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Infect and Inject: How Mycobacterium tuberculosis Exploits Its Major Virulence-Associated Type VII Secretion System, ESX-1. Microbiol Spectr 2020; 7. [PMID: 31172908 PMCID: PMC6698389 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.bai-0024-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an ancient master of the art of causing human disease. One important weapon within its fully loaded arsenal is the type VII secretion system. M. tuberculosis has five of them: ESAT-6 secretion systems (ESX) 1 to 5. ESX-1 has long been recognized as a major cause of attenuation of the FDA-licensed vaccine Mycobacterium bovis BCG, but its importance in disease progression and transmission has recently been elucidated in more detail. This review summarizes the recent advances in (i) the understanding of the ESX-1 structure and components, (ii) our knowledge of ESX-1's role in hijacking macrophage function to set a path for infection and dissemination, and (iii) the development of interventions that utilize ESX-1 for diagnosis, drug interventions, host-directed therapies, and vaccines.
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Ren W, Rajendran R, Zhao Y, Tan B, Wu G, Bazer FW, Zhu G, Peng Y, Huang X, Deng J, Yin Y. Amino Acids As Mediators of Metabolic Cross Talk between Host and Pathogen. Front Immunol 2018. [PMID: 29535717 PMCID: PMC5835074 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction between host and pathogen decidedly shapes the outcome of an infection, thus understanding this interaction is critical to the treatment of a pathogen-induced infection. Although research in this area of cell biology has yielded surprising findings regarding interactions between host and pathogen, understanding of the metabolic cross talk between host and pathogen is limited. At the site of infection, host and pathogen share similar or identical nutritional substrates and generate common metabolic products, thus metabolic cross talk between host and pathogen could profoundly affect the pathogenesis of an infection. In this review, we present results of a recent discovery of a metabolic interaction between host and pathogen from an amino acid (AA) metabolism-centric point of view. The host depends on AA metabolism to support defensive responses against pathogens, while the pathogens modulate AA metabolism for its own advantage. Some AA, such as arginine, asparagine, and tryptophan, are central points of competition between the host and pathogen. Thus, a better understanding of AA-mediated metabolic cross talk between host and pathogen will provide insight into fruitful therapeutic approaches to manipulate and prevent progression of an infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenkai Ren
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ranjith Rajendran
- School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences (MVLS), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bie Tan
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Health and Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, TAMU, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Fuller W Bazer
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, TAMU, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yuanyi Peng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Forage & Herbivorce, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | | | - Jinping Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Jamaati H, Mortaz E, Pajouhi Z, Folkerts G, Movassaghi M, Moloudizargari M, Adcock IM, Garssen J. Nitric Oxide in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Tuberculosis. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2008. [PMID: 29085351 PMCID: PMC5649180 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), is globally known as one of the most important human pathogens. Mtb is estimated to infect nearly one third of the world's population with many subjects having a latent infection. Thus, from an estimated 2 billion people infected with Mtb, less than 10% may develop symptomatic TB. This indicates that the host immune system may constrain pathogen replication in most infected individuals. On entering the lungs of the host, Mtb initially encounters resident alveolar macrophages which can engulf and subsequently eliminate intracellular microbes via a plethora of bactericidal mechanisms including the generation of free radicals such as reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Nitric oxide (NO), a key anti-mycobacterial molecule, is detected in the exhaled breath of patients infected with Mtb. Recent knowledge regarding the regulatory role of NO in airway function and Mtb proliferation paves the way of exploiting the beneficial effects of this molecule for the treatment of airway diseases. Here, we discuss the importance of NO in the pathogenesis of TB, the diagnostic use of exhaled and urinary NO in Mtb infection and the potential of NO-based treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamidreza Jamaati
- Chronic Respiratory Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Esmaeil Mortaz
- Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Zeinab Pajouhi
- Chronic Respiratory Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gert Folkerts
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Mehrnaz Movassaghi
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Milad Moloudizargari
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ian M Adcock
- Cell and Molecular Biology Group, Airways Disease Section, Faculty of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Nutricia Research Centre for Specialized Nutrition, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Kalagara R, Gao W, Glenn HL, Ziegler C, Belmont L, Meldrum DR. Identification of stable reference genes for lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophage gene expression studies. Biol Methods Protoc 2016; 1:bpw005. [PMID: 32161782 PMCID: PMC6994071 DOI: 10.1093/biomethods/bpw005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene expression studies which utilize lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages to model immune signaling are widely used for elucidating the mechanisms of inflammation-related disease. When expression levels of target genes are quantified using Real-Time quantitative Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR), they are analyzed in comparison to reference genes, which should have stable expression. Judicious selection of reference genes is, therefore, critical to interpretation of qRT-PCR results. Ideal reference genes must be identified for each experimental system and demonstrated to remain constant under the experimental conditions. In this study, we evaluated the stability of eight common reference genes: Beta-2-microglobulin (B2M), Cyclophilin A/Peptidylprolyl isomerase A, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphatedehydrogenase (GAPDH), Hypoxanthine Phosphoribosyltransferase 1, Large Ribosomal Protein P0, TATA box binding protein, Ubiquitin C (UBC), and Ribosomal protein L13A. Expression stability of each gene was tested under different conditions of LPS stimulation and compared to untreated controls. Reference gene stabilities were analyzed using Ct value comparison, NormFinder, and geNorm. We found that UBC, closely followed by B2M, is the most stable gene, while the commonly used reference gene GAPDH is the least stable. Thus, for improved accuracy in evaluating gene expression levels, we propose the use of UBC to normalize PCR data from LPS-stimulated macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshini Kalagara
- Center for Biosignatures Discovery Automation, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Weimin Gao
- Center for Biosignatures Discovery Automation, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Honor L Glenn
- Center for Biosignatures Discovery Automation, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Colleen Ziegler
- Center for Biosignatures Discovery Automation, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Laura Belmont
- Center for Biosignatures Discovery Automation, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Deirdre R Meldrum
- Center for Biosignatures Discovery Automation, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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Stringent Response Factors PPX1 and PPK2 Play an Important Role in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Metabolism, Biofilm Formation, and Sensitivity to Isoniazid In Vivo. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:6460-6470. [PMID: 27527086 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01139-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains a global health threat largely due to the lengthy duration of curative antibiotic treatment, contributing to medical nonadherence and the emergence of drug resistance. This prolonged therapy is likely due to the presence of M. tuberculosis persisters, which exhibit antibiotic tolerance. Inorganic polyphosphate [poly(P)] is a key regulatory molecule in the M. tuberculosis stringent response mediating antibiotic tolerance. The polyphosphate kinase PPK1 is responsible for poly(P) synthesis in M. tuberculosis, while the exopolyphosphatases PPX1 and PPX2 and the GTP synthase PPK2 are responsible for poly(P) hydrolysis. In the present study, we show by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry that poly(P)-accumulating M. tuberculosis mutant strains deficient in ppx1 or ppk2 had significantly lower intracellular levels of glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) and 1-deoxy-xylulose-5-phosphate. Real-time PCR revealed decreased expression of genes in the G3P synthesis pathway in each mutant. The ppx1-deficient mutant also showed a significant accumulation of metabolites in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, as well as altered arginine and NADH metabolism. Each poly(P)-accumulating strain showed defective biofilm formation, while deficiency of ppk2 was associated with increased sensitivity to plumbagin and meropenem and deficiency of ppx1 led to enhanced susceptibility to clofazimine. A DNA vaccine expressing ppx1 and ppk2, together with two other members of the M. tuberculosis stringent response, M. tuberculosis rel and sigE, did not show protective activity against aerosol challenge with M. tuberculosis, but vaccine-induced immunity enhanced the killing activity of isoniazid in a murine model of chronic tuberculosis. In summary, poly(P)-regulating factors of the M. tuberculosis stringent response play an important role in M. tuberculosis metabolism, biofilm formation, and antibiotic sensitivity in vivo.
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Feng S, Du YQ, Zhang L, Zhang L, Feng RR, Liu SY. Analysis of serum metabolic profile by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for biomarkers discovery: application in a pilot study to discriminate patients with tuberculosis. Chin Med J (Engl) 2015; 128:159-68. [PMID: 25591556 PMCID: PMC4837832 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.149188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic wasting inflammatory disease characterized by multisystem involvement, which can cause metabolic derangements in afflicted patients. Metabolic signatures have been exploited in the study of several diseases. However, the serum that is successfully used in TB diagnosis on the basis of metabolic profiling is not by much. METHODS Orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis was capable of distinguishing TB patients from both healthy subjects and patients with conditions other than TB. Therefore, TB-specific metabolic profiling was established. Clusters of potential biomarkers for differentiating TB active from non-TB diseases were identified using Mann-Whitney U-test. Multiple logistic regression analysis of metabolites was calculated to determine the suitable biomarker group that allows the efficient differentiation of patients with TB active from the control subjects. RESULTS From among 271 participants, 12 metabolites were found to contribute to the distinction between the TB active group and the control groups. These metabolites were mainly involved in the metabolic pathways of the following three biomolecules: Fatty acids, amino acids, and lipids. The receiver operating characteristic curves of 3D, 7D, and 11D-phytanic acid, behenic acid, and threoninyl-γ-glutamate exhibited excellent efficiency with area under the curve (AUC) values of 0.904 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0863-0.944), 0.93 (95% CI: 0.893-0.966), and 0.964 (95% CI: 00.941-0.988), respectively. The largest and smallest resulting AUCs were 0.964 and 0.720, indicating that these biomarkers may be involved in the disease mechanisms. The combination of lysophosphatidylcholine (18:0), behenic acid, threoninyl-γ-glutamate, and presqualene diphosphate was used to represent the most suitable biomarker group for the differentiation of patients with TB active from the control subjects, with an AUC value of 0.991. CONCLUSION The metabolic analysis results identified new serum biomarkers that can distinguish TB from non-TB diseases. The metabolomics-based analysis provides specific insights into the biology of TB and may offer new avenues for TB diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Li Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Haihe Hospital, Respiratory Disease Research Institute, Tianjin 300350, China
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Julián E, Baelo A, Gavaldà J, Torrents E. Methyl-hydroxylamine as an efficacious antibacterial agent that targets the ribonucleotide reductase enzyme. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122049. [PMID: 25782003 PMCID: PMC4363900 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria has encouraged vigorous efforts to develop antimicrobial agents with new mechanisms of action. Ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) is a key enzyme in DNA replication that acts by converting ribonucleotides into the corresponding deoxyribonucleotides, which are the building blocks of DNA replication and repair. RNR has been extensively studied as an ideal target for DNA inhibition, and several drugs that are already available on the market are used for anticancer and antiviral activity. However, the high toxicity of these current drugs to eukaryotic cells does not permit their use as antibacterial agents. Here, we present a radical scavenger compound that inhibited bacterial RNR, and the compound's activity as an antibacterial agent together with its toxicity in eukaryotic cells were evaluated. First, the efficacy of N-methyl-hydroxylamine (M-HA) in inhibiting the growth of different Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was demonstrated, and no effect on eukaryotic cells was observed. M-HA showed remarkable efficacy against Mycobacterium bovis BCG and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Thus, given the M-HA activity against these two bacteria, our results showed that M-HA has intracellular antimycobacterial activity against BCG-infected macrophages, and it is efficacious in partially disassembling and inhibiting the further formation of P. aeruginosa biofilms. Furthermore, M-HA and ciprofloxacin showed a synergistic effect that caused a massive reduction in a P. aeruginosa biofilm. Overall, our results suggest the vast potential of M-HA as an antibacterial agent, which acts by specifically targeting a bacterial RNR enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Julián
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Aida Baelo
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Bacterial infections and antimicrobial therapies; Baldiri Reixac 15-21, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Gavaldà
- Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduard Torrents
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Bacterial infections and antimicrobial therapies; Baldiri Reixac 15-21, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Das P, Lahiri A, Lahiri A, Sen M, Iyer N, Kapoor N, Balaji KN, Chakravortty D. Cationic amino acid transporters and Salmonella Typhimurium ArgT collectively regulate arginine availability towards intracellular Salmonella growth. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15466. [PMID: 21151933 PMCID: PMC2997073 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Accepted: 09/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cationic amino acid transporters (mCAT1 and mCAT2B) regulate the arginine availability in macrophages. How in the infected cell a pathogen can alter the arginine metabolism of the host remains to be understood. We reveal here a novel mechanism by which Salmonella exploit mCAT1 and mCAT2B to acquire host arginine towards its own intracellular growth within antigen presenting cells. We demonstrate that Salmonella infected bone marrow derived macrophages and dendritic cells show enhanced arginine uptake and increased expression of mCAT1 and mCAT2B. We show that the mCAT1 transporter is in close proximity to Salmonella containing vacuole (SCV) specifically by live intracellular Salmonella in order to access the macrophage cytosolic arginine pool. Further, Lysosome associated membrane protein 1, a marker of SCV, also was found to colocalize with mCAT1 in the Salmonella infected cell. The intra vacuolar Salmonella then acquire the host arginine via its own arginine transporter, ArgT for growth. The argT knockout strain was unable to acquire host arginine and was attenuated in growth in both macrophages and in mice model of infection. Together, these data reveal survival strategies by which virulent Salmonella adapt to the harsh conditions prevailing in the infected host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Das
- Center for Infectious Disease Research and Biosafety Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Amit Lahiri
- Center for Infectious Disease Research and Biosafety Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Ayan Lahiri
- Center for Infectious Disease Research and Biosafety Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Minakshi Sen
- Center for Infectious Disease Research and Biosafety Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Namrata Iyer
- Center for Infectious Disease Research and Biosafety Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Nisha Kapoor
- Center for Infectious Disease Research and Biosafety Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Kithiganahalli Narayanaswamy Balaji
- Center for Infectious Disease Research and Biosafety Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Dipshikha Chakravortty
- Center for Infectious Disease Research and Biosafety Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- * E-mail:
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Chaturvedi R, Asim M, Hoge S, Lewis ND, Singh K, Barry DP, de Sablet T, Piazuelo MB, Sarvaria AR, Cheng Y, Closs EI, Casero RA, Gobert AP, Wilson KT. Polyamines Impair Immunity to Helicobacter pylori by Inhibiting L-Arginine Uptake Required for Nitric Oxide Production. Gastroenterology 2010; 139:1686-98, 1698.e1-6. [PMID: 20600019 PMCID: PMC2967614 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.06.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2010] [Revised: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 06/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Helicobacter pylori-induced immune responses fail to eradicate the bacterium. Nitric oxide (NO) can kill H pylori. However, translation of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and NO generation by H pylori-stimulated macrophages is inhibited by the polyamine spermine derived from ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), and is dependent on availability of the iNOS substrate L-arginine (L-Arg). We determined if spermine inhibits iNOS-mediated immunity by reducing L-Arg uptake into macrophages. METHODS Levels of the inducible cationic amino acid transporter (CAT)2, ODC, and iNOS were measured in macrophages and H pylori gastritis tissues. L-Arg uptake, iNOS expression, and NO levels were assessed in cells with small interfering RNA knockdown of CAT2 or ODC, and in gastric macrophages. The ODC inhibitor, α-difluoromethylornithine, was administered to H pylori-infected mice for 4 months after inoculation. RESULTS H pylori induced CAT2 and uptake of L-Arg in RAW 264.7 or primary macrophages. Addition of spermine or knockdown of CAT2 inhibited L-Arg uptake, NO production, and iNOS protein levels, whereas knockdown of ODC had the opposite effect. CAT2 and ODC were increased in mouse and human H pylori gastritis tissues and localized to macrophages. Gastric macrophages from H pylori-infected mice showed increased ODC expression, and attenuated iNOS and NO levels upon ex vivo H pylori stimulation versus cells from uninfected mice. α-Difluoromethylornithine treatment of infected mice restored L-Arg uptake, iNOS protein expression, and NO production in gastric macrophages, and significantly reduced both H pylori colonization levels and gastritis severity. CONCLUSIONS Up-regulation of ODC in gastric macrophages impairs host defense against H pylori by suppressing iNOS-derived NO production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupesh Chaturvedi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN
| | - Mohammad Asim
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN
| | - Svea Hoge
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, Department of General, Abdominal and Vascular Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Nuruddeen D. Lewis
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Kshipra Singh
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN
| | - Daniel P. Barry
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Thibaut de Sablet
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN
| | - M. Blanca Piazuelo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Aditya R. Sarvaria
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Yulan Cheng
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Ellen I. Closs
- Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Robert A. Casero
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Alain P. Gobert
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité de Microbiologie UR454, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Keith T. Wilson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN
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Talaue MT, Venketaraman V, Hazbón MH, Peteroy-Kelly M, Seth A, Colangeli R, Alland D, Connell ND. Arginine homeostasis in J774.1 macrophages in the context of Mycobacterium bovis BCG infection. J Bacteriol 2006; 188:4830-40. [PMID: 16788192 PMCID: PMC1482997 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01687-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The competition for L-arginine between the inducible nitric oxide synthase and arginase contributes to the outcome of several parasitic and bacterial infections. The acquisition of L-arginine, however, is important not only for the host cells but also for the intracellular pathogen. In this study we observe that strain AS-1, the Mycobacterium bovis BCG strain lacking the Rv0522 gene, which encodes an arginine permease, perturbs l-arginine metabolism in J774.1 murine macrophages. Infection with AS-1, but not with wild-type BCG, induced l-arginine uptake in J774.1 cells. This increase in L-arginine uptake was independent of activation with gamma interferon plus lipopolysaccharide and correlated with increased expression of the MCAT1 and MCAT2 cationic amino acid transport genes. AS-1 infection also enhanced arginase activity in resting J774.1 cells. Survival studies revealed that AS-1 survived better than BCG within resting J774.1 cells. Intracellular growth of AS-1 was further enhanced by inhibiting arginase and ornithine decarboxylase activities in J774.1 cells using L-norvaline and difluoromethylornithine treatment, respectively. These results suggest that the arginine-related activities of J774.1 macrophages are affected by the arginine transport capacity of the infecting BCG strain. The loss of Rv0522 gene-encoded arginine transport may have induced other cationic amino acid transport systems during intracellular growth of AS-1, allowing better survival within resting macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meliza T Talaue
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, UMDNJ/ New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103-2714, USA
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Kuchtey J, Fulton SA, Reba SM, Harding CV, Boom WH. Interferon-alphabeta mediates partial control of early pulmonary Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin infection. Immunology 2006; 118:39-49. [PMID: 16630021 PMCID: PMC1782276 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2006.02337.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of type I interferon (IFN-alphabeta) in modulating innate or adaptive immune responses against mycobacterial infection in the lung is unclear. In this study we investigated the susceptibility of IFN-alphabeta-receptor-deficient (IFN-alphabetaR-/-) mice to pulmonary infection with aerosolized Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). During early infection (2-3 weeks), enhanced growth of BCG was measured in the lungs of IFN-alphabetaR-/- mice compared to wild-type mice. However, during late infection the burden of BCG was similar in the lungs of IFN-alphabetaR-/- and wild-type mice. Although control of BCG growth was delayed, recruitment and activation of T and natural killer cells, production of IFN-gamma, and cytokine expression were all similar in wild-type and IFN-alphabetaR-/- mice. However, decreased expression of nitric oxide in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids from IFN-alphabetaR-/- mice correlated with enhanced growth of BCG. Bone marrow-derived macrophages from IFN-alphabetaR-/- mice also produced less nitric oxide following infection with BCG in vitro. These findings suggest that IFN-alphabeta contributes to innate immunity to pulmonary mycobacterial infection by augmenting production of nitric oxide.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Female
- Immunity, Innate
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Lung/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Male
- Membrane Proteins/deficiency
- Membrane Proteins/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Mycobacterium bovis/growth & development
- Nitric Oxide/metabolism
- Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta
- Receptors, Interferon/deficiency
- Receptors, Interferon/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/immunology
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/microbiology
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/prevention & control
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Affiliation(s)
- John Kuchtey
- Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4984, USA
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12
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Yeramian A, Martin L, Serrat N, Arpa L, Soler C, Bertran J, McLeod C, Palacín M, Modolell M, Lloberas J, Celada A. Arginine transport via cationic amino acid transporter 2 plays a critical regulatory role in classical or alternative activation of macrophages. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:5918-24. [PMID: 16670299 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.10.5918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Arginine is processed by macrophages in response to the cytokines to which these cells are exposed. Th1-type cytokines induce NO synthase 2, which metabolizes arginine into nitrites, while the Th2-type cytokines produce arginase, which converts arginine into polyamines and proline. Activation of bone marrow-derived macrophages by these two types of cytokines increases L-arginine transport only through the y(+) system. Analysis of the expression of the genes involved in this system showed that Slc7A1, encoding cationic amino acid transporters (CAT)1, is constitutively expressed and is not modified by activating agents, while Slc7A2, encoding CAT2, is induced during both classical and alternative activation. Macrophages from Slc7A2 knockout mice showed a decrease in L-arginine transport in response to the two kinds of cytokines. However, while NO synthase 2 and arginase expression were unmodified in these cells, the catabolism of arginine was impaired by both pathways, producing smaller amounts of nitrites and also of polyamines and proline. In addition, the induction of Slc7A2 expression was independent of the arginine available and of the enzymes that metabolize it. In conclusion, the increased arginine transport mediated by activators is strongly regulated by CAT2 expression, which could limit the function of macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrée Yeramian
- Macrophage Biology Group, Institute of Biomedical Research, Barcelona Science Park, Josep Samitier 1-5, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
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13
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Taylor AW. The immunomodulating neuropeptide alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) suppresses LPS-stimulated TLR4 with IRAK-M in macrophages. J Neuroimmunol 2005; 162:43-50. [PMID: 15833358 PMCID: PMC4698338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2005.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2004] [Revised: 01/05/2005] [Accepted: 01/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Since alpha-MSH suppresses endotoxin-induced inflammation by innate immunity, it is possible that alpha-MSH can suppress the interface between innate and adaptive immunity mediated by TLR4-stimulated macrophages. Endotoxin-stimulated macrophages treated with alpha-MSH are suppressed in nitric oxide and IL-12p70 production, and cannot enhance antigen-stimulated IFN-gamma production by Th1 cells. In macrophages treated with alpha-MSH, the inhibitory molecule IRAK-M is bound to IRAK-1, the proximal intracellular signal molecule of endotoxin-bound TLR4. These results further demonstrate the dynamic contribution of the nervous system, and the role of alpha-MSH in modulating the innate and adaptive immune interface in an inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Taylor
- Schepens Eye Research Institute and The Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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14
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Rotoli BM, Bussolati O, Sala R, Barilli A, Talarico E, Gazzola GC, Dall'Asta V. INFgamma stimulates arginine transport through system y+L in human monocytes. FEBS Lett 2004; 571:177-81. [PMID: 15280038 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2004.06.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2004] [Revised: 06/15/2004] [Accepted: 06/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Freshly isolated human monocytes transport L-arginine mostly through a sodium independent, NEM insensitive pathway inhibited by L-leucine in the presence, but not in the absence of sodium. Interferon-gamma (IFNgamma) stimulates this pathway, identifiable with system y+L, and markedly enhances the expression of SLC7A7, the gene that encodes for system y+L subunit y+LAT1, but not of SLC7A6, that codes for the alternative subunit y+LAT2. System y+ plays a minor role in arginine uptake by monocytes and the expression of system y+-related genes, SLC7A1 and SLC7A2, is not changed by IFNgamma. These results demonstrate that system y+L is sensitive to IFNgamma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Maria Rotoli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Patologia Generale e Clinica, Plesso Biotecnologico Integrato, Università degli Studi di Parma, Via Volturno 39, 43100 Parma, Italy
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15
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Venketaraman V, Talaue MT, Dayaram YK, Peteroy-Kelly MA, Bu W, Connell ND. Nitric oxide regulation of L-arginine uptake in murine and human macrophages. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2003; 83:311-8. [PMID: 12972344 DOI: 10.1016/s1472-9792(03)00050-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
L-arginine uptake systems in macrophages play a role in regulating nitric oxide synthesis via the inducible L-arginine nitric oxide pathway. This paper describes the association of L-arginine transport with nitric oxide production in human peripheral blood monocyte-derived macrophages and in peritoneal macrophages from control and inducible nitric oxide synthase knock out C57BL6 mice. Experiments performed with human macrophages suggested that little or no nitric oxide was produced in human macrophages in vitro and that human macrophages exhibit a different arginine transport-specific response to stimuli compared with rodent macrophages. We conclude that increased L-arginine transport in both human and murine macrophages is dependent on the requirement for intracellular nitric oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishwanath Venketaraman
- Department of Medicine, National Tuberculosis Center, and Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Pathogens, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark NJ 07103, USA
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16
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Peteroy-Kelly MA, Venketaraman V, Talaue M, Seth A, Connell ND. Modulation of J774.1 macrophage L-arginine metabolism by intracellular Mycobacterium bovis BCG. Infect Immun 2003; 71:1011-5. [PMID: 12540586 PMCID: PMC145349 DOI: 10.1128/iai.71.2.1011-1015.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a Mycobacterium bovis BCG mutant (AS1) lacking a Bacillus subtilis L-arginine transporter homolog, we demonstrate here that the interaction between intracellular mycobacteria and the macrophage with respect to L-arginine transport and metabolism is quite complex. Intracellular AS1 stimulates macrophage L-arginine transport and accumulates 2.5-fold more (3)H label derived from L-arginine than does the wild type. These studies suggest that the accumulation of (3)H label reflects the acquisition of metabolites of L-arginine produced by the macrophage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcy A Peteroy-Kelly
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, International Center for Public Health, UMDNJ/New Jersey Medical School, Newark 07101-1709, USA
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17
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Pacheco-García U, Legorreta-HerrEra M, Hernández-Rodríguez C, Sánchez-García F. Multiple Mycobacterium microti derived lipids stimulate iNOS gene expression in the J774 murine macrophage cell line. Scand J Immunol 2002; 56:52-8. [PMID: 12100471 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3083.2002.01103.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The inducible nitrogen oxygen synthase (iNOS) and nitric oxide (NO) system acting in concert with superoxide radicals is recognized as a powerful macrophage microbicidal mechanism. However, experimentation with iNOS knockout mice has rendered contradictory results on the protective role of iNOS/NO in the course of mycobacterial infections. On the other hand, NO also plays an immunoregulatory role. Knowing the nature of the mycobacterial constituents that induce iNOS gene expression would help to better understand the host-parasite relationship. Lipoarabinomannan (LAM) and a 19 KDa lipoprotein are the two known mycobacterial constituents that have shown to induce iNOS. By screening a set of methanol extracted lipids from Mycobacterium microti, here we provide evidence that multiple mycobacterial molecules of lipidic nature both of intermediate and of high polarity, with free amino groups or carbohydrates but no phosphate groups as part of their structure are capable of inducing iNOS gene expression in J774 cells, thus implying a complex relationship between mycobacteria and their host immune system in regard to iNOS gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Pacheco-García
- Departamento de Immunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México, D.F., México
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18
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Gordhan BG, Smith DA, Alderton H, McAdam RA, Bancroft GJ, Mizrahi V. Construction and phenotypic characterization of an auxotrophic mutant of Mycobacterium tuberculosis defective in L-arginine biosynthesis. Infect Immun 2002; 70:3080-4. [PMID: 12011001 PMCID: PMC127984 DOI: 10.1128/iai.70.6.3080-3084.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A mutant of Mycobacterium tuberculosis defective in the metabolism of L-arginine was constructed by allelic exchange mutagenesis. The argF mutant strain required exogenous L-arginine for growth in vitro, and in the presence of 0.96 mM L-arginine, it achieved a growth rate and cell density in stationary phase comparable to those of the wild type. The mutant strain was also able to grow in the presence of high concentrations of argininosuccinate, but its auxotrophic phenotype could not be rescued by L-citrulline, suggesting that the DeltaargF::hyg mutation exerted a polar effect on the downstream argG gene but not on argH. The mutant strain displayed reduced virulence in immunodeficient SCID mice and was highly attenuated in immunocompetent DBA/2 mice, suggesting that L-arginine availability is restricted in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavna G Gordhan
- MRC/NHLS/WITS Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand and the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
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19
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Closs EI. Expression, regulation and function of carrier proteins for cationic amino acids. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2002; 11:99-107. [PMID: 11753094 DOI: 10.1097/00041552-200201000-00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Different carrier proteins exhibiting distinct transport properties participate in cationic amino acid transport. There are sodium-independent systems, such as b+, y+, y+L and b0,+, and a sodium-dependent system B0,+, most of which have now been identified at the molecular level. In most non-epithelial cells, members of the cationic amino acid transporter (CAT) family mediating system y+ activity seem to be the major entry pathway for cationic amino acids. CAT proteins underlie complex regulation at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional and activity levels. Recent evidence indicates that individual CAT isoforms are necessary for providing the substrate for nitric oxide synthesis, for example CAT-1 for Ca2+-independent nitric oxide production in endothelial cells and CAT-2B for sustained nitric oxide production in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen I Closs
- Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
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