1
|
Anziani P, Becker J, Mignon C, Arnaud-Barbe N, Courtois V, Izac M, Pizzato R, Abi-Ghanem J, Tran VD, Sarafian M, Bunescu A, Garnier D, Abachin E, Renauld-Mongénie G, Guyard C. Deep longitudinal multi-omics analysis of Bordetella pertussis cultivated in bioreactors highlights medium starvations and transitory metabolisms, associated to vaccine antigen biosynthesis variations and global virulence regulation. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1036386. [PMID: 36876086 PMCID: PMC9976334 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1036386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Bordetella pertussis is the bacterial causative agent of whooping cough, a serious respiratory illness. An extensive knowledge on its virulence regulation and metabolism is a key factor to ensure pertussis vaccine manufacturing process robustness. The aim of this study was to refine our comprehension of B. pertussis physiology during in vitro cultures in bioreactors. A longitudinal multi-omics analysis was carried out over 26 h small-scale cultures of B. pertussis. Cultures were performed in batch mode and under culture conditions intending to mimic industrial processes. Putative cysteine and proline starvations were, respectively, observed at the beginning of the exponential phase (from 4 to 8 h) and during the exponential phase (18 h 45 min). As revealed by multi-omics analyses, the proline starvation induced major molecular changes, including a transient metabolism with internal stock consumption. In the meantime, growth and specific total PT, PRN, and Fim2 antigen productions were negatively affected. Interestingly, the master virulence-regulating two-component system of B. pertussis (BvgASR) was not evidenced as the sole virulence regulator in this in vitro growth condition. Indeed, novel intermediate regulators were identified as putatively involved in the expression of some virulence-activated genes (vags). Such longitudinal multi-omics analysis applied to B. pertussis culture process emerges as a powerful tool for characterization and incremental optimization of vaccine antigen production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Anziani
- Sanofi, Marcy-l'Étoile, France.,BIOASTER, Lyon, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pandeya A, Ojo I, Alegun O, Wei Y. Periplasmic Targets for the Development of Effective Antimicrobials against Gram-Negative Bacteria. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:2337-2354. [PMID: 32786281 PMCID: PMC8187054 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance has emerged as a serious threat to global public health in recent years. Lack of novel antimicrobials, especially new classes of compounds, further aggravates the situation. For Gram-negative bacteria, their double layered cell envelope and an array of efflux pumps act as formidable barriers for antimicrobials to penetrate. While cytoplasmic targets are hard to reach, proteins in the periplasm are clearly more accessible, as the drug only needs to breach the outer membrane. In this review, we summarized recent efforts on the validation and testing of periplasmic proteins as potential antimicrobial targets and the development of related inhibitors that either inhibit the growth of a bacterial pathogen or reduce its virulence during interaction with host cells. We conclude that the periplasm contains a promising pool of novel antimicrobial targets that should be scrutinized more closely for the development of effective treatment against multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Pandeya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Isoiza Ojo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Olaniyi Alegun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Yinan Wei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
The formation of disulfide bonds is critical to the folding of many extracytoplasmic proteins in all domains of life. With the discovery in the early 1990s that disulfide bond formation is catalyzed by enzymes, the field of oxidative folding of proteins was born. Escherichia coli played a central role as a model organism for the elucidation of the disulfide bond-forming machinery. Since then, many of the enzymatic players and their mechanisms of forming, breaking, and shuffling disulfide bonds have become understood in greater detail. This article summarizes the discoveries of the past 3 decades, focusing on disulfide bond formation in the periplasm of the model prokaryotic host E. coli.
Collapse
|
4
|
Mutagenesis of DsbAss is Crucial for the Signal Recognition Particle Mechanism in Escherichia coli: Insights from Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9040133. [PMID: 30987187 PMCID: PMC6523802 DOI: 10.3390/biom9040133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The disulfide bond signal sequence (DsbAss) protein is characterized as an important virulence factor in gram-negative bacteria. This study aimed to analyze the "alanine" alteration in the hydrophobic (H) region of DsbAss and to understand the conformational DsbAss alteration(s) inside the fifty-four homolog (Ffh)-binding groove which were revealed to be crucial for translocation of ovine growth hormone (OGH) to the periplasmic space in Escherichia coli via the secretory (Sec) pathway. An experimental design was used to explore the hydrophobicity and alteration of alanine (Ala) to isoleucine (Ile) in the tripartite structure of DsbAss. As a result, two DsbAss mutants (Ala at positions -11 and -13) with same hydrophobicity of 1.539 led to the conflicting translocation of the active OGH gene. We performed molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and molecular mechanics generalized born surface area (MM-GBSA) binding free energy calculations to examine the interaction energetic and dynamic aspects of DsbAss/signal repetition particle 54 (SRP54) binding, which has a principle role in Escherichia coli Sec pathways. Although both DsbAss mutants retained helicity, the MD simulation analysis evidenced that altering Ala-13 changed the orientation of the signal peptide in the Ffh M binding domain groove, favored more stable interaction energies (MM-GBSA ΔGtotal = -140.62 kcal mol-1), and hampered the process of OGH translocation, while Ala-11 pointed outward due to unstable conformation and less binding energy (ΔGtotal = -124.24 kcal mol-1). Here we report the dynamic behavior of change of "alanine" in the H-domain of DsbAss which affects the process of translocation of OGH, where MD simulation and MM-GBSA can be useful initial tools to investigate the virulence of bacteria.
Collapse
|
5
|
Sutoh S, Uemura Y, Yamaguchi Y, Kiyotou A, Sugihara R, Nagayasu M, Kurokawa M, Ito K, Tsunekawa N, Nemoto M, Inagaki K, Tamura T. Redox-tuning of oxidizing disulfide oxidoreductase generates a potent disulfide isomerase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2019; 1867:194-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
6
|
Luu LDW, Octavia S, Zhong L, Raftery M, Sintchenko V, Lan R. Characterisation of the Bordetella pertussis secretome under different media. J Proteomics 2017; 158:43-51. [PMID: 28242451 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of the Bordetella pertussis secretome remains limited including the role of different growth conditions in the secretome. In this study the secretome of L1423, a clinical isolate from the 2008-2012 Australian epidemic, cultured on Stainer-Scholte (SS) and Thalen-IJssel (THIJS) media for 12h was characterised using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). In the supernatant, LC-MS/MS identified 260 proteins with 143 bioinformatically predicted to be secreted. Eighty percent of proteins were identified in both media. Proteins secreted were functionally associated with cell surface (41%), pathogenicity (16%) and transport (17%). The most abundant proteins identified were pathogenic proteins including toxins (PtxA and CyaA), adhesins (TcfA) and type III secretion (T3SS) proteins. There were 46 proteins found uniquely in THIJS including 8 virulence associated proteins. These included T3SS proteins, adhesins (FhaL and FhaS) and a putative toxin (BP1251). Nine proteins were found uniquely in SS and these were metabolic and transport-related proteins. None of the unique proteins detected in SS were known to be virulence associated. This study found that THIJS promotes secretion of virulence factors based on the number of unique virulence proteins found and may be a growth media of choice for the study of B. pertussis virulence and vaccine development. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Over the past two decades, the number of B. pertussis notifications has risen despite vaccination. There is a greater need to understand the biology behind B. pertussis infections. The secretome of B. pertussis in two different media was characterised using LC-MS/MS. The results showed that THIJS promotes secretion of importance virulence factors which may be important for the development of vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Don Wai Luu
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sophie Octavia
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ling Zhong
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark Raftery
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Vitali Sintchenko
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology-Public Health, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research - Pathology West, Westmead Hospital, New South Wales, Australia; Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ruiting Lan
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Smith RP, Paxman JJ, Scanlon MJ, Heras B. Targeting Bacterial Dsb Proteins for the Development of Anti-Virulence Agents. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21070811. [PMID: 27438817 PMCID: PMC6273893 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21070811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed a dramatic increase in bacterial antimicrobial resistance and a decline in the development of novel antibiotics. New therapeutic strategies are urgently needed to combat the growing threat posed by multidrug resistant bacterial infections. The Dsb disulfide bond forming pathways are potential targets for the development of antimicrobial agents because they play a central role in bacterial pathogenesis. In particular, the DsbA/DsbB system catalyses disulfide bond formation in a wide array of virulence factors, which are essential for many pathogens to establish infections and cause disease. These redox enzymes are well placed as antimicrobial targets because they are taxonomically widespread, share low sequence identity with human proteins, and many years of basic research have provided a deep molecular understanding of these systems in bacteria. In this review, we discuss disulfide bond catalytic pathways in bacteria and their significance in pathogenesis. We also review the use of different approaches to develop inhibitors against Dsb proteins as potential anti-virulence agents, including fragment-based drug discovery, high-throughput screening and other structure-based drug discovery methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roxanne P Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Kingsbury Drive, Bundoora, Vic 3083, Australia.
| | - Jason J Paxman
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Kingsbury Drive, Bundoora, Vic 3083, Australia.
| | - Martin J Scanlon
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Royal Parade, Parkville, Vic 3052, Australia.
| | - Begoña Heras
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Kingsbury Drive, Bundoora, Vic 3083, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhong Y, Anderl F, Kruse T, Schindele F, Jagusztyn-Krynicka EK, Fischer W, Gerhard M, Mejías-Luque R. Helicobacter pylori HP0231 Influences Bacterial Virulence and Is Essential for Gastric Colonization. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154643. [PMID: 27138472 PMCID: PMC4854439 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Dsb protein family is responsible for introducing disulfide bonds into nascent proteins in prokaryotes, stabilizing the structure of many proteins. Helicobacter pylori HP0231 is a Dsb-like protein, shown to catalyze disulfide bond formation and to participate in redox homeostasis. Notably, many H. pylori virulence factors are stabilized by the formation of disulfide bonds. By employing H. pylori HP0231 deficient strains we analyzed the effect of lack of this bacterial protein on the functionality of virulence factors containing putative disulfide bonds. The lack of H. pylori HP0231 impaired CagA translocation into gastric epithelial cells and reduced VacA-induced cellular vacuolation. Moreover, H. pylori HP0231 deficient bacteria were not able to colonize the gastric mucosa of mice, probably due to compromised motility. Together, our data demonstrate an essential function for H. pylori HP0231 in gastric colonization and proper function of bacterial virulence factors related to gastric pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhong
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Anderl
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Kruse
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Franziska Schindele
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute for Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Fischer
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute for Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Gerhard
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Raquel Mejías-Luque
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Heras B, Scanlon MJ, Martin JL. Targeting virulence not viability in the search for future antibacterials. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2015; 79:208-15. [PMID: 24552512 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
New antibacterials need new approaches to overcome the problem of rapid antibiotic resistance. Here we review the development of potential new antibacterial drugs that do not kill bacteria or inhibit their growth, but combat disease instead by targeting bacterial virulence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Heras
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Vic
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kahn TB, Fernández JM, Perez-Jimenez R. Monitoring Oxidative Folding of a Single Protein Catalyzed by the Disulfide Oxidoreductase DsbA. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:14518-27. [PMID: 25897077 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.646000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative folding, the process by which proteins fold and acquire disulfide bonds concurrently, is of critical importance for a wide range of biological processes. Generally, this process is catalyzed by oxidoreductase enzymes that facilitate oxidation and also bear chaperone functionality. Although this process has been well described qualitatively, fine yet important details remain obscured by a limited quantitative perspective, arising from the limitations in the application of bulk biochemical methods to the study of oxidative folding. In this work, we have applied single molecule force spectroscopy techniques to monitor in real time the process of oxidative folding as catalyzed by DsbA, the enzyme solely responsible for the catalysis of oxidative folding in the bacterial periplasm. We provide a quantitative and detailed description of the catalytic mechanism utilized by DsbA that offers insight into the entire sequence of events that occurs in the periplasm from the unfolded-reduced state to the folded-oxidized protein. We have compared our results with those of protein disulfide-isomerase, the eukaryotic counterpart of DsbA, allowing us to devise a general mechanism for oxidative folding that also reflects upon the physiological functions and demands of these enzymes in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas B Kahn
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032
| | - Julio M Fernández
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027
| | - Raul Perez-Jimenez
- Centro de Investigación Cooperativa (CIC) nanoGUNE, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain, and IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Halili MA, Bachu P, Lindahl F, Bechara C, Mohanty B, Reid RC, Scanlon MJ, Robinson CV, Fairlie DP, Martin JL. Small molecule inhibitors of disulfide bond formation by the bacterial DsbA-DsbB dual enzyme system. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:957-64. [PMID: 25603425 DOI: 10.1021/cb500988r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The DsbA:DsbB redox machinery catalyzes disulfide bond formation in secreted proteins and is required for bacterial virulence factor assembly. Both enzymes have been identified as targets for antivirulence drugs. Here, we report synthetic analogues of ubiquinone (dimedone derivatives) that inhibit disulfide bond formation (IC50∼1 μM) catalyzed by E. coli DsbA:DsbB. The mechanism involves covalent modification of a single free cysteine leaving other cysteines unmodified. A vinylogous anhydride in each inhibitor is cleaved by the thiol, which becomes covalently modified to a thioester by a propionyl substituent. Cysteines and lysines on DsbA and DsbB and a nonredox enzyme were modified in a manner that implies some specificity. Moreover, human thioredoxin was not inhibited under the same conditions that inhibited EcDsbA. This proof of concept work uses small molecules that target specific cysteines to validate the DsbA and DsbB dual enzyme system as a viable and potentially druggable antivirulence target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria A. Halili
- Division
of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Prabhakar Bachu
- Division
of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Fredrik Lindahl
- Division
of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Chérine Bechara
- Department
of Chemistry, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Biswaranjan Mohanty
- Medicinal
Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Robert C. Reid
- Division
of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Martin J. Scanlon
- Medicinal
Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Carol V. Robinson
- Department
of Chemistry, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - David P. Fairlie
- Division
of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jennifer L. Martin
- Division
of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ireland PM, McMahon RM, Marshall LE, Halili M, Furlong E, Tay S, Martin JL, Sarkar-Tyson M. Disarming Burkholderia pseudomallei: structural and functional characterization of a disulfide oxidoreductase (DsbA) required for virulence in vivo. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:606-17. [PMID: 23901809 PMCID: PMC3901323 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The intracellular pathogen Burkholderia pseudomallei causes the disease melioidosis, a major source of morbidity and mortality in southeast Asia and northern Australia. The need to develop novel antimicrobials is compounded by the absence of a licensed vaccine and the bacterium's resistance to multiple antibiotics. In a number of clinically relevant Gram-negative pathogens, DsbA is the primary disulfide oxidoreductase responsible for catalyzing the formation of disulfide bonds in secreted and membrane-associated proteins. In this study, a putative B. pseudomallei dsbA gene was evaluated functionally and structurally and its contribution to infection assessed. RESULTS Biochemical studies confirmed the dsbA gene encodes a protein disulfide oxidoreductase. A dsbA deletion strain of B. pseudomallei was attenuated in both macrophages and a BALB/c mouse model of infection and displayed pleiotropic phenotypes that included defects in both secretion and motility. The 1.9 Å resolution crystal structure of BpsDsbA revealed differences from the classic member of this family Escherichia coli DsbA, in particular within the region surrounding the active site disulfide where EcDsbA engages with its partner protein E. coli DsbB, indicating that the interaction of BpsDsbA with its proposed partner BpsDsbB may be distinct from that of EcDsbA-EcDsbB. INNOVATION This study has characterized BpsDsbA biochemically and structurally and determined that it is required for virulence of B. pseudomallei. CONCLUSION These data establish a critical role for BpsDsbA in B. pseudomallei infection, which in combination with our structural characterization of BpsDsbA will facilitate the future development of rationally designed inhibitors against this drug-resistant organism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip M Ireland
- 1 Defence Science and Technology Laboratory , Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
de Vries SPW, Rademakers RJA, van der Gaast-de Jongh CE, Eleveld MJ, Hermans PWM, Bootsma HJ. Deciphering the genetic basis ofMoraxella catarrhaliscomplement resistance: a critical role for the disulphide bond formation system. Mol Microbiol 2013; 91:522-37. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan P. W. de Vries
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases; Radboud University Medical Centre; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Rob J. A. Rademakers
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases; Radboud University Medical Centre; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | | | - Marc J. Eleveld
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases; Radboud University Medical Centre; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Peter W. M. Hermans
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases; Radboud University Medical Centre; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Hester J. Bootsma
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases; Radboud University Medical Centre; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Schmidt M, Klimentova J, Rehulka P, Straskova A, Spidlova P, Szotakova B, Stulik J, Pavkova I. Francisella tularensis subsp. holarctica DsbA homologue: a thioredoxin-like protein with chaperone function. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2013; 159:2364-2374. [PMID: 24014665 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.070516-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Francisella tularensis is a highly infectious facultative intracellular bacterium and aetiological agent of tularaemia. The conserved hypothetical lipoprotein with homology to thiol/disulphide oxidoreductase proteins (FtDsbA) is an essential virulence factor in F. tularensis. Its protein sequence has two different domains: the DsbA_Com1_like domain (DSBA), with the highly conserved catalytically active site CXXC and cis-proline residue; and the domain amino-terminal to FKBP-type peptidyl-prolyl isomerases (FKBP_N). To establish the role of both domains in tularaemia infection models, site-directed and deletion mutagenesis affecting the active site (AXXA), the cis-proline (P286T) and the FKBP_N domain (ΔFKBP_N) were performed. The generated mutations led to high attenuation with the ability to induce full or partial host protective immunity. Recombinant protein analysis revealed that the active site CXXC as well as the cis-proline residue and the FKBP_N domain are necessary for correct thiol/disulphide oxidoreductase activity. By contrast, only the DSBA domain (and not the FKBP_N domain) seems to be responsible for the in vitro chaperone activity of the FtDsbA protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Schmidt
- Institute of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Department of Biochemical Studies, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Klimentova
- Institute of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Rehulka
- Institute of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Adela Straskova
- Center of Advanced Studies, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Spidlova
- Institute of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Szotakova
- Department of Biochemical Studies, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Stulik
- Institute of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ivona Pavkova
- Institute of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Davey L, Ng CKW, Halperin SA, Lee SF. Functional analysis of paralogous thiol-disulfide oxidoreductases in Streptococcus gordonii. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:16416-16429. [PMID: 23615907 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.464578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Disulfide bonds are important for the stability of many extracellular proteins, including bacterial virulence factors. Formation of these bonds is catalyzed by thiol-disulfide oxidoreductases (TDORs). Little is known about their formation in Gram-positive bacteria, particularly among facultative anaerobic Firmicutes, such as streptococci. To investigate disulfide bond formation in Streptococcus gordonii, we identified five putative TDORs from the sequenced genome. Each of the putative TDOR genes was insertionally inactivated with an erythromycin resistance cassette, and the mutants were analyzed for autolysis, extracellular DNA release, biofilm formation, bacteriocin production, and genetic competence. This analysis revealed a single TDOR, SdbA, which exhibited a pleiotropic mutant phenotype. Using an in silico analysis approach, we identified the major autolysin AtlS as a natural substrate of SdbA and showed that SdbA is critical to the formation of a disulfide bond that is required for autolytic activity. Analysis by BLAST search revealed homologs to SdbA in other Gram-positive species. This study provides the first in vivo evidence of an oxidoreductase, SdbA, that affects multiple phenotypes in a Gram-positive bacterium. SdbA shows low sequence homology to previously identified oxidoreductases, suggesting that it may belong to a different class of enzymes. Our results demonstrate that SdbA is required for disulfide bond formation in S. gordonii and indicate that this enzyme may represent a novel type of oxidoreductase in Gram-positive bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Davey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 1X5, Canada; Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Dalhousie University and the Izaak Walton Killam Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3K 6R8, Canada
| | - Crystal K W Ng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 1X5, Canada; Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Dalhousie University and the Izaak Walton Killam Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3K 6R8, Canada
| | - Scott A Halperin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 1X5, Canada; Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Dalhousie University and the Izaak Walton Killam Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3K 6R8, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University and the Izaak Walton Killam Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3K 6R8, Canada
| | - Song F Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 1X5, Canada; Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Dalhousie University and the Izaak Walton Killam Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3K 6R8, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University and the Izaak Walton Killam Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3K 6R8, Canada; Department of Applied Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wang J, Du XJ, Lu XN, Wang S. Immunoproteomic identification of immunogenic proteins in Cronobacter sakazakii strain BAA-894. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:2077-91. [PMID: 23371297 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-4720-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 01/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cronobacter spp. are emerging opportunistic pathogens. Cronobacter sakazakii is considered as the predominant species in all infections. So far, our understanding of the species' immunogens and potential virulence factors of Cronobacter spp. remains limited. In this study, an immunoproteomic approach was used to investigate soluble and insoluble proteins from the genome-sequenced strain C. sakazakii ATCC BAA-894. Proteins were separated using two-dimensional electrophoresis, detected by Western blotting with polyclonal antibodies of C. sakazakii BAA-894, and identified using tandem mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS and MALDI-MS/MS, MS/MSMS). A total of 11 immunoreactive proteins were initially identified in C. sakazakii BAA-894, including two outer membrane proteins, four periplasmic proteins, and five cytoplasmic proteins. In silico functional analysis of the 11 identified proteins indicated three proteins that were initially described as immunogens of pathogenic bacteria. For the remaining eight proteins, one protein was categorized as a potential virulence factor involved in protection against reactive oxygen species, and seven proteins were considered to play potential roles in adhesion, invasion, and biofilm formation. To our knowledge, this is the first time that immunogenic proteins of C. sakazakii BAA-894 have been identified as immunogens and potential virulence factors by an immunoproteomics approach. Future studies should investigate the roles of these proteins in bacterial pathogenesis and modulation of host immune responses during infection to identify their potential as molecular therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Guo W, Cui YP, Li YR, Che YZ, Yuan L, Zou LF, Zou HS, Chen GY. Identification of seven Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola genes potentially involved in pathogenesis in rice. Microbiology (Reading) 2012; 158:505-518. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.050419-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education of China), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Yi-ping Cui
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education of China), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Yu-rong Li
- Key Laboratory of Urban (South) by Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Yi-zhou Che
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education of China), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Liang Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education of China), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Li-fang Zou
- Key Laboratory of Urban (South) by Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Hua-song Zou
- Key Laboratory of Urban (South) by Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Gong-you Chen
- Key Laboratory of Urban (South) by Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education of China), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
Pertussis toxin, produced and secreted by the whooping cough agent Bordetella pertussis, is one of the most complex soluble bacterial proteins. It is actively secreted through the B. pertussis cell envelope by the Ptl secretion system, a member of the widespread type IV secretion systems. The toxin is composed of five subunits (named S1 to S5 according to their decreasing molecular weights) arranged in an A-B structure. The A protomer is composed of the enzymatically active S1 subunit, which catalyzes ADP-ribosylation of the α subunit of trimeric G proteins, thereby disturbing the metabolic functions of the target cells, leading to a variety of biological activities. The B oligomer is composed of 1S2:1S3:2S4:1S5 and is responsible for binding of the toxin to the target cell receptors and for intracellular trafficking via receptor-mediated endocytosis and retrograde transport. The toxin is one of the most important virulence factors of B. pertussis and is a component of all current vaccines against whooping cough.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camille Locht
- Inserm U1019, CNRS UMR8204, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Univ Lille Nord de France, France.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Li R, Lim A, Ow ST, Phoon MC, Locht C, Chow VT, Alonso S. Development of live attenuated Bordetella pertussis strains expressing the universal influenza vaccine candidate M2e. Vaccine 2011; 29:5502-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Revised: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
20
|
Shouldice SR, Heras B, Walden PM, Totsika M, Schembri MA, Martin JL. Structure and function of DsbA, a key bacterial oxidative folding catalyst. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 14:1729-60. [PMID: 21241169 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Since its discovery in 1991, the bacterial periplasmic oxidative folding catalyst DsbA has been the focus of intense research. Early studies addressed why it is so oxidizing and how it is maintained in its less stable oxidized state. The crystal structure of Escherichia coli DsbA (EcDsbA) revealed that the oxidizing periplasmic enzyme is a distant evolutionary cousin of the reducing cytoplasmic enzyme thioredoxin. Recent significant developments have deepened our understanding of DsbA function, mechanism, and interactions: the structure of the partner membrane protein EcDsbB, including its complex with EcDsbA, proved a landmark in the field. Studies of DsbA machineries from bacteria other than E. coli K-12 have highlighted dramatic differences from the model organism, including a striking divergence in redox parameters and surface features. Several DsbA structures have provided the first clues to its interaction with substrates, and finally, evidence for a central role of DsbA in bacterial virulence has been demonstrated in a range of organisms. Here, we review current knowledge on DsbA, a bacterial periplasmic protein that introduces disulfide bonds into diverse substrate proteins and which may one day be the target of a new class of anti-virulence drugs to treat bacterial infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Shouldice
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Jameson-Lee M, Garduño RA, Hoffman PS. DsbA2 (27 kDa Com1-like protein) of Legionella pneumophila catalyses extracytoplasmic disulphide-bond formation in proteins including the Dot/Icm type IV secretion system. Mol Microbiol 2011; 80:835-52. [PMID: 21375592 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2011.07615.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In Gram-negative bacteria, thiol oxidoreductases catalyse the formation of disulphide bonds (DSB) in extracytoplasmic proteins. In this study, we sought to identify DSB-forming proteins required for assembly of macromolecular structures in Legionella pneumophila. Here we describe two DSB-forming proteins, one annotated as dsbA1 and the other annotated as a 27 kDa outer membrane protein similar to Com1 of Coxiella burnetii, which we designate as dsbA2. Both proteins are predicted to be periplasmic, and while dsbA1 mutants were readily isolated and without phenotype, dsbA2 mutants were not obtained. To advance studies of DsbA2, a cis-proline residue at position 198 was replaced with threonine that enables formation of stable disulphide-bond complexes with substrate proteins. Expression of DsbA2 P198T mutant protein from an inducible promoter produced dominant-negative effects on DsbA2 function that resulted in loss of infectivity for amoeba and HeLa cells and loss of Dot/Icm T4SS-mediated contact haemolysis of erythrocytes. Analysis of captured DsbA2 P198T-substrate complexes from L. pneumophila by mass spectrometry identified periplasmic and outer membrane proteins that included components of the Dot/Icm T4SS. More broadly, our studies establish a DSB oxidoreductase function for the Com1 lineage of DsbA2-like proteins which appear to be conserved among those bacteria also expressing T4SS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Max Jameson-Lee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Früh V, Zhou Y, Chen D, Loch C, Ab E, Grinkova YN, Verheij H, Sligar SG, Bushweller JH, Siegal G. Application of fragment-based drug discovery to membrane proteins: identification of ligands of the integral membrane enzyme DsbB. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 17:881-91. [PMID: 20797617 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2010.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Revised: 05/29/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Membrane proteins are important pharmaceutical targets, but they pose significant challenges for fragment-based drug discovery approaches. Here, we present the first successful use of biophysical methods to screen for fragment ligands to an integral membrane protein. The Escherichia coli inner membrane protein DsbB was solubilized in detergent micelles and lipid bilayer nanodiscs. The solubilized protein was immobilized with retention of functionality and used to screen 1071 drug fragments for binding using target immobilized NMR Screening. Biochemical and biophysical validation of the eight most potent hits revealed an IC(50) range of 7-200 microM. The ability to insert a broad array of membrane proteins into nanodiscs, combined with the efficiency of TINS, demonstrates the feasibility of finding fragments targeting membrane proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Früh
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden 2300RA, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kaakoush NO, Man SM, Lamb S, Raftery MJ, Wilkins MR, Kovach Z, Mitchell H. The secretome of Campylobacter concisus. FEBS J 2010; 277:1606-17. [PMID: 20148967 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.07587.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A higher prevalence of Campylobacter concisus and higher levels of IgG antibodies specific to C. concisus in Crohn's disease patients than in controls were recently detected. In this study, 1D and 2D gel electrophoresis coupled with LTQ FT-MS and QStar tandem MS, respectively, were performed to characterize the secretome of a C. concisus strain isolated from a Crohn's disease patient. Two hundred and one secreted proteins were identified, of which 86 were bioinformatically predicted to be secreted. Searches were performed on the genome of C. concisus strain 13826, and 25 genes that have been associated with virulence or colonization in other organisms were identified. The zonula occludens toxin was found only in C. concisus among the Campylobacterales, although expanded searches revealed that this protein was present in two epsilon-proteobacterial species from extreme marine environments. Alignments and structural threading indicated that this toxin shared features with that of other virulent pathogens, including Neisseria meningitidis and Vibrio cholerae. Further comparative analyses identified several associations between the secretome of C. consisus and putative virulence factors of this bacterium. This study has identified several factors putatively associated with disease outcome, suggesting that C. concisus is a pathogen of the gastrointestinal tract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadeem O Kaakoush
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Heras B, Shouldice SR, Totsika M, Scanlon MJ, Schembri MA, Martin JL. DSB proteins and bacterial pathogenicity. Nat Rev Microbiol 2009; 7:215-25. [DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro2087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
25
|
MacRitchie DM, Buelow DR, Price NL, Raivio TL. Two-component signaling and gram negative envelope stress response systems. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2008; 631:80-110. [PMID: 18792683 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-78885-2_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dawn M MacRitchie
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Jiang BL, Liu J, Chen LF, Ge YY, Hang XH, He YQ, Tang DJ, Lu GT, Tang JL. DsbB is required for the pathogenesis process of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2008; 21:1036-45. [PMID: 18616400 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-21-8-1036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The DsbA/DsbB oxidation pathway is one of the two pathways that catalyze disulfide bond formation of proteins in the periplasm of gram-negative bacteria. It has been demonstrated that DsbA is essential for multiple virulence factors of several animal bacterial pathogens. In this article, we present genetic evidence to show that the open reading frame XC_3314 encodes a DsbB protein that is involved in disulfide bond formation in periplasm of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, the causative agent of crucifer black rot disease. The dsbB mutant of X. campestris pv. campestris exhibited attenuation in virulence, hypersensitive response, cell motility, and bacterial growth in planta. Furthermore, mutation in the dsbB gene resulted in ineffective type II and type III secretion systems as well as flagellar assembly. These findings reveal that DsbB is required for the pathogenesis process of X. campestris pv. campestris.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Le Jiang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Gleiter S, Bardwell JCA. Disulfide bond isomerization in prokaryotes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2008; 1783:530-4. [PMID: 18342631 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2008.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2007] [Revised: 02/11/2008] [Accepted: 02/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Proteins with multiple cysteine residues often require disulfide isomerization reactions before they attain their correct conformation. In prokaryotes this reaction is catalyzed mainly by DsbC, a protein that shares many similarities in structure and mechanism to the eukaryotic protein disulfide isomerase. This review discusses the current knowledge about disulfide isomerization in prokaryotes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Gleiter
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1048, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Heras B, Kurz M, Jarrott R, Shouldice SR, Frei P, Robin G, Čemažar M, Thöny-Meyer L, Glockshuber R, Martin JL. Staphylococcus aureus DsbA Does Not Have a Destabilizing Disulfide. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:4261-71. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m707838200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
|
29
|
An R, Sreevatsan S, Grewal PS. Moraxella osloensis gene expression in the slug host Deroceras reticulatum. BMC Microbiol 2008; 8:19. [PMID: 18226222 PMCID: PMC2266756 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-8-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2007] [Accepted: 01/28/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The bacterium Moraxella osloensis is a mutualistic symbiont of the slug-parasitic nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita. In nature, P. hermaphrodita vectors M. osloensis into the shell cavity of the slug host Deroceras reticulatum in which the bacteria multiply and kill the slug. As M. osloensis is the main killing agent, genes expressed by M. osloensis in the slug are likely to play important roles in virulence. Studies on pathogenic interactions between bacteria and lower order hosts are few, but such studies have the potential to shed light on the evolution of bacterial virulence. Therefore, we investigated such an interaction by determining gene expression of M. osloensis in its slug host D. reticulatum by selectively capturing transcribed sequences. Results Thirteen M. osloensis genes were identified to be up-regulated post infection in D. reticulatum. Compared to the in vitro expressed genes in the stationary phase, we found that genes of ubiquinone synthetase (ubiS) and acyl-coA synthetase (acs) were up-regulated in both D. reticulatum and stationary phase in vitro cultures, but the remaining 11 genes were exclusively expressed in D. reticulatum and are hence infection specific. Mutational analysis on genes of protein-disulfide isomerase (dsbC) and ubiS showed that the virulence of both mutants to slugs was markedly reduced and could be complemented. Further, compared to the growth rate of wild-type M. osloensis, the dsbC and ubiS mutants showed normal and reduced growth rate in vitro, respectively. Conclusion We conclude that 11 out of the 13 up-regulated M. osloensis genes are infection specific. Distribution of these identified genes in various bacterial pathogens indicates that the virulence genes are conserved among different pathogen-host interactions. Mutagenesis, growth rate and virulence bioassays further confirmed that ubiS and dsbC genes play important roles in M. osloensis survival and virulence, respectively in D. reticulatum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruisheng An
- Entomology Department, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Activation of the Cpx envelope stress response down-regulates expression of several locus of enterocyte effacement-encoded genes in enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. Infect Immun 2008; 76:1465-75. [PMID: 18227171 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01265-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Cpx two-component system regulates an extracytoplasmic stress response that functions to rid the envelope of misfolded and mislocalized proteins that may interfere with normal cellular processes. The Cpx pathway is also involved in pathogenesis. This study investigated the role of the Cpx response in enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) type III secretion (T3S). It was determined that a functional Cpx pathway is not required for T3S but that pathway activation inhibits secretion by reducing the cellular pools of T3S substrates. The EPEC T3S system structural components, as well as a number of its substrates, are encoded on the locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE) pathogenicity island. Transcriptional fusions to the five major operons of the LEE were constructed and examined under Cpx pathway-activating conditions. Induction of the Cpx response caused a decrease in the transcription of several LEE operons, with the most pronounced effect on LEE4 and LEE5. Collectively, these two operons encode components of the T3S translocation apparatus, the bacterial adhesin intimin, and the translocated bacterial receptor Tir. These data show for the first time that activation of the Cpx envelope stress response in EPEC inhibits T3S of both translocators and effectors, likely through down regulation of LEE transcription. Coupled with recent findings, our results suggest that Cpx-mediated down regulation of virulence is a conserved theme in a number of bacterial pathogens.
Collapse
|
31
|
The periplasmic disulfide oxidoreductase DsbA contributes to Haemophilus influenzae pathogenesis. Infect Immun 2008; 76:1498-508. [PMID: 18212083 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01378-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Haemophilus influenzae is an obligate human pathogen that persistently colonizes the nasopharynx and causes disease when it invades the bloodstream, lungs, or middle ear. Proteins that mediate critical interactions with the host during invasive disease are likely to be secreted. Many secreted proteins require addition of disulfide bonds by the DsbA disulfide oxidoreductase for activity or stability. In this study, we evaluated the role in H. influenzae pathogenesis of DsbA, as well as HbpA, a substrate of DsbA. Mutants of H. influenzae Rd and type b strain Eagan having nonpolar deletions of dsbA were attenuated for bacteremia in animal models, and complemented strains exhibited virulence equivalent to that of the parental strains. Comparison of predicted secreted proteins in H. influenzae to known DsbA substrates in other species revealed several proteins that could contribute to the role of dsbA in virulence. One candidate, the heme transport protein, HbpA, was examined because of the importance of exogenous heme for aerobic growth of H. influenzae. The presence of a dsbA-dependent disulfide bond in HbpA was verified by an alkylation protection assay, and HbpA was less abundant in a dsbA mutant. The hbpA mutant exhibited reduced bacteremia in the mouse model, and complementation restored its in vivo phenotype to that of the parental strain. These results indicate that dsbA is required in vivo and that HbpA and additional DsbA-dependent factors are likely to participate in H. influenzae pathogenesis.
Collapse
|
32
|
Łasica AM, Jagusztyn-Krynicka EK. The role of Dsb proteins of Gram-negative bacteria in the process of pathogenesis. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2007; 31:626-36. [PMID: 17696887 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2007.00081.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tertiary and quaternary structures of extracytoplasmic proteins containing more than one cysteine residue often require introduction of disulfide bonds. This process takes place in an oxidative environment, such as the periplasm of Gram-negative bacteria, and is catalyzed by Dsb (disulfide bond formation) proteins. Mutations in dsb genes influence the conformation and stability of many extracytoplasmic proteins. Thus, many pathogens become partially or fully attenuated due to improper folding of proteins that act as virulence factors. This review summarizes the current knowledge on Dsb proteins and their effect on the pathogenicity of Gram-negative bacteria. The potential application of Dsb proteins in biotechnology is also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Łasica
- Department of Bacterial Genetics, Institute of Microbiology, Biology Faculty, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Nicholson TL. Construction and validation of a first-generation Bordetella bronchiseptica long-oligonucleotide microarray by transcriptional profiling the Bvg regulon. BMC Genomics 2007; 8:220. [PMID: 17617915 PMCID: PMC1965479 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-8-220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2007] [Accepted: 07/06/2007] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bordetella bronchiseptica is a bacterial respiratory pathogen that infects a broad range of mammals, causing chronic and often subclinical infections. Gene expression in Bordetella is regulated by a two-component sensory transduction system, BvgAS, which controls the expression of a spectrum of phenotypic phases transitioning between a virulent (Bvg+) phase and a non-virulent (Bvg-) phase. Results Based on the genomic sequence and using the freely available software ArrayOligoSelector, a long oligonucleotide B. bronchiseptica microarray was designed and assembled. This long-oligonucleotide microarray was subsequently tested and validated by comparing changes in the global expression profiles between B. bronchiseptica RB50 and its Bvg- phase-locked derivative, RB54. Data from this microarray analysis revealed 1,668 Bvg-regulated genes, which greatly expands the BvgAS regulon defined in previous reports. For previously reported Bvg-regulated transcripts, the gene expression data presented here is congruent with prior findings. Additionally, quantitative real-time PCR data provided an independent verification of the microarray expression values. Conclusion The results presented here provide a comprehensive, genome-wide portrait of transcripts encompassing the BvgAS regulon, while also providing data validating the long-oligonucleotide microarray described here for studying gene expression in Bordetella bronchiseptica.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tracy L Nicholson
- Respiratory Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Kaakoush NO, Kovach Z, Mendz GL. Potential role of thiol:disulfide oxidoreductases in the pathogenesis ofHelicobacter pylori. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 50:177-83. [PMID: 17521354 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2007.00259.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infections are responsible for a sequence of molecular events which ultimately result in the development of gastric diseases. The pathogenesis of H. pylori has been studied extensively with strong focus on the identification of virulence factors. In contrast, the involvement of thiol:disulfide oxidoreductases in bacterial pathogenesis is less well understood. This paper provides a review of the current knowledge of H. pylori putative thiol:disulfide oxidoreductases, and their potential role in promoting virulence and colonization. Several bioinformatic analyses served to complete the information on these oxidoreductases of H. pylori.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadeem O Kaakoush
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Bringer MA, Rolhion N, Glasser AL, Darfeuille-Michaud A. The oxidoreductase DsbA plays a key role in the ability of the Crohn's disease-associated adherent-invasive Escherichia coli strain LF82 to resist macrophage killing. J Bacteriol 2007; 189:4860-71. [PMID: 17449627 PMCID: PMC1913465 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00233-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) isolated from Crohn's disease patients is able to adhere to and invade intestinal epithelial cells and to replicate in mature phagolysosomes within macrophages. Here, we show that the dsbA gene, encoding a periplasmic oxidoreductase, was required for AIEC strain LF82 to adhere to intestinal epithelial cells and to survive within macrophages. The LF82-DeltadsbA mutant did not express flagella and, probably as a consequence of this, did not express type 1 pili. The role of DsbA in adhesion is restricted to the loss of flagella and type 1 pili, as forced contact between bacteria and cells and induced expression of type 1 pili restored the wild-type phenotype. In contrast, the dsbA gene is essential for AIEC LF82 bacteria to survive within macrophages, irrespective of the loss of flagella and type 1 pilus expression, and the survival ability of LF82-DeltadsbA was as low as that of the nonpathogenic E. coli K-12, which was efficiently killed by macrophages. We also provide evidence that the dsbA gene is needed for LF82 bacteria to grow and survive in an acidic and nutrient-poor medium that partly mimics the harsh environment of the phagocytic vacuole. In addition, under such stress conditions dsbA transcription is highly up-regulated. Finally, the CpxRA signaling pathway does not play a role in regulation of dsbA expression in AIEC LF82 bacteria under conditions similar to those of mature phagolysosomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Agnès Bringer
- Pathogénie Bactérienne Intestinale, Université Clermont I, USC INRA 2018, F-63000 Clermont-Fd, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Alvarez B, Secades P, Prieto M, McBride MJ, Guijarro JA. A mutation in Flavobacterium psychrophilum tlpB inhibits gliding motility and induces biofilm formation. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 72:4044-53. [PMID: 16751514 PMCID: PMC1489658 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00128-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavobacterium psychrophilum is a psychrotrophic, fish-pathogenic bacterium belonging to the Cytophaga-Flavobacterium-Bacteroides group. Tn4351-induced mutants deficient in gliding motility, growth on iron-depleted media, and extracellular proteolytic activity were isolated. Some of these mutants were affected in only one of these characteristics, whereas others had defects in two or more. FP523, a mutant deficient in all of these properties, was studied further. FP523 had a Tn4351 insertion in tlpB (thiol oxidoreductase-like protein gene), which encodes a 41.4-kDa protein whose sequence does not exhibit high levels of similar to the sequences of proteins having known functions. TlpB has two domains; the N-terminal domains has five transmembrane regions, whereas the C-terminal domains has the Cys-X-X-Cys motif and other conserved motifs characteristic of thiol:disulfide oxidoreductases. Quantitative analysis of the thiol groups of periplasmic proteins revealed that TlpB is required for reduction of these groups. The tlpB gene is part of the fpt (F. psychrophilum thiol oxidoreductase) operon that contains two other genes, tlpA and tpiA, which encode a thiol:disulfide oxidoreductase and a triosephosphate isomerase, respectively. FP523 exhibited enhanced biofilm formation and decreased virulence and cytotoxicity. Complementation with the tlpB loci restored the wild-type phenotype. Gliding motility and biofilm formation appear to be antagonistic properties, which are both affected by TlpB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Alvarez
- Area de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Eschenbrenner M, Horn TA, Wagner MA, Mujer CV, Miller-Scandle TL, DelVecchio VG. Comparative Proteome Analysis of Laboratory Grown Brucella abortus 2308 and Brucella melitensis 16M. J Proteome Res 2006; 5:1731-40. [PMID: 16823981 DOI: 10.1021/pr060135p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Brucella species are pathogenic agents that cause brucellosis, a debilitating zoonotic disease that affects a large variety of domesticated animals and humans. Brucella melitensis and Brucella abortus are considered major health threats because of their highly infectious nature and worldwide occurrence. The availability of the annotated genomes for these two species has allowed a comparative proteomics study of laboratory grown B. melitensis 16M and B. abortus 2308 by two-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis and peptide mass fingerprinting. Computer-assisted analysis of the different 2-D gel images of strains 16M and 2308 revealed significant quantitative and qualitative differences in their protein expression patterns. Proteins involved in membrane transport, particularly the high affinity amino acids binding proteins, and those involved in Sec-dependent secretion systems related to type IV and type V secretion systems, were differentially expressed. Differential expression of these proteins may be responsible for conferring specific host preference in the two strains 2308 and 16M.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michel Eschenbrenner
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicine, The University of Scranton, Scranton, Pennsylvania 18510, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
The sigma(E), Cpx and Bae envelope stress responses of Escherichia coli are involved in the maintenance, adaptation and protection of the bacterial envelope in response to a variety of stressors. Recent studies indicate that the Cpx and sigma(E) stress responses exist in many Gram-negative bacterial pathogens. The envelope is of particular importance to these organisms because most virulence determinants reside in, or must transit through, this cellular compartment. The Cpx system has been implicated in expression of pili, type IV secretion systems and key virulence regulators, while the sigma(E) pathway has been shown to be critical for protection from oxidative stress and intracellular survival. Homologues of the sigma(E)- and Cpx-regulated protease DegP are essential for full virulence in numerous pathogens, and, like sigma(E), DegP appears to confer resistance to oxidative stress and intracellular survival capacity. Some pathogens contain multiple homologues of the Cpx-regulated, disulphide bond catalyst DsbA protein, which has been demonstrated to play roles in the expression of secreted virulence determinants, type III secretion systems and pili. This review highlights recent studies that indicate roles for the sigma(E), Cpx and Bae envelope stress responses in Gram-negative bacterial pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tracy L Raivio
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Dumoulin A, Grauschopf U, Bischoff M, Thöny-Meyer L, Berger-Bächi B. Staphylococcus aureus DsbA is a membrane-bound lipoprotein with thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase activity. Arch Microbiol 2005; 184:117-28. [PMID: 16177891 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-005-0024-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2005] [Revised: 06/08/2005] [Accepted: 06/22/2005] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
DsbA proteins, the primary catalysts of protein disulfide bond formation, are known to affect virulence and penicillin resistance in Gram-negative bacteria. We identified a putative DsbA homologue in the Gram-positive pathogen Staphylococcus aureus that was able to restore the motility phenotype of an Escherichia coli dsbA mutant and thus demonstrated a functional thiol oxidoreductase activity. The staphylococcal DsbA (SaDsbA) had a strong oxidative redox potential of -131 mV. The persistence of the protein throughout the growth cycle despite its predominant transcription during exponential growth phase suggested a rather long half-life for the SaDsbA. SaDsbA was found to be a membrane localised lipoprotein, supporting a role in disulfide bond formation. But so far, neither in vitro nor in vivo phenotype could be identified in a staphylococcal dsbA mutant, leaving its physiological role unknown. The inability of SaDsbA to interact with the E. coli DsbB and the lack of an apparent staphylococcal DsbB homologue suggest an alternative re-oxidation pathway for the SaDsbA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Dumoulin
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Zürich, Gloriastr 32, 8006 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Hamilton HL, Domínguez NM, Schwartz KJ, Hackett KT, Dillard JP. Neisseria gonorrhoeae secretes chromosomal DNA via a novel type IV secretion system. Mol Microbiol 2005; 55:1704-21. [PMID: 15752195 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2005.04521.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The process of DNA donation for natural transformation of bacteria is poorly understood and has been assumed to involve bacterial cell death. Recently in Neisseria gonorrhoeae we found that mutations in three genes in the gonococcal genetic island (GGI) reduced the ability of a strain to act as a donor in transformation and to release DNA into the culture. To better characterize the GGI and the process of DNA donation, the 57 kb genetic island was cloned, sequenced and subjected to insertional mutagenesis. DNA sequencing revealed that the GGI has characteristics of a horizontally acquired genomic island and encodes homologues of type IV secretion system proteins. The GGI was found to be incorporated near the chromosomal replication terminus at the dif site, a sequence targeted by the site-specific recombinase XerCD. Using a plasmid carrying a small region of the GGI and the associated dif site, we demonstrated that this model island could be integrated at the dif site in strains not carrying the GGI and was spontaneously excised from that site. Also, we were able to delete the entire 57 kb region by transformation with DNA from a strain lacking the GGI. Thus the GGI was likely acquired and integrated into the gonococcal chromosome by site-specific recombination and may be lost by site-specific recombination or natural transformation. We made mutations in six putative type IV secretion system genes and assayed these strains for the ability to secrete DNA. Five of the mutations greatly reduced or completely eliminated DNA secretion. Our data indicate that N. gonorrhoeae secretes DNA via a specific process. Donated DNA may be used in natural transformation, contributing to antigenic variation and the spread of antibiotic resistance, and it may modulate the host immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Holly L Hamilton
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison Medical School, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Feissner RE, Beckett CS, Loughman JA, Kranz RG. Mutations in cytochrome assembly and periplasmic redox pathways in Bordetella pertussis. J Bacteriol 2005; 187:3941-9. [PMID: 15937156 PMCID: PMC1151747 DOI: 10.1128/jb.187.12.3941-3949.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transposon mutagenesis of Bordetella pertussis was used to discover mutations in the cytochrome c biogenesis pathway called system II. Using a tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine cytochrome c oxidase screen, 27 oxidase-negative mutants were isolated and characterized. Nine mutants were still able to synthesize c-type cytochromes and possessed insertions in the genes for cytochrome c oxidase subunits (ctaC, -D, and -E), heme a biosynthesis (ctaB), assembly of cytochrome c oxidase (sco2), or ferrochelatase (hemZ). Eighteen mutants were unable to synthesize all c-type cytochromes. Seven of these had transposons in dipZ (dsbD), encoding the transmembrane thioreduction protein, and all seven mutants were corrected for cytochrome c assembly by exogenous dithiothreitol, which was consistent with the cytochrome c cysteinyl residues of the CXXCH motif requiring periplasmic reduction. The remaining 11 insertions were located in the ccsBA operon, suggesting that with the appropriate thiol-reducing environment, the CcsB and CcsA proteins comprise the entire system II biosynthetic pathway. Antiserum to CcsB was used to show that CcsB is absent in ccsA mutants, providing evidence for a stable CcsA-CcsB complex. No mutations were found in the genes necessary for disulfide bond formation (dsbA or dsbB). To examine whether the periplasmic disulfide bond pathway is required for cytochrome c biogenesis in B. pertussis, a targeted knockout was made in dsbB. The DsbB- mutant makes holocytochromes c like the wild type does and secretes and assembles the active periplasmic alkaline phosphatase. A dipZ mutant is not corrected by a dsbB mutation. Alternative mechanisms to oxidize disulfides in B. pertussis are analyzed and discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Feissner
- Washington University, Department of Biology, Campus Box 1137, 1 Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Nevesinjac AZ, Raivio TL. The Cpx envelope stress response affects expression of the type IV bundle-forming pili of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 2005; 187:672-86. [PMID: 15629938 PMCID: PMC543543 DOI: 10.1128/jb.187.2.672-686.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Cpx envelope stress response mediates adaptation to potentially lethal envelope stresses in Escherichia coli. The two-component regulatory system consisting of the sensor kinase CpxA and the response regulator CpxR senses and mediates adaptation to envelope insults believed to result in protein misfolding in this compartment. Recently, a role was demonstrated for the Cpx response in the biogenesis of P pili, attachment organelles expressed by uropathogenic E. coli. CpxA senses misfolded P pilus assembly intermediates and initiates increased expression of both assembly and regulatory factors required for P pilus elaboration. In this report, we demonstrate that the Cpx response is also involved in the expression of the type IV bundle-forming pili of enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC). Bundle-forming pili were not elaborated from an exogenous promoter in E. coli laboratory strain MC4100 unless the Cpx pathway was constitutively activated. Further, an EPEC cpxR mutant synthesized diminished levels of bundle-forming pili and was significantly affected in adherence to epithelial cells. Since type IV bundle-forming pili are very different from chaperone-usher-type P pili in both form and biogenesis, our results suggest that the Cpx envelope stress response plays a general role in the expression of envelope-localized organelles with diverse structures and assembly pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Z Nevesinjac
- Department of Biological Sciences, CW405A Biological Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Raczko AM, Bujnicki JM, Pawłowski M, Godlewska R, Lewandowska M, Jagusztyn-Krynicka EK. Characterization of new DsbB-like thiol-oxidoreductases of Campylobacter jejuni and Helicobacter pylori and classification of the DsbB family based on phylogenomic, structural and functional criteria. Microbiology (Reading) 2005; 151:219-231. [PMID: 15632440 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.27483-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In Gram-negative bacterial cells, disulfide bond formation occurs in the oxidative environment of the periplasm and is catalysed by Dsb (disulfide bond) proteins found in the periplasm and in the inner membrane. In this report the identification of a new subfamily of disulfide oxidoreductases encoded by a gene denoted dsbI, and functional characterization of DsbI proteins from Campylobacter jejuni and Helicobacter pylori, as well as DsbB from C. jejuni, are described. The N-terminal domain of DsbI is related to DsbB proteins and comprises five predicted transmembrane segments, while the C-terminal domain is predicted to locate to the periplasm and to fold into a β-propeller structure. The dsbI gene is co-transcribed with a small ORF designated dba (
dsbI-accessory). Based on a series of deletion and complementation experiments it is proposed that DsbB can complement the lack of DsbI but not the converse. In the presence of DsbB, the activity of DsbI was undetectable, hence it probably acts only on a subset of possible substrates of DsbB. To reconstruct the principal events in the evolution of DsbB and DsbI proteins, sequences of all their homologues identifiable in databases were analysed. In the course of this study, previously undetected variations on the common thiol-oxidoreductase theme were identified, such as development of an additional transmembrane helix and loss or migration of the second pair of Cys residues between two distinct periplasmic loops. In conjunction with the experimental characterization of two members of the DsbI lineage, this analysis has resulted in the first comprehensive classification of the DsbB/DsbI family based on structural, functional and evolutionary criteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Raczko
- Department of Bacterial Genetics, Institute of Microbiology, Warsaw University, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Janusz M Bujnicki
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Protein Engineering, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Trojdena 4, 02-109 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Pawłowski
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Protein Engineering, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Trojdena 4, 02-109 Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Bacterial Genetics, Institute of Microbiology, Warsaw University, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Renata Godlewska
- Department of Bacterial Genetics, Institute of Microbiology, Warsaw University, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Lewandowska
- Department of Bacterial Genetics, Institute of Microbiology, Warsaw University, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Elżbieta K Jagusztyn-Krynicka
- Department of Bacterial Genetics, Institute of Microbiology, Warsaw University, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Guttman DS. Plants as models for the study of human pathogenesis. Biotechnol Adv 2004; 22:363-82. [PMID: 15063457 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2003.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2003] [Accepted: 11/20/2003] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
There are many common disease mechanisms used by bacterial pathogens of plants and humans. They use common means of attachment, secretion and genetic regulation. They share many virulence factors, such as extracellular polysaccharides and some type III secreted effectors. Plant and human innate immune systems also share many similarities. Many of these shared bacterial virulence mechanisms are homologous, but even more appear to have independently converged on a common function. This combination of homologous and analogous systems reveals conserved and critical steps in the disease process. Given these similarities, and the many experimental advantages of plant biology, including ease of replication, stringent genetic and reproductive control, and high throughput with low cost, it is proposed that plants would make excellent models for the study of human pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David S Guttman
- Department of Botany, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks St., Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3B2.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
Disulfide bonds formed between pairs of cysteines are important features of the structure of many proteins. Elaborate electron transfer pathways have evolved Escherichia coli to promote the formation of these covalent bonds and to ensure that the correct pairs of cysteines are joined in the final folded protein. These transfers of electrons consist, in the main, of cascades of disulfide bond formation or reduction steps between a series of proteins (DsbA, DsbB, DsbC, and DsbD). A surprising variety of mechanisms and protein structures are involved in carrying out these steps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kadokura
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Gamage SD, Strasser JE, Chalk CL, Weiss AA. Nonpathogenic Escherichia coli can contribute to the production of Shiga toxin. Infect Immun 2003; 71:3107-15. [PMID: 12761088 PMCID: PMC155771 DOI: 10.1128/iai.71.6.3107-3115.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The food-borne pathogen, Escherichia coli O157:H7, has been associated with gastrointestinal disease and the life-threatening sequela hemolytic uremic syndrome. The genes for the virulence factor, Shiga toxin 2 (Stx2), in E. coli O157:H7 are encoded on a temperate bacteriophage under the regulation of the late gene promoter. Induction of the phage lytic cycle is required for toxin synthesis and release. We investigated the hypothesis that nonpathogenic E. coli could amplify Stx2 production if infected with the toxin-encoding phage. Toxin-encoding phage were incubated with E. coli that were either susceptible or resistant to the phage. The addition of phage to phage-susceptible bacteria resulted in up to 40-fold more toxin than a pure culture of lysogens, whereas the addition of phage to phage-resistant bacteria resulted in significantly reduced levels of toxin. Intestinal E. coli isolates incubated with Shiga toxin-encoding phage produced variable amounts of toxin. Of 37 isolates, 3 produced significantly more toxin than was present in the inoculum, and 1 fecal isolate appeared to inactivate the toxin. Toxin production in the intestine was assessed in a murine model. Fecal toxin recovery was significantly reduced when phage-resistant E. coli was present. These results suggest that the susceptibility of the intestinal flora to the Shiga toxin phage could exert either a protective or an antagonistic influence on the severity of disease by pathogens with phage-encoded Shiga toxin. Toxin production by intestinal flora may represent a novel strategy of pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shantini D Gamage
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Stenson TH, Patton AK, Weiss AA. Reduced glutathione is required for pertussis toxin secretion by Bordetella pertussis. Infect Immun 2003; 71:1316-20. [PMID: 12595447 PMCID: PMC148887 DOI: 10.1128/iai.71.3.1316-1320.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The abilities of cysteine-containing compounds to support growth of Bordetella pertussis and influence pertussis toxin transcription, assembly, and secretion were examined. Cysteine is an essential amino acid for B. pertussis and must be present for protein synthesis and bacterial growth. However, cysteine can be metabolized to sulfate, and high concentrations of sulfate can selectively inhibit transcription of the virulence factors, including pertussis toxin, via the BvgAS two-component regulatory system in a process called modulation. In addition, pertussis toxin possesses several disulfide bonds, and the cysteine-containing compound glutathione can influence oxidation-reduction reactions and perhaps disulfide bond formation. Bacterial growth was not observed in the absence of a source of cysteine. Oxidized glutathione, as a sole source of cysteine, also did not support bacterial growth. Cysteine, cystine, and reduced glutathione did support bacterial growth, and none of these compounds caused modulation at the concentrations tested. Similar amounts of periplasmic pertussis toxin were detected regardless of the source of cysteine; however, in the absence of reduced glutathione, pertussis toxin was not efficiently secreted. Addition of the reducing agent dithiothreitol was unable to compensate for the lack of reduced glutathione and did not promote secretion of pertussis toxin. These results suggest that reduced glutathione does not affect the accumulation of assembled active pertussis toxin in the periplasm but plays a role in efficient pertussis toxin secretion by the bacterium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trevor H Stenson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0524, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
DsbA is a periplasmic thiol:disulfide oxidoreductase which contributes to the process of protein folding by catalyzing the formation of disulfide bonds. In this study, we demonstrate that the dsbA gene is required for the expression of the type III secretion system under low-calcium inducing conditions, intracellular survival of P. aeruginosa upon infection of HeLa cells, and twitching motility. The diverse phenotypes of the dsbA mutant are likely due to its defect in the folding of proteins that are involved in various biological processes, such as signal sensing, protein secretion, and defense against host clearing. In light of its effect on various virulence factors, DsbA could be an important target for the control of P. aeruginosa infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Un-Hwan Ha
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Bouwman CW, Kohli M, Killoran A, Touchie GA, Kadner RJ, Martin NL. Characterization of SrgA, a Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium virulence plasmid-encoded paralogue of the disulfide oxidoreductase DsbA, essential for biogenesis of plasmid-encoded fimbriae. J Bacteriol 2003; 185:991-1000. [PMID: 12533475 PMCID: PMC142830 DOI: 10.1128/jb.185.3.991-1000.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Disulfide oxidoreductases are viewed as foldases that help to maintain proteins on productive folding pathways by enhancing the rate of protein folding through the catalytic incorporation of disulfide bonds. SrgA, encoded on the virulence plasmid pStSR100 of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and located downstream of the plasmid-borne fimbrial operon, is a disulfide oxidoreductase. Sequence analysis indicates that SrgA is similar to DsbA from, for example, Escherichia coli, but not as highly conserved as most of the chromosomally encoded disulfide oxidoreductases from members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. SrgA is localized to the periplasm, and its disulfide oxidoreductase activity is dependent upon the presence of functional DsbB, the protein that is also responsible for reoxidation of the major disulfide oxidoreductase, DsbA. A quantitative analysis of the disulfide oxidoreductase activity of SrgA showed that SrgA was less efficient than DsbA at introducing disulfide bonds into the substrate alkaline phosphatase, suggesting that SrgA is more substrate specific than DsbA. It was also demonstrated that the disulfide oxidoreductase activity of SrgA is necessary for the production of plasmid-encoded fimbriae. The major structural subunit of the plasmid-encoded fimbriae, PefA, contains a disulfide bond that must be oxidized in order for PefA stability to be maintained and for plasmid-encoded fimbriae to be assembled. SrgA efficiently oxidizes the disulfide bond of PefA, while the S. enterica serovar Typhimurium chromosomally encoded disulfide oxidoreductase DsbA does not. pefA and srgA were also specifically expressed at pH 5.1 but not at pH 7.0, suggesting that the regulatory mechanisms involved in pef gene expression are also involved in srgA expression. SrgA therefore appears to be a substrate-specific disulfide oxidoreductase, thus explaining the requirement for an additional catalyst of disulfide bond formation in addition to DsbA of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C W Bouwman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Kohler S, Foulongne V, Ouahrani-Bettache S, Bourg G, Teyssier J, Ramuz M, Liautard JP. The analysis of the intramacrophagic virulome of Brucella suis deciphers the environment encountered by the pathogen inside the macrophage host cell. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:15711-6. [PMID: 12438693 PMCID: PMC137781 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.232454299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogen Brucella suis resides and multiplies within a phagocytic vacuole of its host cell, the macrophage. The resulting complex relationship has been investigated by the analysis of the set of genes required for virulence, which we call intramacrophagic virulome. Ten thousand two hundred and seventy-two miniTn5 mutants of B. suis constitutively expressing gfp were screened by fluorescence microscopy for lack of intracellular multiplication in human macrophages. One hundred thirty-one such mutants affected in 59 different genes could be isolated, and a function was ascribed to 53 of them. We identified genes involved in (i) global adaptation to the intracellular environment, (ii) amino acid, and (iii) nucleotide synthesis, (iv) sugar metabolism, (v) oxidoreduction, (vi) nitrogen metabolism, (vii) regulation, (viii) disulphide bond formation, and (ix) lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis. Results led to the conclusion that the replicative compartment of B. suis is poor in nutrients and characterized by low oxygen tension, and that nitrate may be used for anaerobic respiration. Intramacrophagic virulome analysis hence allowed the description of the nature of the replicative vacuole of the pathogen in the macrophage and extended our understanding of the niche in which B. suis resides. We propose calling this specific compartment "brucellosome."
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Kohler
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U-431 (INSERM U-431), Université Montpellier II, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|