh N, Singh N, Cracknell A, Eccles J, Beezer J, Garside M, Baxter J. Clinical effectiveness. Age Ageing 2013. [DOI: 10.1093/ageing/aft016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Murray GL, Lo M, Bulach DM, Srikram A, Seemann T, Quinsey NS, Sermswan RW, Allen A, Adler B. Evaluation of 238 antigens of Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo for protection against kidney colonisation. Vaccine 2012. [PMID: 23176980 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease affecting animals and humans worldwide. Leptospiral infection in cattle can cause reproductive failure and reduced weight gain, and importantly, infection represents a significant disease risk for farmers. Current bacterin vaccines offer protection that is short-lived and restricted at best to related serovars. The development of protective vaccines that stimulate immunity across multiple leptospiral serovars would therefore be advantageous. This study used a reverse vaccinology approach to evaluate a set of Leptospira borgpetersenii proteins in the hamster infection model. The L. borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo strain L550 genome sequence was analysed and genes encoding 262 predicted outer membrane or secreted proteins were selected. From this list, 238 proteins or protein fragments were successfully expressed and purified; 28 proteins (12%) were soluble, while the remaining 210 proteins (88%) were insoluble and purified under denaturing conditions. Proteins were mixed into 48 pools of up to five each and tested for protection against infection as assessed by renal colonisation in the hamster model of infection. None of the pools of antigens protected the hamsters against infection, despite a detectable antibody response being mounted against the majority of proteins (71%). This study is the first large scale evaluation of individual leptospiral proteins for ability to induce a protective immune response in the hamster infection model. It thus constitutes an important reference of protein immunogenicity and non-protective antigens that should be consulted before embarking on any future subunit vaccine experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald L Murray
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Structural and Functional Microbial Genomics, Departments of Microbiology and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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Harper M, St Michael F, Vinogradov E, John M, Steen JA, van Dorsten L, Boyce JD, Adler B, Cox AD. Structure and biosynthetic locus of the lipopolysaccharide outer core produced by Pasteurella multocida serovars 8 and 13 and the identification of a novel phospho-glycero moiety. Glycobiology 2012; 23:286-94. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cws154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Smythe L, Adler B, Hartskeerl RA, Galloway RL, Turenne CY, Levett PN, The International Committee On Systematics Of Prokaryotes Subcommittee On The Taxonomy Of. Classification of Leptospira genomospecies 1, 3, 4 and 5 as Leptospira alstonii sp. nov., Leptospira vanthielii sp. nov., Leptospira terpstrae sp. nov. and Leptospira yanagawae sp. nov., respectively. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2012; 63:1859-1862. [PMID: 22984140 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.047324-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Leptospira currently comprises 16 named species. In addition, four unnamed hybridization groups were designated Leptospira genomospecies 1, 3, 4 and 5. These groups represent valid species-level taxa, but were not assigned names in the original description by Brenner et al. [Int J Syst Bacteriol 49, 839-858 (1999)]. To rectify this situation, it is proposed that Leptospira genomospecies 1, genomospecies 3, genomospecies 4 and genomospecies 5 should be classified as Leptospira alstonii sp. nov., Leptospira vanthielii sp. nov., Leptospira terpstrae sp. nov. and Leptospira yanagawae sp. nov., respectively, with strains L. alstonii 79601(T) ( = ATCC BAA-2439(T)), L. vanthielii WaZ Holland(T) ( = ATCC 700522(T)), L. terpstrae LT 11-33(T) ( = ATCC 700639(T)) and L. yanagawae Sao Paulo(T) ( = ATCC 700523(T)) as the type strains. The type strains are also available from the culture collections of the WHO Collaborating Centres in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Brisbane, Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Smythe
- WHO/FAO/OIE Collaborating Centre for Reference & Research on Leptospirosis, Western Pacific Region, Health Support Services Agency, Queensland Health, Brisbane, Australia
| | - B Adler
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Structural and Functional Microbial Genomics, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - R A Hartskeerl
- WHO/FAO/OIE and National Leptospirosis Reference Centre, KIT Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R L Galloway
- National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - C Y Turenne
- Saskatchewan Disease Control Laboratory, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - P N Levett
- Saskatchewan Disease Control Laboratory, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Hatfaludi T, Al-Hasani K, Gong L, Boyce JD, Ford M, Wilkie IW, Quinsey N, Dunstone MA, Hoke DE, Adler B. Screening of 71 P. multocida proteins for protective efficacy in a fowl cholera infection model and characterization of the protective antigen PlpE. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39973. [PMID: 22792202 PMCID: PMC3390355 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is a strong need for a recombinant subunit vaccine against fowl cholera. We used a reverse vaccinology approach to identify putative secreted or cell surface associated P. multocida proteins that may represent potential vaccine candidate antigens. Principal Findings A high-throughput cloning and expression protocol was used to express and purify 71 recombinant proteins for vaccine trials. Of the 71 proteins tested, only one, PlpE in denatured insoluble form, protected chickens against fowl cholera challenge. PlpE also elicited comparable levels of protection in mice. PlpE was localized by immunofluorescence to the bacterial cell surface, consistent with its ability to elicit a protective immune response. To explore the role of PlpE during infection and immunity, a plpE mutant was generated. The plpE mutant strain retained full virulence for mice. Conclusion These studies show that PlpE is a surface exposed protein and was the only protein of 71 tested that was able to elicit a protective immune response. However, PlpE is not an essential virulence factor. This is the first report of a denatured recombinant protein stimulating protection against fowl cholera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Hatfaludi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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