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Figueiredo VP, Silva MC, Souza DMSD, Coelho Junior D, Lopes LR, Azevedo MDA, Menezes APDJ, de Lima WG, Peluzio MDCG, Talvani A. Trypanosoma cruzi infection increases atherosclerotic lesion in ApoE-deficient mice. Microb Pathog 2022; 171:105730. [PMID: 35995253 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is the major ligand for the transporting and removal of chylomicrons and lipoproteins by the liver. Since the creation of the ApoE-knockout mice, it is well established that ApoE deficiency results in spontaneous atherosclerosis in aged animals. Atherosclerosis is also observed in animals infected with Trypanosoma cruzi, a protozoan that elicits a systemic inflammatory response in mammalian hosts, culminating in damage to cardiac, neuronal, and endothelial cells. Pro-atherogenic effects related to the experimental infection with T. cruzi may be induced by inflammatory components affecting the vascular wall. Herein, we evaluated whether infection with different strains of T. cruzi worsened the atherogenic lesions observed in aged ApoE-/- mice. After four weeks of infection with Berenice-78 (Be-78) or Colombian (Col) strains of the parasite, mice presented increased CCL2 and CCL5 production and high migration of inflammatory cells to cardiac tissue. Although the infection with either strain did not affect the survival rate, only the infection with Col strain caused abundant parasite growth in blood and heart and increased aortic root lesions in ApoE-/- mice. Our findings show, for the first time that ApoE exerts a protective anti-atherosclerotic role in the aortic root of mice in the acute phase of experimental infection with the Col strain of T. cruzi. Further studies should target ApoE and nutritional interventions to modulate susceptibility to cardiovascular disabilities after T. cruzi infection, minimizing the risk of death in both experimental animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Paulino Figueiredo
- Laboratory of Immunobiology of Inflammation, Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Health and Nutrition Post-Graduate Program, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Maria Cláudia Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Débora Maria Soares de Souza
- Laboratory of Immunobiology of Inflammation, Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Health and Nutrition Post-Graduate Program, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Diógenes Coelho Junior
- Laboratory of Immunobiology of Inflammation, Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Laís Roquete Lopes
- Laboratory of Immunobiology of Inflammation, Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Health and Nutrition Post-Graduate Program, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Maira de Araújo Azevedo
- Laboratory of Immunobiology of Inflammation, Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula de Jesus Menezes
- Laboratory of Immunobiology of Inflammation, Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Wanderson Geraldo de Lima
- Laboratory of Immunobiology of Inflammation, Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Andre Talvani
- Laboratory of Immunobiology of Inflammation, Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Health and Nutrition Post-Graduate Program, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Post-Graduate Program, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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2
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Andrade-Neto VV, Manso PPDA, Pereira MG, de Cicco NNT, Atella GC, Pelajo-Machado M, Menna-Barreto RFS, Torres-Santos EC. Host cholesterol influences the activity of sterol biosynthesis inhibitors in Leishmania amazonensis. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2022; 117:e220407. [PMID: 35384972 PMCID: PMC8979231 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760220407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A significant percentage of exogenous cholesterol was found in promastigotes and amastigotes of all studied species of Leishmania, suggesting a biological role for this molecule. Previous studies have shown that promastigotes of Leishmania uptake more low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles under pharmacological pressure and are more susceptible to ergosterol inhibition in the absence of exogenous sources of cholesterol. This work shows that the host’s LDL is available to intracellular amastigotes and that the absence of exogenous cholesterol enhances the potency of sterol biosynthesis inhibitors in infected macrophages. A complete understanding of cholesterol transport to the parasitophorous vacuole can guide the development of a new drug class to be used in combination with sterol biosynthesis inhibitors for the treatment of leishmaniases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valter Viana Andrade-Neto
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Bioquímica de Tripanossomatídeos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Pedro Paulo de Abreu Manso
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Patologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Miria Gomes Pereira
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | | | - Georgia Corrêa Atella
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Marcelo Pelajo-Machado
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Patologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | | | - Eduardo Caio Torres-Santos
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Bioquímica de Tripanossomatídeos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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3
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Aldana-Bitar J, Moore J, Budoff MJ. LDL receptor and pathogen processes: Functions beyond normal lipids. J Clin Lipidol 2021; 15:773-781. [PMID: 34645587 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2021.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Although the role of the LDL receptor concerning lipids is well known, its role in various viral and parasitic infections, and in regulating the inflammatory response is poorly understood. Several infectious agents use the LDL receptor as a port of entry, and others depend on it for their cycle of infection. In this review, we focus on the discovery, structure, and normal function of the LDL receptor, as well as its role in a selection of infections. The LDL receptor plays an important role in certain infections and is a potential target for treatment deserving further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jairo Aldana-Bitar
- Division of Cardiology, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1124 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90502, USA.
| | - Jeff Moore
- Division of Cardiology, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1124 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Matthew J Budoff
- Division of Cardiology, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1124 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90502, USA.
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Staurengo-Ferrari L, Sanfelice RADS, de Souza JB, Assolini JP, Dos Santos DP, Cataneo AHD, Bordignon J, Conchon-Costa I, da Costa IN, Fernandes GSA. Impact of Toxoplasma gondii infection on TM3 Leydig cells: Alterations in testosterone and cytokines levels. Acta Trop 2021; 220:105938. [PMID: 33932363 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.105938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Leydig cells play pivotal roles in eliciting male characteristics by producing testosterone and any damage to these cells can compromise male fertility Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is an intracellular parasite capable to invade any nucleated cell, including cells from male reproductive system. Herein, we evaluated the capacity of RH strain of T. gondii to infect TM3 Leydig cells and the impact of this infection on testosterone and inflammatory mediators production. We first, by performing adherence, infection, and intracellular proliferation assays, we found a significant increase in the number of infected Leydig cells, peaking 48 h after the infection with T. gondii. Supernatants of TM3 infected cells exhibited, in a time-dependent manner, increased levels of testosterone as well as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ), which is correlated with the robust T. gondii infection. In conclusion, our study provides new insights regarding the harmful effects of T. gondii infection on male reproductive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Staurengo-Ferrari
- Department of Pathological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid Pr 445 Km 380, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Raquel Arruda da Silva Sanfelice
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer-LIDNC, Department, Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Julia Bagatim de Souza
- Department of General Biology, State University of Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid Pr 445 Km 380, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Joao Paulo Assolini
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer-LIDNC, Department, Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Dayane Priscila Dos Santos
- Department of Pathological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid Pr 445 Km 380, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil; Department of General Biology, State University of Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid Pr 445 Km 380, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil
| | | | - Juliano Bordignon
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Instituto Carlos Chagas/Fiocruz-PR, Curitiba, Paraná Brazil
| | - Ivete Conchon-Costa
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer-LIDNC, Department, Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Idessania Nazareth da Costa
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer-LIDNC, Department, Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
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5
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Sagud M, Vlatkovic S, Svob Strac D, Sviben M, Zivkovic M, Vilibic M, Vuksan-Cusa B, Mihaljevic-Peles A, Pivac N. Latent Toxoplasma gondii infection is associated with decreased serum triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio in male patients with schizophrenia. Compr Psychiatry 2018; 82:115-120. [PMID: 29477703 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies suggested a complex association between Toxoplasma gondii (TG) infection and host lipid metabolism. Both TG infection and metabolic disturbances are very common in patients with schizophrenia, but this relationship is not clear. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, we evaluated the association between TG seropositivity, serum lipid levels, body mass index (BMI) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in 210 male inpatients with schizophrenia. RESULTS In our sample of schizophrenia patients, with the mean age of 43.90 ± 12.70 years, the rate of TG seropositivity was 52.38% and the prevalence of MetS was 17%. Patients with the TG antibodies had lower serum triglyceride levels and body weight compared to TG seronegative patients, despite having more frequently received antipsychotics (clozapine, olanzapine risperidone and quetiapine), which are well known to induce weight gain and metabolic abnormalities. However, the only significant change in metabolic parameters, observed in TG seropositive patients with schizophrenia, was decreased serum triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) ratio. No associations were observed between TG seropositivity and serum total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and glucose levels, waist circumference, BMI and the rate of MetS. CONCLUSION This is the first report of the association between TG infection and decreased serum triglyceride to HDL-C ratio in a sample of carefully selected men with chronic schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Sagud
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia; Clinical Hospital Centre Zagreb, Department of Psychiatry, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | | | - Mario Sviben
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia; Microbiology Service, Croatian National Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Maja Vilibic
- University Hospital Centre "Sisters of Mercy", Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Bjanka Vuksan-Cusa
- Clinical Hospital Centre Zagreb, Department of Psychiatry, Zagreb, Croatia; School of Medicine, University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia; School of Medicine, University of Mostar, Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Alma Mihaljevic-Peles
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia; Clinical Hospital Centre Zagreb, Department of Psychiatry, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nela Pivac
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
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Milovanović I, Busarčević M, Trbovich A, Ivović V, Uzelac A, Djurković-Djaković O. Evidence for host genetic regulation of altered lipid metabolism in experimental toxoplasmosis supported with gene data mining results. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176700. [PMID: 28459857 PMCID: PMC5411058 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is one of the most successful parasites on Earth, infecting a wide array of mammals including one third of the global human population. The obligate intracellular protozoon is not capable of synthesizing cholesterol (Chl), and thus depends on uptake of host Chl for its own development. To explore the genetic regulation of previously observed lipid metabolism alterations during acute murine T. gondii infection, we here assessed total Chl and its fractions in serum and selected tissues at the pathophysiological and molecular level, and integrated the observed gene expression of selected molecules relevant for Chl metabolism, including its biosynthetic and export KEGG pathways, with the results of published transcriptomes obtained in similar murine models of T. gondii infection. The serum lipid status as well as the transcript levels of relevant genes in the brain and the liver were assessed in experimental models of acute and chronic toxoplasmosis in wild-type mice. The results showed that acute infection was associated with a decrease in Chl content in both the liver and periphery (brain, peripheral lymphocytes), and a decrease in Chl reverse transport. In contrast, in chronic infection, a return to normal levels of Chl metabolism has been noted. These changes corresponded to the brain and liver gene expression results as well as to data obtained via mining. We propose that the observed changes in Chl metabolism are part of the host defense response. Further insight into the lipid metabolism in T. gondii infection may provide novel targets for therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Milovanović
- Institute for Pathologic Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Miloš Busarčević
- National Reference Laboratory for Toxoplasmosis, Center of Excellence for Food- and Vector-borne Zoonoses, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Alexander Trbovich
- Institute for Pathologic Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- National Reference Laboratory for Toxoplasmosis, Center of Excellence for Food- and Vector-borne Zoonoses, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Ivović
- National Reference Laboratory for Toxoplasmosis, Center of Excellence for Food- and Vector-borne Zoonoses, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Uzelac
- National Reference Laboratory for Toxoplasmosis, Center of Excellence for Food- and Vector-borne Zoonoses, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Olgica Djurković-Djaković
- National Reference Laboratory for Toxoplasmosis, Center of Excellence for Food- and Vector-borne Zoonoses, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- * E-mail:
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7
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Ellis JE, Heuser R, Missan DS, Martinez D, Heningburg A, Shabilla M, Schwartz R, Fry S. Evidence for polymicrobial communities in explanted vascular filters and atheroma debris. Mol Cell Probes 2017; 33:65-77. [PMID: 28411089 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Microbial communities have been implicated in a variety of disease processes and have been intermittently observed in arterial disease; however, no comprehensive unbiased community analysis has been performed. We hypothesize that complex microbial communities may be involved in chronic vascular diseases as well and may be effectively characterized by molecular assays. OBJECTIVE The main objective is to survey vascular debris, atheroma, and vascular filters for polymicrobial communities consisting of prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbes, specifically eukaryotic microbes. METHODS AND RESULTS We examined vascular aspirates of atheromatous debris or embolic protection filters in addition to matched peripheral blood samples, from fifteen patients, as well as three cadaveric coronary arteries from two separate patients, for microbial communities. General fluorescence microscopy by Höechst and ethidium bromide DNA stains, prokaryotic and eukaryotic community analysis by Next Generation DNA Sequencing (NGS), and a eukaryotic microbial 9 probe multiplexed quantitative PCR were used to detect and characterize the presence of putative polymicrobial communities. No prokaryotes were detected in peripheral blood; however, in 4 of 9 sequenced filters and in 2 of 7 sequenced atheroma debris samples, prokaryotic populations were identified. By DNA sequencing, eukaryotic microbes were detected in 4 of 15 blood samples, 5 of the 9 sequenced filters, and 3 of the 7 atheroma debris samples. The quantitative multiplex PCR detected sequences consistent with eukaryotic microbes in all 9 analyzed filter samples as well as 5 of the 7 atheroma debris samples. Microscopy reveals putative polymicrobial communities within filters and atheroma debris. The main contributing prokaryotic species in atheroma debris suggest a diverse and novel composition. Additionally, Funneliformis mosseae, an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus in the Glomeraceae family, was detected in the coronary hard plaque from two patients. Well studied biofilm forming bacteria were not detectable in circulating peripheral blood and were not universally present in atheroma or filters. Analyses of the sequenced eukaryotes are consistent with a diverse of array poorly studied environmental eukaryotes. In summary, out of 15 patients, 6 exhibited molecular evidence of prokaryotes and 14 had molecular evidence of eukaryotic and/or polymicrobial communities in vivo, while 2 post-mortem coronary plaque samples displayed evidence of fungi. CONCLUSION Prokaryotes are not consistently observed in atheroma debris or filter samples; however, detection of protozoa and fungi in these samples suggests that they may play a role in arterial vascular disease or atheroma formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard Heuser
- St. Luke's Phoenix Heart Center, Phoenix, AZ 85006, USA; University of Arizona, College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ 85006, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Stephen Fry
- Fry Laboratories, LLC, Scottsdale, AZ 85260, USA.
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8
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Pereira AV, Góis MB, Lera KRJL, Falkowski-Temporini GJ, Massini PF, Drozino RN, Aleixo DL, Miranda MM, da Silva Watanabe P, Conchon-Costa I, da Costa IN, Dos Anjos Neto Filho M, de Araújo SM, Pavanelli WR. Histopathological lesions in encephalon and heart of mice infected with Toxoplasma gondii increase after Lycopodium clavatum 200dH treatment. Pathol Res Pract 2016; 213:50-57. [PMID: 27894616 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In many cases, symptoms of toxoplasmosis are mistaken for the ones of other infectious diseases. Clinical signs are rare in immunocompetent people. However, when they arise, in the acute phase of infection, several organs are affected due to the rapid spread of tachyzoites through the bloodstream. In the present study, the reduction of tachyzoites in peripheral blood of mice of G72 (infected 72h after treatment) and G48 (infected 48h after treatment and treated three more times), when compared with IC (infected and non-treated), suggests protective effect exerted by Lycopodium clavatum. If on the one hand L. clavatum brought benefits, reducing parasitemia, on the other hand, the parasitism became exacerbated. Histopathological analysis demonstrated focal, multifocal and diffuse inflammatory infiltrates, ranging from absent, discreet, moderate to intense, in heart and encephalon of mice of NIC (non-infected and non-treated), IC, G48 and G72 groups, respectively. In the perivascular region and meninges, the injuries were enlarged. The presence of tachyzoites was demonstrated through immunohistochemical (IHC) assay in myocardium. Toxoplasma gondii induced increase of collagen fibers in myocardium of mice of G72 and G48 groups, compared with IC (p<0.05) and NIC (p<0.001). The presence of inflammatory infiltrates, as well as the progressive fibrosis, caused myocardial remodeling in animals treated with L. clavatum. Counterstaining with H&E suggests TGF-β expression by mononuclear cells in the inflammatory infiltrate. Based on our results, we can conclude that the adopted regimen and potency exerted a protective effect, reducing parasitemia. However, it intensified the histopathological lesions in encephalon and heart of mice infected with T. gondii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréia Vieira Pereira
- Department of Experimental Pathology, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Biondaro Góis
- Department of Morphological Sciences, State University of Maringa, Maringa, PR, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | - Denise Lessa Aleixo
- Department of Health Sciences, State University of Maringa, Maringa, PR, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ivete Conchon-Costa
- Department of Experimental Pathology, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
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9
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Kell D, Potgieter M, Pretorius E. Individuality, phenotypic differentiation, dormancy and 'persistence' in culturable bacterial systems: commonalities shared by environmental, laboratory, and clinical microbiology. F1000Res 2015; 4:179. [PMID: 26629334 PMCID: PMC4642849 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.6709.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
For bacteria, replication mainly involves growth by binary fission. However, in a very great many natural environments there are examples of phenotypically dormant, non-growing cells that do not replicate immediately and that are phenotypically 'nonculturable' on media that normally admit their growth. They thereby evade detection by conventional culture-based methods. Such dormant cells may also be observed in laboratory cultures and in clinical microbiology. They are usually more tolerant to stresses such as antibiotics, and in clinical microbiology they are typically referred to as 'persisters'. Bacterial cultures necessarily share a great deal of relatedness, and inclusive fitness theory implies that there are conceptual evolutionary advantages in trading a variation in growth rate against its mean, equivalent to hedging one's bets. There is much evidence that bacteria exploit this strategy widely. We here bring together data that show the commonality of these phenomena across environmental, laboratory and clinical microbiology. Considerable evidence, using methods similar to those common in environmental microbiology, now suggests that many supposedly non-communicable, chronic and inflammatory diseases are exacerbated (if not indeed largely caused) by the presence of dormant or persistent bacteria (the ability of whose components to cause inflammation is well known). This dormancy (and resuscitation therefrom) often reflects the extent of the availability of free iron. Together, these phenomena can provide a ready explanation for the continuing inflammation common to such chronic diseases and its correlation with iron dysregulation. This implies that measures designed to assess and to inhibit or remove such organisms (or their access to iron) might be of much therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Kell
- School of Chemistry and The Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, Lancashire, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Marnie Potgieter
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Arcadia, 0007, South Africa
| | - Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Arcadia, 0007, South Africa
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10
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Kell D, Potgieter M, Pretorius E. Individuality, phenotypic differentiation, dormancy and 'persistence' in culturable bacterial systems: commonalities shared by environmental, laboratory, and clinical microbiology. F1000Res 2015; 4:179. [PMID: 26629334 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.6709.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
For bacteria, replication mainly involves growth by binary fission. However, in a very great many natural environments there are examples of phenotypically dormant, non-growing cells that do not replicate immediately and that are phenotypically 'nonculturable' on media that normally admit their growth. They thereby evade detection by conventional culture-based methods. Such dormant cells may also be observed in laboratory cultures and in clinical microbiology. They are usually more tolerant to stresses such as antibiotics, and in clinical microbiology they are typically referred to as 'persisters'. Bacterial cultures necessarily share a great deal of relatedness, and inclusive fitness theory implies that there are conceptual evolutionary advantages in trading a variation in growth rate against its mean, equivalent to hedging one's bets. There is much evidence that bacteria exploit this strategy widely. We here bring together data that show the commonality of these phenomena across environmental, laboratory and clinical microbiology. Considerable evidence, using methods similar to those common in environmental microbiology, now suggests that many supposedly non-communicable, chronic and inflammatory diseases are exacerbated (if not indeed largely caused) by the presence of dormant or persistent bacteria (the ability of whose components to cause inflammation is well known). This dormancy (and resuscitation therefrom) often reflects the extent of the availability of free iron. Together, these phenomena can provide a ready explanation for the continuing inflammation common to such chronic diseases and its correlation with iron dysregulation. This implies that measures designed to assess and to inhibit or remove such organisms (or their access to iron) might be of much therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Kell
- School of Chemistry and The Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, Lancashire, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Marnie Potgieter
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Arcadia, 0007, South Africa
| | - Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Arcadia, 0007, South Africa
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11
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Promotion of atherosclerosis by Helicobacter cinaedi infection that involves macrophage-driven proinflammatory responses. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4680. [PMID: 24732347 PMCID: PMC3986732 DOI: 10.1038/srep04680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter cinaedi is the most common enterohepatic Helicobacter species that causes bacteremia in humans, but its pathogenicity is unclear. Here, we investigated the possible association of H. cinaedi with atherosclerosis in vivo and in vitro. We found that H. cinaedi infection significantly enhanced atherosclerosis in hyperlipidaemic mice. Aortic root lesions in infected mice showed increased accumulation of neutrophils and F4/80+ foam cells, which was due, at least partly, to bacteria-mediated increased expression of proinflammatory genes. Although infection was asymptomatic, detection of cytolethal distending toxin RNA of H. cinaedi indicated aorta infection. H. cinaedi infection altered expression of cholesterol receptors and transporters in cultured macrophages and caused foam cell formation. Also, infection induced differentiation of THP-1 monocytes. These data provide the first evidence of a pathogenic role of H. cinaedi in atherosclerosis in experimental models, thereby justifying additional investigations of the possible role of enterohepatic Helicobacter spp. in atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease.
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Reciprocal interference of experimental dyslipidemia and food allergy in the evolution of both diseases. ISRN ALLERGY 2013; 2013:545184. [PMID: 23840965 PMCID: PMC3690233 DOI: 10.1155/2013/545184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background. Food allergies have been shown to reduce serum triacylglycerol, glucose, cholesterol, and free fatty acid levels in mice. In turn, dyslipidemias, especially dyslipidemias presenting with low levels of HDL cholesterol, are important risk factors for the development of atherosclerosis. However, the consequences of food allergies on dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis have not been fully investigated. Methods. Food allergy was induced using an egg white solution (EWS) in ovalbumin- (OVA-) sensitized C57BL/6 and low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout mice (LDLr−/−) for 5 weeks and was confirmed by the high production of anti-OVA IgE and IgG1 antibodies in both mouse strains. Results. The allergic C57BL/6 mice exhibited EWS aversion that was associated with less visceral fat and high levels of anti-Ova IgE antibodies after 5 weeks of EWS intake compared to controls. However, LDLr−/− allergic mice showed reduced anti-Ova IgE levels that were similar to the nonsensitized group. The LDLr−/− allergic mice also demonstrated a reversal of food aversion and sustained visceral fat after 5 weeks of allergy. Although HDL cholesterol levels were reduced in both sensitized mouse strains, lipid deposition in thoracic and abdominal aorta as well as area and composition of atherosclerotic plaques as unaffected by chronic ingestion of EWS. Conclusion. LDLr−/− mice develop an attenuated food allergy, as they showed a reversal of food aversion and lower IgE production after 5 weeks of induced allergy. The development of atherosclerosis, in turn, was not accelerated in the allergic LDLr−/− group despite the more atherogenic lipid profile.
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Leishmania major Self-Limited Infection Increases Blood Cholesterol and Promotes Atherosclerosis Development. CHOLESTEROL 2013; 2013:754580. [PMID: 23710353 PMCID: PMC3655479 DOI: 10.1155/2013/754580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 03/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania major infection of resistant mice causes a self-limited lesion characterized by macrophage activation and a Th1 proinflammatory response. Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease involving hypercholesterolemia and macrophage activation. In this study, we evaluated the influence of L. major infection on the development of atherosclerosis using atherosclerosis-susceptible apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE KO) mice. After 6 weeks of infection, apoE KO mice exhibited reduced footpad swelling and parasitemia similar to C57BL/6 controls, confirming that both strains are resistant to infection with L. major. L. major-infected mice had increased plasma cholesterol levels and reduced triacylglycerols. With regard to atherosclerosis, noninfected mice developed only fatty streak lesions, while the infected mice presented with advanced lesions containing a necrotic core and an abundant inflammatory infiltrate. CD36 expression was increased in the aortic valve of the infected mice, indicating increased macrophage activation. In conclusion, L. major infection, although localized and self-limited in resistant apoE KO mice, has a detrimental effect on the blood lipid profile, increases the inflammatory cell migration to atherosclerotic lesions, and promotes atherogenesis. These effects are consequences of the stimulation of the immune system by L. major, which promotes the inflammatory components of atherosclerosis, which are primarily the parasite-activated macrophages.
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Carter C. Alzheimer's Disease: APP, Gamma Secretase, APOE, CLU, CR1, PICALM, ABCA7, BIN1, CD2AP, CD33, EPHA1, and MS4A2, and Their Relationships with Herpes Simplex, C. Pneumoniae, Other Suspect Pathogens, and the Immune System. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2011; 2011:501862. [PMID: 22254144 PMCID: PMC3255168 DOI: 10.4061/2011/501862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease susceptibility genes, APP and gamma-secretase, are involved in the herpes simplex life cycle, and that of other suspect pathogens (C. pneumoniae, H. pylori, C. neoformans, B. burgdorferri, P. gingivalis) or immune defence. Such pathogens promote beta-amyloid deposition and tau phosphorylation and may thus be causative agents, whose effects are conditioned by genes. The antimicrobial effects of beta-amyloid, the localisation of APP/gamma-secretase in immunocompetent dendritic cells, and gamma secretase cleavage of numerous pathogen receptors suggest that this network is concerned with pathogen disposal, effects which may be abrogated by the presence of beta-amyloid autoantibodies in the elderly. These autoantibodies, as well as those to nerve growth factor and tau, also observed in Alzheimer's disease, may well be antibodies to pathogens, due to homology between human autoantigens and pathogen proteins. NGF or tau antibodies promote beta-amyloid deposition, neurofibrillary tangles, or cholinergic neuronal loss, and, with other autoantibodies, such as anti-ATPase, are potential agents of destruction, whose formation is dictated by sequence homology between pathogen and human proteins, and thus by pathogen strain and human genes. Pathogen elimination in the ageing population and removal of culpable autoantibodies might reduce the incidence and offer hope for a cure in this affliction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Carter
- PolygenicPathways, Flat 2, 40 Baldslow Road, Hastings, East Sussex TN34 2EY, UK
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Ganguly S, Mula S, Chattopadhyay S, Chatterjee M. An ethanol extract of Piper betle Linn. mediates its anti-inflammatory activity via down-regulation of nitric oxide. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 59:711-8. [PMID: 17524237 DOI: 10.1211/jpp.59.5.0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The leaves of Piper betle (locally known as Paan) have long been in use in the Indian indigenous system of medicine for the relief of pain; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms of this effect have not been elucidated. The anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of an ethanolic extract of the leaves of P. betle (100 mg kg−1; PB) were demonstrated in a complete Freund's adjuvant-induced model of arthritis in rats with dexamethasone (0.1 mg kg−1) as the positive control. At non-toxic concentrations of PB (5–25 μg mL−1), a dose-dependent decrease in extracellular production of nitric oxide in murine peritoneal macrophages was measured by the Griess assay and corroborated by flow cytometry using the nitric oxide specific probe, 4,5-diaminofluorescein-2 diacetate. This decreased generation of reactive nitrogen species was mediated by PB progressively down-regulating transcription of inducible nitric oxide synthase in macrophages, and concomitantly causing a dose-dependent decrease in the expression of interleukin-12 p40, indicating the ability of PB to down-regulate T-helper 1 pro-inflammatory responses. Taken together, the anti-inflammatory and anti-arthrotic activity of PB is attributable to its ability to down-regulate the generation of reactive nitrogen species, thus meriting further pharmacological investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudipto Ganguly
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, 244 B, Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Road, Kolkata-700 020, West Bengal
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Milovanović I, Vujanić M, Klun I, Bobić B, Nikolić A, Ivović V, Trbovich AM, Djurković-Djaković O. Toxoplasma gondii infection induces lipid metabolism alterations in the murine host. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2010; 104:175-8. [PMID: 19430640 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762009000200008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 02/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Host lipids have been implicated in the pathogenesis of Toxoplasma gondii infection. To determine if Toxoplasma infection influences the lipid status in the normal host, we assessed serum lipids of Swiss-Webster mice during infection with the BGD-1 strain (type-2) at a series of time points. Mice were bled at days zero and 42 post-infection, and subgroups were additionally bled on alternating weeks (model 1), or sacrificed at days zero, 14 and 42 (model 2) for the measurement of total cholesterol (Chl), high density lipoproteins (HDL), low density lipoproteins (LDL) and triglycerides and adiponectin. At day 42, brains were harvested for cyst enumeration. A significant decrease (p = 0.02) in HDL and total Chl was first noted in infected vs. control mice at day 14 and persisted to day 42 (p = 0.013). Conversely, LDL was unaltered until day 42, when it increased (p = 0.043). Serum LDL levels at day 42 correlated only with cyst counts of above 300 (found in 44% mice), while the change in HDL between days zero and 42 correlated with both the overall mean cyst count (p = 0.041) and cyst counts above 300 (p = 0.044). Calculated per cyst, this decrease in HDL in individual animals ranged from 0.1-17 micromol/L, with a mean of 2.43 +/- 4.14 micromol/L. Serum adiponectin levels remained similar between infected and control mice throughout the experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Milovanović
- Institute of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Portugal LR, Fernandes LR, Alvarez-Leite JI. Host cholesterol and inflammation as common key regulators of toxoplasmosis and artherosclerosis development. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2009; 7:807-19. [PMID: 19735223 DOI: 10.1586/eri.09.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis and toxoplasmosis are two widely prevalent diseases worldwide. The relationship between these diseases is now being elucidated. Atherosclerosis is a disease with three main components: increased blood lipoprotein/cholesterol and their deposition in the arterial wall, an important Th1-mediated proinflammatory reaction and thrombogenic status. Toxoplasma gondii, in turn, is dependent on host cholesterol for optimal intracellular growth and replication. As a result, host cholesterol will be cleared from the blood, reducing plasma low-density lipoprotein, a crucial atherosclerosis risk factor. On the other hand, T. gondii infection elicits an important Th1 systemic inflammatory response in the host. Therefore, this additional proinflammatory stimulus may impose an enhanced pro-atherogenic environment in the host. As result, the association between these two diseases in one individual could change the course of atherosclerosis. In this review, we demonstrate that the host-parasite relationship is complex and that the outcome of each disease is dependent on the availability of intracellular cholesterol, as well as the intensity of the inflammatory reaction triggered by the parasite. We also discuss the possible clinical implications of these studies.
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Peluzio MDCG, Moreira APB, Queiroz ICD, Dias CMGC, Franceschini SDCC, Alvarez-leite JI, Natali AJ, Sabarense CM. Oral administration of sodium butyrate reduces chemically-induced preneoplastic lesions in experimental carcinogenesis. REV NUTR 2009. [DOI: 10.1590/s1415-52732009000500012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The objective was to assess the effects of oral administration of sodium butyrate on colon carcinogenesis. METHODS: Carcinogenesis in adult male Wistar rats was induced with 1.2-dimethylhydrazine injections at a dose of 40mg/kg of body weight. A solution of sodium butyrate (3.4%) was given ad libitum for 4 weeks (butyrate group, n=16) instead of water (control group, n=9). Rats were killed 17 weeks after 1.2-dimethylhydrazine administration. Aberrant crypt foci and expression of the messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) of cyclins D1 and E were quantified in the colon. Alterations in the fatty acid profile of the colon, liver, intra-abdominal fat and feces were also analyzed. RESULTS: A significant decrease in aberrant crypt foci was found in the group taking butyrate. No differences were found between the groups in the mRNA expression of cyclins D1 and E. Nevertheless, butyrate intake decreased the content of stearic and oleic acids in the intra-abdominal fat and docosahexaenoic acid in the liver. Moreover, these rats presented higher percentages of linoleic acid in the intra-abdominal fat than control rats. CONCLUSION: The data indicate that butyrate use in rats reduced preneoplastic lesions and changes in the intra-abdominal fat and fatty acid profile of the liver, commonly found in colon carcinogenesis.
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Hermes G, Ajioka JW, Kelly KA, Mui E, Roberts F, Kasza K, Mayr T, Kirisits MJ, Wollmann R, Ferguson DJP, Roberts CW, Hwang JH, Trendler T, Kennan RP, Suzuki Y, Reardon C, Hickey WF, Chen L, McLeod R. Neurological and behavioral abnormalities, ventricular dilatation, altered cellular functions, inflammation, and neuronal injury in brains of mice due to common, persistent, parasitic infection. J Neuroinflammation 2008; 5:48. [PMID: 18947414 PMCID: PMC2588578 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-5-48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2008] [Accepted: 10/23/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Worldwide, approximately two billion people are chronically infected with Toxoplasma gondii with largely unknown consequences. METHODS To better understand long-term effects and pathogenesis of this common, persistent brain infection, mice were infected at a time in human years equivalent to early to mid adulthood and studied 5-12 months later. Appearance, behavior, neurologic function and brain MRIs were studied. Additional analyses of pathogenesis included: correlation of brain weight and neurologic findings; histopathology focusing on brain regions; full genome microarrays; immunohistochemistry characterizing inflammatory cells; determination of presence of tachyzoites and bradyzoites; electron microscopy; and study of markers of inflammation in serum. Histopathology in genetically resistant mice and cytokine and NRAMP knockout mice, effects of inoculation of isolated parasites, and treatment with sulfadiazine or alphaPD1 ligand were studied. RESULTS Twelve months after infection, a time equivalent to middle to early elderly ages, mice had behavioral and neurological deficits, and brain MRIs showed mild to moderate ventricular dilatation. Lower brain weight correlated with greater magnitude of neurologic abnormalities and inflammation. Full genome microarrays of brains reflected inflammation causing neuronal damage (Gfap), effects on host cell protein processing (ubiquitin ligase), synapse remodeling (Complement 1q), and also increased expression of PD-1L (a ligand that allows persistent LCMV brain infection) and CD 36 (a fatty acid translocase and oxidized LDL receptor that mediates innate immune response to beta amyloid which is associated with pro-inflammation in Alzheimer's disease). Immunostaining detected no inflammation around intra-neuronal cysts, practically no free tachyzoites, and only rare bradyzoites. Nonetheless, there were perivascular, leptomeningeal inflammatory cells, particularly contiguous to the aqueduct of Sylvius and hippocampus, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and activated microglia in perivascular areas and brain parenchyma. Genetically resistant, chronically infected mice had substantially less inflammation. CONCLUSION In outbred mice, chronic, adult acquired T. gondii infection causes neurologic and behavioral abnormalities secondary to inflammation and loss of brain parenchyma. Perivascular inflammation is prominent particularly contiguous to the aqueduct of Sylvius and hippocampus. Even resistant mice have perivascular inflammation. This mouse model of chronic T. gondii infection raises questions of whether persistence of this parasite in brain can cause inflammation or neurodegeneration in genetically susceptible hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen Hermes
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Gleeson MG. Should We Rethink Toxoplasmosis? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ORIENTATION & MOBILITY 2008. [DOI: 10.21307/ijom-2008-011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Portugal LR, Fernandes LR, Pietra Pedroso VS, Santiago HC, Gazzinelli RT, Alvarez-Leite JI. Influence of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor on lipid composition, inflammation and parasitism during Toxoplasma gondii infection. Microbes Infect 2007; 10:276-84. [PMID: 18316222 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2007.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2007] [Revised: 11/30/2007] [Accepted: 12/03/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular replication of Toxoplasma gondii requires cholesterol uptake by host cell low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLr), a critical element in atherosclerosis. We evaluated host parasitism, inflammatory responses and development of atherosclerosis in LDLr knockout (LDLr(-/-)) and their controls C57BL/6 mice infected with T. gondii. Our results show that T. gondii cysts were reduced in LDLr(-/-) mice when compared to C57BL/6 mice. However, in presence of hypercholesterolemic diet, parasite growth in LDLr(-/-) mice was similar to that seen in infected C57BL/6 mice. In presence of a hypercholesterolemic diet, T. gondii infection leads to a 60% reduction of serum triacylglycerol, total and atherogenic lipoprotein cholesterol. When aortic valve lesion was analyzed, infected mice showed a reduction of atherosclerotic lesion area as well as CD36 expression. MCP-1, SRA-I, SRA-II, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 mRNA expression was kept similar between infected and control groups. Thus, despite the intense inflammatory process, the drastic reduction in serum lipids seems to limit the development of atherosclerosis in LDLr(-/-) mice infected with T. gondii. In conclusion, our results indicate that T. gondii employs host LDLr to acquire cholesterol and favor its growth. However, in the presence of hypercholesterolemia, T. gondii parasites are able to acquire cholesterol-rich lipoproteins through an alternative host receptor, and overcome LDLr deficiency, favoring host parasitism and impairing lipid loading of foam cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciane R Portugal
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Malla N, Yadav M, Gupta I. Kinetics of serum and local cytokine profile in experimental intravaginal trichomoniasis induced with Trichomonas vaginalis isolates from symptomatic and asymptomatic women. Parasite Immunol 2007; 29:101-5. [PMID: 17241398 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2006.00914.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Trichomoniasis, the most common non-viral sexually transmitted disease, is caused by infection with the protist Trichomonas vaginalis. The clinical spectrum varies from an asymptomatic to a severe symptomatic state. However, the exact factors leading to varied symptomatology have not been well elucidated. The role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of many microbial diseases has been reported. The present study reports the cytokine levels (IL-2, IL-4, IFN-gamma) on different days post infection (3rd, 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th d.p.i.) in serum and vaginal washes (VWs) of mice infected intravaginally with T. vaginalis isolates from 15 symptomatic and 15 asymptomatic women. Significantly higher production of IL-2 and IFN-gamma was observed on the 3rd to 28th d.p.i., and IL-4 on the 7th to 21st d.p.i., in infected as compared to uninfected mice. A significant increase in cytokine IL-2 and IFN-gamma was observed on the 3rd to 28th d.p.i. in serum and VWs of mice infected with T. vaginalis isolates from asymptomatic as compared to symptomatic women. IL-2 (P < 0.001) and IFN-gamma (P < 0.05) concentrations were significantly higher on the 14th d.p.i. in serum samples as compared to VWs of mice infected with T. vaginalis isolates from asymptomatic and symptomatic women, while no significant difference was observed in IL-4 concentration between the two groups of mice. The study indicates the involvement of a Th-1 (IL-2 and IFN-gamma) like response in mice infected with isolates from asymptomatic women as compared to symptomatic women and suggests that Th-1 type cytokines might be playing a role in maintaining low levels of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Malla
- Department of Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Yadav M, Dubey ML, Gupta I, Malla N. Nitric oxide radicals in leucocytes and vaginal washes of Trichomonas vaginalis -infected symptomatic and asymptomatic women. Parasitology 2006; 132:339-43. [PMID: 16529664 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182005009340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2005] [Revised: 10/03/2005] [Accepted: 10/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The clinical spectrum of Trichomonas vaginalis infection varies from asymptomatic to mild, moderate or severe vaginitis. Nitric oxide and other reactive nitrogen radicals produced by immune effector cells are important cytotoxic and cytostatic mediators against several microorganisms including parasites. In the present study, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and reactive nitrogen intermediates (RNI) were determined in leucocyte cultures (stimulated with T. vaginalis in vitro) and vaginal washes (VWs) of 22 symptomatic and 20 asymptomatic T. vaginalis-infected and 20 healthy women by immunoblotting and Griess method respectively. The iNOS protein was detected in leucocytes and VWs of all the symptomatic and asymptomatic women, but was not detected in any of the samples from healthy women. Mean iNOS protein band intensity was significantly higher in leucocytes as compared to VWs (P<0.001) of both symptomatic and asymptomatic women and was also higher in leucocytes of asymptomatic as compared to symptomatic women (P<0.05). Mean RNI concentration was also significantly higher in leucocytes (P<0.01) and VWs (P<0.05) of asymptomatic as compared to symptomatic women, and was also higher in samples of infected as compared to healthy women (P<0.001). These results suggest that reactive nitrogen radicals may have a role in limiting T. vaginalis infection in asymptomatic women.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yadav
- Department of Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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