1
|
Iyer AS, Ohtola JA, Westerink MAJ. Age-related immune response to pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccination: lessons for the clinic. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 14:85-97. [DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2015.963058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
2
|
Park S, Nahm MH. L-rhamnose is often an important part of immunodominant epitope for pneumococcal serotype 23F polysaccharide antibodies in human sera immunized with PPV23. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83810. [PMID: 24391831 PMCID: PMC3877113 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major human pathogen which expresses more than 90 serologically distinct capsular polysaccharides (PS) on the surface. Since pneumococcal PSs elicit protective antibodies against pneumococcal diseases, it is important to identify the immunological epitope eliciting anti-pneumococcal PS antibodies. L-rhamnose is a part of the 23F PS repeating unit and is known to be a critical part of immunodominant epitope which elicits antibodies against pneumococcal serotype 23F PS. In order to determine if L-rhamnose is a part of epitope recognized by functional antibodies specific for serotype 23F PS in human serum samples, we evaluated the opsonophagocytic killing of serotype 23F pneumococci by serum antibodies specific for L-rhamnose. Using 10 mM L-rhamnose, opsonic capacities (opsonic indices) of serum antibodies were inhibited by 60% in 19 sera (36%) and 30–60% in 16 sera (30%) out of 53 sera from young and old adults immunized with 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23). Interestingly, when IgM antibodies were depleted from immune sera in order to preferentially study IgG antibodies, the proportion of young adult sera showing more than 60% inhibition in opsonic capacity by 10 mM of L-rhamnose increased from 33% (11/31) to 68% (21/31). On the other hand, IgM depletion did not alter the proportion for old adult sera. Therefore, young and old adults may produce different antigen binding profiles of IgG antibodies against serotype 23F PS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saeyoung Park
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Moon H. Nahm
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Provenzano D, Kovác P, Wade WF. The ABCs (Antibody, B Cells, and Carbohydrate Epitopes) of Cholera Immunity: Considerations for an Improved Vaccine. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 50:899-927. [PMID: 17179659 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2006.tb03866.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cholera, a diarrheal disease, is known for explosive epidemics that can quickly kill thousands. Endemic cholera is a seasonal torment that also has a significant mortality. Not all nations with extensive rural communities can achieve the required infrastructure or behavioral changes to prevent epidemic or endemic cholera. For some communities, a single-dose cholera vaccine that protects those at risk is the most efficacious means to reduce morbidity and mortality. It is clear that our understanding of what a protective cholera immune response is has not progressed at the rate our understanding of the pathogenesis and molecular biology of cholera infection has. This review addresses V. cholerae lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-based immunogens because LPS is the only immunogen proven to induce protective antibody in humans. We discuss the role of anti-LPS antibodies in protection from cholera, the importance and the potential role of B cell subsets in protection that is based on their anatomical location and the intrinsic antigen-receptor specificity of various subsets is introduced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Provenzano
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas-Brownsville, Brownsville, TX 78520, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wu YCB, Kipling D, Dunn-Walters DK. Age-Related Changes in Human Peripheral Blood IGH Repertoire Following Vaccination. Front Immunol 2012; 3:193. [PMID: 22787463 PMCID: PMC3391689 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune protection against pulmonary infections, such as seasonal flu and invasive pneumonia, is severely attenuated with age, and vaccination regimes for the elderly people often fail to elicit effective immune response. We have previously shown that influenza and pneumococcal vaccine responses in the older population are significantly impaired in terms of serum antibody production, and have shown repertoire differences by CDR-H3 spectratype analysis. Here we report a detailed analysis of the B cell repertoire in response to vaccine, including a breakdown of sequences by class and subclass. Clustering analysis of high-throughput sequencing data enables us to visualize the response in terms of expansions of clonotypes, changes in CDR-H3 characteristics, and somatic hypermutation as well as identifying the commonly used IGH genes. We have highlighted a number of significant age-related changes in the B cell repertoire. Interestingly, in light of the fact that IgG is the most prevalent serum antibody and the most widely used as a correlate of protection, the most striking age-related differences are in the IgA response, with defects also seen in the IgM repertoire. In addition there is a skewing toward IgG2 in the IgG sequences of the older samples at all time points. This analysis illustrates the importance of antibody classes other than IgG and has highlighted a number of areas for future consideration in vaccine studies of the elderly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chang Bryan Wu
- Department of Immunobiology, King's College London School of Medicine London, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bulati M, Buffa S, Candore G, Caruso C, Dunn-Walters DK, Pellicanò M, Wu YC, Colonna Romano G. B cells and immunosenescence: a focus on IgG+IgD-CD27- (DN) B cells in aged humans. Ageing Res Rev 2011; 10:274-84. [PMID: 21185406 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2010.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2010] [Revised: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Immunosenescence contributes to the decreased ability of the elderly to control infectious diseases, which is also reflected in their generally poor response to new antigens and vaccination. It is known that the T cell branch of the immune system is impaired in the elderly mainly due to expansion of memory/effector cells that renders the immune system less able to respond to new antigens. B lymphocytes are also impaired in the elderly in terms of their response to new antigens. In this paper we review recent work on B cell immunosenescence focusing our attention on memory B cells and a subset of memory B cells (namely IgG(+)IgD(-)CD27(-)) that we have demonstrated is increased in healthy elderly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Bulati
- Immunosenescence Unit, Department of Pathobiology and Medical and Forensic Biotechnologies, University of Palermo, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Older adults have a low capacity to opsonize pneumococci due to low IgM antibody response to pneumococcal vaccinations. Infect Immun 2010; 79:314-20. [PMID: 21041499 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00768-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23) is less effective for older adults than for young adults, it is important to investigate the immunologic basis for the reduced efficacy of PPV23 among older adults. We determined the effectiveness of PPV23 among young (n = 55) and older (n = 44) adults by measuring the serum IgG, IgM, and IgA concentrations and opsonic capacities against serotypes 14, 18C, and 23F. While young and older adults showed no difference in levels of IgG antibodies against pneumococcal polysaccharide (PPS), older adults had lower IgA and IgM antibody levels than young adults for all three serotypes. In both age groups, anti-PPS IgA or IgM antibody levels were much lower than anti-PPS IgG antibody levels. Young adults showed higher opsonic capacities than older adults for serotypes 14 and 23F. In order to determine the effects of anti-PPS IgA or IgM antibodies on the functional difference between young and older adults, anti-PPS IgA or IgM antibodies were removed from immune sera by affinity chromatography. The difference in opsonic capacity between young and older adults disappeared for serotypes 14 and 23F (but not for serotype 18C) when IgM antibody was removed. However, there was no significant difference between the two age groups when IgA antibody was removed. In conclusion, even though anti-PPS IgG antibody levels are high compared with anti-PPS IgM antibody levels, the low levels of anti-PPS IgM antibody alone can explain the functional difference observed between young and older adults immunized with PPV23 with regard to some pneumococcal serotypes.
Collapse
|
7
|
White ANJ, Ng V, Spain CV, Johnson CC, Kinlin LM, Fisman DN. Let the sun shine in: effects of ultraviolet radiation on invasive pneumococcal disease risk in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. BMC Infect Dis 2009; 9:196. [PMID: 19961583 PMCID: PMC2797517 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-9-196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2008] [Accepted: 12/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Streptococcus pneumoniae is a common cause of community acquired pneumonia and bacteremia. Excess wintertime mortality related to pneumonia has been noted for over a century, but the seasonality of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) has been described relatively recently and is poorly understood. Improved understanding of environmental influence on disease seasonality has taken on new urgency due to global climate change. Methods We evaluated 602 cases of IPD reported in Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania, from 2002 to 2007. Poisson regression models incorporating seasonal smoothers were used to identify associations between weekly weather patterns and case counts. Associations between acute (day-to-day) environmental fluctuations and IPD occurrence were evaluated using a case-crossover approach. Effect modification across age and sex strata was explored, and meta-regression models were created using stratum-specific estimates for effect. Results IPD incidence was greatest in the wintertime, and spectral decomposition revealed a peak at 51.0 weeks, consistent with annual periodicity. After adjustment for seasonality, yearly increases in reporting, and temperature, weekly incidence was found to be associated with clear-sky UV index (IRR per unit increase in index: 0.70 [95% CI 0.54-0.91]). The effect of UV index was highest among young strata and decreased with age. At shorter time scales, only an association with increases in ambient sulphur oxides was linked to disease risk (OR for highest tertile of exposure 0.75, 95% CI 0.60 to 0.93). Conclusion We confirmed the wintertime predominance of IPD in a major urban center. The major predictor of IPD in Philadelphia is extended periods of low UV radiation, which may explain observed wintertime seasonality. The mechanism of action of diminished light exposure on disease occurrence may be due to direct effects on pathogen survival or host immune function via altered 1,25-(OH)2-vitamin-D metabolism. These findings may suggest less diminution in future IPD risk with climate change than would be expected if wintertime seasonality was driven by temperature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander N J White
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences, Research Institute of the Hospital for Sick Children, 123 Edward Street, Toronto M4V 1X6, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cancro MP, Hao Y, Scholz JL, Riley RL, Frasca D, Dunn-Walters DK, Blomberg BB. B cells and aging: molecules and mechanisms. Trends Immunol 2009; 30:313-8. [PMID: 19540810 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2009.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2009] [Revised: 04/09/2009] [Accepted: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances allow aging-associated changes in B-cell function to be approached at a mechanistic level. Reduced expression of genes crucial to lineage commitment and differentiation yield diminished B-cell production. Moreover, intrinsic differences in the repertoire generated by B-cell precursors in aged individuals, coupled with falling B-cell generation rates and life-long homeostatic competition, result in narrowed clonotypic diversity. Similarly, reductions in gene products crucial for immunoglobulin class switch recombination and somatic hypermutation impact the efficacy of humoral immune responses. Together, these findings set the stage for integrated analyses of how age-related changes at the molecular, cellular and population levels interact to yield the overall aging phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Cancro
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6082, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Fulop T, Franceschi C, Hirokawa K, Pawelec G. B-Cells and Antibodies in Old Humans. HANDBOOK ON IMMUNOSENESCENCE 2009. [PMCID: PMC7121755 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-9063-9_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tamas Fulop
- Research Center on Aging, Department of Medicine, Immunology Graduate Programme, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, 1036 Rue Belvedere, J1H 4C4 Sherbrooke, Quebec Canada
| | - Claudio Franceschi
- Department of Experimental Pathalogy, CIG Interdepartmental Center “L. Galvani” University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 12, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Katsuiku Hirokawa
- Institute for Health and Life Sciences, 4-6-22 Kohinato, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-0006 Japan
| | - Graham Pawelec
- ZMF - Zentrum Med. Forschung Abt. Transplant./ Immunologie, University of Tübingen, Waldhörnlestr. 22, 72072 Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Schenkein JG, Park S, Nahm MH. Pneumococcal vaccination in older adults induces antibodies with low opsonic capacity and reduced antibody potency. Vaccine 2008; 26:5521-6. [PMID: 18706464 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.07.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2008] [Revised: 07/01/2008] [Accepted: 07/08/2008] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The primary mode of prevention of adult disease from Streptococcus pneumoniae is vaccination with anti-capsular polysaccharide vaccine; however, its effects are less in the targeted older population than in young persons. Few studies have examined the mechanism behind this limited effectiveness. We have measured antibody concentrations and opsonization titers for multiple serotypes amongst both old adults and young, healthy controls. To avoid specificity problems associated with pneumococcal antibody ELISA, we absorbed the serum samples with c-polysaccharide and capsular polysaccharide of 22F type. Antibody concentrations were found to be similar for six out of the seven tested serotypes, while opsonization titers were significantly higher in six out of seven serotypes in the younger population. Antibody potency, as measured by the ratio of opsonization titer to antibody concentration, was found to be significantly higher for the younger subjects for all serotypes. We conclude that, while all ages of adults make similar concentrations of antibodies in response to pneumococcal vaccine, the effectiveness of those antibodies is significantly reduced in the older adult population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy G Schenkein
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Pathology, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bates JT, Honko AN, Graff AH, Kock ND, Mizel SB. Mucosal adjuvant activity of flagellin in aged mice. Mech Ageing Dev 2008; 129:271-81. [PMID: 18367233 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2008.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2007] [Revised: 12/11/2007] [Accepted: 01/25/2008] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the ability of flagellin, a highly effective mucosal adjuvant in mice and non-human primates, to promote mucosal innate and adaptive immunity in aged mice. We found that intratracheal instillation of flagellin induced a stronger respiratory innate response in aged mice than in young mice, and that intranasal instillation of flagellin was equally effective at triggering recruitment of T and B lymphocytes to the draining lymph nodes of young and aged mice. Intranasal immunization of aged mice with flagellin and the Yersinia pestis protein F1 promoted specific IgG and IgA production, but at lower levels and lower avidities than in young mice. Although intranasal instillation of flagellin and F1 antigen increased germinal center formation and size in young mice, it did not do so in aged mice. Our findings are consistent with the conclusion that flagellin can promote adaptive immune responses in aged mice, but at a less robust level than in young mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John T Bates
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Shriner AK, Smithson SL, Rabquer B, Khuder S, Westerink MAJ. Analysis of the young and elderly variable gene repertoire in response to pneumococcal polysaccharides using a reconstituted SCID mouse model. Vaccine 2006; 24:7159-66. [PMID: 16884837 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2006] [Revised: 06/19/2006] [Accepted: 06/23/2006] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Significant changes in anti-pneumococcal polysaccharide (PPS) variable gene usage occur with aging and may be influenced by changes in cytokine environment. Severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice were engrafted with B cells obtained from young and elderly donors, supplemented with human cytokines and immunized with the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. B cells specific for PPS serotypes 4 and 14 were isolated from mice and immunized donors, and variable region sequences analyzed. Significant differences in variable heavy and light chain gene usage were observed between young and elderly adults despite a more constant cytokine environment. Due to the limitations of the hu-PBL-SCID model, the use of alternative systems would be beneficial in the elucidation of mechanisms underlying the reduced vaccine efficacy in the elderly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne K Shriner
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center, University of Toledo, Health Education Building, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH 43614, United States
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ortqvist A, Henckaerts I, Hedlund J, Poolman J. Non-response to specific serotypes likely cause for failure to 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in the elderly. Vaccine 2006; 25:2445-50. [PMID: 17052816 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
During a randomised controlled trial with the 23-valent pneumococcal vaccine in older persons, antibody concentrations and opsonophagocytic activity (OPA) were compared between eight patients who developed culture-verified pneumococcal pneumonia and 38 controls, matched for age, sex and vaccination status. Patients who developed pneumococcal pneumonia did not respond with a significant increase of antibody concentration (>1microg/ml) post-vaccination to the infecting serotype, but responded equally well as controls to most other serotypes. Neither was there any significant difference in the OPA post-vaccination between patients and controls. In conclusion, the 23-valent pneumococcal vaccine should be regarded as 23 different vaccines, rather than one. Older persons who fail to respond to one serotype may well be protected against infection by the other 22 serotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Ortqvist
- Department of Communicable Diseases Control and Prevention, Stockholm County, Sweden.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Shriner AK, Smithson SL, Prinz DM, Rabquer B, Khuder S, Goomber R, Westerink MAJ. Comparison of the human immune response to conjugate and polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccination using a reconstituted SCID mouse model. Vaccine 2006; 24:7197-203. [PMID: 16860443 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2006] [Revised: 04/28/2006] [Accepted: 06/20/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (CV), although highly immunogenic in infants and young children, does not consistently demonstrate an advantage over the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV) in older adults. To further elucidate the adult immune response to CV, we compared its response to PPV on a molecular level using a severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mouse model. This model allowed us to analyze a single individual's response to two different forms of antigen and define differences in gene usage elicited by these vaccines. We reconstituted SCID mice with human lymphocytes derived from an unimmunized donor; the mice were divided into two groups and immunized with either the PPV or CV. Our results demonstrate significant differences in variable gene usage in SCID mice immunized with PPV versus CV and suggest that the nature of the immunizing agent has a significant impact on gene usage and therefore influences antibody function and vaccine efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne K Shriner
- Department of Medicine, 213 Health Education Building, University Medical Center, The University of Toledo, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|