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Basto PA, Reticker-Flynn NE. Interrogating the roles of lymph node metastasis in systemic immune surveillance. Clin Exp Metastasis 2024:10.1007/s10585-023-10261-3. [PMID: 38315348 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-023-10261-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Lymph nodes (LNs) are principal orchestrators of the adaptive immune response, yet in the context of malignancy, they are typically the first sites of metastasis. When tumors spread to LNs, they alter the immune repertoire, ultimately reconditioning it in a manner that suppresses anti-tumor immunity and promotes further metastatic dissemination. Conversely, activation of anti-tumor immunity within LNs is essential for immunotherapy, suggesting clinical approaches to radiotherapy in LNs and lymphadenectomy may need to be reconsidered in the context of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). Herein, we discuss our understanding of the immune remodeling that coincides with LN metastasis as well as recent clinical studies exploring neoadjuvant immunotherapy and the roles of LNs in treatment of solid organ malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela A Basto
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Nathan E Reticker-Flynn
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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Reticker-Flynn NE, Zhang W, Belk JA, Basto PA, Gentles AJ, Sunwoo JB, Satpathy AT, Plevritis SK, Engleman EG. Abstract 3469: Lymph node colonization promotes distant tumor metastasis through the induction of tumor-specific immune tolerance. Cancer Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2023-3469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The majority of cancer-associated deaths result from distant organ metastasis, yet the mechanisms that enable this process remain poorly understood. For most solid tumors, colonization of regional or distant lymph nodes (LNs) typically precedes the formation of distant organ metastases, yet it remains unclear whether LN metastasis plays a functional role in disease progression. LNs are major sites of anti-tumor lymphocyte education, including in the context of immunotherapy, yet LN metastasis frequently correlates with further disease progression. Here, we find that LN metastasis represents a critical step in tumor progression through the capacity of such metastases to induce tumor-specific immune tolerance in a manner that promotes further dissemination of tumors to distant organs. Using an in vivo passaging approach of a non-metastatic syngeneic melanoma, we generated 300 unique cell lines exhibiting varying degrees of LN metastatic capacity. We show that the presence of these LN metastases enables distant organ seeding of metastases in a manner that the parental tumor cannot, and this effect is eliminated in mice lacking an adaptive immune response. Furthermore, this promotion of distant seeding by LN metastases is tumor specific. Using flow cytometry and single-cell sequencing to perform comprehensive immune profiling, we identify multiple cellular mediators of tolerance. In particular, we find that LN metastases have the capacity to both resist NK cell cytotoxicity and induce regulatory T cells (Tregs). Furthermore, depletion of NK cells in vivo enables non-metastatic tumors to disseminate to LNs, and ablation of Tregs using FoxP3-DTR mice eliminates the occurrence of lymphatic metastases. Adoptive transfer of Tregs from the LNs of mice bearing LN metastasis to naïve mice facilitates metastasis in a manner that Tregs from mice without LN metastases cannot, and we find that these Tregs are induced in an antigen-specific manner. Whole exome sequencing revealed that neither the metastatic proclivity nor immunosuppression evolve through the acquisition of driver mutations, loss of neoantigens, loss of MHC class I presentation, or decreases in melanoma antigen expression. Rather, by RNA-seq and ATAC-seq, we show that a conserved interferon signaling axis is upregulated in LN metastases and is rendered stable through epigenetic reprogramming of chromatin accessibility resulting from chronic exposure to interferons in vivo. Furthermore, using CRISPR/Cas9, we find that these pathways are required for LN metastatic seeding, and validate their conserved significance in additional mouse models of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and humans with LN metastatic disease. Together, these findings demonstrate a critical role for LN metastasis in promoting tumor-specific immunosuppression.
Citation Format: Nathan E. Reticker-Flynn, Weiruo Zhang, Julia A. Belk, Pamela A. Basto, Andrew J. Gentles, John B. Sunwoo, Ansuman T. Satpathy, Sylvia K. Plevritis, Edgar G. Engleman. Lymph node colonization promotes distant tumor metastasis through the induction of tumor-specific immune tolerance [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 3469.
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Reticker-Flynn NE, Zhang W, Belk JA, Basto PA, Gentles AJ, Sunwoo JB, Satpathy AK, Plevritis SK, Engleman EG. Abstract PR013: Lymph node colonization promotes distant tumor metastasis through the induction of tumor-specific immune tolerance. Cancer Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.metastasis22-pr013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The majority of cancer-associated deaths result from distant organ metastasis, yet the mechanisms that enable this process remain poorly understood. For most solid tumors, colonization of regional or distant lymph nodes (LNs) typically precedes the formation of distant organ metastases, yet it remains unclear whether LN metastasis plays a functional role in disease progression. LNs are major sites of anti-tumor lymphocyte education, including in the context of immunotherapy, yet LN metastasis frequently correlates with further disease progression. Here, we find that LN metastasis represents a critical step in tumor progression through the capacity of such metastases to induce tumor-specific immune tolerance in a manner that promotes further dissemination of tumors to distant organs. Using an in vivo passaging approach of a non-metastatic syngeneic melanoma, we generated 300 unique cell lines exhibiting varying degrees of LN metastatic capacity. We show that the presence of these LN metastases enables distant organ seeding of metastases in a manner that the parental tumor cannot, and this effect is eliminated in mice lacking an adaptive immune response. Furthermore, this promotion of distant seeding by LN metastases is tumor specific. Using flow cytometry and single-cell sequencing to perform comprehensive immune profiling, we identify multiple cellular mediators of tolerance. In particular, we find that LN metastases have the capacity to both resist NK cell cytotoxicity and induce regulatory T cells (Tregs). Furthermore, depletion of NK cells in vivo enables non-metastatic tumors to disseminate to LNs, and ablation of Tregs using FoxP3-DTR mice eliminates the occurrence of lymphatic metastases. Adoptive transfer of Tregs from the LNs of mice bearing LN metastasis to naïve mice facilitates metastasis in a manner that Tregs from mice without LN metastases cannot, and we find that these Tregs are induced in an antigen-specific manner. Whole exome sequencing revealed that neither the metastatic proclivity nor immunosuppression evolve through the acquisition of driver mutations, loss of neoantigens, loss of MHC class I presentation, or decreases in melanoma antigen expression. Rather, by RNA-seq and ATAC-seq, we show that a conserved interferon signaling axis is upregulated in LN metastases and is rendered stable through epigenetic reprogramming of chromatin accessibility resulting from chronic exposure to interferons in vivo. Furthermore, using CRISPR/Cas9, we find that these pathways are required for LN metastatic seeding, and validate their conserved significance in additional mouse models of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and humans with LN metastatic disease. Together, these findings demonstrate a critical role for LN metastasis in promoting tumor-specific immunosuppression.
Citation Format: Nathan E. Reticker-Flynn, Weiruo Zhang, Julia A. Belk, Pamela A. Basto, Andrew J. Gentles, John B. Sunwoo, Ansuman K. Satpathy, Sylvia K. Plevritis, Edgar G. Engleman. Lymph node colonization promotes distant tumor metastasis through the induction of tumor-specific immune tolerance [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Cancer Metastasis; 2022 Nov 14-17; Portland, OR. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;83(2 Suppl_2):Abstract nr PR013.
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Reticker-Flynn NE, Zhang W, Belk JA, Basto PA, Escalante NK, Pilarowski GOW, Bejnood A, Martins MM, Kenkel JA, Linde IL, Bagchi S, Yuan R, Chang S, Spitzer MH, Carmi Y, Cheng J, Tolentino LL, Choi O, Wu N, Kong CS, Gentles AJ, Sunwoo JB, Satpathy AT, Plevritis SK, Engleman EG. Lymph node colonization induces tumor-immune tolerance to promote distant metastasis. Cell 2022; 185:1924-1942.e23. [PMID: 35525247 PMCID: PMC9149144 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
For many solid malignancies, lymph node (LN) involvement represents a harbinger of distant metastatic disease and, therefore, an important prognostic factor. Beyond its utility as a biomarker, whether and how LN metastasis plays an active role in shaping distant metastasis remains an open question. Here, we develop a syngeneic melanoma mouse model of LN metastasis to investigate how tumors spread to LNs and whether LN colonization influences metastasis to distant tissues. We show that an epigenetically instilled tumor-intrinsic interferon response program confers enhanced LN metastatic potential by enabling the evasion of NK cells and promoting LN colonization. LN metastases resist T cell-mediated cytotoxicity, induce antigen-specific regulatory T cells, and generate tumor-specific immune tolerance that subsequently facilitates distant tumor colonization. These effects extend to human cancers and other murine cancer models, implicating a conserved systemic mechanism by which malignancies spread to distant organs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Weiruo Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Julia A Belk
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Pamela A Basto
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | | | | | - Alborz Bejnood
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Maria M Martins
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Justin A Kenkel
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ian L Linde
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sreya Bagchi
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Robert Yuan
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Serena Chang
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection Operations, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA; Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Matthew H Spitzer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yaron Carmi
- Department of Pathology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Jiahan Cheng
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lorna L Tolentino
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Okmi Choi
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nancy Wu
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Christina S Kong
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Andrew J Gentles
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - John B Sunwoo
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ansuman T Satpathy
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA; Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Sylvia K Plevritis
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Edgar G Engleman
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA.
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Reticker-Flynn NE, Basto PA, Zhang W, Martins MM, Chang S, Gentles AJ, Sunwoo JB, Plevritis SK, Engleman EG. Abstract 3419: Lymph node colonization promotes distant tumor metastasis through the induction of tumor-specific immunosuppression. Cancer Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2020-3419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The majority of cancer-associated deaths result from distant organ metastasis rather than the primary tumor, yet the mechanisms that enable this process remain poorly understood. For most solid tumors, colonization of regional or distant lymph nodes (LNs) typically precedes the formation of distant organ metastases, yet it remains unclear whether LN metastasis plays a functional role in disease progression. LNs are education hubs of the adaptive immune system wherein antigens derived from pathogens or malignancies are presented to lymphocytes to elicit an adaptive immune response. Nonetheless, LN metastasis, which is typically attributed to passive drainage of tumor cells through lymphatics, frequently does not lead to the generation of anti-tumor immunity, but instead correlates with further disease progression. Here, we find that LN metastasis represents a critical step in tumor progression through the capacity of such metastases to induce tumor-specific immunosuppression in a manner that promotes further dissemination of tumors to distant organs. Using an in vivo passaging approach of a non-metastatic syngeneic melanoma, we generated 300 unique cell lines exhibiting varying degrees of LN metastatic capacity. Transcriptional profiling of the lines reveals a conserved enrichment for immune-related programs. We show that the presence of these LN metastases enables distant organ seeding of metastases in a manner that the parental tumor cannot, and this differential seeding is eliminated in mice lacking an adaptive immune response. Furthermore, this promotion of distant seeding by LN metastases is tumor specific. Using mass cytometry to perform organism-wide immune profiling, we identify multiple cellular mediators of tolerance. In particular, we find that LN metastases have the capacity to both resist NK cell cytotoxicity and induce regulatory T cells (Tregs) in vitro. Furthermore, depletion of NK cells in vivo enables non-metastatic tumors to disseminate to LNs, and ablation of Tregs using FoxP3-DTR mice eliminates the occurrence of lymphatic metastases. Through the use of whole exome sequencing, we show that neither the metastatic proclivity nor immunosuppression evolve through the acquisition of driver mutations, loss of neoantigens, loss of MHC class I presentation, or decreases in melanoma antigen expression. Rather, by RNA-seq and ATAC-seq, we show that a conserved interferon signaling axis is upregulated in LN metastases and is rendered stable through epigenetic regulation of chromatin accessibility. Furthermore, using CRISPR/Cas9, we find that these pathways are required for LN metastatic seeding, and validate their conserved significance in additional mouse models of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), along with RNA-seq analysis of malignant populations sorted from HNSCC patients. Together, these findings demonstrate a critical role for LN metastasis in promoting tumor-specific immunosuppression.
Citation Format: Nathan E. Reticker-Flynn, Pamela A. Basto, Weiruo Zhang, Maria M. Martins, Serena Chang, Andrew J. Gentles, John B. Sunwoo, Sylvia K. Plevritis, Edgar G. Engleman. Lymph node colonization promotes distant tumor metastasis through the induction of tumor-specific immunosuppression [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 3419.
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Reticker-Flynn NE, Martins MM, Basto PA, Zhang W, Bejnood A, Gentles AJ, Sunwoo JB, Plevritis SK, Engleman EG. Abstract 2703: Lymph node colonization promotes distant tumor metastasis through the induction of systemic immune tolerance. Cancer Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2019-2703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The majority of cancer-associated deaths are the result of distant organ metastasis, an event that is typically preceded by metastasis to regional or distant lymph nodes (LNs). LNs are education hubs of the adaptive immune system wherein antigens derived from pathogens or malignancies are presented to lymphocytes in a manner that facilitates elimination of the threat. Nonetheless, LN metastasis, which is typically attributed to passive drainage of tumor cells through lymphatics, frequently does not lead to the generation of an anti-tumor immune response, but instead correlates with poor prognosis and further disease progression. Here, we find that LN metastasis represents a critical step in tumor progression through the capacity of such metastases to induce systemic immune tolerance in a manner that promotes further dissemination of tumors to distant organs. Through serial in vivo passaging of a syngeneic melanoma in mice, we generate nearly 300 unique cell lines that exhibit an enhanced capacity to metastasize to LNs. Transcriptional profiling of these lines reveals increased expression of immune-related programs. We show that the presence of these LN metastases enables distant organ seeding of metastases in a manner that the parental tumor cannot, and this differential seeding is eliminated in mice that lack an adaptive immune response. To query the effects of the LN metastases on the systemic immune response, we perform organism-wide immune profiling by mass cytometry and identify a number of cellular mediators of tolerance. In particular, we find that LN metastases have the capacity to both resist NK cell cytotoxicity and induce regulatory T cells (Tregs) in vitro. Furthermore, depletion of NK cells in vivo enables non-metastatic tumors to disseminate to LNs, and ablation of Tregs using FoxP3-DTR mice eliminates the occurrence of lymphatic metastases. We further identify an interferon signaling axis that is constitutively activated within the LN metastases in the absence of exogenous interferon signaling. Through the use of ATAC-seq, we find that this program is conferred through epigenetic regulation of chromatin accessibility. Knockout of key interferon-induced genes using CRISPR/Cas9 in the LN-metastatic cells reveals that this program is required for enhanced LN metastatic seeding in vivo, and their overexpression increases LN metastasis of the non-metastatic cells. Using additional mouse models of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), we show that these findings are conserved across multiple malignancies. Additionally, we perform RNA-seq on sorted malignant populations from node-positive and node-negative HNSCC patients and confirm that these differences in transcriptional profiles extend to the human disease. Together, these findings demonstrate a critical role for LN metastasis in promoting tumor immune tolerance.
Citation Format: Nathan E. Reticker-Flynn, Maria M. Martins, Pamela A. Basto, Weiruo Zhang, Alborz Bejnood, Andrew J. Gentles, John B. Sunwoo, Sylvia K. Plevritis, Edgar G. Engleman. Lymph node colonization promotes distant tumor metastasis through the induction of systemic immune tolerance [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2703.
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Carmi Y, Prestwood TR, Spitzer MH, Linde IL, Chabon J, Reticker-Flynn NE, Bhattacharya N, Zhang H, Zhang X, Basto PA, Burt BM, Alonso MN, Engleman EG. Akt and SHP-1 are DC-intrinsic checkpoints for tumor immunity. JCI Insight 2016; 1:e89020. [PMID: 27812544 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.89020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BM-derived DC (BMDC) are powerful antigen-presenting cells. When loaded with immune complexes (IC), consisting of tumor antigens bound to antitumor antibody, BMDC induce powerful antitumor immunity in mice. However, attempts to employ this strategy clinically with either tumor-associated DC (TADC) or monocyte-derived DC (MoDC) have been disappointing. To investigate the basis for this phenomenon, we compared the response of BMDC, TADC, and MoDC to tumor IgG-IC. Our findings revealed, in both mice and humans, that upon exposure to IgG-IC, BMDC internalized the IC, increased costimulatory molecule expression, and stimulated autologous T cells. In contrast, TADC and, surprisingly, MoDC remained inert upon contact with IC due to dysfunctional signaling following engagement of Fcγ receptors. Such dysfunction is associated with elevated levels of the Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase-1 (SHP-1) and phosphatases regulating Akt activation. Indeed, concomitant inhibition of both SHP-1 and phosphatases that regulate Akt activation conferred upon TADC and MoDC the capacity to take up and process IC and induce antitumor immunity in vivo. This work identifies the molecular checkpoints that govern activation of MoDC and TADC and their capacity to elicit T cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaron Carmi
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Department of Pathology, The Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | - Tyler R Prestwood
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Program in Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Matthew H Spitzer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ian L Linde
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jonathan Chabon
- Center for Epigenetics Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Nupur Bhattacharya
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Xiangyue Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Pamela A Basto
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Bryan M Burt
- Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Michael N Alonso
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Edgar G Engleman
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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Stary G, Olive A, Radovic-Moreno AF, Gondek D, Alvarez D, Basto PA, Perro M, Vrbanac VD, Tager AM, Shi J, Yethon JA, Farokhzad OC, Langer R, Starnbach MN, von Andrian UH. VACCINES. A mucosal vaccine against Chlamydia trachomatis generates two waves of protective memory T cells. Science 2015; 348:aaa8205. [PMID: 26089520 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa8205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Genital Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) infection induces protective immunity that depends on interferon-γ-producing CD4 T cells. By contrast, we report that mucosal exposure to ultraviolet light (UV)-inactivated Ct (UV-Ct) generated regulatory T cells that exacerbated subsequent Ct infection. We show that mucosal immunization with UV-Ct complexed with charge-switching synthetic adjuvant particles (cSAPs) elicited long-lived protection in conventional and humanized mice. UV-Ct-cSAP targeted immunogenic uterine CD11b(+)CD103(-) dendritic cells (DCs), whereas UV-Ct accumulated in tolerogenic CD11b(-)CD103(+) DCs. Regardless of vaccination route, UV-Ct-cSAP induced systemic memory T cells, but only mucosal vaccination induced effector T cells that rapidly seeded uterine mucosa with resident memory T cells (T(RM) cells). Optimal Ct clearance required both T(RM) seeding and subsequent infection-induced recruitment of circulating memory T cells. Thus, UV-Ct-cSAP vaccination generated two synergistic memory T cell subsets with distinct migratory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Stary
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Andrew Olive
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aleksandar F Radovic-Moreno
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences & Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - David Gondek
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David Alvarez
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Pamela A Basto
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences & Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Mario Perro
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Vladimir D Vrbanac
- The Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Andrew M Tager
- The Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jinjun Shi
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Biomaterials, Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Omid C Farokhzad
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Biomaterials, Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Robert Langer
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences & Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Michael N Starnbach
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ulrich H von Andrian
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Ilyinskii PO, Roy CJ, O'Neil CP, Browning EA, Pittet LA, Altreuter DH, Alexis F, Tonti E, Shi J, Basto PA, Iannacone M, Radovic-Moreno AF, Langer RS, Farokhzad OC, von Andrian UH, Johnston LPM, Kishimoto TK. Adjuvant-carrying synthetic vaccine particles augment the immune response to encapsulated antigen and exhibit strong local immune activation without inducing systemic cytokine release. Vaccine 2014; 32:2882-95. [PMID: 24593999 PMCID: PMC4059049 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Augmentation of immunogenicity can be achieved by particulate delivery of an antigen and by its co-administration with an adjuvant. However, many adjuvants initiate strong systemic inflammatory reactions in vivo, leading to potential adverse events and safety concerns. We have developed a synthetic vaccine particle (SVP) technology that enables co-encapsulation of antigen with potent adjuvants. We demonstrate that co-delivery of an antigen with a TLR7/8 or TLR9 agonist in synthetic polymer nanoparticles results in a strong augmentation of humoral and cellular immune responses with minimal systemic production of inflammatory cytokines. In contrast, antigen encapsulated into nanoparticles and admixed with free TLR7/8 agonist leads to lower immunogenicity and rapid induction of high levels of inflammatory cytokines in the serum (e.g., TNF-α and IL-6 levels are 50- to 200-fold higher upon injection of free resiquimod (R848) than of nanoparticle-encapsulated R848). Conversely, local immune stimulation as evidenced by cellular infiltration of draining lymph nodes and by intranodal cytokine production was more pronounced and persisted longer when SVP-encapsulated TLR agonists were used. The strong local immune activation achieved using a modular self-assembling nanoparticle platform markedly enhanced immunogenicity and was equally effective whether antigen and adjuvant were co-encapsulated in a single nanoparticle formulation or co-delivered in two separate nanoparticles. Moreover, particle encapsulation enabled the utilization of CpG oligonucleotides with the natural phosphodiester backbone, which are otherwise rapidly hydrolyzed by nucleases in vivo. The use of SVP may enable clinical use of potent TLR agonists as vaccine adjuvants for indications where cellular immunity or robust humoral responses are required.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Frank Alexis
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Biomaterials, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Elena Tonti
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jinjun Shi
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Biomaterials, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Pamela A Basto
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Matteo Iannacone
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aleksandar F Radovic-Moreno
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Robert S Langer
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Omid C Farokhzad
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Biomaterials, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ulrich H von Andrian
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Entezari V, Basto PA, Vartanians V, Zurakowski D, Snyder BD, Nazarian A. Non-invasive assessment of failure torque in rat bones with simulated lytic lesions using computed tomography based structural rigidity analysis. J Biomech 2011; 44:552-6. [PMID: 20926079 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2010.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Revised: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 09/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
This study applies CT-based structural rigidity analysis (CTRA) to assess failure torque of rat femurs with simulated lytic defects at different locations (proximal and distal femur) and diameters (25% and 50% of the cross-section at the site), and compared the results to those obtained from mechanical testing. Moreover, it aims to compare the correlation coefficients between CTRA-based failure torque and DXA-based aBMD versus actual failure torque. Twenty rats were randomly assigned to four equal groups of different simulated lesions based on size and location. Femurs from each animal underwent micro-computed tomography to assess three-dimensional micro-structural data, torsional rigidity using structural rigidity analysis and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry to assess bone mineral density. Following imaging, all specimens were subjected to torsion. Failure torque predicted from CT-derived structural rigidity measurements was better correlated with mechanically derived failure torque [R(2)=0.85] than was aBMD from DXA [R(2)=0.32]. In summary, the results of this study suggest that computed tomography based structural rigidity analysis can be used to accurately and quantitatively measure the mechanical failure torque of bones with osteolytic lesions in an experimental rat model. Structural rigidity analysis can provide more accurate predictions on maximal torque to mechanical failure than dual energy X-ray absorptiometry based on bone mineral density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Entezari
- Center for Advanced Orthopaedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, RN115, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Valencia PM, Basto PA, Zhang L, Rhee M, Langer R, Farokhzad OC, Karnik R. Single-step assembly of homogenous lipid-polymeric and lipid-quantum dot nanoparticles enabled by microfluidic rapid mixing. ACS Nano 2010; 4:1671-9. [PMID: 20166699 PMCID: PMC2923464 DOI: 10.1021/nn901433u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A key challenge in the synthesis of multicomponent nanoparticles (NPs) for therapy or diagnosis is obtaining reproducible monodisperse NPs with a minimum number of preparation steps. Here we report the use of microfluidic rapid mixing using hydrodynamic flow focusing in combination with passive mixing structures to realize the self-assembly of monodisperse lipid-polymer and lipid-quantum dot (QD) NPs in a single mixing step. These NPs are composed of a polymeric core for drug encapsulation or a QD core for imaging purposes, a hydrophilic polymeric shell, and a lipid monolayer at the interface of the core and the shell. In contrast to slow mixing of lipid and polymeric solutions, rapid mixing directly results in formation of homogeneous NPs with relatively narrow size distribution that obviates the need for subsequent thermal or mechanical agitation for homogenization. We identify rapid mixing conditions that result in formation of homogeneous NPs and show that self-assembly of polymeric core occurs independent of the lipid component, which only provides stability against aggregation over time and in the presence of high salt concentrations. Physicochemical properties of the NPs including size (35-180 nm) and zeta potential (-10 to +20 mV in PBS) are controlled by simply varying the composition and concentration of precursors. This method for preparation of hybrid NPs in a single mixing step may be useful for combinatorial synthesis of NPs with different properties for imaging and drug delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro M. Valencia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Pamela A. Basto
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Liangfang Zhang
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Minsoung Rhee
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Biomaterials and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Robert Langer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- MIT-Harvard Center for Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Omid C. Farokhzad
- MIT-Harvard Center for Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Biomaterials and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- To whom correspondence should be addressed, Rohit Karnik, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139. , Omid C. Farokhzad, Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Biomaterials and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.
| | - Rohit Karnik
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- To whom correspondence should be addressed, Rohit Karnik, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139. , Omid C. Farokhzad, Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Biomaterials and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.
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Zhang L, Radovic-Moreno AF, Alexis F, Gu FX, Basto PA, Bagalkot V, Jon S, Langer RS, Farokhzad OC. Co-delivery of hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs from nanoparticle-aptamer bioconjugates. ChemMedChem 2008; 2:1268-71. [PMID: 17600796 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200700121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liangfang Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Division of Health Science and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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