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Crothers JW, Norton EB. Recent advances in enterotoxin vaccine adjuvants. Curr Opin Immunol 2023; 85:102398. [PMID: 37976963 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2023.102398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Enterotoxin adjuvants have been researched for their ability to promote immunity to co-delivered antigens. Outside of cholera vaccines, however, these proteins have yet to be included in any currently licensed vaccines. They include molecules derived from the bacterial toxins of Vibrio cholerae, cholera toxin, or Escherichia coli, heat-labile toxin, such as detoxified mutants or subunits. This class of adjuvants is distinguished by their delivery possibilities, which include parenteral injection, skin applications, or direct mucosal administration by oral, sublingual, or nasal routes. In addition, inclusion of an enterotoxin adjuvant is associated with development of multifaceted cellular and humoral immune responses to vaccination. Here, we review exciting progress in the past few years in clinical trials for safety and efficacy, preclinical vaccines studies, and new mechanistic insights for enterotoxin adjuvants. This includes recent reports of their use in vaccines targeting microbial infections (bacterial, viral, parasitic) or substance abuse drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica W Crothers
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
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Tsai CJY, Loh JMS, Fujihashi K, Kiyono H. Mucosal vaccination: onward and upward. Expert Rev Vaccines 2023; 22:885-899. [PMID: 37817433 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2023.2268724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The unique mucosal immune system allows the generation of robust protective immune responses at the front line of pathogen encounters. The needle-free delivery route and cold chain-free logistic requirements also provide additional advantages in ease and economy. However, the development of mucosal vaccines faces several challenges, and only a handful of mucosal vaccines are currently licensed. These vaccines are all in the form of live attenuated or inactivated whole organisms, whereas no subunit-based mucosal vaccine is available. AREAS COVERED The selection of antigen, delivery vehicle, route and adjuvants for mucosal vaccination are highly important. This is particularly crucial for subunit vaccines, as they often fail to elicit strong immune responses. Emerging research is providing new insights into the biological and immunological uniqueness of mucosal tissues. However, many aspects of the mucosal immunology still await to be investigated. EXPERT OPINION This article provides an overview of the current understanding of mucosal vaccination and discusses the remaining knowledge gaps. We emphasize that because of the potential benefits mucosal vaccines can bring from the biomedical, social and economic standpoints, the unmet goal to achieve mucosal vaccine success is worth the effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine J Y Tsai
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, New Zealand, Auckland
- Department of Human Mucosal Vaccinology, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
- Chiba University Synergy Institute for Futuristic Mucosal Vaccine Research and Development (cSIMVa), Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Jacelyn M S Loh
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, New Zealand, Auckland
| | - Kohtaro Fujihashi
- Department of Human Mucosal Vaccinology, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
- Chiba University Synergy Institute for Futuristic Mucosal Vaccine Research and Development (cSIMVa), Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Division of Infectious Disease Vaccine R&D, Research Institute of Disaster Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Division of Mucosal Vaccines, International Vaccine Design Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Hiroshi Kiyono
- Department of Human Mucosal Vaccinology, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
- Chiba University Synergy Institute for Futuristic Mucosal Vaccine Research and Development (cSIMVa), Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Division of Infectious Disease Vaccine R&D, Research Institute of Disaster Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Academic Research, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- CU-UCSD Center for Mucosal Immunology, Allergy and Vaccines (cMAV), Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
- Future Medicine Education and Research Organization, Mucosal Immunology and Allergy Therapeutics, Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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Recent progress in application of nanovaccines for enhancing mucosal immune responses. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Tang W, Zhang Y, Zhu G. Pulmonary delivery of mucosal nanovaccines. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:263-276. [PMID: 34918733 PMCID: PMC8734613 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr06512b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal vaccination can elicit both systemic and mucosal immunity, and therefore has the potential to not only treat mucosal immune diseases, prevent the pathogen infection at the mucosal entry sites, but also treat distant or systemic immune disorders. However, only a few mucosal vaccines have been approved for human use in the clinic. Effective mucosal immunization requires the delivery of immunogenic agents to appropriate mucosal surfaces, which remains significantly challenging due to the essential biological barriers presenting at mucosal tissues. In the past decade, remarkable progress has been made in the development of pulmonary mucosal nanovaccines. The nanovaccines leverage advanced nanoparticle-based pulmonary delivery technologies on the characteristics of large surface area and rich antigen presentation cell environment of the lungs for triggering robust immune protection against various mucosal diseases. Herein, we review current methods and formulations of pulmonary delivery, discuss the design strategies of mucosal nanovaccines for potent and long-lasting immune responses, and highlight recent advances in the application of lipid-based pulmonary nanovaccines against mucosal diseases. These advances promise to accelerate the development of novel mucosal nanovaccines for the prophylaxis and therapy of infectious diseases, and cancer, as well as autoimmune disorders at mucosal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tang
- Department of Pharmacy and Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Faculty of Science and Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119077, Singapore.
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering and Sciences, Institute for Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmacy, The Developmental Therapeutics Program, Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
| | - Guizhi Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering and Sciences, Institute for Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmacy, The Developmental Therapeutics Program, Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
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Xu H, Cai L, Hufnagel S, Cui Z. Intranasal vaccine: Factors to consider in research and development. Int J Pharm 2021; 609:121180. [PMID: 34637935 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Most existing vaccines for human use are administered by needle-based injection. Administering vaccines needle-free intranasally has numerous advantages over by needle-based injection, but there are only a few intranasal vaccines that are currently approved for human use, and all of them are live attenuated influenza virus vaccines. Clearly, there are immunological as well as non-immunological challenges that prevent vaccine developers from choosing the intranasal route of administration. We reviewed current approved intranasal vaccines and pipelines and described the target of intranasal vaccines, i.e. nose and lymphoid tissues in the nasal cavity. We then analyzed factors unique to intranasal vaccines that need to be considered when researching and developing new intranasal vaccines. We concluded that while the choice of vaccine formulations, mucoadhesives, mucosal and epithelial permeation enhancers, and ligands that target M-cells are important, safe and effective intranasal mucosal vaccine adjuvants are needed to successfully develop an intranasal vaccine that is not based on live-attenuated viruses or bacteria. Moreover, more effective intranasal vaccine application devices that can efficiently target a vaccine to lymphoid tissues in the nasal cavity as well as preclinical animal models that can better predict intranasal vaccine performance in clinical trials are needed to increase the success rate of intranasal vaccines in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyue Xu
- The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Lucy Cai
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Stephanie Hufnagel
- The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Zhengrong Cui
- The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, Austin, TX, United States.
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Henrique C, Falcão MAP, De Araújo Pimenta L, Maleski ALA, Lima C, Mitsunari T, Sampaio SC, Lopes-Ferreira M, Piazza RMF. Heat-Labile Toxin from Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Causes Systemic Impairment in Zebrafish Model. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:419. [PMID: 34204819 PMCID: PMC8231604 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13060419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat-labile toxin I (LT-I), produced by strains of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), causes profuse watery diarrhea in humans. Different in vitro and in vivo models have already elucidated the mechanism of action of this toxin; however, their use does not always allow for more specific studies on how the LT-I toxin acts in systemic tracts and intestinal cell lines. In the present work, zebrafish (Danio rerio) and human intestinal cells (Caco-2) were used as models to study the toxin LT-I. Caco-2 cells were used, in the 62nd passage, at different cell concentrations. LT-I was conjugated to FITC to visualize its transport in cells, as well as microinjected into the caudal vein of zebrafish larvae, in order to investigate its effects on survival, systemic traffic, and morphological formation. The internalization of LT-I was visualized in 3 × 104 Caco-2 cells, being associated with the cell membrane and nucleus. The systemic traffic of LT-I in zebrafish larvae showed its presence in the cardiac cavity, yolk, and regions of the intestine, as demonstrated by cardiac edema (100%), the absence of a swimming bladder (100%), and yolk edema (80%), in addition to growth limitation in the larvae, compared to the control group. There was a reduction in heart rate during the assessment of larval survival kinetics, demonstrating the cardiotoxic effect of LT-I. Thus, in this study, we provide essential new depictions of the features of LT-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Henrique
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil; (C.H.); (T.M.)
| | - Maria Alice Pimentel Falcão
- Laboratório de Toxinologia Aplicada, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil; (M.A.P.F.); (A.L.A.M.); (C.L.)
| | - Luciana De Araújo Pimenta
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil; (L.D.A.P.); (S.C.S.)
| | - Adolfo Luís Almeida Maleski
- Laboratório de Toxinologia Aplicada, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil; (M.A.P.F.); (A.L.A.M.); (C.L.)
| | - Carla Lima
- Laboratório de Toxinologia Aplicada, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil; (M.A.P.F.); (A.L.A.M.); (C.L.)
| | - Thais Mitsunari
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil; (C.H.); (T.M.)
| | - Sandra Coccuzzo Sampaio
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil; (L.D.A.P.); (S.C.S.)
| | - Mônica Lopes-Ferreira
- Laboratório de Toxinologia Aplicada, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil; (M.A.P.F.); (A.L.A.M.); (C.L.)
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Chemically Synthesized Alcaligenes Lipid A Shows a Potent and Safe Nasal Vaccine Adjuvant Activity for the Induction of Streptococcus pneumoniae-Specific IgA and Th17 Mediated Protective Immunity. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8081102. [PMID: 32718009 PMCID: PMC7464877 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8081102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective and safe vaccine adjuvants are needed to appropriately augment mucosal vaccine effects. Our previous study demonstrated that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Peyer’s patch resident Alcaligenes stimulated dendritic cells to promote the production of mucosal immunity-enhancing cytokines (e.g., IL-6 and BAFF), thus enhancing antigen-specific immune responses (including IgA production and Th17 responses) without excessive inflammation. Here, we chemically synthesized Alcaligenes lipid A, the biologically active part of LPS, and examined its efficacy as a nasal vaccine adjuvant for the induction of protectively immunity against Streptococcus pneumoniae infection. Mice were nasally immunized with pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) as a vaccine antigen for S. pneumoniae, together with Alcaligenes lipid A. Alcaligenes lipid A supported the generation of high levels of PspA-specific IgA and IgG responses through the augmentation of germinal center formation in the nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue and cervical lymph nodes (CLNs). Moreover, Alcaligenes lipid A promoted PspA-specific CD4+ Th17 responses in the CLNs and spleen. Furthermore, neutrophils were recruited to infection sites upon nasal infection and synchronized with the antigen-specific T and B cell responses, resulting in the protection against S. pneumoniae infection. Taken together, Alcaligenes lipid A could be applied to the prospective adjuvant to enhance nasal vaccine efficacy by means of augmenting both the innate and acquired arms of mucosal immunity against respiratory bacterial infection.
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LTA1 and dmLT enterotoxin-based proteins activate antigen-presenting cells independent of PKA and despite distinct cell entry mechanisms. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227047. [PMID: 31929548 PMCID: PMC6957164 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxin-based proteins are powerful manipulators of mucosal immunity. The A1 domain of heat-labile enterotoxin from E. coli, or LTA1, is a newer adjuvant from this family under investigation for intranasal vaccines. Although LTA1 has been examined in mouse vaccination studies, its ability to directly stimulate immune cells compared to related adjuvant proteins has not been well explored. Here, we perform the first rigorous examination of LTA1’s effect on antigen presenting cells (APC) using a human monocyte cell line THP-1. To better understand LTA1’s stimulatory effects, we compared it to dmLT, or LT-R192G/L211A, a related AB5 adjuvant in clinical trials for oral or parenteral vaccines. LTA1 and dmLT both activated APCs to upregulate MHC-II (HLA-DR), CD86, cytokine secretion (e.g., IL-1β) and inflammasome activation. The effect of LTA1 on surface marker changes (e.g., MHC-II) was highly dose-dependent whereas dmLT exhibited high MHC-II expression regardless of dose. In contrast, cytokine secretion profiles were similar and dose-dependent after both LTA1 and dmLT treatment. Cellular activation by LTA1 was independent of ganglioside binding, as pre-treatment with purified GM1 blocked the effect of dmLT but not LTA1. Unexpectedly, while activation of the inflammasome and cytokine secretion by LTA1 or dmLT was blocked by the protein kinase A inhibitor H89 (similar to previous reports), these responses were not inhibited by a more specific PKA peptide inhibitor or antagonist; thus Indicating that a novel and unknown mechanism is responsible for inflammasome activation and cytokine secretion by LT proteins. Lastly, LTA1 stimulated a similar cytokine profile in primary human monocytes as it did in THP1 cells, including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, and TNFα. Thus, we report that LTA1 protein programs a dendritic cell-like phenotype in APCs similar to dmLT in a mechanism that is independent of PKA activation and GM1 binding and entry.
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Valli E, Harriett AJ, Nowakowska MK, Baudier RL, Provosty WB, McSween Z, Lawson LB, Nakanishi Y, Norton EB. LTA1 is a safe, intranasal enterotoxin-based adjuvant that improves vaccine protection against influenza in young, old and B-cell-depleted (μMT) mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15128. [PMID: 31641151 PMCID: PMC6805908 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51356-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxin-based adjuvants including cholera toxin and heat-labile toxin (LT) are powerful manipulators of mucosal immunity; however, past clinical trials identified unacceptable neurological toxicity when LT or mutant AB5 adjuvant proteins were added to intranasal vaccines. Here, we examined the isolated enzymatic A1 domain of LT (LTA1) for intranasal safety and efficacy in combination with influenza (flu) vaccination. LTA1-treated mice exhibited no neurotoxicity, as measured by olfactory system testing and H&E staining of nasal tissue in contrast with cholera toxin. In vaccination studies, intranasal LTA1 enhanced immune responses to inactivated virus antigen and subsequent protection against H1N1 flu challenge in mice (8-week or 24-months). In addition, lung H1N1 viral titers post-challenge correlated to serum antibody responses; however, enhanced protection was also observed in μMT mice lacking B-cells while activation and recruitment of CD4 T-cells into the lung was apparent. Thus, we report that LTA1 protein is a novel, safe and effective enterotoxin adjuvant that improves protection of an intranasal flu vaccination by a mechanism that does not appear to require B-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Valli
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA
| | - A J Harriett
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA
| | - M K Nowakowska
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA
| | - R L Baudier
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA
| | - W B Provosty
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA
| | - Z McSween
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA
| | - L B Lawson
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA
| | - Y Nakanishi
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA
| | - E B Norton
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA.
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Kozlowski PA, Aldovini A. Mucosal Vaccine Approaches for Prevention of HIV and SIV Transmission. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 15:102-122. [PMID: 31452652 DOI: 10.2174/1573395514666180605092054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Optimal protective immunity to HIV will likely require that plasma cells, memory B cells and memory T cells be stationed in mucosal tissues at portals of viral entry. Mucosal vaccine administration is more effective than parenteral vaccine delivery for this purpose. The challenge has been to achieve efficient vaccine uptake at mucosal surfaces, and to identify safe and effective adjuvants, especially for mucosally administered HIV envelope protein immunogens. Here, we discuss strategies used to deliver potential HIV vaccine candidates in the intestine, respiratory tract, and male and female genital tract of humans and nonhuman primates. We also review mucosal adjuvants, including Toll-like receptor agonists, which may adjuvant both mucosal humoral and cellular immune responses to HIV protein immunogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela A Kozlowski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Anna Aldovini
- Department of Medicine, and Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Boston MA, 02115, USA
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Abstract
Perhaps the best-studied mucosal adjuvants are the bacterially derived ADP-ribosylating enterotoxins. This adjuvant family includes heat-labile enterotoxin of Escherichia coli (LT), cholera toxin (CT), and mutants or subunits of LT and CT. These proteins promote a multifaceted antigen-specific response, including inflammatory Th1, Th2, Th17, cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), and antibodies. However, more uniquely among adjuvant classes, they induce antigen-specific IgA antibodies and long-lasting memory to coadministered antigens when delivered mucosally or even parenterally. The purpose of this minireview is to describe the general properties, history and creation, preclinical studies, clinical studies, mechanisms of action, and considerations for use of the most promising enterotoxin-based adjuvant to date, LT(R192G/L211A) or dmLT. This review is timely due to completed, ongoing, and planned clinical investigations of dmLT in multiple vaccine formulations by government, nonprofit, and industry groups in the United States and abroad.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Clements
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Elizabeth B Norton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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ADP-ribosylating enterotoxins as vaccine adjuvants. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2018; 41:42-51. [PMID: 29702466 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Most infections are caused by pathogens that access the body at mucosal sites. Hence, development of mucosal vaccines to prevent local infection or invasion of pathogens appears highly warranted, especially since only mucosal immunization will stimulate strong local IgA responses and tissue resident memory CD4 and CD8 T cells. The most significant obstacle to developing such vaccines is the lack of approved adjuvants that can effectively and safely enhance relevant mucosal and systemic immune responses. The most potent mucosal adjuvants known today are the adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribosylating bacterial enterotoxins cholera toxin (CT) and Escherichia coli heat-labile toxins (LTs). Unfortunately, these molecules are also very toxic, which precludes their clinical use. However, much effort has been devoted to developing derivatives of these enterotoxins with low or no toxicity and retained adjuvant activity. Although it is fair to say that we know more about how these toxins affect the immune system than ever before, we still lack a detailed understanding of how and why these toxins are effective adjuvants. In the present review, we provide a state-of-the-art overview of the mechanism of action of the holotoxins and the strategies used for improving the toxin-based adjuvants.
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LT adjuvant modulates epitope specificity and improves the efficacy of murine antibodies elicited by sublingual vaccination with the N-terminal domain of Streptococcus mutans P1. Vaccine 2017; 35:7273-7282. [PMID: 29146379 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the immunogenicity, protective efficacy and peptide-based immune signatures of antibodies raised in mice after sublingual immunization with a recombinant form of the P1 (aka AgI/II, PAc) adhesin (P139-512) of Streptococcus mutans, a major etiological agent of dental caries. Sublingual administration of P139-512 in combination with the mucosal adjuvant LTK4R (a derivative of heat-labile LT toxin) induced strong and long-lasting systemic and mucosal immune responses. Incorporation of the adjuvant resulted in an enhancement of the anti-adhesive and anti-colonization activity against S. mutans as evaluated both under in vitro and in vivo conditions. Incorporation of the adjuvant to the vaccine formulation also changed the epitope specificity of the induced antibodies as determined by immunological signatures of sera collected from vaccinated mice. Use of a peptide microarray library led to the identification of peptide targets recognized by antibodies in serum samples with enhanced anti-adhesive effects. Altogether, the results presented herein showed that the sublingual administration of a P1-based subunit vaccine represents a promising approach for the prevention of dental caries caused by S. mutans. In addition, the present study disclosed the role of adjuvants on the epitope specificity and functionality of antibodies raised by subunit vaccines.
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Nandre R, Ruan X, Duan Q, Zhang W. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli heat-stable toxin and heat-labile toxin toxoid fusion 3xSTaN12S-dmLT induces neutralizing anti-STa antibodies in subcutaneously immunized mice. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2016; 363:fnw246. [PMID: 27810884 PMCID: PMC10101651 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnw246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) bacteria producing heat-stable toxin (STa) and/or heat-labile toxin (LT) are among top causes of children's diarrhea and travelers' diarrhea. Currently no vaccines are available for ETEC associated diarrhea. A major challenge in developing ETEC vaccines is the inability to stimulate protective antibodies against the key STa toxin that is potently toxic and also poorly immunogenic. A recent study suggested toxoid fusion 3xSTaN12S-dmLT, which consists of a monomer LT toxoid (LTR192G/L211A) and three copies of STa toxoid STaN12S, may represent an optimal immunogen inducing neutralizing antibodies against STa toxin [IAI 2014, 82(5):1823-32]. In this study, we immunized mice with this fusion protein following a different parenteral route and using different adjuvants to further characterize immunogenicity of this toxoid fusion. Data from this study showed that 3xSTaN12S-dmLT toxoid fusion induced neutralizing anti-STa antibodies in the mice following subcutaneous immunization, as effectively as in the mice under intraperitoneal route. Data also indicated that double mutant LT (dmLT) can be an effective adjuvant for this toxoid fusion in mice subcutaneous immunization. Results from this study affirmed that toxoid fusion 3xSTaN12S-dmLT induces neutralizing antibodies against STa toxin, suggesting this toxoid fusion is potentially a promising immunogen for ETEC vaccine development.
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Howe SE, Sowa G, Konjufca V. Systemic and Mucosal Antibody Responses to Soluble and Nanoparticle-Conjugated Antigens Administered Intranasally. Antibodies (Basel) 2016; 5:antib5040020. [PMID: 31558001 PMCID: PMC6698832 DOI: 10.3390/antib5040020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) are increasingly being used for drug delivery, as well as antigen carriers and immunostimulants for the purpose of developing vaccines. In this work, we examined how intranasal (i.n.) priming followed by i.n. or subcutaneous (s.c.) boosting immunization affects the humoral immune response to chicken ovalbumin (Ova) and Ova conjugated to 20 nm NPs (NP-Ova). We show that i.n. priming with 20 mg of soluble Ova, a dose known to trigger oral tolerance when administered via gastric gavage, induced substantial systemic IgG1 and IgG2c, as well as mucosal antibodies. These responses were further boosted following a s.c. immunization with Ova and complete Freund’s adjuvant (Ova+CFA). In contrast, 100 µg of Ova delivered via NPs induced an IgG1-dominated systemic response, and primed the intestinal mucosa for secretion of IgA. Following a secondary s.c. or i.n. immunization with Ova+CFA or NP-Ova, systemic IgG1 titers significantly increased, and serum IgG2c and intestinal antibodies were induced in mice primed nasally with NP-Ova. Only Ova- and NP-Ova-primed mice that were s.c.-boosted exhibited substantial systemic and mucosal titers for up to 6 months after priming, whereas the antibodies of i.n.-boosted mice declined over time. Our results indicate that although the amount of Ova delivered by NPs was 1000-fold less than Ova delivered in soluble form, the antigen-specific antibody responses, both systemic and mucosal, are essentially identical by 6 months following the initial priming immunization. Additionally, both i.n.- and s.c.-boosting strategies for NP-Ova-primed mice were capable of inducing a polarized Th1/Th2 immune response, as well as intestinal antibodies; however, it is only by using a heterogeneous prime-boost strategy that long-lasting antibody responses were initiated. These results provide valuable insight for future mucosal vaccine development, as well as furthering our understanding of mucosal antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savannah E Howe
- Department of Microbiology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA.
| | - Gavin Sowa
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA.
| | - Vjollca Konjufca
- Department of Microbiology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA.
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16
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Tomar J, Born PA, Frijlink HW, Hinrichs WLJ. Dry influenza vaccines: towards a stable, effective and convenient alternative to conventional parenteral influenza vaccination. Expert Rev Vaccines 2016; 15:1431-1447. [DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2016.1182869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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17
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Snook JD, Chesson CB, Peniche AG, Dann SM, Paulucci A, Pinchuk IV, Rudra JS. Peptide nanofiber–CaCO3 composite microparticles as adjuvant-free oral vaccine delivery vehicles. J Mater Chem B 2016; 4:1640-1649. [DOI: 10.1039/c5tb01623a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
To combat mucosal pathogens that cause gastrointestinal (GI) infections, local mucosal immunity is required which is best achieved through oral vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D. Snook
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology
- University of Texas Medical Branch
- Galveston
- USA
| | - Charles B. Chesson
- Institute for Translation Sciences
- University of Texas Medical Branch
- Galveston
- USA
- Sealy Center for Vaccine Development
| | - Alex G. Peniche
- Department of Internal Medicine-Division of Infectious Diseases
- University of Texas Medical Branch
- Galveston
- USA
| | - Sara M. Dann
- Institute for Translation Sciences
- University of Texas Medical Branch
- Galveston
- USA
- Department of Internal Medicine-Division of Infectious Diseases
| | | | - Iryna V. Pinchuk
- Institute for Translation Sciences
- University of Texas Medical Branch
- Galveston
- USA
- Department of Internal Medicine-Division of Gastroenterology
| | - Jai S. Rudra
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology
- University of Texas Medical Branch
- Galveston
- USA
- Sealy Center for Vaccine Development
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18
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Nasal Administration of Cholera Toxin as a Mucosal Adjuvant Damages the Olfactory System in Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139368. [PMID: 26422280 PMCID: PMC4589288 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholera toxin (CT) induces severe diarrhea in humans but acts as an adjuvant to enhance immune responses to vaccines when administered orally. Nasally administered CT also acts as an adjuvant, but CT and CT derivatives, including the B subunit of CT (CTB), are taken up from the olfactory epithelium and transported to the olfactory bulbs and therefore may be toxic to the central nervous system. To assess the toxicity, we investigated whether nasally administered CT or CT derivatives impair the olfactory system. In mice, nasal administration of CT, but not CTB or a non-toxic CT derivative, reduced the expression of olfactory marker protein (OMP) in the olfactory epithelium and olfactory bulbs and impaired odor responses, as determined with behavioral tests and optical imaging. Thus, nasally administered CT, like orally administered CT, is toxic and damages the olfactory system in mice. However, CTB and a non-toxic CT derivative, do not damage the olfactory system. The optical imaging we used here will be useful for assessing the safety of nasal vaccines and adjuvants during their development for human use and CT can be used as a positive control in this test.
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19
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Stary G, Olive A, Radovic-Moreno AF, Gondek D, Alvarez D, Basto PA, Perro M, Vrbanac VD, Tager AM, Shi J, Yethon JA, Farokhzad OC, Langer R, Starnbach MN, von Andrian UH. VACCINES. A mucosal vaccine against Chlamydia trachomatis generates two waves of protective memory T cells. Science 2015; 348:aaa8205. [PMID: 26089520 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa8205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Genital Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) infection induces protective immunity that depends on interferon-γ-producing CD4 T cells. By contrast, we report that mucosal exposure to ultraviolet light (UV)-inactivated Ct (UV-Ct) generated regulatory T cells that exacerbated subsequent Ct infection. We show that mucosal immunization with UV-Ct complexed with charge-switching synthetic adjuvant particles (cSAPs) elicited long-lived protection in conventional and humanized mice. UV-Ct-cSAP targeted immunogenic uterine CD11b(+)CD103(-) dendritic cells (DCs), whereas UV-Ct accumulated in tolerogenic CD11b(-)CD103(+) DCs. Regardless of vaccination route, UV-Ct-cSAP induced systemic memory T cells, but only mucosal vaccination induced effector T cells that rapidly seeded uterine mucosa with resident memory T cells (T(RM) cells). Optimal Ct clearance required both T(RM) seeding and subsequent infection-induced recruitment of circulating memory T cells. Thus, UV-Ct-cSAP vaccination generated two synergistic memory T cell subsets with distinct migratory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Stary
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Andrew Olive
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aleksandar F Radovic-Moreno
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences & Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - David Gondek
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David Alvarez
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Pamela A Basto
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences & Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Mario Perro
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Vladimir D Vrbanac
- The Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Andrew M Tager
- The Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jinjun Shi
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Biomaterials, Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Omid C Farokhzad
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Biomaterials, Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Robert Langer
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences & Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Michael N Starnbach
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ulrich H von Andrian
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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20
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Newsted D, Fallahi F, Golshani A, Azizi A. Advances and challenges in mucosal adjuvant technology. Vaccine 2015; 33:2399-405. [PMID: 25865473 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.03.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Adjuvants play attractive roles in enhancement of immune response during vaccination; however, due to several challenges, only a limited number of adjuvants are licensed by health authorities. The lack of an effective mucosal adjuvant is even more significant as none of the licensed adjuvants revealed a strong enhancement in immune system after mucosal administration. Over the past two decades, several mucosal adjuvants have been developed to deliver antigens to the target cells in the mucosal immune system and increase specific immune responses. However, the safety and efficacy of these adjuvants for testing in human trials is still an important issue, requiring further study. In this article, we briefly review the challenges associated with most common mucosal adjuvants and discuss potential strategies for targeting the mucosal immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Newsted
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | - Ashkan Golshani
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel by Drive, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ali Azizi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Biotechnology, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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21
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Gursel M, Klinman DM. Use of CpG Oligonucleotides as Mucosal Adjuvants. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.00062-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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22
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Poles J, Alvarez Y, Hioe CE. Induction of intestinal immunity by mucosal vaccines as a means of controlling HIV infection. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2014; 30:1027-40. [PMID: 25354023 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2014.0233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4(+) T cells in the mucosa of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract are preferentially targeted and depleted by HIV. As such, the induction of an effective anti-HIV immune response in the mucosa of the GI tract-through vaccination-could protect this vulnerable population of cells. Mucosal vaccination provides a promising means of inducing robust humoral and cellular responses in the GI tract. Here we review data from the literature about the effectiveness of various mucosal vaccination routes--oral (intraintestinal/tonsilar/sublingual), intranasal, and intrarectal--with regard to the induction of immune responses mediated by cytotoxic T cells and antibodies in the GI mucosa, as well as protective efficacy in challenge models. We present data from the literature indicating that mucosal routes have the potential to effectively elicit GI mucosal immunity and protect against challenge. Given their capacity for the induction of anti-HIV immune responses in the GI mucosa, we propose that mucosal routes, including the nonconventional sublingual, tonsilar, and intrarectal routes, be considered for the delivery of the next generation HIV vaccines. However, further studies are necessary to determine the ideal vectors and vaccination regimens for these routes of immunization and to validate their efficacy in controlling HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Poles
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Yelina Alvarez
- VA New York Harbor Healthcare System–Manhattan Campus and Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Catarina E. Hioe
- VA New York Harbor Healthcare System–Manhattan Campus and Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
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23
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Intranasal immunisation of the recombinant Toxoplasma gondii receptor for activated C kinase 1 partly protects mice against T. gondii infection. Acta Trop 2014; 137:58-66. [PMID: 24813415 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Nasal vaccination is an effective therapeutic regimen for preventing certain infectious diseases. The mucosal immune response is important for resistance to Toxoplasma gondii infection. In this study, we evaluated the immune responses elicited in BALB/c mice by nasal immunisation with recombinant T. gondii receptor for activated C kinase 1 (rTgRACK1) and their protective efficacy against T. gondii RH strain during both chronic and lethal infections. Nasal vaccination with rTgRACK1 increased the level of secretory IgA in nasal, intestinal and vesical washes, and the level of IFN-γ and IL-2 in intestinal washes, indicating that rTgRACK1 vaccination promotes mucosal immune responses. The mice immunised with rTgRACK1 also displayed increased levels of rTgRACK1-specific IgA, total IgG, IgG1 and in particular IgG2a in their blood sera, increased production of IFN-γ, IL-2 and IL-4 but not IL-10 from their isolated spleen cells, and enhanced splenocyte proliferation in vitro. rTgRACK1-vaccinated mice were effectively protected against infection with T. gondii RH strain, showing over 50% reduction of tachyzoite burdens in their liver and brain tissues during a chronic infection, and also a 45% increase in their survivals during a lethal challenge. These results indicate that rTgRACK1 might represent an intriguing immunogen for developing a mucosal vaccine against toxoplasmosis.
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24
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Kraan H, Vrieling H, Czerkinsky C, Jiskoot W, Kersten G, Amorij JP. Buccal and sublingual vaccine delivery. J Control Release 2014; 190:580-92. [PMID: 24911355 PMCID: PMC7114675 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Because of their large surface area and immunological competence, mucosal tissues are attractive administration and target sites for vaccination. An important characteristic of mucosal vaccination is its ability to elicit local immune responses, which act against infection at the site of pathogen entry. However, mucosal surfaces are endowed with potent and sophisticated tolerance mechanisms to prevent the immune system from overreacting to the many environmental antigens. Hence, mucosal vaccination may suppress the immune system instead of induce a protective immune response. Therefore, mucosal adjuvants and/or special antigen delivery systems as well as appropriate dosage forms are required in order to develop potent mucosal vaccines. Whereas oral, nasal and pulmonary vaccine delivery strategies have been described extensively, the sublingual and buccal routes have received considerably less attention. In this review, the characteristics of and approaches for sublingual and buccal vaccine delivery are described and compared with other mucosal vaccine delivery sites. We discuss recent progress and highlight promising developments in the search for vaccine formulations, including adjuvants and suitable dosage forms, which are likely critical for designing a successful sublingual or buccal vaccine. Finally, we outline the challenges, hurdles to overcome and formulation issues relevant for sublingual or buccal vaccine delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heleen Kraan
- Intravacc (Institute for Translational Vaccinology), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Hilde Vrieling
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Cecil Czerkinsky
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire, UMR 7275 CNRS-INSERM-UNSA, Valbonne, France
| | - Wim Jiskoot
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gideon Kersten
- Intravacc (Institute for Translational Vaccinology), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Pierre Amorij
- Intravacc (Institute for Translational Vaccinology), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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25
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Tinker JK, Yan J, Knippel RJ, Panayiotou P, Cornell KA. Immunogenicity of a West Nile virus DIII-cholera toxin A2/B chimera after intranasal delivery. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:1397-418. [PMID: 24759174 PMCID: PMC4014742 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6041397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) causes potentially fatal neuroinvasive disease and persists at endemic levels in many parts of the world. Despite advances in our understanding of WNV pathogenesis, there remains a significant need for a human vaccine. The domain III (DIII) region of the WNV envelope protein contains epitopes that are the target of neutralizing antibodies. We have constructed a chimeric fusion of the non-toxic cholera toxin (CT) CTA2/B domains to DIII for investigation as a novel mucosally-delivered WNV vaccine. Purification and assembly of the chimera, as well as receptor-binding and antigen delivery, were verified by western blot, GM1 ELISA and confocal microscopy. Groups of BALB/c mice were immunized intranasally with DIII-CTA2/B, DIII, DIII mixed with CTA2/B, or CTA2/B control, and boosted at 10 days. Analysis of serum IgG after 14 and 45 days revealed that mucosal immunization with DIII-CTA2/B induced significant DIII-specific humoral immunity and drove isotype switching to IgG2a. The DIII-CTA2/B chimera also induced antigen-specific IgM and IgA responses. Bactericidal assays indicate that the DIII-CTA2/B immunized mice produced DIII-specific antibodies that can trigger complement-mediated killing. A dose escalation resulted in increased DIII-specific serum IgG titers on day 45. DIII antigen alone, in the absence of adjuvant, also induced significant systemic responses after intranasal delivery. Our results indicate that the DIII-CTA2/B chimera is immunogenic after intranasal delivery and merits further investigation as a novel WNV vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette K Tinker
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA.
| | - Jie Yan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA.
| | - Reece J Knippel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA.
| | - Panos Panayiotou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA.
| | - Kenneth A Cornell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA.
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26
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The immune complex CTA1-DD/IgG adjuvant specifically targets connective tissue mast cells through FcγRIIIA and augments anti-HPV immunity after nasal immunization. Mucosal Immunol 2013; 6:1168-78. [PMID: 23571505 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2013.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We have previously reported that CTA1-DD/IgG immune complexes augment antibody responses in a mast cell-dependent manner following intranasal (IN) immunizations. However, from a safety perspective, mast cell activation could preclude clinical use. Therefore, we have extended these studies and demonstrate that CTA1-DD/IgG immune complexes administered IN did not trigger an anaphylactic reaction. Importantly, CTA1-DD/IgE immune complexes did not activate mast cells. Interestingly, only connective tissue, but not mucosal, mast cells could be activated by CTA1-DD/IgG immune complexes. This effect was mediated by FcγRIIIA, only expressed on connective tissue mast cells, and found in the nasal submucosa. FcγRIIIA-deficient mice had compromised responses to immunization adjuvanted by CTA1-DD/IgG. Proof-of-concept studies revealed that IN immunized mice with human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 L1 virus-like particles (VLP) and CTA1-DD/IgG immune complexes demonstrated strong and sustained specific antibody titers in serum and vaginal secretions. From a mast cell perspective, CTA1-DD/IgG immune complexes appear to be safe and effective mucosal adjuvants.
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27
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Kim KJ, Kim HA, Seo KH, Lee HK, Kang BY, Im SY. Cholera toxin breakdowns oral tolerance via activation of canonical NF-κB. Cell Immunol 2013; 285:92-9. [PMID: 24140867 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2013.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms of mucosal immunogenicity and adjuvanticity of bacterial exotoxins remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the role of the transcription factor nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in cholera toxin (CT)-induced alteration of oral tolerance. Feeding CT abrogated ovalbumin (OVA)-induced oral tolerance, as evaluated by OVA-specific serum antibody responses, and CD4(+) T cell proliferation. CT feeding activated canonical NF-κB (one heterodimer type, p50-p65) and mRNA expression of NF-κB-dependent proinflammatory cytokines in mesenteric lymph node (MLN) and Peyer's patch (PP) cells. CT no longer showed abrogation of oral tolerance in mice pretreated with p50 small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). ADP-ribosylation inhibitors inhibited CT-induced NF-κB activation. These data suggest that CT induces canonical NF-κB activation in intestinal lymphoid cells, which plays a key role in mucosal immunogenicity and adjuvanticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Jin Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
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28
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Gao Z, Zhao X, Lee S, Li J, Liao H, Zhou X, Wu J, Qi G. WH1fungin a surfactin cyclic lipopeptide is a novel oral immunoadjuvant. Vaccine 2013; 31:2796-803. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Revised: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Abstract
The need for a vaccine against botulism has increased since the discontinuation of the pentavalent (ABCDE) botulinum toxoid vaccine by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The botulinum toxins (BoNTs) are the primary virulence factors and vaccine components against botulism. BoNTs comprise three domains which are involved in catalysis (LC), translocation (HCT), and host receptor binding (HCR). Recombinant HCR subunits have been used to develop the next generation of BoNT vaccines. Using structural studies and the known entry properties of BoNT/A, an HCR subunit vaccine against BoNT/A that contained the point mutation W1266A within the ganglioside binding pocket was designed. HCR/A(W1266A) did not enter primary neurons, and the crystal structure of HCR/A(W1266A) was virtually identical to that of wild-type HCR/A. Using a mouse model, experiments were performed using a high-dose vaccine and a low-dose vaccine. At a high vaccine dose, HCR/A and HCR/A(W1266A) elicited a protective immune response to BoNT/A challenge. At the low-dose vaccination, HCR/A(W1266A) was a more protective vaccine than HCR/A. α-HCR IgG titers correlated with protection from BoNT challenge, although titers to block HCR/A entry were greater in serum in HCR/A-vaccinated mice than in HCR/A(W1266A)-vaccinated mice. This study shows that removal of receptor binding capacity enhances potency of the subunit HCR vaccine. Vaccines that lack receptor binding capacity have the added property of limited off-target toxicity.
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Rhee JH, Lee SE, Kim SY. Mucosal vaccine adjuvants update. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2012; 1:50-63. [PMID: 23596577 PMCID: PMC3623511 DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2012.1.1.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Revised: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal vaccination, capable of inducing protective immune responses both in the mucosal and systemic immune compartments, has many advantages and is regarded as a blue ocean in the vaccine industry. Mucosal vaccines can offer lower costs, better accessability, needle-free delivery, and higher capacity of mass immunizations during pandemics. However, only very limited number of mucosal vaccines was approved for human use in the market yet. Generally, induction of immune responses following mucosal immunization requires the co-administration of appropriate adjuvants that can initiate and support the effective collaboration between innate and adaptive immunity. Classically, adjuvant researches were rather empirical than keenly scientific. However, during last several years, fundamental scientific achievements in innate immunity have been translated into the development of new mucosal adjuvants. This review focuses on recent developments in the concepts of adjuvants and innate immunity, mucosal immunity with special interest of vaccine development, and basic and applied researches in mucosal adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Haeng Rhee
- Clinical Vaccine R&D Center, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Korea. ; Department of Microbiology and Research Institute of Vibrio Infections, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
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31
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Makidon PE, Belyakov IM, Blanco LP, Janczak KW, Landers J, Bielinska AU, Groom JV, Baker JR. Nanoemulsion mucosal adjuvant uniquely activates cytokine production by nasal ciliated epithelium and induces dendritic cell trafficking. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:2073-86. [PMID: 22653620 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201142346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
While the nasal mucosa is a potentially useful site for human immunization, toxin-based nasal adjuvants are generally unsafe and less effective in humans. Safe mucosal adjuvants that activate protective immunity via mucosal administration are highly dependent on barrier antigen sampling by epithelial and DCs. Here, we demonstrate that protein antigens formulated in unique oil-in-water nanoemulsions (NEs) result in distinctive transcellular antigen uptake in ciliated nasal epithelial cells, leading to delivery into nasal associated lymphoid tissue. NE formulation also enhances MHC class II expression in epithelial cells and DC activation/trafficking to regional lymphoid tissues in mice. These materials appear to induce local epithelial cell apoptosis and heterogeneous cytokine production by mucosal epithelial cells and mixed nasal tissues, including G-CSF, GM-CSF, IL-1a, IL-1b, IL-5, IL-6, IL-12, IP-10, KC, MIP-1a, TGF-β, and TSLP. This is the first observation of a nasal adjuvant that activates calreticulin-associated apoptosis of ciliated nasal epithelial cells to generate broad cytokine/chemokine responses in mucosal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E Makidon
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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Fujkuyama Y, Tokuhara D, Kataoka K, Gilbert RS, McGhee JR, Yuki Y, Kiyono H, Fujihashi K. Novel vaccine development strategies for inducing mucosal immunity. Expert Rev Vaccines 2012; 11:367-79. [PMID: 22380827 DOI: 10.1586/erv.11.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
To develop protective immune responses against mucosal pathogens, the delivery route and adjuvants for vaccination are important. The host, however, strives to maintain mucosal homeostasis by responding to mucosal antigens with tolerance, instead of immune activation. Thus, induction of mucosal immunity through vaccination is a rather difficult task, and potent mucosal adjuvants, vectors or other special delivery systems are often used, especially in the elderly. By taking advantage of the common mucosal immune system, the targeting of mucosal dendritic cells and microfold epithelial cells may facilitate the induction of effective mucosal immunity. Thus, novel routes of immunization and antigen delivery systems also show great potential for the development of effective and safe mucosal vaccines against various pathogens. The purpose of this review is to introduce several recent approaches to induce mucosal immunity to vaccines, with an emphasis on mucosal tissue targeting, new immunization routes and delivery systems. Defining the mechanisms of mucosal vaccines is as important as their efficacy and safety, and in this article, examples of recent approaches, which will likely accelerate progress in mucosal vaccine development, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Fujkuyama
- Departments of Pediatric Dentistry and Microbiology, The Immunobiology Vaccine Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Intranasal immunization with live attenuated influenza vaccine plus chitosan as an adjuvant protects mice against homologous and heterologous virus challenge. Arch Virol 2012; 157:1451-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-012-1318-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Intranasal administration of a flagellin-adjuvanted inactivated influenza vaccine enhances mucosal immune responses to protect mice against lethal infection. Vaccine 2011; 30:466-74. [PMID: 22051136 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 10/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The influenza virus, a mucosal pathogen that infects the respiratory tract, is a major global health issue. There have been attempts to mucosally administer inactivated influenza vaccines to induce both mucosal and systemic immune responses. However, mucosally administered inactivated influenza vaccine has low immunogenicity, which is partially due to the lack of an effective mucosal adjuvant. The development of a safe and effective mucosal adjuvant is a prerequisite to the practical use of a mucosal inactivated influenza vaccine. We have previously demonstrated that a bacterial flagellin, Vibrio vulnificus FlaB, when mixed with antigen and administered intranasally, exerts a strong mucosal adjuvant activity by stimulating the Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5). In this study, we tested whether the FlaB protein could serve as an effective mucosal adjuvant for an inactivated trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV) manufactured for humans; in a murine vaccination model, this vaccine consists of A/Brisbane/59/07 (H1N1 subtype), A/Uruguay/716/07 (H3N2 subtype), and B/Florida/4/06 (B type). Intranasal co-administration of the TIV with FlaB induced prominent humoral responses as demonstrated by high influenza-specific IgA levels in both the mucosal secretions and serum and significant specific IgG induction in the systemic compartment. The FlaB protein significantly potentiated influenza-specific cytokine production by draining lymph node cells and splenocytes. The FlaB mucosal adjuvant conferred excellent protection against a lethal challenge with a live virulent virus with high hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) antibody (Ab) titers. The FlaB did not accumulate in the olfactory nerve and epithelium, guaranteeing against a retrograde uptake into the central nervous system. These results suggest that FlaB can be used as a promising mucosal adjuvant for nasal inactivated influenza vaccine development.
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Mucosal immunization with a Staphylococcus aureus IsdA-cholera toxin A2/B chimera induces antigen-specific Th2-type responses in mice. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2011; 18:1543-51. [PMID: 21734065 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.05146-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of opportunistic infection worldwide and a significant public health threat. The iron-regulated surface determinant A (IsdA) adhesin is essential for S. aureus colonization on human nasal epithelial cells and plays an important role in iron acquisition and resistance to human skin defenses. Here we investigated the murine immune response to intranasal administration of a cholera toxin A(2)/B (CTA(2)/B) chimera containing IsdA. Plasmids were constructed to express the IsdA-CTA(2)/B chimera and control proteins in Escherichia coli. Proper construction of the chimera was verified by SDS-PAGE, Western blotting, GM1 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and confocal microscopy. Groups of female BALB/c mice were mock immunized or immunized with IsdA-CTA(2)/B, IsdA mixed with CTA(2)/B, or IsdA alone, followed by one booster immunization at 10 days postpriming. Analysis of serum IgG and nasal, intestinal, and vaginal IgA suggested that mucosal immunization with IsdA-CTA(2)/B induces significant IsdA-specific humoral immunity. Functional in vitro assays revealed that immune serum significantly blocks the adherence of S. aureus to human epithelial cells. Splenocytes from mice immunized with IsdA-CTA(2)/B showed specific cellular proliferation and production of interleukin-4 (IL-4) after in vitro stimulation. Immunization with IsdA-CTA(2)/B drove isotype switching to IgG1, indicative of a Th2-type response. Our results suggest that the immunogenicity of the S. aureus IsdA-CTA(2)/B chimera merits further investigation as a potential mucosal vaccine candidate.
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Lawson LB, Norton EB, Clements JD. Defending the mucosa: adjuvant and carrier formulations for mucosal immunity. Curr Opin Immunol 2011; 23:414-20. [PMID: 21511452 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2011.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A majority of infectious microorganisms either colonize or cross mucosal surfaces to enter the host. A major goal in vaccine design is to induce a protective, lasting immune response against potential pathogens at mucosal surfaces. In addition, mucosal vaccines can offer needle-free delivery, thereby improving accessibility, safety, and cost-effectiveness. Challenges to successful mucosal vaccination include poor induction of mucosal immunity, limited understanding of protective mechanisms and crosstalk between mucosal compartments, and the availability of safe, effective mucosal adjuvants and delivery systems. This review focuses on some key advances in the field of mucosal vaccinology within the past 2-3 years, including reports on promising new formulations and investigations into the mechanisms of established mucosal adjuvants and/or particulate carrier systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise B Lawson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States
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Zhao W, Zhao Z, Russell MW. Characterization of antigen-presenting cells induced by intragastric immunization with recombinant chimeric immunogens constructed from Streptococcus mutans AgI/II and type I or type II heat-labile enterotoxins. Mol Oral Microbiol 2011; 26:200-9. [PMID: 21545697 DOI: 10.1111/j.2041-1014.2011.00608.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Intragastric (i.g.) immunization with recombinant chimeric proteins constructed from the saliva-binding region (SBR) of Streptococcus mutans surface antigen AgI/II and the A2/B subunits of enterobacterial heat-labile enterotoxins has been successfully used to induce salivary and circulating antibodies against S. mutans that have protective potential against dental caries. To investigate the mode of action of these vaccine constructs, mice were immunized i.g. with chimeric proteins constructed from SBR and cholera toxin (CT) or the type II enterotoxins of Escherichia coli, LT-IIa and LT-IIb. Antigen-presenting cells (APC) in Peyer's patches (PP) and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) were characterized by flow cytometry. Compared with immunization with SBR alone, chimeric proteins SBR-LTIIaA2/B and SBR-LTIIbA2/B increased the number of B cells and macrophages in PP and diminished B cell numbers in MLN, whereas SBR-CTA2/B diminished the numbers of B cells and macrophages in PP and MLN. Immunization with all three chimeric proteins led to upregulation of MHC class II molecules and co-stimulatory receptors CD40, CD80, and CD86 especially on dendritic cells in PP and also on APC in MLN. The results provide a molecular basis for the enhanced immune responses induced by chimeric proteins compared with uncoupled antigen, and for differential responses to chimeric proteins based on CT or type II enterotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA.
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Rodrigues JF, Mathias-Santos C, Sbrogio-Almeida ME, Amorim JH, Cabrera-Crespo J, Balan A, Ferreira LCS. Functional diversity of heat-labile toxins (LT) produced by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli: differential enzymatic and immunological activities of LT1 (hLT) AND LT4 (pLT). J Biol Chem 2011; 286:5222-33. [PMID: 21135101 PMCID: PMC3037635 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.173682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Revised: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat-labile toxins (LTs) have ADP-ribosylation activity and induce the secretory diarrhea caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strains in different mammalian hosts. LTs also act as adjuvants following delivery via mucosal, parenteral, or transcutaneous routes. Previously we have shown that LT produced by human-derived ETEC strains encompass a group of 16 polymorphic variants, including the reference toxin (LT1 or hLT) produced by the H10407 strain and one variant that is found mainly among bacterial strains isolated from pigs (LT4 or pLT). Herein, we show that LT4 (with six polymorphic sites in the A (K4R, K213E, and N238D) and B (S4T, A46E, and E102K) subunits) displays differential in vitro toxicity and in vivo adjuvant activities compared with LT1. One in vitro generated LT mutant (LTK4R), in which the lysine at position 4 of the A subunit was replaced by arginine, showed most of the LT4 features with an ∼10-fold reduction of the cytotonic effects, ADP-ribosylation activity, and accumulation of intracellular cAMP in Y1 cells. Molecular dynamic studies of the A subunit showed that the K4R replacement reduces the N-terminal region flexibility and decreases the catalytic site crevice. Noticeably, LT4 showed a stronger Th1-biased adjuvant activity with regard to LT1, particularly concerning activation of cytotoxic CD8(+) T lymphocytes when delivered via the intranasal route. Our results further emphasize the relevance of LT polymorphism among human-derived ETEC strains that may impact both the pathogenicity of the bacterial strain and the use of these toxins as potential vaccine adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana F. Rodrigues
- From the Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000
| | - Camila Mathias-Santos
- From the Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000
| | | | - Jaime H. Amorim
- From the Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000
| | - Joaquim Cabrera-Crespo
- the Division of Technological Development, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP 05503-900, and
| | - Andrea Balan
- the National Laboratory of Biosciences, Research Centre of Energy and Material, São Paulo, SP 13084-971, Brazil
| | - Luís C. S. Ferreira
- From the Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000
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Morrison SG, Farris CM, Sturdevant GL, Whitmire WM, Morrison RP. Murine Chlamydia trachomatis genital infection is unaltered by depletion of CD4+ T cells and diminished adaptive immunity. J Infect Dis 2011; 203:1120-8. [PMID: 21321103 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiq176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia muridarum and Chlamydia trachomatis mouse models of genital infection have been used to study chlamydial immunity and vaccine development. To assess the protective role of CD4(+) T cells in resolving C. trachomatis and C. muridarum genital tract infections, we used the female mouse model and evaluated infection in the presence and absence of CD4(+) T cells. In contrast to C. muridarum infection, C. trachomatis infection was unaltered in the absence of CD4(+) T cells. Mice infected with C. trachomatis developed protective immunity to re-challenge, but unlike C. muridarum infection, optimum resistance required multiple infectious challenges, despite the generation of adaptive serum and local chlamydial specific immune responses. Thus, understanding the chlamydial pathogenic and host immunologic factors that result in a diminished protective role for CD4(+) T cells in C. trachomatis murine infection might lead to new insights important to human immunity and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra G Morrison
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205-7194, USA
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Flach CF, Svensson N, Blomquist M, Ekman A, Raghavan S, Holmgren J. A truncated form of HpaA is a promising antigen for use in a vaccine against Helicobacter pylori. Vaccine 2011; 29:1235-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.11.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Revised: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Cristillo AD, Ferrari MG, Hudacik L, Lewis B, Galmin L, Bowen B, Thompson D, Petrovsky N, Markham P, Pal R. Induction of mucosal and systemic antibody and T-cell responses following prime-boost immunization with novel adjuvanted human immunodeficiency virus-1-vaccine formulations. J Gen Virol 2011; 92:128-40. [PMID: 21169215 PMCID: PMC3052530 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.023242-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
As sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) occurs via the mucosa, an ideal HIV-1 vaccine should induce both mucosal and systemic immunity. We therefore sought to evaluate the induction of mucosal responses using a DNA env prime–gp120 protein boost approach in which sequential nasal and parenteral protein administration was performed with two novel carbohydrate-based adjuvants. These adjuvants, Advax-M and Advax-P, were specifically designed for mucosal and systemic immune enhancement, respectively. Murine intranasal immunization with gp120/Advax-M adjuvant elicited gp120-specific IgA in serum and mucosal secretions that was markedly enhanced by DNA priming. Boosting of DNA-primed mice with gp120/Advax-M and gp120/Advax-P by sequential intranasal and intramuscular immunization, or vice versa, elicited persistent mucosal gp120-specific IgA, systemic IgG and memory T- and B-cell responses. Induction of homologous, but not heterologous, neutralizing activity was noted in the sera of all immunized groups. While confirmation of efficacy is required in challenge studies using non-human primates, these results suggest that the combination of DNA priming with sequential nasal and parenteral protein boosting, with appropriate mucosal and systemic adjuvants, could generate strong mucosal and systemic immunity and may block HIV-1 mucosal transmission and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony D Cristillo
- Advanced BioScience Laboratories Inc., 5510 Nicholson Lane, Kensington, MD 20895, USA
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Sublingual mucosa: A new vaccination route for systemic and mucosal immunity. Cytokine 2011; 54:1-5. [PMID: 21239178 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2010.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2009] [Revised: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Needle-free vaccine delivery has become a global priority, both to eliminate the risk of improper and unsafe needle use and to simplify vaccination procedures. In pursuit of greater ease of vaccination, a number of needle-free delivery routes have been explored, with mucosal routes being perhaps the most prominent. Since the vaccine administration route significantly affects immune responses, numerous researchers are attempting to develop alternative vaccine delivery methods including a mucosal route. My group's recent studies demonstrate the potential of the sublingual (s.l.) route for delivering vaccines capable of inducing mucosal as well as systemic immune responses. Sublingual administration conferred effective protection against a lethal challenge with influenza virus (H1N1) or genital papillomavirus. Moreover, CCR7-CCL19/CCL21-regulated dendritic cells are responsible for activation of T and B cells following s.l. administration. This review highlights current knowledge about the safety and effectiveness of s.l. vaccination and describes how s.l. vaccination can induce both systemic and mucosal immunity.
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Wang SH, Thompson AL, Hickey AJ, Staats HF. Dry powder vaccines for mucosal administration: critical factors in manufacture and delivery. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2011; 354:121-56. [PMID: 21822816 DOI: 10.1007/82_2011_167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Dry powder vaccine formulations have proved effective for induction of systemic and mucosal immune responses. Here we review the use of dry vaccines for immunization in the respiratory tract. We discuss techniques for powder formulation, manufacture, characterization and delivery in addition to methods used for evaluation of stability and safety. We review the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of dry powder vaccines as compared to liquid vaccines delivered by mucosal or parenteral routes. Included is information on mucosal adjuvants and mucoadhesives that can be used to enhance nasal or pulmonary dry vaccines. Mucosal immunization with dry powder vaccines offers the potential to provide a needle-free and cold chain-independent vaccination strategy for the induction of protective immunity against either systemic or mucosal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheena H Wang
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Amorij JP, Hinrichs WL, Frijlink HW, Wilschut JC, Huckriede A. Needle-free influenza vaccination. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2010; 10:699-711. [PMID: 20883966 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(10)70157-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination is the cornerstone of influenza control in epidemic and pandemic situations. Influenza vaccines are typically given by intramuscular injection. However, needle-free vaccinations could offer several distinct advantages over intramuscular injections: they are pain-free, easier to distribute, and easier to give to patients, and their use could reduce vaccination costs. Moreover, vaccine delivery via the respiratory tract, alimentary tract, or skin might elicit mucosal immune responses at the site of virus entry and better cellular immunity, thus improving effectiveness. Although various needle-free vaccination methods for influenza have shown preclinical promise, few have progressed to clinical trials-only live attenuated intranasal vaccines have received approval, and only in some countries. Further clinical investigation is needed to help realise the potential of needle-free vaccination for influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Amorij
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Gröningen, Netherlands
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Eng NF, Garlapati S, Gerdts V, Babiuk LA, Mutwiri GK. PCEP enhances IgA mucosal immune responses in mice following different immunization routes with influenza virus antigens. JOURNAL OF IMMUNE BASED THERAPIES AND VACCINES 2010; 8:4. [PMID: 20735838 PMCID: PMC2936874 DOI: 10.1186/1476-8518-8-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background We previously demonstrated that polyphosphazenes, particularly PCEP, enhance immune responses in mice immunized subcutaneously and intranasally. The objective of the present study was to investigate the efficacy of polyphosphazenes as adjuvants when delivered through different routes of vaccine administration. Methods BALB/c mice were immunized through intranasal, subcutaneous, oral and intrarectal delivery with vaccine formulations containing either influenza X:31 antigen alone or formulated in PCEP. Serum and mucosal washes were collected and assayed for antigen-specific antibody responses by ELISA, while splenocytes were assayed for antigen-specific cytokine production by ELISPOT. Results Intranasal immunization with PCEP+X:31 induced significantly higher IgA titers in all mucosal secretions (lung, nasal, and vaginal) compared to the other routes. Serum analysis showed that all mice given the PCEP+X:31 combination showed evidence of enhanced IgG2a titers in all administered routes, indicating that PCEP can be effective as an adjuvant in enhancing systemic immune responses when delivered via different routes of administration. Conclusions We conclude that PCEP is a potent and versatile mucosal adjuvant that can be administered in a variety of routes and effectively enhances systemic and local immune responses. Furthermore, intranasal immunization was found to be the best administration route for enhancing IgA titers, providing further evidence for the potential of PCEP as a mucosal adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson F Eng
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization/International Vaccine Center, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Srinivas Garlapati
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization/International Vaccine Center, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Volker Gerdts
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization/International Vaccine Center, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Lorne A Babiuk
- University of Alberta, 3-7 University Hall, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2J9, Canada
| | - George K Mutwiri
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization/International Vaccine Center, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E3, Canada
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Sublingual immunization protects against Helicobacter pylori infection and induces T and B cell responses in the stomach. Infect Immun 2010; 78:4251-60. [PMID: 20696831 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00536-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sublingual (SL) immunization has been described as an effective novel way to induce mucosal immune responses in the respiratory and genital tracts. We examined the potential of SL immunization against Helicobacter pylori to stimulate immune responses in the gastrointestinal mucosa and protect against H. pylori infection. Mice received two SL immunizations with H. pylori lysate antigens and cholera toxin as an adjuvant, and after challenge with live H. pylori bacteria, their immune responses and protection were evaluated, as were immune responses prior to challenge. SL immunization induced enhanced proliferative responses to H. pylori antigens in cervicomandibular lymph nodes and provided at least the same level of immune responses and protection as corresponding intragastric immunization. Protection in SL-immunized mice was associated with strong H. pylori-specific serum IgG and IgA antibody responses in the stomach and intestine, with strong proliferation and gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and interleukin-17 (IL-17) production by spleen and mesenteric lymph node T cells stimulated with H. pylori antigens in vitro, and with increased IFN-γ and IL-17 gene expression in the stomach compared to levels in infected unimmunized mice. Immunohistochemical studies showed enhanced infiltration of CD4(+) T cells and CD19(+) B cells into the H. pylori-infected stomach mucosa of SL-immunized but not unimmunized H. pylori-infected mice, which coincided with increased expression of the mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule (MAdCAM-1) and T and B cell-attracting chemokines CXCL10 and CCL28. We conclude that, in mice, SL immunization can effectively induce protection against H. pylori infection in association with strong T and B cell infiltration into the stomach.
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Binding to gangliosides containing N-acetylneuraminic acid is sufficient to mediate the immunomodulatory properties of the nontoxic mucosal adjuvant LT-IIb(T13I). CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2010; 17:969-78. [PMID: 20392887 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00076-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
By use of a mouse mucosal immunization model, LT-IIb(T13I), a nontoxic mutant type II heat-labile enterotoxin, was shown to have potent mucosal and systemic adjuvant properties. In contrast to LT-IIb, which binds strongly to ganglioside receptors decorated with either N-acetylneuraminic acid (NeuAc) or N-glycolylneuraminic acid (NeuGc), LT-IIb(T13I) binds NeuAc gangliosides much less well. Rather, LT-IIb(T13I) binds preferentially to NeuGc gangliosides. To determine if the adjuvant properties of LT-IIb(T13I) are altered in the absence of NeuGc ganglioside receptors, experiments were conducted using a Cmah-null mouse line which is deficient in the synthesis of NeuGc gangliosides. Several immunomodulatory properties of LT-IIb(T13I) were shown to be dependent on NeuGc gangliosides. LT-IIb(T13I) had reduced binding activity for NeuGc-deficient B cells and macrophages; binding to NeuGc-deficient T cells and dendritic cells (DC) was essentially undetectable. Treatment of Cmah-null macrophages with LT-IIb(T13I), however, upregulated the transcription of interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-6, IL-17, and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma), four cytokines important for promoting immune responses. The production of mucosal IgA and serum IgG against an immunizing antigen was augmented in NeuGc-deficient mice administered LT-IIb(T13I) as a mucosal adjuvant. Notably, NeuGc gangliosides are not expressed in humans. Still, treatment of human monocytes with LT-IIb(T13I) induced the secretion of IL-6, an inflammatory cytokine that mediates differential control of leukocyte activation. These results suggested that NeuAc gangliosides are sufficient to mediate the immunomodulatory properties of LT-IIb(T13I) in mice and in human cells. The nontoxic mutant enterotoxin LT-IIb(T13I), therefore, is potentially a new and safe human mucosal adjuvant.
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Enhanced humoral and cellular immune responses after sublingual immunization against human papillomavirus 16 L1 protein with adjuvants. Vaccine 2010; 28:2598-606. [PMID: 20116467 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Revised: 12/19/2009] [Accepted: 01/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Needle-free nonparenteral vaccines offer a number of practical advantages, especially in developing countries. To address the effects of vaccine administration route, we tested mucosal and systemic immune responses against human papillomavirus 16 L1(HPV16L1) protein using intranasal, intravaginal, transdermal, sublingual (SL) and intramuscular routes. The SL route provided the most effective mucosal secretory IgA (sIgA) and serum IgG responses. After a 150 microg antigen dose via the SL route, saliva sIgA levels were 7.2- and 5.8-fold higher than those achieved via intravaginal and transdermal routes, respectively. Notably, SL administration even produced 4.6-fold higher levels of vaginal sIgA levels than did intravaginal delivery of 150 microg antigen. To enhance the immunogenicity of SL vaccines, we tested the adjuvanticity of nine molecules: three toll-like receptor agonists, three nucleotide-binding oligomerization-domain agonists, vitamin D3, poly-gamma-glutamic acid and cholera toxin subunit B (CTB). Among the molecules tested, CTB provided the most enhanced mucosal sIgA and systemic IgG induction. SL-applied CTB enhanced the production of interleukin-4 and interferon-gamma from stimulated CD4+ T cells. Moreover, interferon-gamma-producing CD8+ T cell responses were increased 1.7-fold after co-treatment with SL CTB and HPV16L1. These results suggest the potential of the SL route for delivery of HPV16L1 vaccines using CTB as an adjuvant.
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Prophylactic administration of bacterially derived immunomodulators improves the outcome of influenza virus infection in a murine model. J Virol 2010; 84:2983-95. [PMID: 20053748 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01805-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Prophylactic or therapeutic immunomodulation is an antigen-independent strategy that induces nonspecific immune system activation, thereby enhancing host defense to disease. In this study, we investigated the effect of prophylactic immunomodulation on the outcome of influenza virus infection using three bacterially derived immune-enhancing agents known for promoting distinct immunological profiles. BALB/c mice were treated nasally with either cholera toxin (CT), a mutant form of the CT-related Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin designated LT(R192G), or CpG oligodeoxynucleotide. Mice were subsequently challenged with a lethal dose of influenza A/PR/8/34 virus 24 h after the last immunomodulation treatment and either monitored for survival or sacrificed postchallenge for viral and immunological analysis. Treatment with the three immunomodulators prevented or delayed mortality and weight loss, but only CT and LT(R192G) significantly reduced initial lung viral loads as measured by plaque assay. Analysis performed 4 days postinfection indicated that prophylactic treatments with CT, LT(R192G), or CpG resulted in significantly increased numbers of CD4 T cells, B cells, and dendritic cells and altered costimulatory marker expression in the airways of infected mice, coinciding with reduced expression of pulmonary chemokines and the appearance of inducible bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue-like structures in the lungs. Collectively, these results suggest that, despite different immunomodulatory mechanisms, CT, LT(R192G), and CpG induce an initial inflammatory process and enhance the immune response to primary influenza virus challenge while preventing potentially damaging chemokine expression. These studies provide insight into the immunological parameters and immune modulation strategies that have the potential to enhance the nonspecific host response to influenza virus infection.
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Kataoka K, Fujihashi K. Dendritic cell-targeting DNA-based mucosal adjuvants for the development of mucosal vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2009; 8:1183-93. [PMID: 19722892 DOI: 10.1586/erv.09.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In order to establish effective mucosal immunity against various mucosal pathogens, vaccines must be delivered via the mucosal route and contain effective adjuvant(s). Since mucosal adjuvants can simply mix with the antigen, it is relatively easy to adapt them for different types of vaccine development. Even in simple admixture vaccines, the adjuvant itself must be prepared without any complications. Thus, CpG oligodeoxynucleotides or plasmids encoding certain cDNA(s) would be potent mucosal adjuvant candidates when compared with other substances that can be used as mucosal adjuvants. The strategy of a DNA-based mucosal adjuvant facilitates the targeting of mucosal dendritic cells, and thus is an effective and safe approach. It would also provide great flexibility for the development of effective vaccines for various mucosal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Kataoka
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan.
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