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Chauhan S, Khasa YP. Challenges and Opportunities in the Process Development of Chimeric Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1828. [PMID: 38140232 PMCID: PMC10747103 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11121828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines are integral to human life to protect them from life-threatening diseases. However, conventional vaccines often suffer limitations like inefficiency, safety concerns, unavailability for non-culturable microbes, and genetic variability among pathogens. Chimeric vaccines combine multiple antigen-encoding genes of similar or different microbial strains to protect against hyper-evolving drug-resistant pathogens. The outbreaks of dreadful diseases have led researchers to develop economical chimeric vaccines that can cater to a large population in a shorter time. The process development begins with computationally aided omics-based approaches to design chimeric vaccines. Furthermore, developing these vaccines requires optimizing upstream and downstream processes for mass production at an industrial scale. Owing to the complex structures and complicated bioprocessing of evolving pathogens, various high-throughput process technologies have come up with added advantages. Recent advancements in high-throughput tools, process analytical technology (PAT), quality-by-design (QbD), design of experiments (DoE), modeling and simulations, single-use technology, and integrated continuous bioprocessing have made scalable production more convenient and economical. The paradigm shift to innovative strategies requires significant attention to deal with major health threats at the global scale. This review outlines the challenges and emerging avenues in the bioprocess development of chimeric vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yogender Pal Khasa
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India;
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2
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Salamanca DR, Gómez M, Camargo A, Cuy-Chaparro L, Molina-Franky J, Reyes C, Patarroyo MA, Patarroyo ME. Plasmodium falciparum Blood Stage Antimalarial Vaccines: An Analysis of Ongoing Clinical Trials and New Perspectives Related to Synthetic Vaccines. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2712. [PMID: 31849871 PMCID: PMC6901501 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum malaria is a disease causing high morbidity and mortality rates worldwide, mainly in sub-Saharan Africa. Candidates have been identified for vaccines targeting the parasite's blood stage; this stage is important in the development of symptoms and clinical complications. However, no vaccine that can directly affect morbidity and mortality rates is currently available. This review analyzes the formulation, methodological design, and results of active clinical trials for merozoite-stage vaccines, regarding their safety profile, immunological response (phase Ia/Ib), and protective efficacy levels (phase II). Most vaccine candidates are in phase I trials and have had an acceptable safety profile. GMZ2 has made the greatest progress in clinical trials; its efficacy has been 14% in children aged less than 5 years in a phase IIb trial. Most of the available candidates that have shown strong immunogenicity and that have been tested for their protective efficacy have provided good results when challenged with a homologous parasite strain; however, their efficacy has dropped when they have been exposed to a heterologous strain. In view of these vaccines' unpromising results, an alternative approach for selecting new candidates is needed; such line of work should be focused on how to increase an immune response induced against the highly conserved (i.e., common to all strains), functionally relevant, protein regions that the parasite uses to invade target cells. Despite binding regions tending to be conserved, they are usually poorly antigenic and/or immunogenic, being frequently discarded as vaccine candidates when the conventional immunological approach is followed. The Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC) has developed a logical and rational methodology based on including conserved high-activity binding peptides (cHABPs) from the main P. falciparum biologically functional proteins involved in red blood cell (RBC) invasion. Once appropriately modified (mHABPs), these minimal, subunit-based, chemically synthesized peptides can be used in a system covering the human immune system's main genetic variables (the human leukocyte antigen HLA-DR isotype) inducing a suitable, immunogenic, and protective immune response in most of the world's populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ricardo Salamanca
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.,Ph.D. Programme in Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia.,Medicine Programme, Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad de Boyacá, Tunja, Colombia
| | - Marcela Gómez
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.,Ph.D. Programme in Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia.,Medicine Programme, Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad de Boyacá, Tunja, Colombia
| | - Anny Camargo
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.,Ph.D. Programme in Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia.,Medicine Programme, Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad de Boyacá, Tunja, Colombia
| | - Laura Cuy-Chaparro
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.,Ph.D. Programme in Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia.,Medicine Programme, Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad de Boyacá, Tunja, Colombia
| | - Jessica Molina-Franky
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.,Ph.D. Programme in Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia.,Medicine Programme, Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad de Boyacá, Tunja, Colombia
| | - César Reyes
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.,Ph.D. Programme in Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Manuel Alfonso Patarroyo
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.,Basic Sciences Department, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Manuel Elkin Patarroyo
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Boyacá, Colombia
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3
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Ndungu FM, Mwacharo J, Wambua J, Njuguna P, Marsh K, Drakeley C, Bejon P. A seven-year study on the effect of the pre-erythrocytic malaria vaccine candidate RTS,S/AS01 E on blood stage immunity in young Kenyan children. Wellcome Open Res 2019; 4:42. [PMID: 31168483 PMCID: PMC6545824 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15002.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: RTS,S/AS01
E, the most advanced malaria vaccine confers partial immunity. The vaccine-induced pre-erythrocytic immunity reduces exposure to blood-stage parasites, delaying acquisition of antibodies to blood-stage antigens. However, the duration of this effect is unknown. Methods: We measured, by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, IgG-antibodies to 4
Plasmodium falciparum blood-stage antigens (AMA1, MSP1
42, EBA175, and MSP3) on 314 children randomized to receive RTS,S/AS01
E or Rabies vaccine at 5 – 17 months of age in a phase 2b trial in Kenya, and thereafter participated in a 7-year study of the duration of vaccine immunity. Results: Antibody levels to MSP1
42, AMA1 and EBA175 were slightly lower among the RTS,S/AS01
E recipients, relative to the Rabies-control vaccinees, during the first 48 months of surveillance. Irrespective of vaccine arm, antibody levels to merozoite antigens were positively associated with the risk for malaria. However, this was only apparent at high levels for EBA175 and AMA1 and was not evident after adjusting for heterogeneity in malaria-exposure. Among children with asymptomatic parasitaemia, antibody levels were associated with reduced clinical malaria. Conclusions: The reduction in levels of antibodies to blood-stage antigens induced by vaccination with RTS,S/AS01
E can last for several years. In absence of asymptomatic infection, anti-merozoite antibody levels were unreliable correlates of clinical immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis M Ndungu
- Department of Biosciences, KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, 80108, Kenya
| | - Jedida Mwacharo
- Department of Biosciences, KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, 80108, Kenya
| | - Juliana Wambua
- Department of Biosciences, KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, 80108, Kenya
| | - Patricia Njuguna
- Department of Biosciences, KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, 80108, Kenya
| | - Kevin Marsh
- Department of Biosciences, KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, 80108, Kenya
| | - Chris Drakeley
- Infection & Immunity Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Philip Bejon
- Infection & Immunity Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
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4
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Lawan A, Jesse FFA, Idris UH, Odhah MN, Arsalan M, Muhammad NA, Bhutto KR, Peter ID, Abraham GA, Wahid AH, Mohd-Azmi ML, Zamri-Saad M. Mucosal and systemic responses of immunogenic vaccines candidates against enteric Escherichia coli infections in ruminants: A review. Microb Pathog 2018; 117:175-183. [PMID: 29471137 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Innumerable Escherichia coli of animal origin are identified, which are of economic significance, likewise, cattle, sheep and goats are the carrier of enterohaemorrhagic E. coli, which are less pathogenic, and can spread to people by way of direct contact and through the contamination of foodstuff or portable drinking water, causing serious illness. The immunization of ruminants has been carried out for ages and is largely acknowledged as the most economical and maintainable process of monitoring E. coli infection in ruminants. Yet, only a limited number of E. coli vaccines are obtainable. Mucosal surfaces are the most important ingress for E. coli and thus mucosal immune responses function as the primary means of fortification. Largely contemporary vaccination processes are done by parenteral administration and merely limited number of E. coli vaccines are inoculated via mucosal itinerary, due to its decreased efficacy. Nevertheless, aiming at maximal mucosal partitions to stimulate defensive immunity at both mucosal compartments and systemic site epitomises a prodigious task. Enormous determinations are involved in order to improve on novel mucosal E. coli vaccines candidate by choosing apposite antigens with potent immunogenicity, manipulating novel mucosal itineraries of inoculation and choosing immune-inducing adjuvants. The target of E. coli mucosal vaccines is to stimulate a comprehensive, effective and defensive immunity by specifically counteracting the antibodies at mucosal linings and by the stimulation of cellular immunity. Furthermore, effective E. coli mucosal vaccine would make vaccination measures stress-free and appropriate for large number of inoculation. On account of contemporary advancement in proteomics, metagenomics, metabolomics and transcriptomics research, a comprehensive appraisal of the immeasurable genes and proteins that were divulged by a bacterium is now in easy reach. Moreover, there exist marvellous prospects in this bourgeoning technologies in comprehending the host bacteria affiliation. Accordingly, the flourishing knowledge could massively guarantee to the progression of immunogenic vaccines against E. coli infections in both humans and animals. This review highlight and expounds on the current prominence of mucosal and systemic immunogenic vaccines for the prevention of E. coli infections in ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lawan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria.
| | - F F A Jesse
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Farm & Exotic Animals Medicine & Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - U H Idris
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria
| | - M N Odhah
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Thamar University, Yemen
| | - M Arsalan
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia; Livestock and Dairy Development Department Baluchistan, Pakistan
| | - N A Muhammad
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - K R Bhutto
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Veterinary Research & Diagnosis, Livestock and Fisheries Department, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - I D Peter
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria
| | - G A Abraham
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Farm & Exotic Animals Medicine & Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - A H Wahid
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - M L Mohd-Azmi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - M Zamri-Saad
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
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5
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Wang X, Teng D, Guan Q, Mao R, Hao Y, Wang X, Yao J, Wang J. Escherichia coli outer membrane protein F (OmpF): an immunogenic protein induces cross-reactive antibodies against Escherichia coli and Shigella. AMB Express 2017; 7:155. [PMID: 28728309 PMCID: PMC5517391 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-017-0452-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarrhea caused by pathogenic Escherichia coli (E. coli) is one of the most serious infectious diseases in humans and animals. Due to antibiotics resistance and the lack of efficient vaccine, more attention should be paid to find potential versatile vaccine candidates to prevent diseases. In this study, the sequence homology analysis indicated that OmpF from E. coli CVCC 1515 shares a high identity (90−100%) with about half of the E. coli (46.7%) and Shigella (52.8%) strains. Then the recombinant OmpF was supposed to be developed as a versatile vaccine to prevent E. coli infection. OmpF was expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3) using the auto-induction method. The recombinant OmpF (rOmpF) protein had an average molecular weight of 40 kDa with the purity of 90%. Immunological analysis indicated that the titers of anti-rOmpF sera against rOmpF and whole cells were 1:240,000 and 1:27,000, respectively. The opsonophagocytosis result showed that 72.21 ± 11.39 and 11.04 ± 3.90% of bacteria were killed in the rOmpF immunization and control groups, respectively. The survival ratio of mice immunized with rOmpF ranged between 40 and 60% as observed within 36 h after challenge, indicating mice were partially protected from E. coli CVCC 1515 infection. The expressed rOmpF protein induced an effective immune response, but only provide a weak protection against pathogenic E. coli CVCC 1515 and a small reduction in E. coli CICC 21530 (O157:H7) excretion in a mouse infection model. Native forms of the OmpF antigen may be studied for immunogenicity and potential protective efficacy.
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6
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Figueiredo DB, Carvalho E, Santos MP, Kraschowetz S, Zanardo RT, Campani G, Silva GG, Sargo CR, Horta ACL, de C Giordano R, Miyaji EN, Zangirolami TC, Cabrera-Crespo J, Gonçalves VM. Production and purification of an untagged recombinant pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA4Pro) with high-purity and low endotoxin content. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 101:2305-2317. [PMID: 27889801 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7983-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is the main cause of pneumonia, meningitis, and other conditions that kill thousands of children every year worldwide. The replacement of pneumococcal serotypes among the vaccinated population has evidenced the need for new vaccines with broader coverage and driven the research for protein-based vaccines. Pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) protects S. pneumoniae from the bactericidal effect of human apolactoferrin and prevents complement deposition. Several studies indicate that PspA is a very promising target for novel vaccine formulations. Here we describe a production and purification process for an untagged recombinant fragment of PspA from clade 4 (PspA4Pro), which has been shown to be cross-reactive with several PspA variants. PspA4Pro was obtained using lactose as inducer in Phytone auto-induction batch or glycerol limited fed-batch in 5-L bioreactor. The purification process includes two novel steps: (i) clarification using a cationic detergent to precipitate contaminant proteins, nucleic acids, and other negatively charged molecules as the lipopolysaccharide, which is the major endotoxin; and (ii) cryoprecipitation that eliminates aggregates and contaminants, which precipitate at -20 °C and pH 4.0, leaving PspA4Pro in the supernatant. The final process consisted of cell rupture in a continuous high-pressure homogenizer, clarification, anion exchange chromatography, cryoprecipitation, and cation exchange chromatography. This process avoided costly tag removal steps and recovered 35.3 ± 2.5% of PspA4Pro with 97.8 ± 0.36% purity and reduced endotoxin concentration by >99.9%. Circular dichroism and lactoferrin binding assay showed that PspA4Pro secondary structure and biological activity were preserved after purification and remained stable in a wide range of temperatures and pH values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas B Figueiredo
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, Av Vital Brasil 1500, São Paulo, SP, 05503-900, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes 2415, Edifício ICB-III, São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Eneas Carvalho
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, Av Vital Brasil 1500, São Paulo, SP, 05503-900, Brazil
| | - Mauricio P Santos
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís km 235, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Stefanie Kraschowetz
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, Av Vital Brasil 1500, São Paulo, SP, 05503-900, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes 2415, Edifício ICB-III, São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Rafaela T Zanardo
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, Av Vital Brasil 1500, São Paulo, SP, 05503-900, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes 2415, Edifício ICB-III, São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Gilson Campani
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís km 235, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Gabriel G Silva
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís km 235, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Cíntia R Sargo
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís km 235, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos L Horta
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís km 235, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Roberto de C Giordano
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís km 235, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Eliane N Miyaji
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, Av Vital Brasil 1500, São Paulo, SP, 05503-900, Brazil
| | - Teresa C Zangirolami
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís km 235, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Joaquin Cabrera-Crespo
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, Av Vital Brasil 1500, São Paulo, SP, 05503-900, Brazil
| | - Viviane Maimoni Gonçalves
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, Av Vital Brasil 1500, São Paulo, SP, 05503-900, Brazil.
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7
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Baculovirus-expressed Plasmodium reichenowi EBA-140 merozoite ligand is host specific. Parasitol Int 2016; 65:708-714. [PMID: 27443851 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium reichenowi, an ape malaria parasite is morphologically identical and genetically similar to Plasmodium falciparum, infects chimpanzees but not humans. Genomic studies revealed that all primate malaria parasites belong to Laverania subgenus. Laverania parasites exhibit strict host specificity, but the molecular mechanisms underlying these host restrictions remain unexplained. Plasmodium merozoites express multiple binding ligands that recognize specific receptors on erythrocytes, including micronemal proteins belonging to P. falciparum EBL family. It was shown that erythrocyte binding antigen-175 (EBA-175), erythrocyte binding ligand-1 (EBL-1), erythrocyte binding antigen-140 (EBA-140) recognize erythrocyte surface sialoglycoproteins - glycophorins A, B, C, respectively. EBA-140 merozoite ligand hijacks glycophorin C (GPC), a minor erythrocyte sialoglycoprotein, to invade the erythrocyte through an alternative invasion pathway. A homolog of P. falciparum EBA-140 protein was identified in P. reichenowi. The amino acid sequences of both EBA-140 ligands are very similar, especially in the conservative erythrocyte binding region (Region II). It has been suggested that evolutionary changes in the sequence of EBL proteins may be associated with Plasmodium host restriction. In this study we obtained, for the first time, the recombinant P. reichenowi EBA-140 ligand Region II using baculovirus expression vector system. We show that the ape EBA-140 Region II is host specific and binds to chimpanzee erythrocytes in the dose and sialic acid dependent manner. Further identification of the erythrocyte receptor for this ape ligand is of great interests, since it may reveal the molecular basis of host restriction of both P. reichenowi and its deadliest human counterpart, P. falciparum.
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8
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Wang X, Guan Q, Wang X, Teng D, Mao R, Yao J, Wang J. Paving the way to construct a new vaccine against Escherichia coli from its recombinant outer membrane protein C via a murine model. Process Biochem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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9
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Rydzak J, Kaczmarek R, Czerwinski M, Lukasiewicz J, Tyborowska J, Szewczyk B, Jaskiewicz E. The baculovirus-expressed binding region of Plasmodium falciparum EBA-140 ligand and its glycophorin C binding specificity. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0115437. [PMID: 25588042 PMCID: PMC4294638 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The erythrocyte binding ligand 140 (EBA-140) is a member of the Plasmodium falciparum DBL family of erythrocyte binding proteins, which are considered as prospective candidates for malaria vaccine development. The EBA-140 ligand is a paralogue of the well-characterized P. falciparum EBA-175 protein. They share homology of domain structure, including Region II, which consists of two homologous F1 and F2 domains and is responsible for ligand-erythrocyte receptor interaction during invasion. In this report we describe, for the first time, the glycophorin C specificity of the recombinant, baculovirus-expressed binding region (Region II) of P. falciparum EBA-140 ligand. It was found that the recombinant EBA-140 Region II binds to the endogenous and recombinant glycophorin C, but does not bind to Gerbich-type glycophorin C, neither normal nor recombinant, which lacks amino acid residues 36-63 of its polypeptide chain. Our results emphasize the crucial role of this glycophorin C region in EBA-140 ligand binding. Moreover, the EBA-140 Region II did not bind either to glycophorin D, the truncated form of glycophorin C lacking the N-glycan or to desialylated GPC. These results draw attention to the role of glycophorin C glycans in EBA-140 binding. The full identification of the EBA-140 binding site on glycophorin C molecule, consisting most likely of its glycans and peptide backbone, may help to design therapeutics or vaccines that target the erythrocyte binding merozoite ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Rydzak
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Radoslaw Kaczmarek
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Czerwinski
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
- Faculty of Physiotherapy and Physical Education, Opole University of Technology, Opole, Poland
| | - Jolanta Lukasiewicz
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jolanta Tyborowska
- Department of Recombinant Vaccines, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Boguslaw Szewczyk
- Department of Recombinant Vaccines, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Ewa Jaskiewicz
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Zielona Góra, Zielona Góra, Poland
- * E-mail:
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10
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Recombinant outer membrane protein A induces a protective immune response against Escherichia coli infection in mice. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:5451-60. [PMID: 25567514 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6339-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic Escherichia coli (E. coli) is an important infectious Gram-negative bacterium causing millions of death every year. Outer membrane protein A (OmpA) has been suggested as a potential vaccine candidate for conferring protection against bacterial infection. In this study, a universal vaccine candidate for E. coli infection was developed and evaluated. Bioinformatics analysis revealed the OmpA protein from E. coli shares 96~100%, 90~94%, and 45% identity with Shigella, Salmonella, and Pseudomonas strains, respectively. The ompA gene was cloned from the genomic DNA of E. coli, and then the OmpA protein was expressed in BL21 (DE3) using the auto-induction method. The recombinant OmpA (rOmpA) protein had an average molecular weight of 36 kDa with the purity of 93.5%. Immunological analysis indicated that the titers of anti-rOmpA sera against rOmpA and whole cells were 1:642,000 and 1:140,000, respectively. Moreover, rOmpA not only conferred a high level of immunogenicity to protect mice against the challenge of E. coli, but also generated cross-protection against Shigella and Salmonella. The anti-rOmpA sera could enhance the phagocytic activity of neutrophils against E. coli. The survive ratios of mice immunized with rOmpA and PBS were 50% and 20% after 48 h post-challenge, indicating mice were protected from E. coli infection after immunization with rOmpA. All these results clearly indicate that rOmpA may be a promising candidate for the development of a subunit vaccine to prevent E. coli infection.
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11
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Gupta PK, Mukherjee P, Dhawan S, Pandey AK, Mazumdar S, Gaur D, Jain SK, Chauhan VS. Production and preclinical evaluation of Plasmodium falciparum MSP-119 and MSP-311 chimeric protein, PfMSP-Fu24. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2014; 21:886-97. [PMID: 24789797 PMCID: PMC4054244 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00179-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A Plasmodium falciparum chimeric protein, PfMSP-Fu24, was constructed by genetically coupling immunodominant, conserved regions of two merozoite surface proteins, the 19-kDa region C-terminal region of merozoite surface protein 1 (PfMSP-119) and an 11-kDa conserved region of merozoite surface protein 3 (PfMSP-311), to augment the immunogenicity potential of these blood-stage malaria vaccine candidates. Here we describe an improved, efficient, and scalable process to produce high-quality PfMSP-Fu24. The chimeric protein was produced in Escherichia coli SHuffle T7 Express lysY cells that express disulfide isomerase DsbC. A two-step purification process comprising metal affinity followed by cation exchange chromatography was developed, and we were able to obtain PfMSP-Fu24 with purity above 99% and with a considerable yield of 23 mg/liter. Immunogenicity of PfMSP-Fu24 formulated with several adjuvants, including Adjuplex, Alhydrogel, Adjuphos, Alhydrogel plus glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvant, aqueous (GLA-AF), Adjuphos+GLA-AF, glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvant-stable emulsion (GLA-SE), and Freund's adjuvant, was evaluated. PfMSP-Fu24 formulated with GLA-SE and Freund's adjuvant in mice and with Alhydrogel and Freund's adjuvant in rabbits produced high titers of PfMSP-119 and PfMSP-311-specific functional antibodies. Some of the adjuvant formulations induced inhibitory antibody responses and inhibited in vitro growth of P. falciparum parasites in the presence as well as in the absence of human monocytes. These results suggest that PfMSP-Fu24 can form a constituent of a multistage malaria vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puneet K Gupta
- Malaria Research Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Paushali Mukherjee
- Malaria Research Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Shikha Dhawan
- TB Laboratories (PATH), Central TB Division, MoHFW (GoI) Nirman Bhavan, New Delhi, India
| | - Alok K Pandey
- Malaria Research Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Suman Mazumdar
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Deepak Gaur
- Malaria Research Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - S K Jain
- Jamia Hamdard University, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Virander S Chauhan
- Malaria Research Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
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Chen SB, Ju C, Chen JH, Zheng B, Huang F, Xiao N, Zhou X, Ernest T, Zhou XN. Operational research needs toward malaria elimination in China. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2014; 86:109-33. [PMID: 25476883 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800869-0.00005-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the implementation of a national malaria elimination programme from 2010 to 2020, we performed a systematic review to assess research challenges in the People's Republic of China (P.R. China) and define research priorities in the next few years. A systematic search was conducted for articles published from January 2000 to December 2012 in international journals from PubMed and Chinese journals from the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). In total, 2532 articles from CNKI and 308 articles from PubMed published between 2010 and 2012 related to malaria after unrelated references and review or comment were further excluded, and a set of research gaps have been identified that could hinder progress toward malaria elimination in P.R. China. For example, there is a lack of sensitive and specific tests for the diagnosis of malaria cases with low parasitemia, and there is a need for surveillance tools that can evaluate the epidemic status for guiding the elimination strategy. Hence, we argue that malaria elimination will be accelerated in P.R. China through the development of new tests, such as detection of parasite or drug resistance, monitoring glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, active malaria screening methods, and understanding the effects of the environment and climate variation on vector distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen-Bo Chen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health; WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuan Ju
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health; WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Hu Chen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health; WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Zheng
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health; WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Huang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health; WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Xiao
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health; WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health; WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Tambo Ernest
- Center for Sustainable Malaria Control, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Science; Center for Sustainable Malaria Control, Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health; WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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13
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Wanaguru M, Crosnier C, Johnson S, Rayner JC, Wright GJ. Biochemical analysis of the Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte-binding antigen-175 (EBA175)-glycophorin-A interaction: implications for vaccine design. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:32106-32117. [PMID: 24043627 PMCID: PMC3820850 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.484840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PfEBA175 has an important role in the invasion of human erythrocytes by Plasmodium falciparum and is therefore considered a high priority blood-stage malaria vaccine candidate. PfEBA175 mediates adhesion to erythrocytes through binding of the Duffy-binding-like (DBL) domains in its extracellular domain to Neu5Acα2–3Gal displayed on the O-linked glycans of glycophorin-A (GYPA). Because of the difficulties in expressing active full-length (FL) P. falciparum proteins in a recombinant form, previous analyses of the PfEBA175-GYPA interaction have largely focused on the DBL domains alone, and therefore they have not been performed in the context of the native protein sequence. Here, we express the entire ectodomain of PfEBA175 (PfEBA175 FL) in soluble form, allowing us to compare the biochemical and immunological properties with a fragment containing only the tandem DBL domains (“region II,” PfEBA175 RII). Recombinant PfEBA175 FL bound human erythrocytes in a trypsin and neuraminidase-sensitive manner and recognized Neu5Acα2–3Gal-containing glycans, confirming its biochemical activity. A quantitative binding analysis showed that PfEBA175 FL interacted with native GYPA with a KD ∼0.26 μm and is capable of self-association. By comparison, the RII fragment alone bound GYPA with a lower affinity demonstrating that regions outside of the DBL domains are important for interactions with GYPA; antibodies directed to these other regions also contributed to the inhibition of parasite invasion. These data demonstrate the importance of PfEBA175 regions other than the DBL domains in the interaction with GYPA and merit their inclusion in an EBA175-based vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madushi Wanaguru
- From the Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1HH,; the Malaria Programme, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA
| | - Cécile Crosnier
- From the Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1HH,; the Malaria Programme, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA
| | - Steven Johnson
- the Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
| | - Julian C Rayner
- the Malaria Programme, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA
| | - Gavin J Wright
- From the Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1HH,; the Malaria Programme, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA.
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Ord RL, Rodriguez M, Yamasaki T, Takeo S, Tsuboi T, Lobo CA. Targeting sialic acid dependent and independent pathways of invasion in Plasmodium falciparum. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30251. [PMID: 22253925 PMCID: PMC3257272 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathology of malaria is a consequence of the parasitaemia which develops through the cyclical asexual replication of parasites in a patient's red blood cells. Multiple parasite ligand-erythrocyte receptor interactions must occur for successful Plasmodium invasion of the human red cell. Two major malaria ligand families have been implicated in these variable ligand-receptor interactions used by Plasmodium falciparum to invade human red cells: the micronemal proteins from the Erythrocyte Binding Ligands (EBL) family and the rhoptry proteins from the Reticulocyte binding Homolog (PfRH) family. Ligands from the EBL family largely govern the sialic acid (SA) dependent pathways of invasion and the RH family ligands (except for RH1) mediate SA independent invasion. In an attempt to dissect out the invasion inhibitory effects of antibodies against ligands from both pathways, we have used EBA-175 and RH5 as model members of each pathway. Mice were immunized with either region II of EBA-175 produced in Pichia pastoris or full-length RH5 produced by the wheat germ cell-free system, or a combination of the two antigens to look for synergistic inhibitory effects of the induced antibodies. Sera obtained from these immunizations were tested for native antigen recognition and for efficacy in invasion inhibition assays. Results obtained show promise for the potential use of such hybrid vaccines to induce antibodies that can block multiple parasite ligand-red cell receptor interactions and thus inhibit parasite invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalynn Louise Ord
- Department of Blood-Borne Parasites, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Marilis Rodriguez
- Department of Blood-Borne Parasites, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Tsutomu Yamasaki
- Cell-Free Science and Technology Research Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan
| | - Satoru Takeo
- Cell-Free Science and Technology Research Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan
| | - Takafumi Tsuboi
- Cell-Free Science and Technology Research Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan
- Venture Business Laboratory, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan
- Ehime Proteo-Medicine Research Center, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Cheryl A. Lobo
- Department of Blood-Borne Parasites, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Bejon P, Cook J, Bergmann-Leitner E, Olotu A, Lusingu J, Mwacharo J, Vekemans J, Njuguna P, Leach A, Lievens M, Dutta S, von Seidlein L, Savarese B, Villafana T, Lemnge MM, Cohen J, Marsh K, Corran PH, Angov E, Riley EM, Drakeley CJ. Effect of the pre-erythrocytic candidate malaria vaccine RTS,S/AS01E on blood stage immunity in young children. J Infect Dis 2011; 204:9-18. [PMID: 21628653 PMCID: PMC3105039 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND RTS,S/AS01(E) is the lead candidate malaria vaccine and confers pre-erythrocytic immunity. Vaccination may therefore impact acquired immunity to blood-stage malaria parasites after natural infection. METHODS We measured, by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, antibodies to 4 Plasmodium falciparum merozoite antigens (AMA-1, MSP-1(42), EBA-175, and MSP-3) and by growth inhibitory activity (GIA) using 2 parasite clones (FV0 and 3D7) at 4 times on 860 children who were randomized to receive with RTS,S/AS01(E) or a control vaccine. RESULTS Antibody concentrations to AMA-1, EBA-175, and MSP-1(42) decreased with age during the first year of life, then increased to 32 months of age. Anti-MSP-3 antibody concentrations gradually increased, and GIA gradually decreased up to 32 months. Vaccination with RTS,S/AS01(E) resulted in modest reductions in AMA-1, EBA-175, MSP-1(42), and MSP-3 antibody concentrations and no significant change in GIA. Increasing anti-merozoite antibody concentrations and GIA were prospectively associated with increased risk of clinical malaria. CONCLUSIONS Vaccination with RTS,S/AS01E reduces exposure to blood-stage parasites and, thus, reduces anti-merozoite antigen antibody concentrations. However, in this study, these antibodies were not correlates of clinical immunity to malaria. Instead, heterogeneous exposure led to confounded, positive associations between increasing antibody concentration and increasing risk of clinical malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Bejon
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya.
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Avril M, Cartwright MM, Hathaway MJ, Smith JD. Induction of strain-transcendent antibodies to placental-type isolates with VAR2CSA DBL3 or DBL5 recombinant proteins. Malar J 2011; 10:36. [PMID: 21314945 PMCID: PMC3055221 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-10-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pregnancy associated malaria is a severe clinical syndrome associated with sequestration of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes in the placenta. Placental binding is mediated by VAR2CSA, which adheres to chondroitin sulphate A (CSA). VAR2CSA is a large and polymorphic protein that has six Duffy binding-like (DBL) domains. There is still limited understanding as to how effective individual VAR2CSA domains are at generating inhibitory antibodies or the number of domain variants needed for universal vaccine coverage. Methods To investigate the immunogenic properties of single domain VAR2CSA recombinant proteins, rats or rabbits were immunized with five of the six VAR2CSA domains produced in Pichia pastoris. Immune plasma was analysed against a geographically diverse panel of CSA-binding lab lines to assess antibody breadth and inhibitory activity. Results Of the five domains, DBL3, and to a lesser extent DBL5, induced antibodies that cross-reacted on five diverse CSA-binding parasite lines by flow cytometry. By comparison, anti-DBL6 antibodies were highly strain-specific and anti-DBL1 and anti-DBL4 antibodies were poorly reactive by flow cytometry. From this series of recombinant proteins, adhesion-blocking activity was restricted to a single rat immunized against a DBL4 recombinant protein. Conclusions Single domain VAR2CSA recombinant proteins produced in P. pastoris had limited efficacy in eliciting adhesion blocking antibody responses, but VAR2CSA DBL3 and DBL5 domains contain strain-transcendent epitopes that can be targeted by vaccination and may have application for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Avril
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, 307 Westlake Ave N, Suite 500, Seattle Washington, 98109-5219, USA
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Safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant nonglycosylated erythrocyte binding antigen 175 Region II malaria vaccine in healthy adults living in an area where malaria is not endemic. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2010; 17:1552-9. [PMID: 20702657 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00082-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Erythrocyte binding antigen region II (EBA-175) is a conserved antigen of Plasmodium falciparum that is involved in binding of the parasite to the host's erythrocytes. We evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant EBA-175 vaccine with aluminum phosphate adjuvant in healthy young adults living in the United States. Eighteen subjects/group received ascending doses (5, 20, 80, or 160 μg) of the vaccine at 0, 1, and 6 months; 8 subjects received placebo. Most of the injection site and systemic reactions were mild to moderate in intensity. After 2 or 3 doses of the vaccine at any concentration, antibody levels measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were significantly higher than those for the placebo group. Sera from subjects who received 3 doses of the vaccine at any concentration inhibited the growth of erythrocyte-stage P. falciparum at low levels compared to sera from placebo recipients or preimmune sera. In conclusion, the EBA-175 vaccine with adjuvant was safe and immunogenic in malaria-naïve subjects.
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Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP-1)-MSP-3 chimeric protein: immunogenicity determined with human-compatible adjuvants and induction of protective immune response. Infect Immun 2009; 78:872-83. [PMID: 19933832 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00427-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A chimeric gene, MSP-Fu(24), was constructed by genetically coupling immunodominant, conserved regions of the two leading malaria vaccine candidates, Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein 1 (C-terminal 19-kDa region [PfMSP-1(19)]) and merozoite surface protein 3 (11-kDa conserved region [PfMSP-3(11)]). The recombinant MSP-Fu(24) protein was produced in Escherichia coli cells and purified to homogeneity by a two-step purification process with a yield of approximately 30 mg/liter. Analyses of conformational properties of MSP-Fu(24) using PfMSP-1(19)-specific monoclonal antibody showed that the conformational epitopes of PfMSP-1(19) that may be critical for the generation of the antiparasitic immune response remained intact in the fusion protein. Recombinant MSP-Fu(24) was highly immunogenic in mice and in rabbits when formulated with two different human-compatible adjuvants and induced an immune response against both PfMSP-1(19) and PfMSP-3(11). Purified anti-MSP-Fu(24) antibodies showed invasion inhibition of P. falciparum 3D7 and FCR parasites, and this effect was found to be dependent on antibodies specific for the PfMSP-1(19) component. The protective potential of MSP-Fu(24) was demonstrated by in vitro parasite growth inhibition using an antibody-dependent cell inhibition (ADCI) assay with anti-MSP-Fu(24) antibodies. Overall, the antiparasitic activity was mediated by a combination of growth-inhibitory antibodies generated by both the PfMSP-1(19) and PfMSP-3(11) components of the MSP-Fu(24) protein. The antiparasitic activities elicited by anti-MSP-Fu(24) antibodies were comparable to those elicited by antibodies generated with immunization with a physical mixture of two component antigens, PfMSP-1(19) and PfMSP-3(11). The fusion protein induces a protective immune response with human-compatible adjuvants and may form a part of a multicomponent malaria vaccine.
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Heterologous expression of plasmodial proteins for structural studies and functional annotation. Malar J 2008; 7:197. [PMID: 18828893 PMCID: PMC2567985 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-7-197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2008] [Accepted: 10/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria remains the world's most devastating tropical infectious disease with as many as 40% of the world population living in risk areas. The widespread resistance of Plasmodium parasites to the cost-effective chloroquine and antifolates has forced the introduction of more costly drug combinations, such as Coartem®. In the absence of a vaccine in the foreseeable future, one strategy to address the growing malaria problem is to identify and characterize new and durable antimalarial drug targets, the majority of which are parasite proteins. Biochemical and structure-activity analysis of these proteins is ultimately essential in the characterization of such targets but requires large amounts of functional protein. Even though heterologous protein production has now become a relatively routine endeavour for most proteins of diverse origins, the functional expression of soluble plasmodial proteins is highly problematic and slows the progress of antimalarial drug target discovery. Here the status quo of heterologous production of plasmodial proteins is presented, constraints are highlighted and alternative strategies and hosts for functional expression and annotation of plasmodial proteins are reviewed.
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Tyagi RK, Sharma PK, Vyas SP, Mehta A. Various carrier system(s)- mediated genetic vaccination strategies against malaria. Expert Rev Vaccines 2008; 7:499-520. [PMID: 18444895 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.7.4.499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of vaccine technology has facilitated an unprecedented multiantigen approach to develop an effective vaccine against complex pathogens, such as Plasmodium spp., that cause severe malaria. The capacity of multisubunit DNA vaccines encoding different stage Plasmodium antigens to induce CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes and IFN-gamma responses in mice, monkeys and humans has been observed. Moreover, genetic vaccination may be multi-immune (i.e., capable of eliciting more than one type of immune response, including cell-mediated and humoral). In the case of malaria parasites, a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response is categorically needed against the intracellular hepatocyte stage while a humoral response, with antibodies targeted against antigens from all stages of the life cycle, is also needed. Therefore, the key to success for any DNA-based therapy is to design a vector able to serve as a safe and efficient delivery system. This has encouraged the development of nonviral DNA-mediated gene-transfer techniques, such as liposomes, virosomes, microspheres and nanoparticles. Efficient and relatively safe DNA transfection using lipoplexes makes them an appealing alternative to be explored for gene delivery. In addition, liposome-entrapped DNA has been shown to enhance the potency of DNA vaccines, possibly by facilitating uptake of the plasmid by antigen-presenting cells. Another recent technology using cationic lipids has been deployed and has generated substantial interest in this approach to gene transfer. This review comprises various aspects that could be decisive in the formulation of efficient and stable carrier system(s) for the development of malaria vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev K Tyagi
- Biomedical Parasitology Unit, Pasteur Institute, 25-28 Rue Du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.
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Safety and immunogenicity of a malaria vaccine, Plasmodium falciparum AMA-1/MSP-1 chimeric protein formulated in montanide ISA 720 in healthy adults. PLoS One 2008; 3:e1952. [PMID: 18398475 PMCID: PMC2276862 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2007] [Accepted: 02/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The P. falciparum chimeric protein 2.9 (PfCP-2.9) consisting of the sequences of MSP1-19 and AMA-1 (III) is a malaria vaccine candidate that was found to induce inhibitory antibodies in rabbits and monkeys. This was a phase I randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation study to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of the PfCP-2.9 formulated with a novel adjuvant Montanide ISA720. Fifty-two subjects were randomly assigned to 4 dose groups of 10 participants, each receiving the test vaccine of 20, 50, 100, or 200 µg respectively, and 1 placebo group of 12 participants receiving the adjuvant only. Methods and Findings The vaccine formulation was shown to be safe and well-tolerated, and none of the participants withdrew. The total incidence of local adverse events (AEs) was 75%, distributed among 58% of the placebo group and 80% of those vaccinated. Among the vaccinated, 65% had events that were mild and 15% experienced moderate AEs. Almost all systemic adverse reactions observed in this study were graded as mild and required no therapy. The participants receiving the test vaccine developed detectable antibody responses which were boosted by the repeated vaccinations. Sixty percent of the vaccinated participants had high ELISA titers (>1∶10,000) of antigen-specific antibodies which could also recognize native parasite proteins in an immunofluorescence assay (IFA). Conclusion This study is the first clinical trial for this candidate and builds on previous investigations supporting PfCP-2.9/ISA720 as a promising blood-stage malaria vaccine. Results demonstrate safety, tolerability (particularly at the lower doses tested) and immunogenicity of the formulation. Further clinical development is ongoing to explore optimizing the dose and schedule of the formulation to decrease reactogenicity without compromising immunogenicity. Trial Registration Chinese State Food and Drug Administration (SFDA) 2002SL0046; Controlled-Trials.com ISRCTN66850051 [66850051]
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22
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Evidence for globally shared, cross-reacting polymorphic epitopes in the pregnancy-associated malaria vaccine candidate VAR2CSA. Infect Immun 2008; 76:1791-800. [PMID: 18250177 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01470-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy-associated malaria (PAM) is characterized by the placental sequestration of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes (IEs) with the ability to bind to chondroitin sulfate A (CSA). VAR2CSA is a leading candidate for a pregnancy malaria vaccine, but its large size ( approximately 350 kDa) and extensive polymorphism may pose a challenge to vaccine development. In this study, rabbits were immunized with individual VAR2CSA Duffy binding-like (DBL) domains expressed in Pichia pastoris or var2csa plasmid DNA and sera were screened on different CSA-binding parasite lines. Rabbit antibodies to three recombinant proteins (DBL1, DBL3, and DBL6) and four plasmid DNAs (DBL1, DBL3, DBL5, and DBL6) reacted with homologous FCR3-CSA IEs. By comparison, antibodies to the DBL4 domain were unable to react with native VAR2CSA protein unless it was first partially proteolyzed with trypsin or chymotrypsin. To investigate the antigenic relationship of geographically diverse CSA-binding isolates, rabbit immune sera were screened on four heterologous CSA-binding lines from different continental origins. Antibodies did not target conserved epitopes exposed in all VAR2CSA alleles; however, antisera to several DBL domains cross-reacted on parasite isolates that had polymorphic loops in common with the homologous immunogen. This study demonstrates that VAR2CSA contains common polymorphic epitopes that are shared between geographically diverse CSA-binding lines.
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Devi YS, Mukherjee P, Yazdani SS, Shakri AR, Mazumdar S, Pandey S, Chitnis CE, Chauhan VS. Immunogenicity of Plasmodium vivax combination subunit vaccine formulated with human compatible adjuvants in mice. Vaccine 2007; 25:5166-74. [PMID: 17544179 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.04.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2006] [Revised: 04/27/2007] [Accepted: 04/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
An effective malaria vaccine will probably require the delivery of multiple antigens that induce several layers of immunity. Malaria antigens expressed on the surface and in apical organelles of blood-stage merozoites are potential vaccine candidates given their importance in the invasion of erythrocytes. The present study examined the kinetics of humoral response in BALB/c mice following immunization with combination of two blood-stage Plasmodium vivax invasion related molecules, the N-terminal, cysteine-rich region II of P. vivax Duffy binding protein (PvRII) and the 19kDa C-terminal region of merozoite surface protein 1 (PvMSP1(19)) formulated with Montanide ISA 720 and alhydrogel. Immunization with combination of recombinant PvRII and PvMSP1(19) formulated with the Montanide ISA 720 elicited higher antibody titer compared to the alhydrogel formulation. In case of both the adjuvants tested, combination of PvRII and PvMSP1(19) did not result in suppression of antibody response against either antigen when compared to immunization with individual antigens alone. Analysis of IgG subclasses showed that combination of both the recombinant proteins induced a mixed Th1/Th2-type response with almost all IgG subtypes being expressed in equivalent amount. Antibodies elicited against PvRII showed significant inhibitory effect on the binding of PvRII to recombinant Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines (DARC) in an in vitro binding assay. The results of the present study provide a rationale for a combination vaccine against P. vivax malaria based on PvMSP1(19) and PvRII.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Animals
- Antibodies, Protozoan/blood
- Antibody Formation/immunology
- Antigens, Protozoan/genetics
- Antigens, Protozoan/immunology
- Blotting, Western
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Immunization/methods
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Malaria Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Malaria Vaccines/immunology
- Malaria, Vivax/immunology
- Malaria, Vivax/prevention & control
- Male
- Merozoite Surface Protein 1/genetics
- Merozoite Surface Protein 1/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Plasmodium vivax/genetics
- Plasmodium vivax/immunology
- Protozoan Proteins/genetics
- Protozoan Proteins/immunology
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Yengkhom Sangeeta Devi
- Malaria Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), P.O. Box 10504, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
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24
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Richie T. High road, low road? Choices and challenges on the pathway to a malaria vaccine. Parasitology 2007; 133 Suppl:S113-44. [PMID: 17274843 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182006001843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Malaria causes much physical and economic hardship in endemic countries with billions of people at risk. A vaccine would clearly benefit these countries, reducing the requirement for hospital care and the economic impact of infection. Successful immunization with irradiated sporozoites and the fact that repeated exposure to malaria induces partial immunity to infection and high levels of protection against the clinical manifestations, suggest that a vaccine is feasible. Numerous candidate antigens have been identified but the vaccine, which has been promised to be 'just round the corner' for many years, remains elusive. The factors contributing to this frustratingly slow progress are discussed including gaps in the knowledge of host/parasite biology, methods to induce potent cell-mediated immune responses, the difficulties associated with defining immune correlates of protection and antigen production and delivery. Finally, the use of attenuated organism vaccines is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Richie
- Malaria Program, Naval Medical Research Center, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910-7500, USA.
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25
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Zhang Q, Xue X, Qu L, Pan W. Construction and evaluation of a multistage combination vaccine against malaria. Vaccine 2007; 25:2112-9. [PMID: 17241708 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2006] [Revised: 10/31/2006] [Accepted: 11/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Due to the complex life cycle and high antigenic diversity of the malaria parasite, a multistage vaccine may be necessary for optimal protection against the disease. Our previous studies demonstrated that a blood-stage recombinant protein PfCP-2.9 has significant potential for vaccine development and is currently in human clinical trials. This study constructed two recombinant antigens derived from the Plasmodium falciparum CSP, designated PfCSP-C and PfCSP-RC. They were expressed as secreted proteins at high yield (1-3 g/l) in Pichia pastoris and purified by a two-step purification procedure. There was no evidence of antigen competition in mice and rabbits co-immunized with the pre-erythrocytic antigens and PfCP-2.9. Moreover, the immune sera recognized both the blood-stage parasite and sporozoite, and interacted with the NANP repeats of PfCSP. Rabbits antisera to combination antigens strongly inhibited blood-stage parasite growth in vitro. These results suggest that the recombinant antigens are potential candidates for multistage combination vaccines against malarial parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfeng Zhang
- Department of Etiologic Biology and State Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiang Yin Road, Shanghai 200433, China
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26
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Girard MP, Reed ZH, Friede M, Kieny MP. A review of human vaccine research and development: malaria. Vaccine 2006; 25:1567-80. [PMID: 17045367 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.09.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2006] [Accepted: 09/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The last several years have seen significant progress in the development of vaccines against malaria. Most recently, proof-of-concept of vaccine-induced protection from malaria infection and disease was demonstrated in African children. Pursued by various groups and on many fronts, several other candidate vaccines are in early clinical trials. Yet, despite the optimism and promise, an effective malaria vaccine is not yet available, in part because of the lack of understanding of the types of immune responses needed for protection, added to the difficulty of identifying, selecting and producing the appropriate protective antigens from a parasite with a genome of well over five thousand genes and to the frequent need to enhance the immunogenicity of purified antigens through the use of novel adjuvants or delivery systems. Insufficient clinical trial capacity and normative research functions such as local ethical committee reviews also contribute to slow down the development process. This article attempts to summarize the state of the art of malaria vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc P Girard
- University Paris 7, 39 rue Seignemartin, FR-69008 Lyon, France.
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