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Tikhomirova A, McNabb ER, Petterlin L, Bellamy GL, Lin KH, Santoso CA, Daye ES, Alhaddad FM, Lee KP, Roujeinikova A. Campylobacter jejuni virulence factors: update on emerging issues and trends. J Biomed Sci 2024; 31:45. [PMID: 38693534 PMCID: PMC11064354 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-024-01033-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a very common cause of gastroenteritis, and is frequently transmitted to humans through contaminated food products or water. Importantly, C. jejuni infections have a range of short- and long-term sequelae such as irritable bowel syndrome and Guillain Barre syndrome. C. jejuni triggers disease by employing a range of molecular strategies which enable it to colonise the gut, invade the epithelium, persist intracellularly and avoid detection by the host immune response. The objective of this review is to explore and summarise recent advances in the understanding of the C. jejuni molecular factors involved in colonisation, invasion of cells, collective quorum sensing-mediated behaviours and persistence. Understanding the mechanisms that underpin the pathogenicity of C. jejuni will enable future development of effective preventative approaches and vaccines against this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Tikhomirova
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Emmylee R McNabb
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Luca Petterlin
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Georgia L Bellamy
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Kyaw H Lin
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Christopher A Santoso
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Ella S Daye
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Fatimah M Alhaddad
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Kah Peng Lee
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Anna Roujeinikova
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia.
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2
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Maximum depth sequencing reveals an ON/OFF replication slippage switch and apparent in vivo selection for bifidobacterial pilus expression. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9576. [PMID: 35688912 PMCID: PMC9187656 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13668-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gut microbiome, of which the genus Bifidobacterium is a prevalent and abundant member, is thought to sustain and enhance human health. Several surface-exposed structures, including so-called sortase-dependent pili, represent important bifidobacterial gut colonization factors. Here we show that expression of two sortase-dependent pilus clusters of the prototype Bifidobacterium breve UCC2003 depends on replication slippage at an intragenic G-tract, equivalents of which are present in various members of the Bifidobacterium genus. The nature and extent of this slippage is modulated by the host environment. Involvement of such sortase-dependent pilus clusters in microbe-host interactions, including bacterial attachment to the gut epithelial cells, has been shown previously and is corroborated here for one case. Using a Maximum Depth Sequencing strategy aimed at excluding PCR and sequencing errors introduced by DNA polymerase reagents, specific G-tract sequences in B. breve UCC2003 reveal a range of G-tract lengths whose plasticity within the population is functionally utilized. Interestingly, replication slippage is shown to be modulated under in vivo conditions in a murine model. This in vivo modulation causes an enrichment of a G-tract length which appears to allow biosynthesis of these sortase-dependent pili. This work provides the first example of productive replication slippage influenced by in vivo conditions. It highlights the potential for microdiversity generation in “beneficial” gut commensals.
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Yamamoto S, Iyoda S, Ohnishi M. Stabilizing Genetically Unstable Simple Sequence Repeats in the Campylobacter jejuni Genome by Multiplex Genome Editing: a Reliable Approach for Delineating Multiple Phase-Variable Genes. mBio 2021; 12:e0140121. [PMID: 34425708 PMCID: PMC8437040 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01401-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypermutable simple sequence repeats (SSRs) are major drivers of phase variation in Campylobacter jejuni. The presence of multiple SSR-mediated phase-variable genes encoding enzymes that modify surface structures, including capsular polysaccharide (CPS) and lipooligosaccharide (LOS), generates extreme cell surface diversity within bacterial populations, thereby promoting adaptation to selective pressures in host environments. Therefore, genetically controlling SSR-mediated phase variation can be important for achieving stable and reproducible research on C. jejuni. Here, we show that natural "cotransformation" is an effective method for C. jejuni genome editing. Cotransformation is a trait of naturally competent bacteria that causes uptake/integration of multiple different DNA molecules, which has been recently adapted to multiplex genome editing by natural transformation (MuGENT), a method for introducing multiple mutations into the genomes of these bacteria. We found that cotransformation efficiently occurred in C. jejuni. To examine the feasibility of MuGENT in C. jejuni, we "locked" different polyG SSR tracts in strain NCTC11168 (which are located in the biosynthetic CPS/LOS gene clusters) into either the ON or OFF configurations. This approach, termed "MuGENT-SSR," enabled the generation of all eight edits within 2 weeks and the identification of a phase-locked strain with a highly stable type of Penner serotyping, a CPS-based serotyping scheme. Furthermore, extensive genome editing of this strain by MuGENT-SSR identified a phase-variable gene that determines the Penner serotype of NCTC11168. Thus, MuGENT-SSR provides a platform for genetic and phenotypic engineering of genetically unstable C. jejuni, making it a reliable approach for elucidating the mechanisms underlying phase-variable expression of specific phenotypes. IMPORTANCE Campylobacter jejuni is the leading bacterial cause of foodborne gastroenteritis in developed countries and occasionally progresses to the autoimmune disease Guillain-Barré syndrome. A relatively large number of hypermutable simple sequence repeat (SSR) tracts in the C. jejuni genome markedly decreases its phenotypic stability through reversible changes in the ON or OFF expression states of the genes in which they reside, a phenomenon called phase variation. Thus, controlling SSR-mediated phase variation can be important for achieving stable and reproducible research on C. jejuni. In this study, we developed a feasible and effective approach for genetically manipulate multiple SSR tracts in the C. jejuni genome using natural cotransformation, a trait of naturally transformable bacterial species that causes the uptake and integration of multiple different DNA molecules. This approach will greatly help to improve the genetic and phenotypic stability of C. jejuni to enable diverse applications in research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouji Yamamoto
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sunao Iyoda
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Ohnishi
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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4
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Cayrou C, Barratt NA, Ketley JM, Bayliss CD. Phase Variation During Host Colonization and Invasion by Campylobacter jejuni and Other Campylobacter Species. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:705139. [PMID: 34394054 PMCID: PMC8355987 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.705139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phase variation (PV) is a phenomenon common to a variety of bacterial species for niche adaption and survival in challenging environments. Among Campylobacter species, PV depends on the presence of intergenic and intragenic hypermutable G/C homopolymeric tracts. The presence of phase-variable genes is of especial interest for species that cause foodborne or zoonotic infections in humans. PV influences the formation and the structure of the lipooligosaccharide, flagella, and capsule in Campylobacter species. PV of components of these molecules is potentially important during invasion of host tissues, spread within hosts and transmission between hosts. Motility is a critical phenotype that is potentially modulated by PV. Variation in the status of the phase-variable genes has been observed to occur during colonization in chickens and mouse infection models. Interestingly, PV is also involved in bacterial survival of attack by bacteriophages even during chicken colonization. This review aims to explore and discuss observations of PV during model and natural infections by Campylobacter species and how PV may affect strategies for fighting infections by this foodborne pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Cayrou
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie A Barratt
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Julian M Ketley
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher D Bayliss
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
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Cloutier M, Gauthier C. Progress toward the Development of Glycan-Based Vaccines against Campylobacteriosis. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:969-986. [PMID: 32579844 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
As one of the main causes of bacterial diarrhea and a major risk factor for triggering Guillain-Barré autoimmune syndrome, campylobacteriosis, that is, Campylobacter spp. infections, represents a major health issue worldwide. There is thus a pressing need for developing an effective and broad-coverage campylobacteriosis vaccine. Campylobacter jejuni, an encapsulated, multidrug resistant Gram-negative bacterium, expresses virulence-associated capsular polysaccharides (CPSs), which constitute exquisite targets for the design of glycoconjugate vaccines. In that context, synthetic carbohydrate chemistry acts as a crucial enabling technology for the preparation of homogeneous constructs while allowing antigenic epitopes to be deciphered and probed at the molecular level. This review aims at covering recent developments in CPS-based campylobacteriosis vaccines as well as in the total syntheses of C. jejuni-related mono- and oligosaccharide mimics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maude Cloutier
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS), 531, boul. des Prairies, Laval, Québec H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Charles Gauthier
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS), 531, boul. des Prairies, Laval, Québec H7V 1B7, Canada
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Monteiro MA, Chen YH, Ma Z, Ewing CP, Mohamad Nor N, Omari E, Song E, Gabryelski P, Guerry P, Poly F. Relationships of capsular polysaccharides belonging to Campylobacter jejuni HS1 serotype complex. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247305. [PMID: 33621246 PMCID: PMC7901785 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Campylobacter jejuni capsule type HS1 complex is one of the most common serotypes identified worldwide, and consists of strains typing as HS1, HS1/44, HS44 and HS1/8. The capsule structure of the HS1 type strain was shown previously to be composed of teichoic-acid like glycerol-galactosyl phosphate repeats [4-)-α-D-Galp-(1-2)-Gro-(1-P-] with non-stoichiometric fructose branches at the C2 and C3 of Gal and non-stoichiometric methyl phosphoramidate (MeOPN) modifications on the C3 of the fructose. Here, we demonstrate that the capsule of an HS1/44 strain is identical to that of the type strain of HS1, and the capsule of HS1/8 is also identical to HS1, except for an additional site of MeOPN modification at C6 of Gal. The DNA sequence of the capsule locus of an HS44 strain included an insertion of 10 genes, and the strain expressed two capsules, one identical to the HS1 type strain, but with no fructose branches, and another composed of heptoses and MeOPN. We also characterize a HS1 capsule biosynthesis gene, HS1.08, as a fructose transferase responsible for the attachment of the β-D-fructofuranoses residues at C2 and C3 of the Gal unit. In summary, the common component of all members of the HS1 complex is the teichoic-acid like backbone that is likely responsible for the observed sero-cross reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yu-Han Chen
- Dept. of Chemistry, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zuchao Ma
- Dept. of Chemistry, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cheryl P. Ewing
- Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Eman Omari
- Dept. of Chemistry, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ellen Song
- Dept. of Chemistry, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pawel Gabryelski
- Dept. of Chemistry, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patricia Guerry
- Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Frédéric Poly
- Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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7
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Subratti A, Ramkissoon A, Lalgee LJ, Jalsa NK. Synthesis and evaluation of the antibiotic-adjuvant activity of carbohydrate-based phosphoramidate derivatives. Carbohydr Res 2020; 500:108216. [PMID: 33309230 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2020.108216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoramidates are becoming increasingly recognized as molecular targets for therapeutic development. Their biological functions are significantly influenced by their inherent properties such as reactivity, as well as the P-N backbone which allows for structural diversity. In this study we report the synthesis of novel carbohydrate-based phosphoramidate derivatives via the Staudinger-phosphite reaction; along with an evaluation of their adjuvant activity in combination with popular antibiotics. Our targets involved variation in both the sugar residue as well as the identity of the phosphoramidate. Moderate to excellent yields of these derivatives were obtained. Notable adjuvant activity was observed with the halogenated phosphoramidates. For the fluorinated glucose derivative in particular, a remarkable 32-fold decrease in the MIC of Ampicillin was obtained against Methicillin-resistant S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afraz Subratti
- Department of Chemistry, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Antonio Ramkissoon
- Department of Life Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Lorale J Lalgee
- Department of Chemistry, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Nigel K Jalsa
- Department of Chemistry, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, Trinidad and Tobago.
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Hsieh SA, Allen PM. Immunomodulatory Roles of Polysaccharide Capsules in the Intestine. Front Immunol 2020; 11:690. [PMID: 32351514 PMCID: PMC7174666 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The interplay between the immune system and the microbiota in the human intestine dictates states of health vs. disease. Polysaccharide capsules are critical elements of bacteria that protect bacteria against environmental and host factors, including the host immune system. This review summarizes the mechanisms by which polysaccharide capsules from commensal and pathogenic bacteria in the gut microbiota modulate the innate and adaptive immune systems in the intestine. A deeper understanding of the roles of polysaccharide capsules in microbiota-immune interactions will provide a basis to harness their therapeutic potential to advance human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha A Hsieh
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Paul M Allen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
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9
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Campylobacter jejuni capsule types in a Peruvian birth cohort and associations with diarrhoeal disease severity. Epidemiol Infect 2020; 147:e149. [PMID: 30868983 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268818002960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a leading cause of bacterial diarrhoea worldwide. The objective of this study was to examine the association between C. jejuni capsule types and clinical signs and symptoms of diarrhoeal disease in a well-defined birth cohort in Peru. Children were enrolled in the study at birth and followed until 2 years of age as part of the Malnutrition and Enteric Infections birth cohort. Associations between capsule type and clinical outcomes were assessed using the Pearson's χ2 and the Kruskal-Wallis test statistics. A total of 318 C. jejuni samples (30% from symptomatic cases) were included in this analysis. There were 22 different C. jejuni capsule types identified with five accounting for 49.1% of all isolates. The most common capsule types among the total number of isolates were HS4 complex (n = 52, 14.8%), HS5/31 complex (n = 42, 11.9%), HS15 (n = 29, 8.2%), HS2 (n = 26, 7.4%) and HS10 (n = 24, 6.8%). These five capsule types accounted for the majority of C. jejuni infections; however, there was no significant difference in prevalence between symptomatic and asymptomatic infection (all p > 0.05). The majority of isolates (n = 291, 82.7%) were predicted to express a heptose-containing capsule. The predicted presence of methyl phosphoramidate, heptose or deoxyheptose on the capsule was common.
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10
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Burnham PM, Hendrixson DR. Campylobacter jejuni: collective components promoting a successful enteric lifestyle. Nat Rev Microbiol 2019; 16:551-565. [PMID: 29892020 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-018-0037-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is the leading cause of bacterial diarrhoeal disease in many areas of the world. The high incidence of sporadic cases of disease in humans is largely due to its prevalence as a zoonotic agent in animals, both in agriculture and in the wild. Compared with many other enteric bacterial pathogens, C. jejuni has strict growth and nutritional requirements and lacks many virulence and colonization determinants that are typically used by bacterial pathogens to infect hosts. Instead, C. jejuni has a different collection of factors and pathways not typically associated together in enteric pathogens to establish commensalism in many animal hosts and to promote diarrhoeal disease in the human population. In this Review, we discuss the cellular architecture and structure of C. jejuni, intraspecies genotypic variation, the multiple roles of the flagellum, specific nutritional and environmental growth requirements and how these factors contribute to in vivo growth in human and avian hosts, persistent colonization and pathogenesis of diarrhoeal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Burnham
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - David R Hendrixson
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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11
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Enhanced Immunogenicity and Protective Efficacy of a Campylobacter jejuni Conjugate Vaccine Coadministered with Liposomes Containing Monophosphoryl Lipid A and QS-21. mSphere 2019; 4:4/3/e00101-19. [PMID: 31043512 PMCID: PMC6495334 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00101-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a leading cause of diarrheal disease worldwide, and currently no preventative interventions are available. C. jejuni is an invasive mucosal pathogen that has a variety of polysaccharide structures on its surface, including a capsule. In phase 1 studies, a C. jejuni capsule conjugate vaccine was safe but poorly immunogenic when delivered alone or with aluminum hydroxide. Here, we report enhanced immunogenicity of the conjugate vaccine delivered with liposome adjuvants containing monophosphoryl lipid A without or with QS-21, known as ALF and ALFQ, respectively, in preclinical studies. Both liposome adjuvants significantly enhanced immunity in mice and nonhuman primates and improved protective efficacy of the vaccine compared to alum in a nonhuman primate C. jejuni diarrhea model, providing promising evidence that these potent adjuvant formulations may enhance immunogenicity in upcoming human studies with this C. jejuni conjugate and other malaria and HIV vaccine platforms. Campylobacter jejuni is among the most common causes of diarrheal disease worldwide and efforts to develop protective measures against the pathogen are ongoing. One of the few defined virulence factors targeted for vaccine development is the capsule polysaccharide (CPS). We have developed a capsule conjugate vaccine against C. jejuni strain 81-176 (CPS-CRM) that is immunogenic in mice and nonhuman primates (NHPs) but only moderately immunogenic in humans when delivered alone or with aluminum hydroxide. To enhance immunogenicity, two novel liposome-based adjuvant systems, the Army Liposome Formulation (ALF), containing synthetic monophosphoryl lipid A, and ALF plus QS-21 (ALFQ), were evaluated with CPS-CRM in this study. In mice, ALF and ALFQ induced similar amounts of CPS-specific IgG that was significantly higher than levels induced by CPS-CRM alone. Qualitative differences in antibody responses were observed where CPS-CRM alone induced Th2-biased IgG1, whereas ALF and ALFQ enhanced Th1-mediated anti-CPS IgG2b and IgG2c and generated functional bactericidal antibody titers. CPS-CRM + ALFQ was superior to vaccine alone or CPS-CRM + ALF in augmenting antigen-specific Th1, Th2, and Th17 cytokine responses and a significantly higher proportion of CD4+ IFN-γ+ IL-2+ TNF-α+ and CD4+ IL-4+ IL-10+ T cells. ALFQ also significantly enhanced anti-CPS responses in NHPs when delivered with CPS-CRM compared to alum- or ALF-adjuvanted groups and showed the highest protective efficacy against diarrhea following orogastric challenge with C. jejuni. This study provides evidence that the ALF adjuvants may provide enhanced immunogenicity of this and other novel C. jejuni capsule conjugate vaccines in humans. IMPORTANCECampylobacter jejuni is a leading cause of diarrheal disease worldwide, and currently no preventative interventions are available. C. jejuni is an invasive mucosal pathogen that has a variety of polysaccharide structures on its surface, including a capsule. In phase 1 studies, a C. jejuni capsule conjugate vaccine was safe but poorly immunogenic when delivered alone or with aluminum hydroxide. Here, we report enhanced immunogenicity of the conjugate vaccine delivered with liposome adjuvants containing monophosphoryl lipid A without or with QS-21, known as ALF and ALFQ, respectively, in preclinical studies. Both liposome adjuvants significantly enhanced immunity in mice and nonhuman primates and improved protective efficacy of the vaccine compared to alum in a nonhuman primate C. jejuni diarrhea model, providing promising evidence that these potent adjuvant formulations may enhance immunogenicity in upcoming human studies with this C. jejuni conjugate and other malaria and HIV vaccine platforms.
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12
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Wanford JJ, Lango-Scholey L, Nothaft H, Hu Y, Szymanski CM, Bayliss CD. Random sorting of Campylobacter jejuni phase variants due to a narrow bottleneck during colonization of broiler chickens. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2019; 164:896-907. [PMID: 29856309 PMCID: PMC6097035 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Phase variation (PV), involving stochastic switches in gene expression, is exploited by the human pathogen Campylobacter jejuni to adapt to different environmental and host niches. Phase-variable genes of C. jejuni modulate expression of multiple surface determinants, and hence may influence host colonization. Population bottlenecks can rapidly remove the diversity generated by PV, and strict single-cell bottlenecks can lead to propagation of PV states with highly divergent phenotypes. Using a combination of high-throughput fragment size analysis and comparison with in vivo and in silico bottleneck models, we have characterized a narrow population bottleneck during the experimental colonization of broiler chickens with C. jejuni strain 81-176. We identified high levels of variation in five PV genes in the inoculum, and subsequently, massively decreased population diversity following colonization. Each bird contained a dominant five-gene phasotype that was present in the inoculum indicative of random sorting through a narrow, non-selective bottleneck during colonization. These results are evidence of the potential for confounding effects of PV on in vivo studies of Campylobacter colonization factors and poultry vaccine studies. Our results are also an argument for population bottlenecks as mediators of stochastic variability in the propensity to survive through the food chain and cause clinical human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Wanford
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Lea Lango-Scholey
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Harald Nothaft
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Yue Hu
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Christine M Szymanski
- Department of Microbiology and Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Petkowski JJ, Bains W, Seager S. Natural Products Containing 'Rare' Organophosphorus Functional Groups. Molecules 2019; 24:E866. [PMID: 30823503 PMCID: PMC6429109 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24050866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorous-containing molecules are essential constituents of all living cells. While the phosphate functional group is very common in small molecule natural products, nucleic acids, and as chemical modification in protein and peptides, phosphorous can form P⁻N (phosphoramidate), P⁻S (phosphorothioate), and P⁻C (e.g., phosphonate and phosphinate) linkages. While rare, these moieties play critical roles in many processes and in all forms of life. In this review we thoroughly categorize P⁻N, P⁻S, and P⁻C natural organophosphorus compounds. Information on biological source, biological activity, and biosynthesis is included, if known. This review also summarizes the role of phosphorylation on unusual amino acids in proteins (N- and S-phosphorylation) and reviews the natural phosphorothioate (P⁻S) and phosphoramidate (P⁻N) modifications of DNA and nucleotides with an emphasis on their role in the metabolism of the cell. We challenge the commonly held notion that nonphosphate organophosphorus functional groups are an oddity of biochemistry, with no central role in the metabolism of the cell. We postulate that the extent of utilization of some phosphorus groups by life, especially those containing P⁻N bonds, is likely severely underestimated and has been largely overlooked, mainly due to the technological limitations in their detection and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janusz J Petkowski
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Mass. Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - William Bains
- Rufus Scientific, 37 The Moor, Melbourn, Royston, Herts SG8 6ED, UK.
| | - Sara Seager
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Mass. Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Mass. Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Mass. Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Wang X, Chen Y, Wang J, Yang Y. Total Synthesis of the Trisaccharide Antigen of the Campylobacter jejuni RM1221 Capsular Polysaccharide via de Novo Synthesis of the 6-Deoxy-d- manno-heptose Building Blocks. J Org Chem 2019; 84:2393-2403. [PMID: 30691266 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A de novo approach utilizing the d-proline-catalyzed and LDA-promoted aldol reactions as key steps for the preparation of differentiated-protected 6-deoxy-d- manno-heptose building blocks was developed. PPh3AuBAr4F-catalyzed glycosylation with the 6-deoxy-d- manno-heptosyl o-hexynylbenzoate as donor was demonstrated as a direct and practical method for the stereoselective synthesis of the β-linked 6-deoxy-d- manno-heptoside as the major product. Coupling of the 6-deoxy-α-d- manno-heptosyl H-phosphonate with the 3-hydroxyl disaccharide acceptor based on H-phosphonate chemistry was described for the construction of the trisaccharide skeleton with the acid-labile phosphodiester linkage. Finally, first total synthesis of the unique trisaccharide antigen of the capsular polysaccharide of Campylobacter jejuni RM1221 that belongs to HS:53 serotype complex was accomplished for further evaluation as vaccine candidate against C. jejuni RM1221 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoman Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Meilong Road , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Yan Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Meilong Road , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Junchang Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Meilong Road , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - You Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Meilong Road , Shanghai 200237 , China
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15
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Thota VN, Ferguson MJ, Sweeney RP, Lowary TL. Synthesis of the
Campylobacter jejuni
81
‐
176 Strain Capsular Polysaccharide Repeating Unit Reveals the Absolute Configuration of its
O
‐Methyl Phosphoramidate Motif. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201810222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael J. Ferguson
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Ryan P. Sweeney
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Todd L. Lowary
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
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16
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Thota VN, Ferguson MJ, Sweeney RP, Lowary TL. Synthesis of the Campylobacter jejuni 81-176 Strain Capsular Polysaccharide Repeating Unit Reveals the Absolute Configuration of its O-Methyl Phosphoramidate Motif. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:15592-15596. [PMID: 30280458 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201810222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The O-methyl phosphoramidate (MeOPN) motif is a non-stoichiometric modification of capsular polysaccharides (CPS) in ≈70 % of all Campylobacter jejuni strains. Infections by C. jejuni lead to food-borne illnesses and the CPS they produce are key virulence factors. The MeOPN phosphorus atom in these CPS is stereogenic and is found as a single stereoisomer. However, to date, the absolute stereochemistry at this atom has been undefined. We report the synthesis of the three repeating units found in C. jejuni 81-176 CPS; one of these possesses a MeOPN group. In the course of these studies we established that the stereochemistry of the phosphorus atom in this MeOPN group is R. These studies represent the first unequivocal proof of stereochemistry of this group in any C. jejuni CPS. The compounds produced are anticipated to be useful tools in investigations targeting the function and biosynthesis of this structurally-interesting modification, which so far has only been identified in campylobacter.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Narasimharao Thota
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Michael J Ferguson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Ryan P Sweeney
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Todd L Lowary
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
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17
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Abstract
Background: Acute diarrheal disease caused by viral, bacterial and parasitic infections are a major global health problem with substantial mortality and morbidity in children under five years of age in lower and middle income countries. However, a number of these infections also impact large segments of populations in upper income countries, as well as individuals who travel overseas for work, business or pleasure. Campylobacter has been and continues to be a leading cause of disease burden globally across all income countries. Aims: The aim of this review is to describe recent understanding in burden of disease, consider the current landscape of Campylobacter vaccine development, and address the challenges that need to be overcome. Sources: Relevant data from the literature as well as clinical trials described in European and US registries were used to conduct this review. Content: Despite advances in population health, food security, improved sanitation, water quality and the reduction of poverty, Campylobacter infections continue to plague global populations. The emerging recognition of chronic health consequences attributed to this pathogen is changing the potential valuation of preventive interventions. Advancing development of new vaccines is a present opportunity and holds promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Poly
- a Enteric Diseases Department , Naval Medical Research Center , Silver Spring , MD , USA
| | - Alexander J Noll
- a Enteric Diseases Department , Naval Medical Research Center , Silver Spring , MD , USA
| | - Mark S Riddle
- b F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine , Uniformed Services University , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Chad K Porter
- a Enteric Diseases Department , Naval Medical Research Center , Silver Spring , MD , USA
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18
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Laird RM, Ma Z, Dorabawila N, Pequegnat B, Omari E, Liu Y, Maue AC, Poole ST, Maciel M, Satish K, Gariepy CL, Schumack NM, McVeigh AL, Poly F, Ewing CP, Prouty MG, Monteiro MA, Savarino SJ, Guerry P. Evaluation of a conjugate vaccine platform against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), Campylobacter jejuni and Shigella. Vaccine 2018; 36:6695-6702. [PMID: 30269917 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), Campylobacter jejuni (CJ), and Shigella sp. are major causes of bacterial diarrhea worldwide, but there are no licensed vaccines against any of these pathogens. Most current approaches to ETEC vaccines are based on recombinant proteins that are involved in virulence, particularly adhesins. In contrast, approaches to Shigella and CJ vaccines have included conjugate vaccines in which Shigella lipopolysaccharides (LPS) or CJ capsule polysaccharides are chemically conjugated to proteins. We have explored the feasibility of developing a multi-pathogen vaccine by using ETEC proteins as conjugating partners for CJ and Shigella polysaccharides. We synthesized three vaccines in which two CJ polysaccharides were conjugated to two recombinant ETEC adhesins based on CFA/I (CfaEB) and CS6 (CssBA), and LPS from Shigella flexneri was also conjugated to CfaEB. The vaccines were immunogenic in mice as monovalent, bivalent and trivalent formulations. Importantly, functional antibodies capable of inducing hemaglutination inhibition (HAI) of a CFA/I expressing ETEC strain were induced in all vaccines containing CfaEB. These data suggest that conjugate vaccines could be a platform for a multi-pathogen, multi-serotype vaccine against the three major causes of diarrheal disease worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee M Laird
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA; Enteric Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.
| | - Zuchao Ma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Nelum Dorabawila
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA; Enteric Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Brittany Pequegnat
- Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Eman Omari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Yang Liu
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA; Enteric Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Alexander C Maue
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA; Enteric Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Steven T Poole
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA; Enteric Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Milton Maciel
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA; Enteric Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Kavyashree Satish
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA; Enteric Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Christina L Gariepy
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA; Enteric Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Nina M Schumack
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA; Enteric Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Annette L McVeigh
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA; Enteric Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Frédéric Poly
- Enteric Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Cheryl P Ewing
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA; Enteric Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Michael G Prouty
- Enteric Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Mario A Monteiro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Stephen J Savarino
- Enteric Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Patricia Guerry
- Enteric Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.
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19
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Campylobacter jejuni transcriptional and genetic adaptation during human infection. Nat Microbiol 2018; 3:494-502. [PMID: 29588538 PMCID: PMC5876760 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-018-0133-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni infections are a leading cause bacterial food-borne diarrheal illness worldwide, and Campylobacter infections in children are associated with stunted growth and therefore long-term deficits into adulthood. Despite this global impact on health and human capital, how zoonotic C. jejuni responds to the human host remains unclear. Unlike other intestinal pathogens, C. jejuni does not harbor pathogen-defining toxins that explicitly contribute to disease in humans. This makes understanding Campylobacter pathogenesis challenging and supports a broad examination of bacterial factors that contribute to C. jejuni infection. Here we use a controlled human infection model to characterize C. jejuni transcriptional and genetic adaptations in vivo, along with a non-human primate infection model to validate our approach. We found variation in 11 genes is associated with either acute or persistent human infections and include products involved in host cell invasion, bile sensing, and flagella modification, plus additional potential therapeutic targets. Particularly, a functional version of the cell invasion protein A (cipA) gene product is strongly associated with persistently infecting bacteria and we went on to identify its biochemical role in flagella modification. These data characterize the adaptive C. jejuni response to primate infections and suggest therapy design should consider the intrinsic differences between acute and persistently infecting bacteria. Additionally, RNA-sequencing revealed conserved responses during natural host commensalism and human infections. 39 genes were differentially regulated in vivo across hosts, lifestyles, and C. jejuni strains. This conserved in vivo response highlights important C. jejuni survival mechanisms such as iron acquisition and evasion of the host mucosal immune response. These advances highlight pathogen adaptability across host species and demonstrate the utility of multidisciplinary collaborations in future clinical trials to study pathogens in vivo.
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20
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Mayer S, Moeller R, Monteiro JT, Ellrott K, Josenhans C, Lepenies B. C-Type Lectin Receptor (CLR)-Fc Fusion Proteins As Tools to Screen for Novel CLR/Bacteria Interactions: An Exemplary Study on Preselected Campylobacter jejuni Isolates. Front Immunol 2018; 9:213. [PMID: 29487596 PMCID: PMC5816833 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) are carbohydrate-binding receptors that recognize their ligands often in a Ca2+-dependent manner. Upon ligand binding, myeloid CLRs in innate immunity trigger or inhibit a variety of signaling pathways, thus initiating or modulating effector functions such as cytokine production, phagocytosis, and antigen presentation. CLRs bind to various pathogens, including viruses, fungi, parasites, and bacteria. The bacterium Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) is a very frequent Gram-negative zoonotic pathogen of humans, causing severe intestinal symptoms. Interestingly, C. jejuni expresses several glycosylated surface structures, for example, the capsular polysaccharide (CPS), lipooligosaccharide (LOS), and envelope proteins. This “Methods” paper describes applications of CLR–Fc fusion proteins to screen for yet unknown CLR/bacteria interactions using C. jejuni as an example. ELISA-based detection of CLR/bacteria interactions allows a first prescreening that is further confirmed by flow cytometry-based binding analysis and visualized using confocal microscopy. By applying these methods, we identified Dectin-1 as a novel CLR recognizing two selected C. jejuni isolates with different LOS and CPS genotypes. In conclusion, the here-described applications of CLR–Fc fusion proteins represent useful methods to screen for and identify novel CLR/bacteria interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Mayer
- Immunology Unit and Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Rebecca Moeller
- Immunology Unit and Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - João T Monteiro
- Immunology Unit and Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kerstin Ellrott
- Medical School Hannover, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Hannover, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Christine Josenhans
- Medical School Hannover, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Hannover, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany.,Max von Pettenkofer Institute, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Germany
| | - Bernd Lepenies
- Immunology Unit and Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
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21
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Monteiro MA, Noll A, Laird RM, Pequegnat B, Ma Z, Bertolo L, DePass C, Omari E, Gabryelski P, Redkyna O, Jiao Y, Borrelli S, Poly F, Guerry P. Campylobacter jejuniCapsule Polysaccharide Conjugate Vaccine. CARBOHYDRATE-BASED VACCINES: FROM CONCEPT TO CLINIC 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2018-1290.ch011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario A. Monteiro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Alexander Noll
- Enteric Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
| | - Renee M. Laird
- Enteric Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
| | - Brittany Pequegnat
- Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Zuchao Ma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Lisa Bertolo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Christina DePass
- Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Eman Omari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Pawel Gabryelski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Olena Redkyna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Yuening Jiao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Silvia Borrelli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Frederic Poly
- Enteric Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
| | - Patricia Guerry
- Enteric Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
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