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Carter MQ, Quiñones B, He X, Pham A, Carychao D, Cooley MB, Lo CC, Chain PSG, Lindsey RL, Bono JL. Genomic and Phenotypic Characterization of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia albertii Strains Isolated from Wild Birds in a Major Agricultural Region in California. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2803. [PMID: 38004814 PMCID: PMC10673567 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11112803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia albertii is an emerging foodborne pathogen. To better understand the pathogenesis and health risk of this pathogen, comparative genomics and phenotypic characterization were applied to assess the pathogenicity potential of E. albertii strains isolated from wild birds in a major agricultural region in California. Shiga toxin genes stx2f were present in all avian strains. Pangenome analyses of 20 complete genomes revealed a total of 11,249 genes, of which nearly 80% were accessory genes. Both core gene-based phylogenetic and accessory gene-based relatedness analyses consistently grouped the three stx2f-positive clinical strains with the five avian strains carrying ST7971. Among the three Stx2f-converting prophage integration sites identified, ssrA was the most common one. Besides the locus of enterocyte effacement and type three secretion system, the high pathogenicity island, OI-122, and type six secretion systems were identified. Substantial strain variation in virulence gene repertoire, Shiga toxin production, and cytotoxicity were revealed. Six avian strains exhibited significantly higher cytotoxicity than that of stx2f-positive E. coli, and three of them exhibited a comparable level of cytotoxicity with that of enterohemorrhagic E. coli outbreak strains, suggesting that wild birds could serve as a reservoir of E. albertii strains with great potential to cause severe diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Qiu Carter
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Western Regional Research Center, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA; (B.Q.); (A.P.); (D.C.); (M.B.C.)
| | - Beatriz Quiñones
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Western Regional Research Center, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA; (B.Q.); (A.P.); (D.C.); (M.B.C.)
| | - Xiaohua He
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, CA 94710, USA;
| | - Antares Pham
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Western Regional Research Center, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA; (B.Q.); (A.P.); (D.C.); (M.B.C.)
| | - Diana Carychao
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Western Regional Research Center, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA; (B.Q.); (A.P.); (D.C.); (M.B.C.)
| | - Michael B. Cooley
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Western Regional Research Center, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA; (B.Q.); (A.P.); (D.C.); (M.B.C.)
| | - Chien-Chi Lo
- Biosecurity and Public Health Group, U.S. Department of Energy, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Santa Fe, NM 87545, USA; (C.-C.L.); (P.S.G.C.)
| | - Patrick S. G. Chain
- Biosecurity and Public Health Group, U.S. Department of Energy, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Santa Fe, NM 87545, USA; (C.-C.L.); (P.S.G.C.)
| | - Rebecca L. Lindsey
- Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA;
| | - James L. Bono
- Meat Safety and Quality Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA;
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Carter MQ, Quiñones B, Laniohan N, Carychao D, Pham A, He X, Cooley M. Pathogenicity assessment of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains isolated from wild birds in a major agricultural region in California. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1214081. [PMID: 37822735 PMCID: PMC10562709 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1214081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) consists of diverse strains differing in genetic make-up and virulence potential. To better understand the pathogenicity potential of STEC carried by the wildlife, three STEC and one E. coli strains isolated from wild birds near a major agricultural region in California were selected for comparative pathogenomic analyses. Three American crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos) strains, RM9088, RM9513, and RM10410, belonging to phylogroup A with serotypes O109:H48, O9:H30, and O113:H4, respectively, and a red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus) strain RM14516 in phylogroup D with serotype O17:H18, were examined. Shiga toxin genes were identified in RM9088 (stx1a), RM10410 (stx1a + stx2d), and RM14516 (stx2a). Unlike STEC O157:H7 strain EDL933, none of the avian STEC strains harbored the pathogenicity islands OI-122, OI-57, and the locus of enterocyte effacement, therefore the type III secretion system biogenesis genes and related effector genes were absent in the three avian STEC genomes. Interestingly, all avian STEC strains exhibited greater (RM9088 and RM14516) or comparable (RM10410) cytotoxicity levels compared with EDL933. Comparative pathogenomic analyses revealed that RM9088 harbored numerous genes encoding toxins, toxins delivery systems, and adherence factors, including heat-labile enterotoxin, serine protease autotransporter toxin Pic, type VI secretion systems, protein adhesin Paa, fimbrial adhesin K88, and colonization factor antigen I. RM9088 also harbored a 36-Kb high pathogenicity island, which is related to iron acquisition and pathogenicity in Yersinia spp. Strain RM14516 carried an acid fitness island like the one in EDL933, containing a nine gene cluster involved in iron acquisition. Genes encoding extracellular serine protease EspP, subtilase cytotoxin, F1C fimbriae, and inverse autotransporter adhesin IatC were only detected in RM14516, and genes encoding serine protease autotransporter EspI and P fimbriae were only identified in RM10410. Although all curli genes were present in avian STEC strains, production of curli fimbriae was only detected for RM9088 and RM14516. Consistently, strong, moderate, and little biofilms were observed for RM9088, RM14516, and RM10410, respectively. Our study revealed novel combinations of virulence factors in two avian strains, which exhibited high level of cytotoxicity and strong biofilm formation. Comparative pathogenomics is powerful in assessing pathogenicity and health risk of STEC strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Qiu Carter
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, CA, United States
| | - Beatriz Quiñones
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, CA, United States
| | - Nicole Laniohan
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, CA, United States
| | - Diana Carychao
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, CA, United States
| | - Antares Pham
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, CA, United States
| | - Xiaohua He
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, CA, United States
| | - Michael Cooley
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, CA, United States
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Okuno M, Arimizu Y, Miyahara S, Wakabayashi Y, Gotoh Y, Yoshino S, Harada T, Seto K, Yamamoto T, Nakamura K, Hayashi T, Ogura Y. Escherichia cryptic clade I is an emerging source of human intestinal pathogens. BMC Biol 2023; 21:81. [PMID: 37055811 PMCID: PMC10100065 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01584-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Within the genus Escherichia, several monophyletic clades other than the traditionally defined species have been identified. Of these, cryptic clade I (C-I) appears to represent a subspecies of E. coli, but due to the difficulty in distinguishing it from E. coli sensu stricto, the population structure and virulence potential of C-I are unclear. RESULTS We defined a set of true C-I strains (n = 465), including a Shiga toxin 2a (Stx2a)-producing isolate from a patient with bloody diarrhoea identified by the retrospective analyses using a C-I-specific detection system. Through genomic analysis of 804 isolates from the cryptic clades, including these C-I strains, we revealed their global population structures and the marked accumulation of virulence genes and antimicrobial resistance genes in C-I. In particular, half of the C-I strains contained hallmark virulence genes of Stx-producing E. coli (STEC) and/or enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC). We also found the host-specific distributions of virulence genes, which suggests bovines as the potential source of human infections caused by STEC- and STEC/ETEC hybrid-type C-I strains, as is known in STEC. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate the emergence of human intestinal pathogens in C-I lineage. To better understand the features of C-I strains and their infections, extensive surveillance and larger population studies of C-I strains are needed. The C-I-specific detection system developed in this study will be a powerful tool for screening and identifying C-I strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Okuno
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Infectious Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, 830-0011, Japan
| | - Yoko Arimizu
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
- Department of Infectious Disease, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Medical Center, Fukuoka, 810-0065, Japan
| | - Seina Miyahara
- Department of Microbiology, Miyazaki Prefectural Institute for Public Health and Environment, Miyazaki, 889-2155, Japan
| | - Yuki Wakabayashi
- Division of Microbiology, Osaka Institute of Public Health, Osaka, 537-0025, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Gotoh
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Shuji Yoshino
- Department of Microbiology, Miyazaki Prefectural Institute for Public Health and Environment, Miyazaki, 889-2155, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Harada
- Division of Microbiology, Osaka Institute of Public Health, Osaka, 537-0025, Japan
| | - Kazuko Seto
- Division of Planning, Osaka Institute of Public Health, Osaka, 537-0025, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yamamoto
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Infectious Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, 830-0011, Japan
| | - Keiji Nakamura
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Hayashi
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshitoshi Ogura
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Infectious Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, 830-0011, Japan.
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Murga-Garrido SM, Ulloa-Pérez EJ, Díaz-Benítez CE, Orbe-Orihuela YC, Cornejo-Granados F, Ochoa-Leyva A, Sanchez-Flores A, Cruz M, Castañeda-Márquez AC, Plett-Torres T, Burguete García AI, Lagunas-Martínez A. Virulence Factors of the Gut Microbiome Are Associated with BMI and Metabolic Blood Parameters in Children with Obesity. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0338222. [PMID: 36786619 PMCID: PMC10101034 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03382-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of metabolic diseases is linked to the gut microbiota. A cross-sectional study involving 45 children (6 to 12 years old) was conducted to investigate the relationship between gut microbiota and childhood obesity. Anthropometric and metabolic measurements, food-frequency questionnaires (FFQs), and feces samples were obtained. Using the body mass index (BMI) z-score, we categorized each participant as normal weight (NW), or overweight and obese (OWOB). We determined 2 dietary profiles: one with complex carbohydrates and proteins (pattern 1), and the other with saturated fat and simple carbohydrates (pattern 2). The microbial taxonomic diversity and metabolic capacity were determined using shotgun metagenomics. We found differences between both BMI groups diversity. Taxa contributing to this difference, included Eubacterium sp., Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Dialister, Monoglobus pectinilyticus, Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum, Intestinibacter bartlettii, Bacteroides intestinalis, Bacteroides uniformis, and Methanobrevibacter smithii. Metabolic capacity differences found between NW and OWOB, included the amino acid biosynthesis pathway, the cofactor, carrier, and vitamin biosynthesis pathway, the nucleoside and nucleotide biosynthesis and degradation pathways, the carbohydrate-sugar degradation pathway, and the amine and polyamine biosynthesis pathway. We found significant associations between taxa such as Ruminococcus, Mitsuokella multacida, Klebsiella variicola, and Citrobacter spp., metabolic pathways with the anthropometric, metabolic, and dietary data. We also found the microbiome's lipooligosaccharide (LOS) category as differentially abundant between BMI groups. Metabolic variations emerge during childhood as a result of complex nutritional and microbial interactions, which should be explained in order to prevent metabolic illnesses in adolescence and maturity. IMPORTANCE The alteration of gut microbiome composition has been commonly observed in diseases involving inflammation, such as obesity and metabolic impairment. Inflammatory host response in the gut can be a consequence of dietary driven dysbiosis. This response is conducive to blooms of particular bacterial species, adequate to survive in an inflammatory environment by means of genetical capability of utilizing alternative nutrients. Understanding the genomic and metabolic contribution of microbiota to inflammation, including virulence factor prevalence and functional potential, will contribute to identifying modifiable early life exposures and preventive strategies associated with obesity risk in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. M. Murga-Garrido
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Mexico
- PECEM (MD/PhD), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - E. J. Ulloa-Pérez
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - C. E. Díaz-Benítez
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Y. C. Orbe-Orihuela
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - F. Cornejo-Granados
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - A. Ochoa-Leyva
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - A. Sanchez-Flores
- Unidad Universitaria de Secuenciación Masiva y Bioinformática, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - M. Cruz
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Bioquímica, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - A. C. Castañeda-Márquez
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - T. Plett-Torres
- PECEM (MD/PhD), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - A. I. Burguete García
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - A. Lagunas-Martínez
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Mexico
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Effect and Mechanism Analysis of Pig FUT8 Gene on Resistance to Escherichia coli F18 Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314713. [PMID: 36499043 PMCID: PMC9739813 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-weaning diarrhea caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli F18 (E. coli F18) causes significant economic losses for pig producers. Fucosyltransferase 8 (FUT8) is a glycosyltransferase that catalyzes core fucosylation; however, its role in mediating the resistance to E. coli F18 infection in pigs remains unknown. In this study, we systematically verified the relationship between FUT8 expression and E. coli resistance. The results showed that FUT8 was expressed in all detected tissues of Meishan piglets and that its expression was significantly increased in the duodenum and jejunum of E. coli F18-sensitive individuals when compared to E. coli F18-resistant individuals. FUT8 expression increased after exposure to E. coli F18 (p < 0.05) and decreased significantly after LPS induction for 6 h (p < 0.01). Then, the IPEC-J2 stable cell line with FUT8 interference was constructed, and FUT8 knockdown decreased the adhesion of E. coli F18ac to IPEC-J2 cells (p < 0.05). Moreover, we performed a comparative transcriptome study of IPEC-J2 cells after FUT8 knockdown via RNA-seq. In addition, further expression verification demonstrated the significant effect of FUT8 on the glycosphingolipid biosynthesis and Toll-like signaling pathways. Moreover, the core promoter of FUT8, which was located at −1213 bp to −673 bp, was identified via luciferase assay. Interestingly, we found a 1 bp C base insertion mutation at the −774 bp region, which could clearly inhibit the transcriptional binding activity of C/EBPα to an FUT8 promoter. Therefore, it is speculated that FUT8 acts in a critical role in the process of E. coli infection; furthermore, the low expression of FUT8 is conducive to the enhancement of E. coli resistance in piglets. Our findings revealed the mechanism of pig FUT8 in regulating E. coli resistance, which provided a theoretical basis for the screening of E. coli resistance in Chinese local pig breeds.
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Jiang L, Yang W, Jiang X, Yao T, Wang L, Yang B. Virulence-related O islands in enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7. Gut Microbes 2022; 13:1992237. [PMID: 34711138 PMCID: PMC8565820 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1992237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 is a principally foodborne pathogen linked to serious diseases, including bloody diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis, and hemolytic uremic syndrome. Comparative genomics analysis revealed that EHEC O157 contains 177 unique genomic islands, termed O islands, compared with the nonpathogenic E. coli K-12 laboratory strain. These O islands contribute largely to the pathogenicity of EHEC O157:H7 by providing numerous virulence factors, effectors, virulence regulatory proteins, and virulence regulatory sRNAs. The present review aimed to provide a comprehensive understanding of the research progress on the function of O islands, especially focusing on virulence-related O islands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Jiang
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Wen Yang
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Xinlei Jiang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Ting Yao
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Lu Wang
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Bin Yang
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA, Tianjin, P. R. China,CONTACT Bin Yang TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA, Tianjin300457, P. R. China
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Segura A, Bertin Y, Durand A, Benbakkar M, Forano E. Transcriptional analysis reveals specific niche factors and response to environmental stresses of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 in bovine digestive contents. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:284. [PMID: 34663220 PMCID: PMC8524897 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02343-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) are responsible for severe diseases in humans, and the ruminant digestive tract is considered as their main reservoir. Their excretion in bovine feces leads to the contamination of foods and the environment. Thus, providing knowledge of processes used by EHEC to survive and/or develop all along the bovine gut represents a major step for strategies implementation. Results We compared the transcriptome of the reference EHEC strain EDL933 incubated in vitro in triplicate samples in sterile bovine rumen, small intestine and rectum contents with that of the strain grown in an artificial medium using RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq), focusing on genes involved in stress response, adhesion systems including the LEE, iron uptake, motility and chemotaxis. We also compared expression of these genes in one digestive content relative to the others. In addition, we quantified short chain fatty acids and metal ions present in the three digestive contents. RNA-seq data first highlighted response of EHEC EDL933 to unfavorable physiochemical conditions encountered during its transit through the bovine gut lumen. Seventy-eight genes involved in stress responses including drug export, oxidative stress and acid resistance/pH adaptation were over-expressed in all the digestive contents compared with artificial medium. However, differences in stress fitness gene expression were observed depending on the digestive segment, suggesting that these differences were due to distinct physiochemical conditions in the bovine digestive contents. EHEC activated genes encoding three toxin/antitoxin systems in rumen content and many gene clusters involved in motility and chemotaxis in rectum contents. Genes involved in iron uptake and utilization were mostly down-regulated in all digestive contents compared with artificial medium, but feo genes were over-expressed in rumen and small intestine compared with rectum. The five LEE operons were more expressed in rectum than in rumen content, and LEE1 was also more expressed in rectum than in small intestine content. Conclusion Our results highlight various strategies that EHEC may implement to survive in the gastrointestinal environment of cattle. These data could also help defining new targets to limit EHEC O157:H7 carriage and shedding by cattle. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12866-021-02343-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Segura
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, MEDIS 0454, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Yolande Bertin
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, MEDIS 0454, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Alexandra Durand
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, MEDIS 0454, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Mhammed Benbakkar
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, IRD, OPGC, Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Evelyne Forano
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, MEDIS 0454, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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Comparative Pathogenomics of Escherichia coli: Polyvalent Vaccine Target Identification through Virulome Analysis. Infect Immun 2021; 89:e0011521. [PMID: 33941580 PMCID: PMC8281228 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00115-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Comparative genomics of bacterial pathogens has been useful for revealing potential virulence factors. Escherichia coli is a significant cause of human morbidity and mortality worldwide but can also exist as a commensal in the human gastrointestinal tract. With many sequenced genomes, it has served as a model organism for comparative genomic studies to understand the link between genetic content and potential for virulence. To date, however, no comprehensive analysis of its complete “virulome” has been performed for the purpose of identifying universal or pathotype-specific targets for vaccine development. Here, we describe the construction of a pathotype database of 107 well-characterized completely sequenced pathogenic and nonpathogenic E. coli strains, which we annotated for major virulence factors (VFs). The data are cross referenced for patterns against pathotype, phylogroup, and sequence type, and the results were verified against all 1,348 complete E. coli chromosomes in the NCBI RefSeq database. Our results demonstrate that phylogroup drives many of the “pathotype-associated” VFs, and ExPEC-associated VFs are found predominantly within the B2/D/F/G phylogenetic clade, suggesting that these phylogroups are better adapted to infect human hosts. Finally, we used this information to propose polyvalent vaccine targets with specificity toward extraintestinal strains, targeting key invasive strategies, including immune evasion (group 2 capsule), iron acquisition (FyuA, IutA, and Sit), adherence (SinH, Afa, Pap, Sfa, and Iha), and toxins (Usp, Sat, Vat, Cdt, Cnf1, and HlyA). While many of these targets have been proposed before, this work is the first to examine their pathotype and phylogroup distribution and how they may be targeted together to prevent disease.
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Zhang P, Essendoubi S, Keenliside J, Reuter T, Stanford K, King R, Lu P, Yang X. Genomic analysis of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 from cattle and pork-production related environments. NPJ Sci Food 2021; 5:15. [PMID: 34210979 PMCID: PMC8249597 DOI: 10.1038/s41538-021-00097-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Three E. coli O157:H7 outbreaks have been attributed to contaminated pork in Alberta, Canada, recently. This study investigates the phylogenetic relatedness of E. coli O157:H7 from pigs, cattle, and pork-production environments for source attribution. Limited strain diversity was observed using five conventional subtyping methods, with most or all strains being in one subgroup. Whole-genome single nucleotide polymorphism analysis confirmed the recent ancestry of the isolates from all three sources. Most environmental isolates clustered closer with pig isolates than cattle isolates. Also, a direct link was observed between 2018-outbreak environmental isolates and isolates collected from a pig farm in 2018. The majority of pig isolates harbor only one Shiga toxin gene, stx2a, while 70% (35/50) of the cattle isolates have both stx1a and stx2a. The results show some E. coli O157:H7 strains could establish persistence on pig farms and as such, pigs can be a significant source of the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Zhang
- grid.55614.330000 0001 1302 4958Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, Alberta Canada
| | | | | | - Tim Reuter
- Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Lethbridge, Alberta Canada ,grid.47609.3c0000 0000 9471 0214University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta Canada
| | - Kim Stanford
- Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Lethbridge, Alberta Canada ,grid.47609.3c0000 0000 9471 0214University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta Canada
| | - Robin King
- Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Edmonton, Alberta Canada
| | - Patricia Lu
- Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Edmonton, Alberta Canada
| | - Xianqin Yang
- grid.55614.330000 0001 1302 4958Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, Alberta Canada
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Ewers C, de Jong A, Prenger-Berninghoff E, El Garch F, Leidner U, Tiwari SK, Semmler T. Genomic Diversity and Virulence Potential of ESBL- and AmpC-β-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli Strains From Healthy Food Animals Across Europe. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:626774. [PMID: 33868190 PMCID: PMC8047082 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.626774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of livestock animals as a putative source of ESBL/pAmpC E. coli for humans is a central issue of research. In a large-scale pan-European surveillance, 2,993 commensal Escherichia spp. isolates were recovered from randomly collected fecal samples of healthy cattle, pigs and chickens in various abattoirs. One-hundred Escherichia spp. isolates (0.5% from cattle, 1.3% pigs, 8.0% chickens) fulfilled the criteria for cefotaxime and ceftazidime non-wildtype (EUCAST). In silico screening of WGS data of 99 isolates (98 E. coli and 1 E. fergusonii) revealed blaSHV–12 (32.3%), blaCTX–M–1 (24.2%), and blaCMY–2 (22.2%) as predominant ESBL/pAmpC types. Other types were blaSHV–2 (1.0%), blaCTX–M–2/–14/–15 (1.0/6.1/1.0%), and blaTEM–52 (5.1%). Six isolates revealed AmpC-promoter mutations (position −42 (C > T) and one carried mcr-1. The majority (91.3%) of ESBL/pAmpC genes were located on plasmids. SHV-12 was mainly (50%) encoded on IncI1α plasmids (pST-3/-26/-95), followed by IncX3 (12.5%) and IncK2 (3.1%). The blaTEM–52 genes were located on IncI1α-pST-36 (60%) and IncX1 plasmids (20%). The dominant plasmid lineage among CTX-M-1 isolates was IncI1α (pST-3/-295/-317) (87.5%), followed by IncN-pST-1 (8.3%). CMY-2 was mostly identified on IncI1α (pST-12/-2) (54.5%) and IncK2 (31.8%) plasmids. Several plasmids revealed high similarity to published plasmids from human and animal Enterobacteriaceae. The isolates were assigned to phylogroups A/C (34.7/7.1%), B1 (27.6%), B2 (3.1%), D/F (9.2/10.2%), E (5.1%), and to E. clades (3.0%). With 51 known and 2 novel MLST types, a wide variety of STs was found, including STs previously observed in human isolates (ST10/38/117/131/648). ESBL/AmpC types or STs were rarely correlated with the geographic origin of the isolates or animal species. Virulence gene typing identified extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC; 2.0%), avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC; 51.5%), and atypical enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC; 6.1%). In conclusion, the high diversity of STs and phylogenetic groups provides hardly any hint for clonal spread of single lineages but hints toward the dissemination of cephalosporin resistance genes in livestock via distinct, globally successful plasmid lineages. Even though a number of isolates could not be assigned to a distinct pathotype, our finding of combined multidrug-resistance and virulence in this facultative pathogen should be considered an additional threat to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa Ewers
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Anno de Jong
- European Antimicrobial Susceptibility Surveillance in Animals (EASSA) Study Group, Executive Animal Health Study Center (CEESA), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ellen Prenger-Berninghoff
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Farid El Garch
- European Antimicrobial Susceptibility Surveillance in Animals (EASSA) Study Group, Executive Animal Health Study Center (CEESA), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ursula Leidner
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sumeet K Tiwari
- NG1 Microbial Genomics, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Torsten Semmler
- NG1 Microbial Genomics, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
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11
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Lima MP, Yamamoto D, Santos ACDM, Ooka T, Hernandes RT, Vieira MAM, Santos FF, Silva RM, Hayashi T, Gomes TAT. Phenotypic characterization and virulence-related properties of Escherichia albertii strains isolated from children with diarrhea in Brazil. Pathog Dis 2020; 77:5379300. [PMID: 30865776 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftz014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia albertii are emerging enteropathogens, whose identification is difficult, as they share biochemical characteristics and some virulence-related genes with diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC). Studies on phylogeny, phenotypic characteristics and potential virulence factors of human E. albertii strains are scarce. In this study, we identified by multiplex PCR five E. albertii among 106 strains isolated from diarrheic children in São Paulo, Brazil, which were previously classified as atypical enteropathogenic E. coli. All strains were investigated regarding their phylogeny, biochemical properties, virulence-related properties, antimicrobial resistance and presence of putative virulence-related genes. All strains belonged to different E. albertii lineages and adhered to and produced attaching and effacing lesions on HeLa cells. Three strains invaded Caco-2 cells, but did not persist intracellularly, and three formed biofilms on polystyrene surfaces. All strains were resistant to few antibiotics and only one carried a self-transmissible resistance plasmid. Finally, among 38 DEC and 18 extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) virulence-related genes searched, six and three were detected, respectively, with paa and cdtB being found in all strains. Despite the limited number of strains, this study provided additional knowledge on human E. albertii virulence potential, showing that they share important virulence factors with DEC and ExPEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio P Lima
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina (UNIFESP-EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Botucatu, 862, 3° andar, CEP 04023-062, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Denise Yamamoto
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina (UNIFESP-EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Botucatu, 862, 3° andar, CEP 04023-062, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Rua Prof. Enéas de Siqueira Neto, Universidade Santo Amaro (UNISA), 340 CEP 04829-300-São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina de Mello Santos
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina (UNIFESP-EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Botucatu, 862, 3° andar, CEP 04023-062, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Tadasuke Ooka
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Rodrigo T Hernandes
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Distrito de Rubião Jr. CEP 18618-691, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Mônica A M Vieira
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina (UNIFESP-EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Botucatu, 862, 3° andar, CEP 04023-062, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Fernandes Santos
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina (UNIFESP-EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Botucatu, 862, 3° andar, CEP 04023-062, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rosa Maria Silva
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina (UNIFESP-EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Botucatu, 862, 3° andar, CEP 04023-062, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Tetsuya Hayashi
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maedashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka City, Fukuoka Prefecture 812-8582, Japan
| | - Tânia A T Gomes
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina (UNIFESP-EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Botucatu, 862, 3° andar, CEP 04023-062, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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12
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Characterization of Non-O157 Escherichia coli from Cattle Faecal Samples in the North-West Province of South Africa. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7080272. [PMID: 31434244 PMCID: PMC6723556 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7080272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli are commensal bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract of mammals, but some strains have acquired Shiga-toxins and can cause enterohemorrhagic diarrhoea and kidney failure in humans. Shiga-toxigenic E. coli (STEC) strains such as E. coli O157:H7 and some non-O157 strains also contain other virulence traits, some of which contribute to their ability to form biofilms. This study characterized non-O157 E. coli from South African cattle faecal samples for their virulence potential, antimicrobial resistance (AMR), biofilm-forming ability, and genetic relatedness using culture-based methods, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and whole genome sequencing (WGS). Of 80 isolates screened, 77.5% (62/80) possessed Shiga-toxins genes. Of 18 antimicrobials tested, phenotypic resistance was detected against seven antimicrobials. Resistance ranged from 1.3% (1/80) for ampicillin-sulbactam to 20% (16/80) for tetracycline. Antimicrobial resistance genes were infrequently detected except for tetA, which was found in 31.3% (25/80) and tetB detected in 11.3% (9/80) of isolates. Eight biofilm-forming associated genes were detected in STEC isolates (n = 62) and two non-STEC strains. Prevalence of biofilm genes ranged from 31.3% (20/64) for ehaAβ passenger to 100% for curli structural subunit (csgA) and curli regulators (csgA and crl). Of the 64 STEC and multi-drug resistant isolates, 70.3% (45/64) and 37.5% (24/64) formed strong biofilms on polystyrene at 22 and 37 °C, respectively. Of 59 isolates screened by PFGE, 37 showed unique patterns and the remaining isolates were grouped into five clusters with a ≥90% relatedness. In silico serotyping following WGS on a subset of 24 non-O157 STEC isolates predicted 20 serotypes comprising three novel serotypes, indicating their diversity as potential pathogens. These findings show that North West South African cattle harbour genetically diverse, virulent, antimicrobial-resistant and biofilm-forming non-O157 E. coli. Biofilm-forming ability may increase the likelihood of persistence of these pathogens in the environment and facilitate their dissemination, increasing the risk of cross contamination or establishment of infections in hosts.
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13
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Abraham S, Kirkwood RN, Laird T, Saputra S, Mitchell T, Singh M, Linn B, Abraham RJ, Pang S, Gordon DM, Trott DJ, O'Dea M. Dissemination and persistence of extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistance encoding IncI1-bla CTXM-1 plasmid among Escherichia coli in pigs. ISME JOURNAL 2018; 12:2352-2362. [PMID: 29899511 PMCID: PMC6155088 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-018-0200-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the ecology, epidemiology and plasmid characteristics of extended-spectrum cephalosporin (ESC)-resistant E. coli in healthy pigs over a period of 4 years (2013–2016) following the withdrawal of ESCs. High carriage rates of ESC-resistant E. coli were demonstrated in 2013 (86.6%) and 2014 (83.3%), compared to 2015 (22%) and 2016 (8.5%). ESC resistance identified among E. coli isolates was attributed to the carriage of an IncI1 ST-3 plasmid (pCTXM1-MU2) encoding blaCTXM-1. Genomic characterisation of selected E. coli isolates (n = 61) identified plasmid movement into multiple commensal E. coli (n = 22 STs). Major STs included ST10, ST5440, ST453, ST2514 and ST23. A subset of the isolates belong to the atypical enteropathogenic E. coli (aEPEC) pathotype that harboured multiple LEE pathogenic islands. pCTXM1-MU2 was similar (99% nt identity) to IncI1-ST3 plasmids reported from Europe, encoded resistance to aminoglycosides, sulphonamides and trimethoprim, and carried colicin Ib. pCTXM1-MU2 appears to be highly stable and readily transferable. This study demonstrates that ESC resistance may persist for a protracted period following removal of direct selection pressure, resulting in the emergence of ESC-resistance in both commensal E. coli and aEPEC isolates of potential significance to human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Abraham
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Melbourne, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Roy N Kirkwood
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, Australia.,Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Tanya Laird
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Melbourne, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Sugiyono Saputra
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, Australia.,Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, West Java, Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Tahlia Mitchell
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, Australia.,Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Mohinder Singh
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, Australia.,Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Benjamin Linn
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, Australia.,Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Rebecca J Abraham
- Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Stanley Pang
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Melbourne, Western Australia, Australia
| | - David M Gordon
- Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Darren J Trott
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, Australia.,Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Mark O'Dea
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Melbourne, Western Australia, Australia
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14
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Valiente E, Davies C, Mills DC, Getino M, Ritchie JM, Wren BW. Vibrio cholerae accessory colonisation factor AcfC: a chemotactic protein with a role in hyperinfectivity. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8390. [PMID: 29849063 PMCID: PMC5976639 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26570-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor is an aquatic Gram-negative bacterium responsible for the current seventh pandemic of the diarrheal disease, cholera. A previous whole-genome analysis on V. cholerae O1 El Tor strains from the 2010 epidemic in Pakistan showed that all strains contained the V. cholerae pathogenicity island-1 and the accessory colonisation gene acfC (VC_0841). Here we show that acfC possess an open reading frame of 770 bp encoding a protein with a predicted size of 28 kDa, which shares high amino acid similarity with two adhesion proteins found in other enteropathogens, including Paa in serotype O45 porcine enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and PEB3 in Campylobacter jejuni. Using a defined acfC deletion mutant, we studied the specific role of AcfC in V. cholerae O1 El Tor environmental survival, colonisation and virulence in two infection model systems (Galleria mellonella and infant rabbits). Our results indicate that AcfC might be a periplasmic sulfate-binding protein that affects chemotaxis towards mucin and bacterial infectivity in the infant rabbit model of cholera. Overall, our findings suggest that AcfC contributes to the chemotactic response of WT V. cholerae and plays an important role in defining the overall distribution of the organism within the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmeralda Valiente
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, WC1E 7HT, London, UK
| | - Cadi Davies
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, WC1E 7HT, London, UK
| | - Dominic C Mills
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, WC1E 7HT, London, UK.,Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Olin Hall, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Maria Getino
- Department of Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Jennifer M Ritchie
- Department of Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Brendan W Wren
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, WC1E 7HT, London, UK.
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15
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Miskiewicz A, Kowalczyk P, Oraibi SM, Cybulska K, Misiewicz A. Bird feathers as potential sources of pathogenic microorganisms: a new look at old diseases. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2018; 111:1493-1507. [PMID: 29460207 PMCID: PMC6097735 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-018-1048-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This article describes methods of treatment for avian zoonoses, modern antibiotic therapy and drug resistance of selected pathogens, which pose a threat to the population’s health. A tabular form has been used to present the current data from the European Union from 2011 to 2017 regarding human morbidity and mortality and the costs incurred by national health systems for the treatment of zoonoses occurring in humans and animals. Moreover, the paper includes descriptions of selected diseases, which indirectly affect birds. Scientists can obtain information regarding the occurrence of particular diseases, their aetiology, epidemiology, incubation period and symptoms caused by dangerous microorganisms and parasites. This information should be of particular interest for people who have frequent contact with birds, such as ornithologists, as well as veterinarians, farm staff, owners of accompanying animals and zoological workers. This paper presents a review used for identification and genetic characterization of bacterial strains isolated from a variety of environmental sources, e.g., bird feathers along with their practical application. We describe the bacterial, viral and fungal serotypes present on avian feathers after the slaughter process. This review also enables us to effectively identify several of the early stages of infectious diseases from heterogeneous avian research material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Miskiewicz
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, 18 Miodowa St., 00-246, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Kowalczyk
- Department of Animal Nutrition, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jabłonna, Poland.
| | - Sanaa Mahdi Oraibi
- Department of Chemistry, Microbiology and Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Słowackiego 17 Str., 71-434, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Krystyna Cybulska
- Department of Chemistry, Microbiology and Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Słowackiego 17 Str., 71-434, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Anna Misiewicz
- Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, Rakowiecka 36, 02-532, Warsaw, Poland
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16
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Malik A, Nagy B, Kugler R, Szmolka A. Pathogenic potential and virulence genotypes of intestinal and faecal isolates of porcine post-weaning enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. Res Vet Sci 2017; 115:102-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Xu Y, Bai X, Jin Y, Hu B, Wang H, Sun H, Fan R, Fu S, Xiong Y. High Prevalence of Virulence Genes in Specific Genotypes of Atypical Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:109. [PMID: 28421169 PMCID: PMC5378719 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (aEPEC) strains are emerging enteropathogens that have been detected worldwide. A collection of 228 aEPEC strains (121 from diarrheal patients, 27 from healthy carriers, 47 from animals and 33 from raw meats) were investigated for serotypes, virulence gene profiles and phylogenetic relationships. Sixty-six O serogroups were identified. Serogroup O51 was the most prevalent, followed by O119, O26 and O76. For the 20 virulence genes detected, statistically significant differences were observed in the overall prevalence of efa1 (lifA), nleB, nleE, set/ent, paa, and ehxA genes among strains from diarrheal patients, healthy carriers, animals and raw meats, respectively. Strains from diarrheal patients had significantly higher levels of efa1 (lifA) (29.8 vs. 0%, P = 0.0002), nleB (41.3 vs. 7.4%, P = 0.0004), nleE (43.8 vs. 7.4%, P = 0.0002) and set/ent (41.3 vs. 7.4%, P = 0.0004) genes than strains obtained from healthy carriers. The paa gene was identified more often in isolates from raw meats (63.6 vs. 14.8%, P < 0.0001), animals (42.6 vs. 14.8%, P < 0.0122), and diarrheal patients (36.4 vs. 14.8%, P < 0.0225) than in strains obtained from healthy carriers. The ehxA gene was detected more frequently in strains from raw meats than in strains from diarrheal patients (27.3 vs. 2.5%, P = 0.0000) and healthy carriers (27.3 vs. 7.4%, P = 0.0474). The phylogenetic marker, yjaA, was more frequently observed in strains among healthy carriers than in diarrheal patient strains. Among the 228 aEPEC strains, 79 sequence types (STs) were identified. The prominent STs, which comprised strains carrying the four OI-122 genes and lpfA, were ST40, ST328, and ST29. Overall, the results indicate that aEPEC strains isolated in China are highly heterogeneous. aEPEC strains that are potentially more pathogenic appear to be related to specific STs or clonal complexes and serotypes. The high prevalence of diarrhea-associated genes in animal or raw meat strains suggests a zoonotic transmission pathway for potentially human pathogenic aEPEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and PreventionBeijing, China
| | - Xiangning Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and PreventionBeijing, China
| | - Yujuan Jin
- Longgang Center for Disease Control and PreventionShenzhen, China
| | - Bin Hu
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and PreventionJinan, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Zigong Center for Disease Control and PreventionZigong, China
| | - Hui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and PreventionBeijing, China
| | - Ruyue Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and PreventionBeijing, China
| | - Shanshan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and PreventionBeijing, China
| | - Yanwen Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and PreventionBeijing, China
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18
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Sun X, Gänzle M, Wu J. Identification and Characterization of Glycopeptides from Egg Protein Ovomucin with Anti-Agglutinating Activity against Porcine K88 Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Strains. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:777-783. [PMID: 28051864 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ovomucin is a glycoprotein from egg white with potential to act as an anti-adhesive agent against infectious diseases. This study aimed to determine whether ovomucin or ovomucin hydrolysates could prevent adhesion of two porcine K88 enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strains. Adhesion was assessed in vitro using a hemagglutination assay. Ovomucin hydrolysates, but not intact ovomucin, prevented adhesion of ETEC to porcine erythrocytes. The ovomucin hydrolysate prepared by acid protease II exhibited the best anti-agglutinating activity against both strains; this hydrolysate was fractionated by cation exchange chromatography and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The most active fractions, F3(9) and F7(1), with minimal inhibitory concentrations of 0.03 and 0.25 g/L against strains ECL13795 and ECL13998, respectively, were subjected to structural characterization. Six identified glycopeptides were all derived from α-ovomucin, composed of a pentasaccharide core of two N-acetylglucosamine and three mannose residues (GlcNAc2Man3) and a bisecting N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc). The terminal β-linked galactose from these glycopeptides could be one of the binding sites for K88ac fimbriae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Sun
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta , 4-10 Ag/For Building, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5
| | - Michael Gänzle
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta , 4-10 Ag/For Building, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5
| | - Jianping Wu
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta , 4-10 Ag/For Building, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5
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19
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Antimicrobial resistance and molecular characterization of virulence genes, phylogenetic groups of Escherichia coli isolated from diarrheic and healthy camel-calves in Tunisia. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 49:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Ferdous M, Kooistra-Smid AMD, Zhou K, Rossen JWA, Friedrich AW. Virulence, Antimicrobial Resistance Properties and Phylogenetic Background of Non-H7 Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli O157. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1540. [PMID: 27733849 PMCID: PMC5039186 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli (E.coli) O157 that do not produce Shiga toxin and do not possess flagellar antigen H7 are of diverse H serotypes. In this study, the antibiotic resistance properties, genotype of a set of virulence associated genes and the phylogenetic background of E. coli O157:non-H7 groups were compared. Whole genome sequencing was performed on fourteen O157:non-H7 isolates collected in the STEC-ID-net study. The genomes were compared with E. coli O157 genomes and a typical Enteropathogenic E. coli (tEPEC) genome downloaded from NCBI. Twenty-six (86%) of the analyzed genomes had the intimin encoding gene eae but of different types mostly correlating with their H types, e.g., H16, H26, H39, and H45 carried intimin type ε, β, κ, and α, respectively. They belonged to several E. coli phylogenetic groups, i.e., to phylogenetic group A, B1, B2, and D. Seven (50%) of our collected O157:non-H7 isolates were resistant to two or more antibiotics. Several mobile genetic elements, such as plasmids, insertion elements, and pathogenicity islands, carrying a set of virulence and resistance genes were found in the E. coli O157:non-H7 isolates. Core genome phylogenetic analysis showed that O157:non-H7 isolates probably evolved from different phylogenetic lineages and were distantly related to the E. coli O157:H7 lineage. We hypothesize that independent acquisition of mobile genetic elements by isolates of different lineages have contributed to the different molecular features of the O157:non-H7 strains. Although distantly related to the STEC O157, E. coli O157:non-H7 isolates from multiple genetic background could be considered as pathogen of concern for their diverse virulence and antibiotic resistance properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithila Ferdous
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Anna M D Kooistra-Smid
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of GroningenGroningen, Netherlands; Department of Medical Microbiology, Certe Laboratory for Infectious DiseasesGroningen, Netherlands
| | - Kai Zhou
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of GroningenGroningen, Netherlands; State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - John W A Rossen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Alexander W Friedrich
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen Groningen, Netherlands
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Vieira MA, Dos Santos LF, Dias RCB, Camargo CH, Pinheiro SRS, Gomes TAT, Hernandes RT. Atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli as aetiologic agents of sporadic and outbreak-associated diarrhoea in Brazil. J Med Microbiol 2016; 65:998-1006. [PMID: 27412254 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) are important agents of diarrhoea in industrialized as well as developing countries, such as Brazil. The hallmark of EPEC pathogenesis is the establishment of attaching and effacing lesions in enterocytes, in which pedestal-like structures are formed underneath adherent bacteria. EPEC are divided into two subgroups, typical (tEPEC) and atypical (aEPEC), based on the presence of the EPEC adherence factor plasmid in tEPEC and its absence in aEPEC. This study was designed to characterize 82 aEPEC isolates obtained from stool samples of diarrhoeic patients during 2012 and 2013 in Brazil. The majority of the aEPEC were assigned to the phylo-group B1 (48.8 %), and intimin subtypes θ (20.7 %), β1 (9.7 %) and λ (9.7 %) were the most prevalent among the isolates. The nleB and nleE genes were concomitantly detected in 32.9 % of the isolates, demonstrating the occurrence of the pathogenicity island O122 among them. The O157-plasmid genes (ehxA and/or espP) were detected in 7.3 % of the isolates, suggesting that some aEPEC could be derived from Shiga-toxin-producing E. coli that lost the stx genes while trafficking in the host. PFGE of 14 aEPEC of serotypes O2 : H16, O33 : H34, O39 : H9, O108 : H- and ONT : H19 isolated from five distinct outbreaks showed serotype-specific PFGE clusters, indicating a high degree of similarity among the isolates from the same event, thus highlighting these serotypes as potential aetiologic agents of diarrhoeal outbreaks in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Vieira
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista 'Júlio de Mesquita Filho' (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Luís F Dos Santos
- Centro de Bacteriologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz (IAL), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Regiane C B Dias
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista 'Júlio de Mesquita Filho' (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos H Camargo
- Centro de Bacteriologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz (IAL), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Tânia A T Gomes
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia da Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo T Hernandes
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista 'Júlio de Mesquita Filho' (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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22
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Malvi S, Appannanavar S, Mohan B, Kaur H, Gautam N, Bharti B, Kumar Y, Taneja N. Comparative analysis of virulence determinants, antibiotic susceptibility patterns and serogrouping of atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli versus typical enteropathogenic E. coli in India. J Med Microbiol 2015; 64:1208-1215. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Supriya Malvi
- Enteric Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Suma Appannanavar
- Enteric Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Balvinder Mohan
- Enteric Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Harsimran Kaur
- Enteric Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Neha Gautam
- Enteric Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Bhavneet Bharti
- Advanced Pediatric Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Yashwant Kumar
- National Salmonella and Escherichia Centre, Central Research Institute, Kasauli 173204, India
| | - Neelam Taneja
- Enteric Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
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23
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Bai X, Wang H, Xin Y, Wei R, Tang X, Zhao A, Sun H, Zhang W, Wang Y, Xu Y, Zhang Z, Li Q, Xu J, Xiong Y. Prevalence and characteristics of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli isolated from retail raw meats in China. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 200:31-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Keokilwe L, Olivier A, Burger WP, Joubert H, Venter EH, Morar-Leather D. Bacterial enteritis in ostrich (Struthio Camelus) chicks in the Western Cape Province, South Africa. Poult Sci 2015; 94:1177-83. [PMID: 25840967 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ostrich (Struthio camelus) chicks less than 3 mo age are observed to experience a high mortality rate that is often associated with enteritis. This study was undertaken to investigate the infectious bacteria implicated in ostrich chick enteritis. Postmortems were performed on 122 ostrich chicks aged from 1 d to 3 mo and intestinal samples were subjected to bacterial culture. Bacterial isolates were typed by PCR and serotyping. Escherichia coli (E. coli; 49%) was the most frequently isolated from the samples followed by Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens; 20%), Enterococcus spp. (16%), and Salmonella spp. (7%). Of the E. coli, 39% were categorized as enteropathogenic E. coli, 4% enterotoxigenic E. coli, and no enterohaemorrhagic E. coli were found. The majority (93%) of C. perfringens was Type A and only 7% was Type E. C. perfringens Types B through D were not present. The netB gene that encodes NetB toxin was identified from 16% of the C. perfringens isolated. All the C. perfringens Type E harbored the netB gene and just 10% of the C. perfringens Type A had this gene. Three Salmonella serotypes were identified: Salmonella Muenchen (S. Muenchen; 80%), S. Hayindongo (13%), and S. Othmarschen (7%). The indication is that the cause of enteritis in ostrich chicks is bacterial-involving: enteropathogenic E. coli and enterotoxigenic E. coli; C. perfringens Types A and E (with the possible influence of netB gene); and S. Muenchen, S. Hayindongo, and S. Othmarschen.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Keokilwe
- Botswana National Veterinary Laboratory, Private Bag 0035, Gaborone, Botswana Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - A Olivier
- Ostrich Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 241, Oudtshoorn 6620, South Africa
| | - W P Burger
- Private Veterinary Consultant, P.O. Box 788, Oudtshoorn 6620, South Africa
| | - H Joubert
- Deltamune Laboratories, 248 Jean Avenue, Lyttleton, Centurion 0157, South Africa
| | - E H Venter
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - D Morar-Leather
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
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25
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Paces WR, Holmes HR, Vlaisavljevich E, Snyder KL, Tan EL, Rajachar RM, Ong KG. Application of sub-micrometer vibrations to mitigate bacterial adhesion. J Funct Biomater 2014; 5:15-26. [PMID: 24956354 PMCID: PMC4030904 DOI: 10.3390/jfb5010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
As a prominent concern regarding implantable devices, eliminating the threat of opportunistic bacterial infection represents a significant benefit to both patient health and device function. Current treatment options focus on chemical approaches to negate bacterial adhesion, however, these methods are in some ways limited. The scope of this study was to assess the efficacy of a novel means of modulating bacterial adhesion through the application of vibrations using magnetoelastic materials. Magnetoelastic materials possess unique magnetostrictive property that can convert a magnetic field stimulus into a mechanical deformation. In vitro experiments demonstrated that vibrational loads generated by the magnetoelastic materials significantly reduced the number of adherent bacteria on samples exposed to Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus suspensions. These experiments demonstrate that vibrational loads from magnetoelastic materials can be used as a post-deployment activated means to deter bacterial adhesion and device infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Will R Paces
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA.
| | - Hal R Holmes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA.
| | - Eli Vlaisavljevich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA.
| | - Katherine L Snyder
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA.
| | - Ee Lim Tan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA.
| | - Rupak M Rajachar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA.
| | - Keat Ghee Ong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA.
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26
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Meng Q, Bai X, Zhao A, Lan R, Du H, Wang T, Shi C, Yuan X, Bai X, Ji S, Jin D, Yu B, Wang Y, Sun H, Liu K, Xu J, Xiong Y. Characterization of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli isolated from healthy pigs in China. BMC Microbiol 2014; 14:5. [PMID: 24393167 PMCID: PMC3893481 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-14-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is recognized as an important human diarrheal pathogen. Swine plays an important role as a carrier of this pathogen. In this study we determined the prevalence and characteristics of STEC from healthy swine collected between May 2011 and August 2012 from 3 cities/provinces in China. Results A total of 1003 samples, including 326 fecal, 351 small intestinal contents and 326 colon contents samples, was analyzed. Two hundred and fifty five samples were stx-positive by PCR and 93 STEC isolates were recovered from 62 stx-positive samples. Twelve O serogroups and 19 O:H serotypes including 6 serotypes (O100:H20/[H20], O143:H38/[H38], O87:H10, O172:H30/[H30], O159:H16, O9:H30/[H30]) rarely found in swine and ruminants were identified. All 93 STEC isolates harbored stx2 only, all of which were stx2e subtype including 1 isolate being a new variant of stx2e. 53.76%, 15.05% and 2.15% STEC isolates carried astA, hlyA and ehxA respectively. Four STEC isolates harbored the high-pathogenicity island. Of the 15 adherence-associated genes tested, 13 (eae, efa1, iha, lpfAO113, lpfAO157/OI-154, lpfAO157/OI-141, toxB, saa, F4, F5, F6, F17 or F41) were all absent while 2 (paa and F18) were present in 7 and 4 STEC isolates respectively. The majority of the isolates were resistant to tetracycline (79.57%), nalidixic acid (78.49%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (73.12%) and kanamycin (55.91%). The STEC isolates were divided into 63 pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns and 21 sequence types (STs). Isolates of the same STs generally showed the same or similar drug resistance patterns. A higher proportion of STEC isolates from Chongqing showed multidrug resistance with one ST (ST3628) resistant to 14 antimicrobials. Conclusions Our results indicate that swine is a significant reservoir of STEC strains in China. Based on comparison by serotypes and sequence types with human strains and presence of virulence genes, the swine STEC may have a low potential to cause human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yanwen Xiong
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing, China.
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27
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Reiland HA, Omolo MA, Johnson TJ, Baumler DJ. A Survey of <i>Escherichia coli</i> O157:H7 Virulence Factors: The First 25 Years and 13 Genomes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/aim.2014.47046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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28
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Li T, Han R, Wang Q, Wang S, Fang H, Li Z, Tu W, Wang D, Wang H. Immunogenicity of Recombinant Porcine Attaching and Effacing–Associated Protein Compared with Intimin Fragment inEscherichia coliO157:H7–Infected Mice. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2013; 10:1016-22. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2013.1496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Han
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Qin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Shenghan Wang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Xuanwu Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Huali Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Dehui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
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Vidotto MC, Florian ECT, Ono MA. Prevalence of the paa gene (porcine attaching and effacing associated) in porcine enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (PEPEC) associated with postweaning diarrhea in south Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2013; 44:515-7. [PMID: 24294249 PMCID: PMC3833155 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822013000200030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Paa (porcine attaching and effacing associated) may be an important virulence factor E. coli of piglets with diarrhea. This study showed for the first time in Brazil the prevalence of the paa gene (22%) in E. coli strains isolated from piglets and these isolates also harboured genes for other adhesins and toxins LT II, STa and STb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilda C Vidotto
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
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Molecular and phenotypic characterization of Escherichia coli O26:H8 among diarrheagenic E. coli O26 strains isolated in Brazil. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:6847-54. [PMID: 23974139 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01693-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli strains of serogroup O26 comprise two distinct groups of pathogens, characterized as enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) and enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC). Among the several genes related to type III secretion system-secreted effector proteins, espK was found to be highly specific for EHEC O26:H11 and its stx-negative derivative strains isolated in European countries. E. coli O26 strains isolated in Brazil from infant diarrhea, foods, and the environment have consistently been shown to lack stx genes and are thus considered atypical EPEC. However, no further information related to their genetic background is known. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to discriminate and characterize these Brazilian O26 stx-negative strains by phenotypic, genetic, and biochemical approaches. Among 44 isolates confirmed to be O26 isolates, most displayed flagellar antigen H11 or H32. Out of the 13 nonmotile isolates, 2 tested positive for fliCH11, and 11 were fliCH8 positive. The identification of genetic markers showed that several O26:H11 and all O26:H8 strains tested positive for espK and could therefore be discriminated as EHEC derivatives. The presence of H8 among EHEC O26 and its stx-negative derivative isolates is described for the first time. The interaction of three isolates with polarized Caco-2 cells and with intestinal biopsy specimen fragments ex vivo confirmed the ability of the O26 strains analyzed to cause attaching-and-effacing (A/E) lesions. The O26:H32 strains, isolated mostly from meat, were considered nonvirulent. Knowledge of the virulence content of stx-negative O26 isolates within the same serotype helped to avoid misclassification of isolates, which certainly has important implications for public health surveillance.
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Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in yaks (Bos grunniens) from the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65537. [PMID: 23776496 PMCID: PMC3679134 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are recognized as important human pathogens of public health concern. Many animals are the sources of STEC. In this study we determined the occurrence and characteristics of the STEC in yaks (Bos grunniens) from the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau, China. A total of 728 yak fecal samples was collected from June to August, 2012 and was screened for the presence of the stx1 and stx2 genes by TaqMan real-time PCR after the sample was enriched in modified Tryptone Soya Broth. Of the 138 (18.96%) stx1 and/or stx2-positive samples, 85 (61.59%) were confirmed to have at least 1 STEC isolate present by culture isolation, from which 128 STEC isolates were recovered. All STEC isolates were serotyped, genotyped by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and characterized for the presence of 16 known virulence factors. Fifteen different O serogroups and 36 different O:H serotypes were identified in the 128 STEC isolates with 21 and 4 untypable for the O and H antigens respectively. One stx1 subtype (stx1a) and 5 stx2 subtypes (stx2a, stx2b, stx2c, stx2d and stx2g) were present in these STEC isolates. Apart from lpfAO157/OI-141, lpfAO157/OI-154, lpfAO113, katP and toxB which were all absent, other virulence factors screened (eaeA, iha, efa1, saa, paa, cnf1, cnf2, astA, subA, exhA and espP) were variably present in the 128 STEC isolates. PFGE were successful for all except 5 isolates and separated them into 67 different PFGE patterns. For the 18 serotypes with 2 or more isolates, isolates of the same serotypes had the same or closely related PFGE patterns, demonstrating clonality of these serotypes. This study was the first report on occurrence and characteristics of STEC isolated from yaks (Bos grunniens) from the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau, China, and extended the genetic diversity and reservoir host range of STEC.
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Bastiat B, Sauviac L, Picheraux C, Rossignol M, Bruand C. Sinorhizobium meliloti sigma factors RpoE1 and RpoE4 are activated in stationary phase in response to sulfite. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50768. [PMID: 23226379 PMCID: PMC3511301 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhizobia are soil bacteria able to establish a nitrogen-fixing symbiosis with legume plants. Both in soil and in planta, rhizobia spend non-growing periods resembling the stationary phase of in vitro-cultured bacteria. The primary objective of this work was to better characterize gene regulation in this biologically relevant growth stage in Sinorhizobium meliloti. By a tap-tag/mass spectrometry approach, we identified five sigma factors co-purifying with the RNA polymerase in stationary phase: the general stress response regulator RpoE2, the heat shock sigma factor RpoH2, and three extra-cytoplasmic function sigma factors (RpoE1, RpoE3 and RpoE4) belonging to the poorly characterized ECF26 subgroup. We then showed that RpoE1 and RpoE4 i) are activated upon metabolism of sulfite-generating compounds (thiosulfate and taurine), ii) display overlapping regulatory activities, iii) govern a dedicated sulfite response by controlling expression of the sulfite dehydrogenase SorT, iv) are activated in stationary phase, likely as a result of endogenous sulfite generation during bacterial growth. We showed that SorT is required for optimal growth of S. meliloti in the presence of sulfite, suggesting that the response governed by RpoE1 and RpoE4 may be advantageous for bacteria in stationary phase either by providing a sulfite detoxification function or by contributing to energy production through sulfite respiration. This paper therefore reports the first characterization of ECF26 sigma factors, the first description of sigma factors involved in control of sulphur metabolism, and the first indication that endogenous sulfite may act as a signal for regulation of gene expression upon entry of bacteria in stationary phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bénédicte Bastiat
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, UMR441, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, UMR2594, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Laurent Sauviac
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, UMR441, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, UMR2594, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Carole Picheraux
- Fédération de Recherche 3450, Agrobiosciences, Interactions et Biodiversités, Plateforme Protéomique Génopole Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France
- Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Michel Rossignol
- Fédération de Recherche 3450, Agrobiosciences, Interactions et Biodiversités, Plateforme Protéomique Génopole Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France
- Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Claude Bruand
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, UMR441, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, UMR2594, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- * E-mail:
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Rubinchik S, Seddon A, Karlyshev AV. Molecular mechanisms and biological role of Campylobacter jejuni attachment to host cells. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2012; 2:32-40. [PMID: 24611119 DOI: 10.1556/eujmi.2.2012.1.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Adhesion to host cells is an important step in pathogenesis of Campylobacter jejuni, which is the most prevalent bacterial cause of human gastroenteritis worldwide. In contrast to other bacteria such as E. coli and Salmonella, adherence of C. jejuni is not mediated by fimbria or pili. A number of C. jejuni adhesion-related factors have been described. However, the results obtained by different researchers in different laboratories are often contradictory and inconclusive, with only some of the factors described being confirmed as true adhesins. In this review, we present the current state of studies on the mechanisms of attachment of C. jejuni to host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rubinchik
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University Penrhyn Road, Kingston-upon Thames, KT1 2EE UK
| | - A Seddon
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University Penrhyn Road, Kingston-upon Thames, KT1 2EE UK
| | - A V Karlyshev
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University Penrhyn Road, Kingston-upon Thames, KT1 2EE UK
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Abstract
Enteric Escherichia coli (E. coli) are both natural flora of humans and important pathogens causing significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Traditionally enteric E. coli have been divided into 6 pathotypes, with further pathotypes often proposed. In this review we suggest expansion of the enteric E. coli into 8 pathotypes to include the emerging pathotypes of adherent invasive E. coli (AIEC) and Shiga-toxin producing enteroaggregative E. coli (STEAEC). The molecular mechanisms that allow enteric E. coli to colonize and cause disease in the human host are examined and for two of the pathotypes that express a type 3 secretion system (T3SS) we discuss the complex interplay between translocated effectors and manipulation of host cell signaling pathways that occurs during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Clements
- Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Imperial College, London, UK.
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Genome sequences and phylogenetic analysis of K88- and F18-positive porcine enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 2011; 194:395-405. [PMID: 22081385 DOI: 10.1128/jb.06225-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) continues to result in major morbidity and mortality in the swine industry via postweaning diarrhea. The key virulence factors of ETEC strains, their serotypes, and their fimbrial components have been well studied. However, most studies to date have focused on plasmid-encoded traits related to colonization and toxin production, and the chromosomal backgrounds of these strains have been largely understudied. Here, we generated the genomic sequences of K88-positive and F18-positive porcine ETEC strains and examined the phylogenetic distribution of clinical porcine ETEC strains and their plasmid-associated genetic content. The genomes of porcine ETEC strains UMNK88 and UMNF18 were both found to contain remarkable plasmid complements containing known virulence factors, potential novel virulence factors, and antimicrobial resistance-associated elements. The chromosomes of these strains also possessed several unique genomic islands containing hypothetical genes with similarity to classical virulence factors, although phage-associated genomic islands dominated the accessory genomes of these strains. Phylogenetic analysis of 78 clinical isolates associated with neonatal and porcine diarrhea revealed that a limited subset of porcine ETEC lineages exist that generally contain common toxin and fimbrial profiles, with many of the isolates belonging to the ST10, ST23, and ST169 multilocus sequencing types. These lineages were generally distinct from existing human ETEC database isolates. Overall, most porcine ETEC strains appear to have emerged from a limited subset of E. coli lineages that either have an increased propensity to carry plasmid-encoded virulence factors or have the appropriate ETEC core genome required for virulence.
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36
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Adhesin-encoding genes from shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli are more prevalent in atypical than in typical enteropathogenic E. coli. J Clin Microbiol 2011; 49:3334-7. [PMID: 21795517 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00779-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Four of six adhesin-encoding genes (lpfA, paa, iha, and toxB) from Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains were detected in typical and atypical enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) strains of various serotypes. Although the most prevalent gene was lpfA in both groups, paa was the only potential diarrhea-associated gene in atypical EPEC.
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Crépin S, Chekabab SM, Le Bihan G, Bertrand N, Dozois CM, Harel J. The Pho regulon and the pathogenesis of Escherichia coli. Vet Microbiol 2011; 153:82-8. [PMID: 21700403 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Revised: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
During the course of infection, bacteria must coordinately regulate gene expression in response to environmental stimuli. The phosphate (Pho) regulon is controlled by the two component-regulatory system PhoBR. PhoBR is activated during starvation and regulates genes involved in phosphate homeostasis. Several studies have highlighted the importance of the Pho regulon in bacterial pathogenesis, showing how induction of PhoBR, in addition to regulating genes participating in phosphate metabolism, leads to modulation of many cellular processes. The pleiotropic effects of Pho regulon activation include attenuated virulence and alteration of many virulence traits, including adhesion to host cells and resistance to cationic antimicrobial peptides, acidity and oxidative stresses. This review provides an overview of the relationship between the Pho regulon and virulence in Escherichia coli and illustrates that, in addition to regulating phosphate homeostasis, the Pho regulon plays a key role in regulating stress responses and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Crépin
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 Boul. des Prairies, Laval, Québec, Canada H7V 1B7
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38
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Duan Q, Yao F, Zhu G. Major virulence factors of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in pigs. ANN MICROBIOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-011-0279-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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39
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Genome-wide identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis exported proteins with roles in intracellular growth. J Bacteriol 2010; 193:854-61. [PMID: 21148733 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01271-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The exported proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis that are localized at the bacterial cell surface or secreted into the environment are ideally situated to interact with host factors and to function in virulence. In this study, we constructed a novel β-lactamase reporter transposon and used it directly in M. tuberculosis for genome-wide identification of exported proteins. From 177 β-lactam-resistant transposon mutants, we identified 111 different exported proteins. The majority of these proteins have no known function, and for nearly half of the proteins, our demonstration that they are exported when fused to a β-lactamase reporter is the first experimental proof of their extracytoplasmic localization. The transposon mutants in our banked library were of further value as a collection of mutants lacking individual exported proteins. By individually testing each of 111 mutants for growth in macrophages, six attenuated mutants with insertions in mce1A, mce1B, mce2F, rv0199, ctaC, and lppX were identified. Given that much of the M. tuberculosis genome encodes proteins of unknown function, our library of mapped transposon mutants is a valuable resource for efforts in functional genomics. This work also demonstrates the power of a β-lactamase reporter transposon that could be applied similarly to other bacterial pathogens.
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Lauri A, Castiglioni B, Morabito S, Tozzoli R, Consolandi C, Mariani P. A tool based on Ligation Detection Reaction-Universal Array (LDR-UA) for the characterization of VTEC by identification of virulence-associated and serogroup-specific genes. Mol Cell Probes 2010; 25:35-43. [PMID: 20969949 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2010.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Revised: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Verocytoxigenic Escherichia coli (VTEC) are zoonotic pathogens whose natural reservoir is represented by ruminants, particularly cattle. Infections are mainly acquired by consumption of undercooked contaminated food of animal origin, contact with infected animals and contaminated environment. VTEC O157 is the most frequently isolated serogroup from cases of human disease, however, other VTEC serogroups, such as O26, O111, O145 and O103, are increasingly reported as causing Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS) worldwide. The identification of VTEC is troublesome, hindering the development of effective prevention strategies. In fact, VTEC are morphologically indistinguishable from harmless E. coli and their pathogenic potential is not strictly dependent on the serogroup, but relies on the presence of a collection of virulence genes. We developed a diagnostic tool for VTEC based on the Ligation Detection Reaction coupled to Universal Array (LDR-UA) for the simultaneous identification of virulence factors and serogroup-associated genes. The method includes the investigation of 40 sites located in 13 fragments from 12 genes (sodCF1/F2, adfO, terB, ehxA, eae, vtx1, vtx2, ihp1, wzx, wbdI, rfbE, dnaK) and was evaluated by performing a trial on a collection of 67 E. coli strains, both VTEC and VT-negative E. coli, as well as on 25 isolates belonging to other related species. Results of this study showed that the LDR-UA technique was specific in identifying the target microorganism. Moreover, due to its higher throughput, the LDR-UA can be a valid and cheaper alternative to real time PCR-based (rt-PCR) methods for VTEC identification.
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Bardiau M, Szalo M, Mainil JG. Initial adherence of EPEC, EHEC and VTEC to host cells. Vet Res 2010; 41:57. [PMID: 20423697 PMCID: PMC2881418 DOI: 10.1051/vetres/2010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2009] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Initial adherence to host cells is the first step of the infection of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC), enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) and verotoxigenic Escherichia coli (VTEC) strains. The importance of this step in the infection resides in the fact that (1) adherence is the first contact between bacteria and intestinal cells without which the other steps cannot occur and (2) adherence is the basis of host specificity for a lot of pathogens. This review describes the initial adhesins of the EPEC, EHEC and VTEC strains. During the last few years, several new adhesins and putative colonisation factors have been described, especially in EHEC strains. Only a few adhesins (BfpA, AF/R1, AF/R2, Ral, F18 adhesins) appear to be host and pathotype specific. The others are found in more than one species and/or pathotype (EPEC, EHEC, VTEC). Initial adherence of EPEC, EHEC and VTEC strains to host cells is probably mediated by multiple mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie Bardiau
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Bacteriology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège B4000, Belgium.
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Wang XM, Jiang HX, Liao XP, Liu JH, Zhang WJ, Zhang H, Jiang ZG, Lü DH, Xiang R, Liu YH. Antimicrobial resistance, virulence genes, and phylogenetic background in Escherichia coli isolates from diseased pigs. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2010; 306:15-21. [PMID: 20337716 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2010.01917.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli isolates from diseased pigs were examined for antimicrobial susceptibility to 12 antimicrobials and possession of virulence genes (VGs), and then grouped according to the phylogenetic background and genetic relatedness. Associations between antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and VGs and between AMR and phylogenetic group were subsequently assessed. The results showed that most isolates (91%) were epidemiologically unrelated. Multiple antimicrobial-resistant phenotypes (>or=5 antimicrobials) were observed in 89% of E. coli strains and the most frequent types of resistance were to sulfamethoxazole (95%), tetracycline (94%), chloramphenicol (89%), and streptomycin (84%). The majority of isolates belonged to phylogenetic group A (84%). The most prevalent VG was EAST1 (64%), followed by Stx2e (63%) and eae (47%). Resistance to ceftiofur was associated with the presence of certain VGs, whereas resistance to doxycycline and kanamycin was associated with the absence of certain VGs. These findings suggest that multidrug resistance phenotypes, a variety of VGs, and the clear associations between resistance and VGs are commonly present in E. coli strains from diseased pigs. These results indicate that there is a great need for surveillance programs in China to monitor AMR in pathogenic E. coli strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Mei Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Adherence factors in atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli strains expressing the localized adherence-like pattern in HEp-2 cells. J Clin Microbiol 2009; 48:302-6. [PMID: 19864474 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01980-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Although atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (aEPEC) strains are frequently implicated in childhood diarrhea in developing countries, not much is known about their adherence properties. The phenotypic and genotypic characterization of 29 aEPEC strains expressing the localized adherence-like pattern points toward the involvement of E. coli common pilus (ECP), intimins, and other known E. coli adhesins in this pattern.
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Evidence of pathogenic subgroups among atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli strains. J Clin Microbiol 2009; 47:3756-9. [PMID: 19759223 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01599-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the characterization of 126 atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (aEPEC) isolates from 1,749 Brazilian children. Classic aEPEC strains were more frequently found in children with diarrhea than in controls (P < 0.001), showing their importance as acute diarrhea agents in our country. Only aEPEC strains carrying either the ehxA or paa gene were significantly associated with diarrhea.
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45
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Bruant G, Zhang Y, Garneau P, Wong J, Laing C, Fairbrother JM, Gannon VPJ, Harel J. Two distinct groups of porcine enteropathogenic Escherichia coli strains of serogroup O45 are revealed by comparative genomic hybridization and virulence gene microarray. BMC Genomics 2009; 10:402. [PMID: 19709428 PMCID: PMC2749873 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-10-402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2009] [Accepted: 08/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Porcine enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (PEPEC) strains of serogroup O45 cause post-weaning diarrhea and produce characteristic attaching and effacing (A/E) lesions. Most O45 PEPEC strains possess the locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE), encoding the virulence factors required for production of A/E lesions, and often possess the paa gene, which is thought to contribute to the early stages of PEPEC pathogenicity. In this study, nine O45 PEPEC strains and a rabbit enteropathogenic (REPEC) strain, known to produce A/E lesions in vivo, were characterized using an E. coli O157-E. coli K12 whole genome microarray and a virulence gene-specific microarray, and by PCR experiments. Results Based on their virulence gene profiles, the 10 strains were considered to be atypical EPEC. The differences in their genomes pointed to the identification of two distinct evolutionary groups of O45 PEPEC, Groups I and II, and provided evidence for a contribution of these genetic differences to their virulence in pigs. Group I included the REPEC strain and four O45 PEPEC strains known to induce severe A/E lesions in challenged pigs whereas Group II was composed of the five other O45 PEPEC strains, which induced less severe or no A/E lesions in challenged pigs. Significant differences between Groups I and II were found with respect to the presence or absence of 50 O-Islands (OIs) or S-loops and 13 K-islands (KIs) or K-loops, including the virulence-associated islands OI#1 (S-loop#1), OI#47 (S-loop#71), OI#57 (S-loop#85), OI#71 (S-loop#108), OI#115, OI#122, and OI#154 (S-loop#253). Conclusion We have genetically characterized a collection of O45 PEPEC strains and classified them into two distinct groups. The differences in their virulence gene and genomic island content may influence the pathogenicity of O45 PEPEC strains, and explain why Group I O45 PEPEC strains induced more severe A/E lesions in explants and challenged pigs than Group II strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Bruant
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 7C6, Canada.
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Min T, Vedadi M, Watson DC, Wasney GA, Munger C, Cygler M, Matte A, Young NM. Specificity of Campylobacter jejuni adhesin PEB3 for phosphates and structural differences among its ligand complexes. Biochemistry 2009; 48:3057-67. [PMID: 19236052 DOI: 10.1021/bi802195d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PEB3 is a glycoprotein adhesin from Campylobacter jejuni whose structure suggested a role in transport. We have investigated potential ligands for PEB3 and characterized their binding properties using biophysical methods in solution and by X-ray crystallography. A thermal aggregation assay of PEB3 with a library of physiological compounds identified three possible ligands [3-phosphoglycerate (3-PG), phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), and aconitate], which stabilized wild-type PEB3 but did not stabilize either a PEB3 form containing two mutations at the ligand-binding site, T138A/S139A, or a second PEB3 mutant, K135E, at a site approximately 14 A away. Fluorescence titration experiments and cocrystal structures with various ligands were used to characterize the binding of 3-PG, PEP, and phosphate to PEB3. Further, a C. jejuni growth experiment in minimal medium supplemented with 3-PG showed that this molecule enhances the growth of wild-type C. jejuni, but not of the PEB3 mutants. Crystallographic analysis of PEB3 complexes revealed that the Ser171-Gln180 region in the presence of 3-PG or other phosphates is helical and similar to those of other transport proteins, but it is nonhelical when citrate is bound. The K135E mutation resulted in expression of a more highly glycosylated form of PEB3 in vivo, and its crystal structure showed the conformation of the first two residues of the glycan. On the basis of our findings, we suggest that PEB3 is a transport protein that may function in utilization of 3-PG or other phosphate-containing molecules from the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongpil Min
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6 Canada
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47
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Putative adhesins of enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli of serogroup O26 isolated from humans and cattle. J Clin Microbiol 2009; 47:2090-6. [PMID: 19403767 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02048-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) strains are responsible for food poisoning in developed countries via consumption of vegetal and animal food sources contaminated by ruminant feces, and some strains (O26, O111, and O118 serogroups) are also responsible for diarrhea in young calves. The prevalence of 27 putative adhesins of EHEC and of bovine necrotoxigenic E. coli (NTEC) was studied with a collection of 43 bovine and 29 human enteropathogenic (EPEC) and EHEC strains and 5 non-EPEC/non-EHEC (1 bovine and 4 human) O26 strains, using specific PCRs. Four "groups" of adhesins exist, including adhesins present in all O26 strains, adhesins present in most O26 strains, adhesins present in a few O26 strains, and adhesins not present in O26 strains. The common profile of EHEC/EPEC strains was characterized by the presence of loc3, loc5, loc7, loc11, loc14, paa, efa1, iha, lpfA(O26), and lpfA(O113) genes and the absence of loc1, loc2, loc6, loc12, loc13, saa, and eibG genes. Except for the lpfA(O26) gene, which was marginally associated with bovine EHEC/EPEC strains in comparison with human strains (P = 0.012), none of the results significantly differentiated bovine strains from human strains. One adhesin gene (ldaE) was statistically (P < 0.01) associated with O26 EHEC/EPEC strains isolated from diarrheic calves in comparison with strains isolated from healthy calves. ldaE-positive strains could therefore represent a subgroup possessing the specific property of producing diarrhea in young calves. This is the first time that the distribution of putative adhesins has been described for such a large collection of EHEC/EPEC O26 strains isolated from both humans and cattle.
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Contribution of the pst-phoU operon to cell adherence by atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and virulence of Citrobacter rodentium. Infect Immun 2009; 77:1936-44. [PMID: 19255191 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01246-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Strains of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) generally employ the adhesins bundle-forming pili (Bfp) and intimin to colonize the intestine. Atypical EPEC strains possess intimin but are negative for Bfp and, yet, are able to cause disease. To identify alternative adhesins to Bfp in atypical EPEC, we constructed a transposon mutant library of atypical EPEC strain E128012 (serotype O114:H2) using TnphoA. Six mutants that had lost the ability to adhere to HEp-2 cells were identified, and in all six mutants TnphoA had inserted into the pstSCAB-phoU (Pst) operon. To determine if the Pst operon is required for adherence, we used site-directed mutagenesis to construct a pstCA mutant of E128012. The resultant mutant showed a reduced ability to adhere to HEp-2 cells and T84 intestinal epithelial cells, which was restored by trans-complementation with intact pstCA. To determine if pst contributes to bacterial colonization in vivo, a pstCA mutation was made in the EPEC-like murine pathogen, Citrobacter rodentium. C57BL/6 mice infected perorally with the pstCA mutant of C. rodentium excreted significantly lower numbers of C. rodentium than those given the wild-type strain. Moreover, colonic hyperplasia and diarrhea, which are features of infections with C. rodentium, were not observed in mice infected with the pstCA mutant but did occur in mice given the trans-complemented mutant. As mutations in pst genes generally lead to constitutive expression of the Pho regulon, our findings suggested that the Pho regulon may contribute to the reduced virulence of the pstCA mutants. To investigate this, we inactivated phoB in the pstCA mutants of EPEC E128012 and C. rodentium and found that the phoB mutation restored the adherent phenotype of both mutant strains. These results demonstrate that Pst contributes to the virulence of atypical EPEC and C. rodentium, probably by causing increased expression of an unidentified, Pho-regulated adhesin.
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Effect of plasmid pTENT2 on severity of porcine post-weaning diarrhoea induced by an O149 enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Vet Microbiol 2008; 131:400-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2008] [Revised: 04/09/2008] [Accepted: 04/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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50
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Ferreira GM, Spira B. The pst operon of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli enhances bacterial adherence to epithelial cells. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2008; 154:2025-2036. [PMID: 18599831 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.2008/016634-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) adheres in vivo and in vitro to epithelial cells. Two main adhesins, the bundle-forming pilus and intimin, encoded by the bfp operon and eae, respectively, are responsible for the localized and the intimate adherence phenotypes. Deletion of the pst operon of EPEC abolishes the transport of inorganic phosphate through the phosphate-specific transport system and causes the constitutive expression of the PHO regulon genes. In the absence of pst there is a decrease in the expression of the main EPEC adhesins and a reduction in bacterial adherence to epithelial cells in vitro. This effect is not related to PHO constitutivity, because a Deltapst phoB double mutant that is defective in the transcription of the PHO genes also displayed low levels of adherence and expression of adhesins. Likewise, a PHO-constitutive phoR mutation did not affect bacterial adherence. The expression of the per operon, which encodes the bfp and ler regulators PerA and PerC, is also negatively affected by the pst deletion. Overall, the data presented here demonstrate that the pst operon of EPEC plays a positive role in the bacterial adherence mechanism by increasing the expression of perA and perC and consequently the transcription of bfp and eae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerson Moura Ferreira
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1374, São Paulo-SP CEP : 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Beny Spira
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1374, São Paulo-SP CEP : 05508-900, Brazil
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