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Molecular Basis beyond Interrelated Bone Resorption/Regeneration in Periodontal Diseases: A Concise Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054599. [PMID: 36902030 PMCID: PMC10003253 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is the sixth most common chronic inflammatory disease, destroying the tissues supporting the teeth. There are three distinct stages in periodontitis: infection, inflammation, and tissue destruction, where each stage has its own characteristics and hence its line of treatment. Illuminating the underlying mechanisms of alveolar bone loss is vital in the treatment of periodontitis to allow for subsequent reconstruction of the periodontium. Bone cells, including osteoclasts, osteoblasts, and bone marrow stromal cells, classically were thought to control bone destruction in periodontitis. Lately, osteocytes were found to assist in inflammation-related bone remodeling besides being able to initiate physiological bone remodeling. Furthermore, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) either transplanted or homed exhibit highly immunosuppressive properties, such as preventing monocytes/hematopoietic precursor differentiation and downregulating excessive release of inflammatory cytokines. In the early stages of bone regeneration, an acute inflammatory response is critical for the recruitment of MSCs, controlling their migration, and their differentiation. Later during bone remodeling, the interaction and balance between proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines could regulate MSC properties, resulting in either bone formation or bone resorption. This narrative review elaborates on the important interactions between inflammatory stimuli during periodontal diseases, bone cells, MSCs, and subsequent bone regeneration or bone resorption. Understanding these concepts will open up new possibilities for promoting bone regeneration and hindering bone loss caused by periodontal diseases.
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Han X, Ren J, Lohner H, Yakoumatos L, Liang R, Wang H. SGK1 negatively regulates inflammatory immune responses and protects against alveolar bone loss through modulation of TRAF3 activity. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102036. [PMID: 35588785 PMCID: PMC9190018 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum- and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 (SGK1) is a serine/threonine kinase that plays important roles in the cellular stress response. While SGK1 has been reported to restrain inflammatory immune responses, the molecular mechanisms involved remain elusive, especially in oral bacteria-induced inflammatory milieu. Here, we found that SGK1 curtails Porphyromonas gingivalis-induced inflammatory responses through maintaining levels of tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor (TRAF) 3, thereby suppressing NF-κB signaling. Specifically, SGK1 inhibition significantly enhances production of proinflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and IL-8 in P. gingivalis-stimulated innate immune cells. The results were confirmed with siRNA and LysM-Cre-mediated SGK1 KO mice. Moreover, SGK1 deletion robustly increased NF-κB activity and c-Jun expression but failed to alter the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways. Further mechanistic data revealed that SGK1 deletion elevates TRAF2 phosphorylation, leading to TRAF3 degradation in a proteasome-dependent manner. Importantly, siRNA-mediated traf3 silencing or c-Jun overexpression mimics the effect of SGK1 inhibition on P. gingivalis-induced inflammatory cytokines and NF-κB activation. In addition, using a P. gingivalis infection-induced periodontal bone loss model, we found that SGK1 inhibition modulates TRAF3 and c-Jun expression, aggravates inflammatory responses in gingival tissues, and exacerbates alveolar bone loss. Altogether, we demonstrated for the first time that SGK1 acts as a rheostat to limit P. gingivalis-induced inflammatory immune responses and mapped out a novel SGK1-TRAF2/3-c-Jun-NF-κB signaling axis. These findings provide novel insights into the anti-inflammatory molecular mechanisms of SGK1 and suggest novel interventional targets to inflammatory diseases relevant beyond the oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Han
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Molecular Biology, VCU Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Junling Ren
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Molecular Biology, VCU Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Hannah Lohner
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Molecular Biology, VCU Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Lan Yakoumatos
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Ruqiang Liang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Huizhi Wang
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Molecular Biology, VCU Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
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Usui M, Onizuka S, Sato T, Kokabu S, Ariyoshi W, Nakashima K. Mechanism of alveolar bone destruction in periodontitis - Periodontal bacteria and inflammation. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2021; 57:201-208. [PMID: 34703508 PMCID: PMC8524191 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2021.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal disease is an inflammatory disease caused by periodontopathogenic bacteria, which eventually leads to bone tissue (alveolar bone) destruction as inflammation persists. Periodontal tissues have an immune system against the invasion of these bacteria, however, due to the persistent infection by periodontopathogenic bacteria, the host innate and acquired immunity is impaired, and tissue destruction, including bone tissue destruction, occurs. Osteoclasts are essential for bone destruction. Osteoclast progenitor cells derived from hematopoietic stem cells differentiate into osteoclasts. In addition, bone loss occurs when bone resorption by osteoclasts exceeds bone formation by osteoblasts. In inflammatory bone disease, inflammatory cytokines act on osteoblasts and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-producing cells, resulting in osteoclast differentiation and activation. In addition to this mechanism, pathogenic factors of periodontal bacteria and mechanical stress activate osteoclasts and destruct alveolar bone in periodontitis. In this review, we focused on the mechanism of osteoclast activation in periodontitis and provide an overview based on the latest findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michihiko Usui
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Function, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 803-8580, Japan
| | - Satoru Onizuka
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Function, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 803-8580, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Sato
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Saitama Medical University, 38 Moro-hongou, Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama 350-0495, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Kokabu
- Division of Molecular Signaling and Biochemistry, Department of Health Promotion, Kyushu Dental University, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 803-8580, Japan
| | - Wataru Ariyoshi
- Division of Infection and Molecular Biology, Department of Health Improvement, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 803-8580, Japan
| | - Keisuke Nakashima
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Function, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 803-8580, Japan
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Dieterle MP, Husari A, Steinberg T, Wang X, Ramminger I, Tomakidi P. From the Matrix to the Nucleus and Back: Mechanobiology in the Light of Health, Pathologies, and Regeneration of Oral Periodontal Tissues. Biomolecules 2021; 11:824. [PMID: 34073044 PMCID: PMC8228498 DOI: 10.3390/biom11060824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Among oral tissues, the periodontium is permanently subjected to mechanical forces resulting from chewing, mastication, or orthodontic appliances. Molecularly, these movements induce a series of subsequent signaling processes, which are embedded in the biological concept of cellular mechanotransduction (MT). Cell and tissue structures, ranging from the extracellular matrix (ECM) to the plasma membrane, the cytosol and the nucleus, are involved in MT. Dysregulation of the diverse, fine-tuned interaction of molecular players responsible for transmitting biophysical environmental information into the cell's inner milieu can lead to and promote serious diseases, such as periodontitis or oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Therefore, periodontal integrity and regeneration is highly dependent on the proper integration and regulation of mechanobiological signals in the context of cell behavior. Recent experimental findings have increased the understanding of classical cellular mechanosensing mechanisms by both integrating exogenic factors such as bacterial gingipain proteases and newly discovered cell-inherent functions of mechanoresponsive co-transcriptional regulators such as the Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) or the nuclear cytoskeleton. Regarding periodontal MT research, this review offers insights into the current trends and open aspects. Concerning oral regenerative medicine or weakening of periodontal tissue diseases, perspectives on future applications of mechanobiological principles are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Philipp Dieterle
- Center for Dental Medicine, Division of Oral Biotechnology, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetterstr. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (M.P.D.); (X.W.); (I.R.); (P.T.)
| | - Ayman Husari
- Center for Dental Medicine, Department of Orthodontics, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetterstr. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany;
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 101, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Steinberg
- Center for Dental Medicine, Division of Oral Biotechnology, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetterstr. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (M.P.D.); (X.W.); (I.R.); (P.T.)
| | - Xiaoling Wang
- Center for Dental Medicine, Division of Oral Biotechnology, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetterstr. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (M.P.D.); (X.W.); (I.R.); (P.T.)
| | - Imke Ramminger
- Center for Dental Medicine, Division of Oral Biotechnology, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetterstr. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (M.P.D.); (X.W.); (I.R.); (P.T.)
| | - Pascal Tomakidi
- Center for Dental Medicine, Division of Oral Biotechnology, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetterstr. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (M.P.D.); (X.W.); (I.R.); (P.T.)
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Yang F, Huang D, Xu L, Xu W, Yi X, Zhou X, Ye L, Zhang L. Wnt antagonist secreted frizzled-related protein I (sFRP1) may be involved in the osteogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament cells in chronic apical periodontitis. Int Endod J 2021; 54:768-779. [PMID: 33290588 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
AIM To explore the mechanism of secreted frizzled-related protein I (sFRP1) involvement in the osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs) under inflammatory conditions. METHODOLOGY hPDLCs were cultured in an osteogenic differentiation-inducing medium (odi) and subjected to the stimulation of Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (P. gingivalis LPS) with or without the inhibition of sFRP1. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were carried out to evaluate the expression of osteogenic markers as well as the classic Wnt signalling pathway. Periapical periodontitis was induced in Wistar rats to further confirm the effect of sFRP1 inhibitor on bone loss in vivo. After the Shapiro-Wilk normality test, data were analysed by Student's paired t-test or one-way Anova test with a P value less than 0.05 as the level of statistical significance. RESULTS Significantly decreased mRNA and protein expression of osteogenic markers were detected in hPDLCs treated with P. gingivalis LPS during osteogenic induction (P < 0.001). Increased expression of sFRP1 was observed (P < 0.01), whilst Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway was inhibited by the addition of P. gingivalis LPS (P < 0.01). After the addition of the sFRP1 inhibitor, the decrease of osteogenic markers (P < 0.05) and the inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway (P < 0.05) were reversed significantly. The animal experiment further confirmed that the sFRP1 inhibitor significantly reduced bone loss of periapical lesions in vivo (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Wnt antagonist sFRP1 was involved in the osteogenic differentiation of hPDLCs under inflammation. Modulation of the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway through the inhibition of sFRP1 may offer a new perspective on the treatment of chronic apical periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - D Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - L Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Dalian Stomatological Hospital, Dalian Stomatological Hospital Affiliated of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - W Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - X Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - X Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - L Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - L Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Gingipains promote RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis through the enhancement of integrin β3 in RAW264.7 cells. J Mol Histol 2020; 51:147-159. [PMID: 32193744 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-020-09865-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
As a crucial virulence factor of Porphyromonas gingivalis, gingipains play an important role in periodontal destruction. This study aimed to investigate the effect of gingipains on osteoclastogenesis. We used RAW264.7 cells as osteoclast precursors in our study. In experimental groups, cells were treated with gingipains and/or receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL). Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity staining assay showed osteoclast precursors and RANKL-induced mature osteoclasts were increased in a gingipains dose-dependent manner. Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis demonstrated that gingipains upregulated osteoclastic genes including the protease cathepsin K (Ctsk), matrix metalloprotein 9 (Mmp9), nuclear factor of activated T cells 1 (Nfatc1) and acid phosphatase 5, tartrate resistant (Acp5) in a time-dependent manner. Western blotting assays presented upregulated expressions of TNF receptor-activating factor 6 (TRAF6) and integrin β3 induced by gingipains and RANKL compared to RANKL alone. Enhanced integrin-related signaling was also demonstrated by elevated phosphorylations of FAK and paxillin compared to control. Moreover, the pit resorption assays showed that gingipains augmented bone resorptive function of osteoclasts induced by RANKL. When we used Cilengitide to block integrin αvβ3, gingipains reversed the reduction of formation and resorptive function in RANKL-induced osteoclasts, as they enhanced integrin αvβ3 levels more than RANKL treatment alone. In conclusion, our data suggest that gingipains augmented the differentiation and function of mature osteoclasts induced by RANKL through the increase in integrin αvβ3.
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Osteoclastogenesis in periodontal diseases: Possible mediators and mechanisms. J Oral Biosci 2020; 62:123-130. [PMID: 32081710 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periodontitis is the inflammation of the tooth-supporting structures and is one of the most common diseases of the oral cavity. The outcome of periodontal infections is tooth loss due to a lack of alveolar bone support. Osteoclasts are giant, multi-nucleated, and bone-resorbing cells that are central for many osteolytic diseases, including periodontitis. Receptor activator of nuclear factor-kB ligand (RANKL) is the principal factor involved in osteoclast differentiation, activation, and survival. However, under pathological conditions, a variety of pro-inflammatory cytokines secreted by activated immune cells also contribute to osteoclast differentiation and activity. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a vital component of the outer membrane of the Gram-negative bacteria. It binds to the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) expressed in many cells and elicits an immune response. HIGHLIGHTS The presence of bacterial LPS in the periodontal area stimulates the secretion of RANKL as well as other inflammatory mediators, activating the process of osteoclastogenesis. RANKL, either independently or synergistically with LPS, can regulate osteoclastogenesis, while LPS alone cannot. MicroRNA, IL-22, M1/M2 macrophages, and memory B cells have recently been shown to modulate osteoclastogenesis in periodontal diseases. CONCLUSION In this review, we summarize the mechanism of osteoclastogenesis accompanying periodontal diseases at the cellular level. We discuss a) the effects of LPS/TLR signaling and other cytokines on RANKL-dependent and -independent mechanisms involved in osteoclastogenesis; b) the recently identified role of several endogenous factors such as miRNA, IL-22, M1/M2 macrophages, and memory B cells in regulating osteoclastogenesis during periodontal pathogenesis.
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Omi M, Mishina Y. Role of osteoclasts in oral homeostasis and jawbone diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 18:14-27. [PMID: 34220275 DOI: 10.1002/osi2.1078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The jawbone is a unique structure as it serves multiple functions in mastication. Given the fact that the jawbone is remodeled faster than other skeletal bones, bone cells in the jawbone may respond differently to local and systemic cues to regulate bone remodeling and adaptation. Osteoclasts are bone cells responsible for removing old bone, playing an essential role in bone remodeling. Although bone resorption by osteoclasts is required for dental tissue development, homeostasis and repair, excessive osteoclast activity is associated with oral skeletal diseases such as periodontitis. In addition, antiresorptive medications used to prevent bone homeostasis of tumors can cause osteonecrosis of the jaws that is a major concern to the dentist. Therefore, understanding of the role of osteoclasts in oral homeostasis under physiological and pathological conditions leads to better targeted therapeutic options for skeletal diseases to maintain patients' oral health. Here, we highlight the unique features of the jawbone compared to the long bone and the involvement of osteoclasts in the jawbone-specific diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiko Omi
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yuji Mishina
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Inaba H, Nomura R, Kato Y, Takeuchi H, Amano A, Asai F, Nakano K, Lamont RJ, Matsumoto-Nakano M. Adhesion and invasion of gingival epithelial cells by Porphyromonas gulae. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213309. [PMID: 30870452 PMCID: PMC6417775 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gulae, an animal periodontal pathogen, possess fimbriae classified into three genotypes (A-C) based on the diversity of fimA genes encoding FimA. Accumulating evidence suggests that P. gulae strains with type C fimbriae are more virulent as compared to those with other types. The ability of these organisms to adhere to and invade gingival epithelial cells has yet to be examined. P. gulae showed the greatest levels of adhesion and invasion at a multiplicity of infection of 100 for 90 min. P. gulae type C and some type B strains invaded gingival epithelial cells at significantly greater levels than the other strains, at the same level of efficiency as P. gingivalis with type II fimbriae. Adhesion and invasion of gingival epithelial cells by P. gulae were inhibited by cytochalasin D and sodium azide, indicating the requirements of actin polymerization and energy metabolism for those activities. Invasion within gingival epithelial cells was blocked by staurosporine, whereas those inhibitors showed little effects on adhesion, while nocodazole and cycloheximide had negligible effects on either adhesion or invasion. P. gulae proteases were found to be essential for adhesion and invasion of gingival epithelial cells, while its DNA and RNA, and protein synthesis were unnecessary for those activities. Additionally, α5β1 integrin antibodies significantly inhibited adhesion and invasion by P. gulae. This is the first report to characterize P. gulae adhesion and invasion of human gingival epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Inaba
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Ryota Nomura
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita-Osaka, Japan
| | - Yukio Kato
- Department of Veterinary Public Health II, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroki Takeuchi
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita-Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsuo Amano
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita-Osaka, Japan
| | - Fumitoshi Asai
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nakano
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita-Osaka, Japan
| | - Richard J. Lamont
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States of America
| | - Michiyo Matsumoto-Nakano
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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Takahama A, Rôças IN, Faustino ISP, Alves FRF, Azevedo RS, Gomes CC, Araújo-Filho WR, Siqueira JF. Association between bacteria occurring in the apical canal system and expression of bone-resorbing mediators and matrix metalloproteinases in apical periodontitis. Int Endod J 2018; 51:738-746. [DOI: 10.1111/iej.12895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Takahama
- Department of Oral Medicine and Pediatric Dentistry; State University of Londrina; Londrina PR Brazil
| | - I. N. Rôças
- Department of Endodontics; Faculty of Dentistry; Estácio de Sá University; Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | - I. S. P. Faustino
- Department of Oral Pathology; Nova Friburgo Health Institute; Federal Fluminense University; Nova Friburgo RJ Brazil
| | - F. R. F. Alves
- Department of Endodontics; Faculty of Dentistry; Estácio de Sá University; Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | - R. S. Azevedo
- Department of Oral Pathology; Nova Friburgo Health Institute; Federal Fluminense University; Nova Friburgo RJ Brazil
| | - C. C. Gomes
- Department of Endodontics; Nova Friburgo Health Institute; Federal Fluminense University; Nova Friburgo RJ Brazil
| | - W. R. Araújo-Filho
- Department of Endodontics; Nova Friburgo Health Institute; Federal Fluminense University; Nova Friburgo RJ Brazil
| | - J. F. Siqueira
- Department of Endodontics; Faculty of Dentistry; Estácio de Sá University; Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
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Brito C, Stavroullakis A, Oliveira T, Prakki A. Cytotoxicity and potential anti-inflammatory activity of velutin on RAW 264.7 cell line differentiation: Implications in periodontal bone loss. Arch Oral Biol 2017; 83:348-356. [PMID: 28898790 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) has been implicated in periodontal tissue inflammation and possibly in osteoclast differentiation, while polyphenols are known to be anti-inflammatory natural compounds that are capable of regulating the NF-κB protein complex pathway. The objective of this study was to investigate cytotoxicity and HIF-1α expression through the NF-κB pathway by polyphenol velutin (Euterpe oleracea Mart.), found in the pulp of acai fruit, during inflammatory RAW 264.7 differentiation. DESIGN RAW 264.7 mouse monocyte macrophage cells were stimulated with RANKL (30ng/mL) and Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (1μg/mL). Cells were treated with various concentrations of velutin (0.5-2μM) to check for viability, morphology, osteoclast differentiation, and HIF-1α expression (Western blot). RESULTS Alamar blue cell viability assay showed no toxicity to RAW cells with the use of velutin in all concentrations tested (p>0.05). Velutin did not induce cell apoptosis based on caspase 3/7 assay (p>0.05). Fluorescence images stained by DAPI showed no alteration in the morphology of RAW cell nuclei (p>0.05) treated with velutin. TRAP assays demonstrated a dose-dependent reduction in osteoclast formation by velutin when compared with control (p<0.05). Velutin showed a reduction in HIF-1α expression related to IκB phosphorylation when compared with control (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS At the tested concentrations, velutin was not cytotoxic to RAW 264.7 and differentiated cells. Velutin reduced osteoclast differentiation and downregulated HIF-1α through the NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Brito
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Alexander Stavroullakis
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Tatiane Oliveira
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Anuradha Prakki
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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Nakayama M, Ohara N. Molecular mechanisms of Porphyromonas gingivalis-host cell interaction on periodontal diseases. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2017; 53:134-140. [PMID: 29201258 PMCID: PMC5703693 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) is a major oral pathogen and associated with periodontal diseases including periodontitis and alveolar bone loss. In this review, we indicate that two virulence factors, which are hemoglobin receptor protein (HbR) and cysteine proteases “gingipains”, expressed by P. gingivalis have novel functions on the pathogenicity of P. gingivalis. P. gingivalis produces three types of gingipains and concomitantly several adhesin domains. Among the adhesin domains, hemoglobin receptor protein (HbR), also called HGP15, has the function of induction of interleukin-8 (IL-8) expression in human gingival epithelial cells, indicating the possibility that HbR is associated with P. gingivalis-induced periodontal inflammation. On bacteria-host cells contact, P. gingivalis induces cellular signaling alteration in host cells. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and Akt are well known to play a pivotal role in various cellular physiological functions including cell survival and glucose metabolism in mammalian cells. Recently, we demonstrated that gingipains attenuate the activity of PI3K and Akt, which might have a causal influence on periodontal diseases by chronic infection to the host cells from the speculation of molecular analysis. In this review, we discuss new molecular and biological characterization of the virulence factors from P. gingivalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Nakayama
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.,The Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Dental School, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Naoya Ohara
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.,The Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Dental School, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
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Teng YTA. Protective and Destructive Immunity in the Periodontium: Part 2—T-cell-mediated Immunity in the Periodontium. J Dent Res 2016; 85:209-19. [PMID: 16498066 DOI: 10.1177/154405910608500302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on the results of recent research in the field and Part 1 of this article (in this issue), the present paper will discuss the protective and destructive aspects of the T-cell-mediated adaptive immunity associated with the bacterial virulent factors or antigenic determinants during periodontal pathogenesis. Attention will be focused on: (i) osteoimmunology and periodontal disease; (ii) some molecular techniques developed and applied to identify critical microbial virulence factors or antigens associated with host immunity (with Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis as the model species); and (iii) summarizing the identified virulence factors/antigens associated with periodontal immunity. Thus, further understanding of the molecular mechanisms of the host’s T-cell-mediated immune responses and the critical microbial antigens related to disease pathogenesis will facilitate the development of novel therapeutics or protocols for future periodontal treatments. Abbreviations used in the paper are as follows: A. actinomycetemcomitans ( Aa), Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans; Ab, antibody; DC, dendritic cells; mAb, monoclonal antibody; pAb, polyclonal antibody; OC, osteoclast; PAMP, pathogen-associated molecular patterns; P. gingivalis ( Pg), Porphyromonas gingivalis; RANK, receptor activator of NF-κB; RANKL, receptor activator of NF-κB ligand; OPG, osteoprotegerin; TCR, T-cell-receptors; TLR, Toll-like receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-T A Teng
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbial Immunity, Eastman Department of Dentistry, Eastman Dental Center, Box-683, 625 Elmwood Ave., Rochester, NY 14620, USA.
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14
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Leukocyte inclusion within a platelet rich plasma-derived fibrin scaffold stimulates a more pro-inflammatory environment and alters fibrin properties. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121713. [PMID: 25823008 PMCID: PMC4379078 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the main differences among platelet-rich plasma (PRP) products is the inclusion of leukocytes that may affect the biological efficacy of these autologous preparations. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the addition of leukocytes modified the morphological, biomechanical and biological properties of PRP under normal and inflammatory conditions. The release of pro-inflammatory cytokines from plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF) and leukocyte-platelet rich plasma (L-PRP) scaffolds was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and was significantly increased under an inflammatory condition when leukocytes were included in the PRP. Fibroblasts and osteoblasts treated with L-PRP, under an inflammatory situation, underwent a greater activation of NFĸB pathway, proliferated significantly less and secreted a higher concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines. These cellular events were assessed through Western blot and fluorimetric and ELISA methods, respectively. Therefore, the inclusion of leukocytes induced significantly higher pro-inflammatory conditions.
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15
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Ohshima H. Oral Biosciences: The annual review 2014. J Oral Biosci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Sundaram K, Sambandam Y, Balasubramanian S, Pillai B, Voelkel-Johnson C, Ries WL, Reddy SV. STAT-6 mediates TRAIL induced RANK ligand expression in stromal/preosteoblast cells. Bone 2015; 71:137-44. [PMID: 25445452 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2014.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) is a critical osteoclastogenic factor expressed in bone marrow stromal/osteoblast lineage cells. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) levels are elevated in pathologic conditions such as multiple myeloma and inflammatory arthritis, and have been positively correlated with osteolytic markers. Osteoprotegerin (OPG) which inhibits osteoclastogenesis is a decoy receptor for RANKL and also known to interact with TRAIL. Herein, we show that TRAIL increases DR5 and DcR1 receptors but no change in the levels of DR4 and DcR2 expression in human bone marrow derived stromal/preosteoblast (SAKA-T) cell line. We further demonstrated that TRAIL treatment significantly decreased OPG mRNA expression. Interestingly, TRAIL treatment induced RANKL mRNA expression in these cells. In addition, TRAIL significantly increased NF-kB and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activity. Human transcription factor array screening by real-time RT-PCR identified TRAIL up-regulation of the signal transducers and activators of the transcription (STAT)-6 expression in SAKA-T cells. TRAIL stimulation induced p-STAT-6 expression in human bone marrow derived primary stromal/preosteoblast cells. Confocal microscopy analysis further revealed p-STAT-6 nuclear localization in SAKA-T cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay confirmed p-STAT-6 binding to the hRANKL gene distal promoter region. In addition, siRNA suppression of STAT-6 expression inhibits TRAIL increased hRANKL gene promoter activity. Thus, our results suggest that TRAIL induces RANKL expression through a STAT-6 dependent transcriptional regulatory mechanism in bone marrow stromal/preosteoblast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumaran Sundaram
- Charles P. Darby Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Yuvaraj Sambandam
- Charles P. Darby Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | | | - Balakrishnan Pillai
- Charles P. Darby Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | | | - William L Ries
- College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Sakamuri V Reddy
- Charles P. Darby Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
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Yu X, Lin J, Yu Q, Kawai T, Taubman MA, Han X. Activation of Toll‐like receptor 9 inhibits lipopolysaccharide‐induced receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa‐ B ligand expression in rat B lymphocytes. Microbiol Immunol 2014; 58:51-60. [PMID: 24661200 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
B lymphocytes express multiple TLRs that regulate their cytokine production.We investigated the effect of TLR4 and TLR9 activation on receptor activator of NF‐kB ligand (RANKL) expression by rat spleen B cells. Splenocytes or purified spleen B cells from Rowett rats were cultured with TLR4 ligand Escherichia coli LPS and/or TLR9 ligand CpG‐oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG‐ODN) for 2 days. RANKL mRNA expression and the percentage of RANKL‐positive B cells were increased in rat splenocytes challenged by E. coli LPS alone. The increases were less pronounced when cells were treated with both CpG‐ODN and E. coli LPS. Microarray analysis showed that expressions of multiple cyclin‐dependent kinase (CDK) pathway‐related genes were up‐regulated only in cells treated with both E. coli LPS and CpG-ODN. This study suggests that CpG‐ODN inhibits LPS‐induced RANKL expression in rat B cells via regulation of the CDK pathway.
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18
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Miyamoto Y. Molecular mechanisms for bone resorption by gingipains: Degradation of osteoprotegerin by lysine-specific gingipain is a key factor for enhanced osteoclastogenesis. J Oral Biosci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Pei Z, Wang B, Zhang F, Niu Z, Shi S, Cannon RD, Mei L. Response of Human Periodontal Ligament Cells to Baicalin. J Periodontol 2014; 85:1283-90. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2014.130635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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20
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Lin FY, Hsiao FP, Huang CY, Shih CM, Tsao NW, Tsai CS, Yang SF, Chang NC, Hung SL, Lin YW. Porphyromonas gingivalis GroEL induces osteoclastogenesis of periodontal ligament cells and enhances alveolar bone resorption in rats. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102450. [PMID: 25058444 PMCID: PMC4109931 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a major periodontal pathogen that contains a variety of virulence factors. The antibody titer to P. gingivalis GroEL, a homologue of HSP60, is significantly higher in periodontitis patients than in healthy control subjects, suggesting that P. gingivalis GroEL is a potential stimulator of periodontal disease. However, the specific role of GroEL in periodontal disease remains unclear. Here, we investigated the effect of P. gingivalis GroEL on human periodontal ligament (PDL) cells in vitro, as well as its effect on alveolar bone resorption in rats in vivo. First, we found that stimulation of PDL cells with recombinant GroEL increased the secretion of the bone resorption-associated cytokines interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8, potentially via NF-κB activation. Furthermore, GroEL could effectively stimulate PDL cell migration, possibly through activation of integrin α1 and α2 mRNA expression as well as cytoskeletal reorganization. Additionally, GroEL may be involved in osteoclastogenesis via receptor activator of nuclear factor κ-B ligand (RANKL) activation and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) mRNA inhibition in PDL cells. Finally, we inoculated GroEL into rat gingiva, and the results of microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) and histomorphometric assays indicated that the administration of GroEL significantly increased inflammation and bone loss. In conclusion, P. gingivalis GroEL may act as a potent virulence factor, contributing to osteoclastogenesis of PDL cells and resulting in periodontal disease with alveolar bone resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Yen Lin
- Division of Cardiology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fung-Ping Hsiao
- Institute of Oral Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yao Huang
- Division of Cardiology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ming Shih
- Division of Cardiology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Wen Tsao
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Sung Tsai
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shue-Fen Yang
- Department of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Stomatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Nen-Chung Chang
- Division of Cardiology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shan-Ling Hung
- Institute of Oral Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Stomatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Wen Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Oral Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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21
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Zhang W, Ju J, Rigney T, Tribble G. Porphyromonas gingivalis infection increases osteoclastic bone resorption and osteoblastic bone formation in a periodontitis mouse model. BMC Oral Health 2014; 14:89. [PMID: 25027664 PMCID: PMC4108595 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6831-14-89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Porphyromonas gingivalis has been shown to invade osteoblasts and inhibit their differentiation and mineralization in vitro. However, it is unclear if P. gingivalis can invade osteoblasts in vivo and how this would affect alveolar osteoblast/osteoclast dynamics. This study aims to answer these questions using a periodontitis mouse model under repetitive P. gingivalis inoculations. Methods For 3-month-old BALB/cByJ female mice, 109 CFU of P. gingivalis were inoculated onto the gingival margin of maxillary molars 4 times at 2-day intervals. After 2 weeks, another 4 inoculations at 2-day intervals were applied. Calcein was injected 7 and 2 days before sacrificing animals to label the newly formed bone. Four weeks after final inoculation, mice were sacrificed and maxilla collected. Immunohistochemistry, micro-CT, and bone histomorphometry were performed on the specimens. Sham infection with only vehicle was the control. Results P. gingivalis was found to invade gingival epithelia, periodontal ligament fibroblasts, and alveolar osteoblasts. Micro-CT showed alveolar bone resorption and significant reduction of bone mineral density and content in the infected mice compared to the controls. Bone histomorphometry showed a decrease in osteoblasts, an increase in osteoclasts and bone resorption, and a surprisingly increased osteoblastic bone formation in the infected mice compared to the controls. Conclusions P. gingivalis invades alveolar osteoblasts in the periodontitis mouse model and cause alveolar bone loss. Although P. gingivalis appears to suppress osteoblast pool and enhance osteoclastic bone resorption, the bone formation capacity is temporarily elevated in the infected mice, possibly via some anti-microbial compensational mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjian Zhang
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, 7500 Cambridge Street, Suite 5366, Houston 77054, TX, USA.
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Akiyama T, Miyamoto Y, Yoshimura K, Yamada A, Takami M, Suzawa T, Hoshino M, Imamura T, Akiyama C, Yasuhara R, Mishima K, Maruyama T, Kohda C, Tanaka K, Potempa J, Yasuda H, Baba K, Kamijo R. Porphyromonas gingivalis-derived lysine gingipain enhances osteoclast differentiation induced by tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β but suppresses that by interleukin-17A: importance of proteolytic degradation of osteoprotegerin by lysine gingipain. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:15621-30. [PMID: 24755218 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.520510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease accompanied by alveolar bone resorption by osteoclasts. Porphyromonas gingivalis, an etiological agent for periodontitis, produces cysteine proteases called gingipains, which are classified based on their cleavage site specificity (i.e. arginine (Rgps) and lysine (Kgps) gingipains). We previously reported that Kgp degraded osteoprotegerin (OPG), an osteoclastogenesis inhibitory factor secreted by osteoblasts, and enhanced osteoclastogenesis induced by various Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands (Yasuhara, R., Miyamoto, Y., Takami, M., Imamura, T., Potempa, J., Yoshimura, K., and Kamijo, R. (2009) Lysine-specific gingipain promotes lipopolysaccharide- and active-vitamin D3-induced osteoclast differentiation by degrading osteoprotegerin. Biochem. J. 419, 159-166). Osteoclastogenesis is induced not only by TLR ligands but also by proinflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-17A, in inflammatory conditions, such as periodontitis. Although Kgp augmented osteoclastogenesis induced by TNF-α and IL-1β in co-cultures of mouse osteoblasts and bone marrow cells, it suppressed that induced by IL-17A. In a comparison of proteolytic degradation of these cytokines by Kgp in a cell-free system with that of OPG, TNF-α and IL-1β were less susceptible, whereas IL-17A and OPG were equally susceptible to degradation by Kgp. These results indicate that the enhancing effect of Kgp on cytokine-induced osteoclastogenesis is dependent on the difference in degradation efficiency between each cytokine and OPG. In addition, elucidation of the N-terminal amino acid sequences of OPG fragments revealed that Kgp primarily cleaved OPG in its death domain homologous region, which might prevent dimer formation of OPG required for inhibition of receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand. Collectively, our results suggest that degradation of OPG by Kgp is a crucial event in the development of osteoclastogenesis and bone loss in periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohito Akiyama
- From the Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan, the Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Yoichi Miyamoto
- From the Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan,
| | - Kentaro Yoshimura
- From the Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yamada
- From the Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Masamichi Takami
- From the Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Suzawa
- From the Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Marie Hoshino
- From the Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan, the Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Takahisa Imamura
- the Division of Pathology, Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Chie Akiyama
- the Department of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Rika Yasuhara
- the Department of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Kenji Mishima
- the Division of Pathology, Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Maruyama
- From the Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan, the Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Chikara Kohda
- the Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Kazuo Tanaka
- the Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Jan Potempa
- the Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland, the Oral Health and Systemic Diseases Group, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, and
| | - Hisataka Yasuda
- the Bioindustry Division, Oriental Yeast Company Ltd., Tokyo 174-8505, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Baba
- the Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Kamijo
- From the Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
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Yu X, Lin J, Yu Q, Kawai T, Taubman MA, Han X. Activation of Toll-like receptor 9 inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa- B ligand expression in rat B lymphocytes. Microbiol Immunol 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Yu
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases; The Forsyth Institute; 245 First Street Cambridge Massachusetts 02142 USA
- Department of Periodontology; Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology; 22 Zhong-Guan-Cun South Avenue Beijing 100081
| | - Jiang Lin
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases; The Forsyth Institute; 245 First Street Cambridge Massachusetts 02142 USA
- Department of Stomatology; Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University; 37 Yinhang Street Harbin 150001 China
| | - Qing Yu
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases; The Forsyth Institute; 245 First Street Cambridge Massachusetts 02142 USA
| | - Toshihisa Kawai
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases; The Forsyth Institute; 245 First Street Cambridge Massachusetts 02142 USA
| | - Martin A. Taubman
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases; The Forsyth Institute; 245 First Street Cambridge Massachusetts 02142 USA
| | - Xiaozhe Han
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases; The Forsyth Institute; 245 First Street Cambridge Massachusetts 02142 USA
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Leite FRM, Aquino SGD, Guimarães MR, Cirelli JA, Junior CR. RANKL expression is differentially modulated by TLR2 and TLR4 signaling in fibroblasts and osteoblasts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.7243/2053-213x-2-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Marriott I. Apoptosis-associated uncoupling of bone formation and resorption in osteomyelitis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2013; 3:101. [PMID: 24392356 PMCID: PMC3867676 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2013.00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying the destruction of bone tissue in osteomyelitis are only now being elucidated. While some of the tissue damage associated with osteomyelitis likely results from the direct actions of bacteria and infiltrating leukocytes, perhaps exacerbated by bacterial manipulation of leukocyte survival pathways, infection-induced bone loss predominantly results from an uncoupling of the activities of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Bacteria or their products can directly increase osteoclast formation and activity, and the inflammatory milieu at sites of infection can further promote bone resorption. In addition, osteoclast activity is critically regulated by osteoblasts that can respond to bacterial pathogens and foster both inflammation and osteoclastogenesis. Importantly, bone loss during osteomyelitis is also brought about by a decline in new bone deposition due to decreased bone matrix synthesis and by increased rates of osteoblast apoptosis. Extracellular bacterial components may be sufficient to reduce osteoblast viability, but the causative agents of osteomyelitis are also capable of inducing continuous apoptosis of these cells by activating intrinsic and extrinsic cell death pathways to further uncouple bone formation and resorption. Interestingly, bacterial internalization appears to be required for maximal osteoblast apoptosis, and cytosolic inflammasome activation may act in concert with autocrine/paracrine death receptor-ligand signaling to induce cell death. The manipulation of apoptotic pathways in infected bone cells could be an attractive new means to limit inflammatory damage in osteomyelitis. However, the mechanism that is the most important in bacterium-induced bone loss has not yet been identified. Furthermore, it remains to be determined whether the host would be best served by preventing osteoblast cell death or by promoting apoptosis in infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Marriott
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte Charlotte, NC, USA
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Tang Y, Zhou X, Gao B, Xu X, Sun J, Cheng L, Zhou X, Zheng L. Modulation of Wnt/β-catenin Signaling Attenuates Periapical Bone Lesions. J Dent Res 2013; 93:175-82. [PMID: 24211867 DOI: 10.1177/0022034513512507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Wnt/β-catenin signaling plays an important role in bone biology. The present study investigated the involvement of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in rat periapical bone destruction and whether lithium chloride (LiCl), a glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) inhibitor, promotes bone restoration. Rat bone marrow mesenchymal cells (BMMSCs) treated with Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide ( Pg LPS) showed decreased osteogenic potential through inhibited Wnt/β-catenin signaling as quantified by Western blot, immunofluorescence, and luciferase reporter assay. Transient Wnt3a treatment in vitro partially restored mineralization and Runx2/Osx and osteocalcin expression in cultures with Pg LPS-induced osteogenic arrest. Prolonged Wnt3a treatment impaired osteogenic commitment. X-ray microtomography showed dramatically enhanced periapical bone formation in rats gavage-fed with LiCl for 2 wks, while continuous LiCl treatment for 4 wks impaired periapical bone healing. LiCl treatment also increased GSK-3β phosphorylation and osteocalcin expression in periapical tissue. Collectively, these results indicate that Wnt/β-catenin has dichotomous functions in bone homeostasis. Modulation of this signaling pathway by LiCl may be a potential therapeutic option for bone destruction in endodontic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - X. Zhou
- West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - B. Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - X. Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - J. Sun
- West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - L. Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - X. Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - L. Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Gao B, Zheng L. microRNA Expression in Rat Apical Periodontitis Bone Lesion. Bone Res 2013; 1:170-85. [PMID: 26273501 DOI: 10.4248/br201302006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Apical periodontitis, dominated by dense inflammatory infiltrates and increased osteoclast activities, can lead to alveolar bone destruction and tooth loss. It is believed that miRNA participates in regulating various biological processes, osteoclastogenesis included. This study aims to investigate the differential expression of miRNAs in rat apical periodontitis and explore their functional target genes. Microarray analysis was used to identify differentially expressed miRNAs in apical periodontitis. Bioinformatics technique was applied for predicting the target genes of differentially expressed miRNAs and their biological functions. The result provided us with an insight into the potential biological effects of the differentially expressed miRNAs and showed particular enrichment of target genes involved in the MAPK signaling pathways. These findings may highlight the intricate and specific roles of miRNA in inflammation and osteoclastogenesis, both of which are key aspects of apical periodontitis, thus contributing to the future investigation into the etiology, underlying mechanism and treatment of apical periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Gao
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, USA
| | - Liwei Zheng
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California , San Francisco, USA
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Ramadan G, El-Menshawy O. Protective effects of ginger-turmeric rhizomes mixture on joint inflammation, atherogenesis, kidney dysfunction and other complications in a rat model of human rheumatoid arthritis. Int J Rheum Dis 2013; 16:219-29. [PMID: 23773648 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.12054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM Besides joint destruction, extra-articular complications (outside the locomotor system) are frequent in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients, especially cardiovascular, hematological and metabolic disorders. Here, we evaluated and compared the protective activity of two different doses of mixture of ginger and turmeric rhizomes powder (1 : 1) suspended in distilled water (GTaq) in alleviating both articular and extra-articular manifestations in rat adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA). METHODS Arthritis was induced by a single intra-dermal injection of 0.1 mL of Complete Freund's adjuvant (containing heat-killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis) into the palmar surface of the left hind paw after the rats were subjected to light diethyl ether anesthesia. Arthritic rats received orally and daily (for 28 consecutive days) distilled water as vehicle, indomethacin (1.0 mg/kg body weight), or GTaq (200 or 400 mg/kg body weight) from the day of arthritis induction. RESULTS The present study showed that GTaq (especially the high dose) was more effective (4.2-38.4% higher, P < 0.05-0.001) than indomethacin (a non-steroidal/anti-inflammatory drug) in alleviating the loss in body weight gain, the histopathological changes observed in ankle joints, blood leukocytosis and thrombocytosis, iron deficiency anemia, serum hypoalbuminemia and globulinemia, the impairment of kidney functions, and the risks for cardiovascular disease in arthritic rats. These protective effects of GTaq were mediated through increasing the food intake and decreasing the systemic inflammation that occur at the appearance of polyarthritis, oxidative stress and dyslipidemia. CONCLUSION Ginger-turmeric rhizomes mixture may be effective against RA severity and complications as shown in an AIA rat model.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology
- Arthritis, Experimental/blood
- Arthritis, Experimental/complications
- Arthritis, Experimental/drug therapy
- Arthritis, Experimental/immunology
- Arthritis, Experimental/physiopathology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/blood
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/complications
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/drug therapy
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/physiopathology
- Atherosclerosis/blood
- Atherosclerosis/immunology
- Atherosclerosis/physiopathology
- Atherosclerosis/prevention & control
- Biomarkers/blood
- Body Weight/drug effects
- Cardiovascular Diseases/immunology
- Cardiovascular Diseases/prevention & control
- Curcuma
- Disease Progression
- Dyslipidemias/immunology
- Dyslipidemias/prevention & control
- Eating/drug effects
- Freund's Adjuvant
- Zingiber officinale
- Humans
- Indomethacin/pharmacology
- Joints/drug effects
- Joints/immunology
- Joints/physiopathology
- Kidney/drug effects
- Kidney/immunology
- Kidney/physiopathology
- Kidney Diseases/blood
- Kidney Diseases/immunology
- Kidney Diseases/physiopathology
- Kidney Diseases/prevention & control
- Male
- Oxidative Stress/drug effects
- Phytotherapy
- Plant Preparations/pharmacology
- Plants, Medicinal
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Rhizome
- Severity of Illness Index
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamal Ramadan
- Biological Science Department, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Hufof, Saudi Arabia.
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Reddi D, Belibasakis GN. Transcriptional profiling of bone marrow stromal cells in response to Porphyromonas gingivalis secreted products. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43899. [PMID: 22937121 PMCID: PMC3427182 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is an infectious inflammatory disease that destroys the tooth-supporting (periodontal) tissues. Porphyromonas gingivalis is an oral pathogen highly implicated in the pathogenesis of this disease. It can exert its effects to a number of cells, including osteogenic bone marrow stromal cells which are important for homeostastic capacity of the tissues. By employing gene microarray technology, this study aimed to describe the overall transcriptional events (>2-fold regulation) elicited by P. gingivalis secreted products in bone marrow stromal cells, and to dissect further the categories of genes involved in bone metabolism, inflammatory and immune responses. After 6 h of challenge with P. gingivalis, 271 genes were up-regulated whereas 209 genes were down-regulated, whereas after 24 h, these numbers were 259 and 109, respectively. The early (6 h) response was characterised by regulation of genes associated with inhibition of cell cycle, induction of apoptosis and loss of structural integrity, whereas the late (24 h) response was characterised by induction of chemokines, cytokines and their associated intracellular pathways (such as NF-κB), mediators of connective tissue and bone destruction, and suppression of regulators of osteogenic differentiation. The most strongly up-regulated genes were lipocalin 2 (LCN2) and serum amyloid A3 (SAA3), both encoding for proteins of the acute phase inflammatory response. Collectively, these transcriptional changes elicited by P. gingivalis denote that the fundamental cellular functions are hindered, and that the cells acquire a phenotype commensurate with propagated innate immune response and inflammatory-mediated tissue destruction. In conclusion, the global transcriptional profile of bone marrow stromal cells in response to P. gingivalis is marked by deregulated homeostatic functions, with implications in the pathogenesis of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durga Reddi
- Centre for Adult Oral Health, Barts and the London Institute of Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Georgios N. Belibasakis
- Centre for Adult Oral Health, Barts and the London Institute of Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Oral Biology, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Tang Y, Sun F, Li X, Zhou Y, Yin S, Zhou X. Porphyromonas endodontalis Lipopolysaccharides Induce RANKL by Mouse Osteoblast in a Way Different from That of Escherichia coli Lipopolysaccharide. J Endod 2011; 37:1653-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2011.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Revised: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Belibasakis GN, Guggenheim B. Induction of prostaglandin E2and interleukin-6 in gingival fibroblasts by oral biofilms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:381-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2011.00863.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Reddi D, Brown SJ, Belibasakis GN. Porphyromonas gingivalis induces RANKL in bone marrow stromal cells: involvement of the p38 MAPK. Microb Pathog 2011; 51:415-20. [PMID: 21939752 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2011.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Revised: 08/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a bacterially-induced oral inflammatory disease that is characterised by tissue degradation and bone loss. Porphyromonas gingivalis is a gram negative bacterial species highly associated with the pathogenesis of chronic periodontitis. Receptor activator of nuclear factor-kB ligand (RANKL) induces bone resorption whilst osteoprotegerin (OPG) is a decoy receptor that blocks this process. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is an enzyme responsible for the production of prostaglandin (PGE)(2,) which is a major inflammatory mediator of bone resorption. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) are intracellular signalling molecules involved in various cell processes, including inflammation. This study aimed to investigate the effect of P. gingivalis on MAPKs and their involvement in the regulation of RANKL, OPG and COX-2 expression in bone marrow stromal cells. P. gingivalis challenge resulted in the phosphorylation of primarily the p38 MAPK. RANKL and COX-2 mRNA expressions were up-regulated, whereas OPG was down-regulated by P. gingivalis. The p38 synthetic inhibitor SB203580 abolished the P. gingivalis-induced RANKL and COX-2 expression, but did not affect OPG. Collectively, these results suggest that the p38 MAPK pathway is involved in the induction of RANKL and COX-2 by P. gingivalis, providing further insights into the pathogenic mechanisms of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durga Reddi
- Institute of Dentistry, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK
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Belibasakis GN, Meier A, Guggenheim B, Bostanci N. The RANKL–OPG system is differentially regulated by supragingival and subgingival biofilm supernatants. Cytokine 2011; 55:98-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2011.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Revised: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Diverse effects of Porphyromonas gingivalis on human osteoclast formation. Microb Pathog 2011; 51:149-55. [PMID: 21539907 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2011.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Revised: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is associated with periodontitis, a chronic inflammatory disease of the tooth-supporting tissues. A major clinical symptom is alveolar bone loss due to excessive resorption by osteoclasts. P. gingivalis may influence osteoclast formation in diverse ways; by interacting directly with osteoclast precursors that likely originate from peripheral blood, or indirectly by activating gingival fibroblasts, cells that can support osteoclast formation. In the present study we investigated these possibilities. Conditioned medium from viable or dead P. gingivalis, or from gingival fibroblasts challenged with viable or dead P. gingivalis were added to human mononuclear osteoclast precursors. After 21 days of culture the number of multinucleated (≥3 nuclei) tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRACP)-positive cells was determined as a measure for osteoclast formation. Conditioned medium from viable P. gingivalis, and from fibroblasts with viable P. gingivalis stimulated osteoclast formation (1.6-fold increase p < 0.05). Conditioned medium from dead bacteria had no effect on osteoclast formation, whereas conditioned medium from fibroblasts with dead bacteria stimulated formation (1.4-fold increase, p < 0.05). Inhibition of P. gingivalis LPS activity by Polymyxin B reduced the stimulatory effect of conditioned medium. Interestingly, when RANKL and M-CSF were added to cultures, conditioned media inhibited osteoclast formation (0.6-0.7-fold decrease, p < 0.05). Our results indicate that P. gingivalis influences osteoclast formation in vitro in different ways. Directly, by bacterial factors, likely LPS, or indirectly, by cytokines produced by gingival fibroblasts in response to P. gingivalis. Depending on the presence of RANKL and M-CSF, the effect of P. gingivalis is either stimulatory or inhibitory.
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Kim M, Jun HK, Choi BK, Cha JH, Yoo YJ. Td92, an outer membrane protein of Treponema denticola, induces osteoclastogenesis via prostaglandin E(2)-mediated RANKL/osteoprotegerin regulation. J Periodontal Res 2011; 45:772-9. [PMID: 20682013 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2010.01298.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the periodontium that causes significant alveolar bone loss. Osteoclasts are bone-resorbing multinucleated cells. Osteoblasts regulate osteoclast differentiation by expression of RANKL and osteoprotegerin (OPG). Td92 is a surface-exposed outer membrane protein of Treponema denticola, a periodontopathogen. Although it has been demonstrated that Td92 acts as a stimulator of various proinflammatory mediators, the role of Td92 in alveolar bone resorption remains unclear. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the role of Td92 in bone resorption. MATERIAL AND METHODS Mouse bone marrow cells were co-cultured with calvariae-derived osteoblasts in the presence or absence of Td92. Osteoclast formation was assessed by TRAP staining. Expressions of RANKL, osteoprotegerin (OPG) and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2) ) in osteoblasts were estimated by ELISA. RESULTS Td92 induced osteoclast formation in the co-cultures. In the osteoblasts, RANKL and PGE(2) expressions were up-regulated, whereas OPG expression was down-regulated by Td92. The addition of OPG inhibited Td92-induced osteoclast formation. The prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors NS398 and indomethacin were also shown to inhibit Td92-induced osteoclast formation. The effects of Td92 on the expressions of RANKL, OPG and PGE(2) in osteoblasts were blocked by NS398 or indomethacin. CONCLUSION These results suggest that Td92 promotes osteoclast formation through the regulation of RANKL and OPG production via a PGE(2) -dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kim
- Department of Oral Biology, BK21 Project, Oral Science Research Center, Research Center for Orofacial Hard Tissue Regeneration, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
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Zhang W, Ju J, Rigney T, Tribble GD. Fimbriae of Porphyromonas gingivalis are important for initial invasion of osteoblasts, but not for inhibition of their differentiation and mineralization. J Periodontol 2010; 82:909-16. [PMID: 21189086 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2010.100501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porphyromonas gingivalis is etiologically associated with chronic periodontitis. The major fimbriae of this periodontal pathogen mediate binding to host gingival epithelial cells and fibroblasts, a critical function in the initiation of periodontitis. However, the role of fimbriae in P. gingivalis-osteoblast interactions remains unknown. In the present study, the involvement of major fimbriae in the initial and long-term interactions between P. gingivalis and osteoblasts is investigated. METHODS Primary mouse calvarial osteoblast cultures were established and inoculated with P. gingivalis ATCC 33277 or YPF1, a major fimbriae-deficient mutant of P. gingivalis. Confocal microscopy images were acquired to assess bacterial invasion. DNA content measurement, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and alizarin red S staining and calcium content analysis were used to study the impact of bacteria on the proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization of osteoblasts, respectively. RESULTS Compared to the parent strain, YPF1 was significantly reduced in invasion of osteoblasts after 3 hours interaction. However, extended culture of infected osteoblasts did not reveal significant differences in persistence between the two strains. Proliferation of osteoblasts was not affected by either strain, and differentiation and mineralization of osteoblasts were inhibited by both strains to comparable levels. CONCLUSION This study reveals that major fimbriae are involved in the initial invasion of osteoblasts by P. gingivalis, but are not essential for the subsequent inhibition of osteoblast differentiation and mineralization in long-term culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjian Zhang
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, University of Texas Dental Branch at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
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Guo Y, Nguyen KA, Potempa J. Dichotomy of gingipains action as virulence factors: from cleaving substrates with the precision of a surgeon's knife to a meat chopper-like brutal degradation of proteins. Periodontol 2000 2010; 54:15-44. [PMID: 20712631 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2010.00377.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Zhang W, Swearingen EB, Ju J, Rigney T, Tribble GD. Porphyromonas gingivalis invades osteoblasts and inhibits bone formation. Microbes Infect 2010; 12:838-45. [PMID: 20538069 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2010.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Accepted: 05/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is etiologically associated with adult periodontitis, but it is unclear how P. gingivalis long-term interactions with bone cells contribute to this disease. This study investigates P. gingivalis interactions with osteoblasts over an extended time course. A primary mouse calvarial osteoblast culture was established and inoculated with P. gingivalis 33277 repeatedly every other day for up to four weeks. Invasion of osteoblasts by P. gingivalis, and the resulting effects on the proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization of osteoblasts were evaluated. P. gingivalis was found to invade osteoblasts in a dose-dependent manner, and repetitive inoculation increased the percentage of osteoblasts with internalized P. gingivalis. P. gingivalis did not affect osteoblast proliferation, but inhibited their differentiation and mineralization, partially via an inhibition of the differentiation regulatory transcription factors Cbfa-1 and osterix. In conclusion, P. gingivalis invades osteoblasts and inhibits bone formation, which likely contributes to alveolar bone loss in chronic periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjian Zhang
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, University of Texas Dental Branch at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Xing Q, Ye Q, Fan M, Zhou Y, Xu Q, Sandham A. Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide inhibits the osteoblastic differentiation of preosteoblasts by activating Notch1 signaling. J Cell Physiol 2010; 225:106-14. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Belibasakis GN, Reddi D, Bostanci N. Porphyromonas gingivalis Induces RANKL in T-cells. Inflammation 2010; 34:133-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-010-9216-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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42
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Toyoda T, Okano S, Shibata Y, Abiko Y. Oxidative stress induces phosphorylation of the ABC transporter, ATP-binding protein, in Porphyromonas gingivalis. J Oral Sci 2010; 52:561-6. [DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.52.561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Aemaimanan P, Sattayasai N, Wara-aswapati N, Pitiphat W, Suwannarong W, Prajaneh S, Taweechaisupapong S. Alanine Aminopeptidase and Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV in Saliva of Chronic Periodontitis Patients. J Periodontol 2009; 80:1809-14. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2009.090233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Chen SC, Huang FM, Lee SS, Li MZ, Chang YC. The upregulation of receptor activator NF-κB ligand expression by interleukin-1α andPorphyromonas endodontalisin human osteoblastic cells. Int Endod J 2009; 42:375-80. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2008.01539.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Wada Y, Mizuno M, Tamura M. Enamel matrix derivative neutralized the effect of lipopolysaccharide on osteoprotegerin and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand expression of osteoblasts. Arch Oral Biol 2009; 54:306-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2009.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2008] [Revised: 01/06/2009] [Accepted: 01/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Téllez N, Aguilera N, Quiñónez B, Silva E, González LE, Hernández L. Arginine and glutamate levels in the gingival crevicular fluid from patients with chronic periodontitis. Braz Dent J 2009; 19:318-22. [PMID: 19180321 DOI: 10.1590/s0103-64402008000400006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2008] [Accepted: 10/01/2008] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to determine arginine and glutamate levels in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of adult chronic periodontitis patients versus periodontally healthy controls, and to compare two kinds of microdialysis probes: normal and U-shaped probes. The analysis of GCF components was developed to improve the diagnosis of periodontal disease (PD). Proteolysis in the periodontal tissues increases the concentration of amino acids (aa) in the GCF and the levels of these aa may reveal PD features and stages. GCF samples were collected by microdialysis in situ from 5 periodontally affected sites (probing depth >or=5 mm, clinical attachment loss >or=3 mm) in 14 adult chronic periodontitis patients and from 14 adult periodontally healthy controls. Capillary zone electrophoresis coupled to laser induced fluorescence detection was used to measure concentration of arginine and glutamate in the GCF. Data were analyzed statistically by ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc tests (á=0.05). Arginine concentration was increased (p<0.001) and glutamate concentration was decreased (p<0.001) in chronic periodontitis patients as compared to controls. There were no significant differences (p=0.069) between the normal and U-shaped probes. In conclusion, the increase of arginine and decrease of glutamate concentration in GCF were associated to the presence of periodontitis, and might be used as markers to recognize periodontally susceptible subjects as well as to evaluate the treatment course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narda Téllez
- Behavioral and Physiology Laboratory, School of Medicine, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
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Suyama Y, Kubota Y, Yamashiro T, Ninomiya T, Koji T, Shirasuna K. Expression of keratinocyte growth factor and its receptor in odontogenic keratocysts. J Oral Pathol Med 2009; 38:476-80. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2009.00760.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Lysine-specific gingipain promotes lipopolysaccharide- and active-vitamin D3-induced osteoclast differentiation by degrading osteoprotegerin. Biochem J 2009; 419:159-66. [PMID: 19102726 DOI: 10.1042/bj20081469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is one of the major pathogens of periodontitis, a condition characterized by excessive alveolar bone resorption by osteoclasts. The bacterium produces cysteine proteases called gingipains, which are classified according to their cleavage-site specificity into Kgps (lysine-specific gingipains) and Rgps (arginine-specific gingipains). In the present study we examined the effects of gingipains on osteoclast differentiation. In co-cultures of mouse bone-marrow cells and osteoblasts, formation of multinucleated osteoclasts induced by 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) (1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3)) was augmented by Kgp but not by RgpB. A physiological concentration (0.1 nM) of 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) induced the osteoclast formation in the presence of 100 nM Kgp to an extent comparable with that induced by 10 nM 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3). Kgp also enhanced osteoclastogenesis induced by various microbial components, including lipopolysaccharide. Combined use of Kgp and 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) or lipopolysaccharide also increased the number of resorption pits developed on dentin slices, indicating that the osteoclasts formed in the presence of Kgp possess bone-resorbing activity. The enhanced osteoclastogenesis by Kgp was correlated with a depletion of osteoprotegerin in co-culture medium and was proteolytic-activity-dependent, since benzyloxycarbonyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-lysylacycloxyketone, an inhibitor of Kgp, completely abolished osteoclastogenesis induced by Kgp. Kgp digested osteoprotegerin, since its recombinant protein was susceptible to degradation by Kgp in the presence of serum. As a result, Kgp did not augment osteoclastogenesis in co-cultures of osteoprotegerin-deficient osteoblasts and bone-marrow cells. In addition, enhanced osteoclastogenesis by Kgp was abolished by an excess amount of recombinant osteoprotegerin. These findings suggest that degradation of osteoprotegerin is one of the mechanisms underlying promotion of osteoclastogenesis by Kgp.
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Sakellari D, Menti S, Konstantinidis A. Free soluble receptor activator of nuclear factor-κb ligand in gingival crevicular fluid correlates with distinct pathogens in periodontitis patients. J Clin Periodontol 2008; 35:938-43. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2008.01314.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Reddi D, Bostanci N, Hashim A, Aduse-Opoku J, Curtis MA, Hughes FJ, Belibasakis GN. Porphyromonas gingivalis regulates the RANKL-OPG system in bone marrow stromal cells. Microbes Infect 2008; 10:1459-68. [PMID: 18789397 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2008.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2008] [Revised: 08/07/2008] [Accepted: 08/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a Gram-negative anaerobe implicated in chronic periodontitis, a bacterial-induced inflammatory condition that causes destruction of the periodontal connective tissues and underlying alveolar bone. The receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand (RANKL) is a cytokine that directly stimulates osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption, whereas its decoy receptor osteoprotegerin (OPG) blocks this action. This study aimed to investigate the effects of P. gingivalis culture supernatants on RANKL and OPG expression in W20-17 bone marrow stromal cells, and evaluate the involvement of its virulence factors, particularly gingipains and lipopolysaccharide. P. gingivalis up-regulated RANKL and down-regulated OPG mRNA expression and protein production. These effects were blocked by indomethacin, suggesting mediation by prostaglandins. Furthermore, P gingivalis induced the production of prostaglandin E(2). Heat-inactivation, or chemical inhibition of P. gingivalis gingipains did not affect RANKL and OPG regulation. However, lipopolysaccharide depletion by polymyxin B abolished RANKL induction, and partly rescued the suppression of OPG. In conclusion, P. gingivalis regulates the RANKL-OPG system via prostaglandin E(2) in bone marrow stromal cells, in a manner that favours osteoclastogenesis. A non-proteolytic and non-proteinaceous P. gingivalis component is involved in these events, most probably its lipopolysaccharide. This activity may contribute to the bone loss characteristic of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durga Reddi
- Institute of Dentistry, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 2AD, UK
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