1
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He M, Roussak K, Ma F, Borcherding N, Garin V, White M, Schutt C, Jensen TI, Zhao Y, Iberg CA, Shah K, Bhatia H, Korenfeld D, Dinkel S, Gray J, Antonova AU, Ferris S, Donermeyer D, Arlehamn CL, Gubin MM, Luo J, Gorvel L, Pellegrini M, Sette A, Tung T, Bak R, Modlin RL, Fields RC, Schreiber RD, Allen PM, Klechevsky E. CD5 expression by dendritic cells directs T cell immunity and sustains immunotherapy responses. Science 2023; 379:eabg2752. [PMID: 36795805 PMCID: PMC10424698 DOI: 10.1126/science.abg2752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
The induction of proinflammatory T cells by dendritic cell (DC) subtypes is critical for antitumor responses and effective immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy. Here, we show that human CD1c+CD5+ DCs are reduced in melanoma-affected lymph nodes, with CD5 expression on DCs correlating with patient survival. Activating CD5 on DCs enhanced T cell priming and improved survival after ICB therapy. CD5+ DC numbers increased during ICB therapy, and low interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentrations promoted their de novo differentiation. Mechanistically, CD5 expression by DCs was required to generate optimally protective CD5hi T helper and CD8+ T cells; further, deletion of CD5 from T cells dampened tumor elimination in response to ICB therapy in vivo. Thus, CD5+ DCs are an essential component of optimal ICB therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu He
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kate Roussak
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Feiyang Ma
- Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Nicholas Borcherding
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Vince Garin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Mike White
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Charles Schutt
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Trine I. Jensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Yun Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Courtney A. Iberg
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kairav Shah
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Himanshi Bhatia
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Daniel Korenfeld
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sabrina Dinkel
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Judah Gray
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Alina Ulezko Antonova
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Stephen Ferris
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David Donermeyer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Cecilia Lindestam Arlehamn
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Matthew M. Gubin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jingqin Luo
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Laurent Gorvel
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Matteo Pellegrini
- Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Thomas Tung
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Rasmus Bak
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies (AIAS), Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Robert L. Modlin
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ryan C. Fields
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Robert D. Schreiber
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Paul M. Allen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Eynav Klechevsky
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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2
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Kedmi R, Najar TA, Mesa KR, Grayson A, Kroehling L, Hao Y, Hao S, Pokrovskii M, Xu M, Talbot J, Wang J, Germino J, Lareau CA, Satpathy AT, Anderson MS, Laufer TM, Aifantis I, Bartleson JM, Allen PM, Paidassi H, Gardner JM, Stoeckius M, Littman DR. A RORγt + cell instructs gut microbiota-specific T reg cell differentiation. Nature 2022; 610:737-743. [PMID: 36071167 PMCID: PMC9908423 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05089-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The mutualistic relationship of gut-resident microbiota and the host immune system promotes homeostasis that ensures maintenance of the microbial community and of a largely non-aggressive immune cell compartment1,2. The consequences of disturbing this balance include proximal inflammatory conditions, such as Crohn's disease, and systemic illnesses. This equilibrium is achieved in part through the induction of both effector and suppressor arms of the adaptive immune system. Helicobacter species induce T regulatory (Treg) and T follicular helper (TFH) cells under homeostatic conditions, but induce inflammatory T helper 17 (TH17) cells when induced Treg (iTreg) cells are compromised3,4. How Helicobacter and other gut bacteria direct T cells to adopt distinct functions remains poorly understood. Here we investigated the cells and molecular components required for iTreg cell differentiation. We found that antigen presentation by cells expressing RORγt, rather than by classical dendritic cells, was required and sufficient for induction of Treg cells. These RORγt+ cells-probably type 3 innate lymphoid cells and/or Janus cells5-require the antigen-presentation machinery, the chemokine receptor CCR7 and the TGFβ activator αv integrin. In the absence of any of these factors, there was expansion of pathogenic TH17 cells instead of iTreg cells, induced by CCR7-independent antigen-presenting cells. Thus, intestinal commensal microbes and their products target multiple antigen-presenting cells with pre-determined features suited to directing appropriate T cell differentiation programmes, rather than a common antigen-presenting cell that they endow with appropriate functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranit Kedmi
- Molecular Pathogenesis Program, The Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tariq A Najar
- Molecular Pathogenesis Program, The Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kailin R Mesa
- Molecular Pathogenesis Program, The Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Allyssa Grayson
- Molecular Pathogenesis Program, The Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lina Kroehling
- Molecular Pathogenesis Program, The Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yuhan Hao
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA.,New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stephanie Hao
- Technology Innovation Lab, New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maria Pokrovskii
- Molecular Pathogenesis Program, The Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Calico Life Sciences, LLC, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mo Xu
- Molecular Pathogenesis Program, The Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,National Institute for Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jhimmy Talbot
- Molecular Pathogenesis Program, The Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jiaxi Wang
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joe Germino
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Caleb A Lareau
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ansuman T Satpathy
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mark S Anderson
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Terri M Laufer
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Medicine, C. Michael Crescenz Veterans Administration Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Iannis Aifantis
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Juliet M Bartleson
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Federation Bio, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Paul M Allen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Helena Paidassi
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, INSERM U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - James M Gardner
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Marlon Stoeckius
- Technology Innovation Lab, New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA.,10X Genomics, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dan R Littman
- Molecular Pathogenesis Program, The Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, USA.
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3
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Hsieh SA, Donermeyer DL, Horvath SC, Allen PM. Phase-variable bacteria simultaneously express multiple capsules. Microbiology (Reading) 2021; 167. [PMID: 34224345 PMCID: PMC8489884 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Capsular polysaccharides (CPSs) protect bacteria from host and environmental factors. Many bacteria can express different CPSs and these CPSs are phase variable. For example, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (B. theta) is a prominent member of the human gut microbiome and expresses eight different capsular polysaccharides. Bacteria, including B. theta, have been shown to change their CPSs to adapt to various niches such as immune, bacteriophage, and antibiotic perturbations. However, there are limited tools to study CPSs and fundamental questions regarding phase variance, including if gut bacteria can express more than one capsule at the same time, remain unanswered. To better understand the roles of different CPSs, we generated a B. theta CPS1-specific antibody and a flow cytometry assay to detect CPS expression in individual bacteria in the gut microbiota. Using these novel tools, we report for the first time that bacteria can simultaneously express multiple CPSs. We also observed that nutrients such as glucose and salts had no effect on CPS expression. The ability to express multiple CPSs at the same time may provide bacteria with an adaptive advantage to thrive amid changing host and environmental conditions, especially in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha A Hsieh
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David L Donermeyer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Stephen C Horvath
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Paul M Allen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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4
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Milam AAV, Bartleson JM, Buck MD, Chang CH, Sergushichev A, Donermeyer DL, Lam WY, Pearce EL, Artyomov MN, Allen PM. Tonic TCR Signaling Inversely Regulates the Basal Metabolism of CD4 + T Cells. Immunohorizons 2020; 4:485-497. [PMID: 32769180 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2000055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The contribution of self-peptide-MHC signaling in CD4+ T cells to metabolic programming has not been definitively established. In this study, we employed LLO118 and LLO56, two TCRtg CD4+ T cells that recognize the same Listeria epitope. We previously have shown that LLO56 T cells are highly self-reactive and respond poorly in a primary infection, whereas LLO118 cells, which are less self-reactive, respond well during primary infection. We performed metabolic profiling and found that naive LLO118 had a dramatically higher basal respiration rate, a higher maximal respiration rate, and a higher glycolytic rate relative to LLO56. The LLO118 cells also exhibited a greater uptake of 2-NBD-glucose, in vitro and in vivo. We extended the correlation of low self-reactivity (CD5lo) with high basal metabolism using two other CD4+ TCRtg cells with known differences in self-reactivity, AND and Marilyn. We hypothesized that the decreased metabolism resulting from a strong interaction with self was mediated through TCR signaling. We then used an inducible knock-in mouse expressing the Scn5a voltage-gated sodium channel. This channel, when expressed in peripheral T cells, enhanced basal TCR-mediated signaling, resulting in decreased respiration and glycolysis, supporting our hypothesis. Genes and metabolites analysis of LLO118 and LLO56 T cells revealed significant differences in their metabolic pathways, including the glycerol phosphate shuttle. Inhibition of this pathway reverts the metabolic state of the LLO118 cells to be more LLO56 like. Overall, these studies highlight the critical relationship between peripheral TCR-self-pMHC interaction, metabolism, and the immune response to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley A Viehmann Milam
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Juliet M Bartleson
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Michael D Buck
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg 79108, Germany.,The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - David L Donermeyer
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Wing Y Lam
- Amgen Research, Amgen, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Erika L Pearce
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg 79108, Germany
| | - Maxim N Artyomov
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Paul M Allen
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110;
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5
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Bartleson JM, Viehmann Milam AA, Donermeyer DL, Horvath S, Allen PM. High-affinity tonic TCR:self-pMHC interactions inhibit T follicular helper cell development. The Journal of Immunology 2020. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.230.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
T cells receive tonic signals before encountering their immunogenic antigen, but whether or not peripheral, tonic TCR:self-pMHC interactions can affect a T cell’s response to foreign antigen remains relatively unexplored. We interrogated potential T effector functions controlled by tonic signaling with the use of a transgenic TCR system composed of two distinct CD4+ T cells that recognize the same Listerolysin O epitope but lie at opposite ends of the TCR:self-pMHC affinity spectrum. Remarkably, studies revealed differences in the ability of these two cells to produce Tfh cells during a primary immune response. The cells with lower-affinity tonic TCR:self-pMHC interactions generated a significantly greater frequency and total number of Tfh cells when compared to the high-affinity cells, which directly impacted the humoral immune response. To test whether affinity for self-pMHC controls Tfh development through tonic signaling, we generated two mouse lines: Scn5a/CD4-creERT2 and H2-DMf/f/UBC-creERT2. These mouse lines allow us to temporally increase or decrease tonic signaling, respectively. Results showed decreasing tonic self-pMHC availability did not allow for the survival of cells accustomed to high-affinity tonic TCR:self-pMHC interactions; however, increasing tonic signaling in cells that normally experience low-affinity TCR:self-pMHC interactions did indeed inhibit Tfh development. Furthermore, the H2-DMf/f mouse line was additionally crossed to various cre-strains to reveal that the CD11c+ antigen presenting cell subset is responsible for tonic signaling maintenance through presentation of self-pMHC. These studies reveal critical roles tonic signaling plays in Tfh development and CD4+ T cell survival.
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6
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Abstract
The interplay between the immune system and the microbiota in the human intestine dictates states of health vs. disease. Polysaccharide capsules are critical elements of bacteria that protect bacteria against environmental and host factors, including the host immune system. This review summarizes the mechanisms by which polysaccharide capsules from commensal and pathogenic bacteria in the gut microbiota modulate the innate and adaptive immune systems in the intestine. A deeper understanding of the roles of polysaccharide capsules in microbiota-immune interactions will provide a basis to harness their therapeutic potential to advance human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha A Hsieh
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Paul M Allen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
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7
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Wegorzewska MM, Glowacki RWP, Hsieh SA, Donermeyer DL, Hickey CA, Horvath SC, Martens EC, Stappenbeck TS, Allen PM. Diet modulates colonic T cell responses by regulating the expression of a Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron antigen. Sci Immunol 2020; 4:4/32/eaau9079. [PMID: 30737355 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aau9079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
T cell responses to symbionts in the intestine drive tolerance or inflammation depending on the genetic background of the host. These symbionts in the gut sense the available nutrients and adapt their metabolic programs to use these nutrients efficiently. Here, we ask whether diet can alter the expression of a bacterial antigen to modulate adaptive immune responses. We generated a CD4+ T cell hybridoma, BθOM, specific for Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (B. theta). Adoptively transferred transgenic T cells expressing the BθOM TCR proliferated in the colon, colon-draining lymph node, and spleen in B. theta-colonized healthy mice and differentiated into regulatory T cells (Tregs) and effector T cells (Teffs). Depletion of B. theta-specific Tregs resulted in colitis, showing that a single protein expressed by B. theta can drive differentiation of Tregs that self-regulate Teffs to prevent disease. We found that BθOM T cells recognized a peptide derived from a single B. theta protein, BT4295, whose expression is regulated by nutrients, with glucose being a strong catabolite repressor. Mice fed a high-glucose diet had a greatly reduced activation of BθOM T cells in the colon. These studies establish that the immune response to specific bacterial antigens can be modified by changes in the diet by altering antigen expression in the microbe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta M Wegorzewska
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Robert W P Glowacki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, 1500 E Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Samantha A Hsieh
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David L Donermeyer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Christina A Hickey
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Stephen C Horvath
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Eric C Martens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, 1500 E Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Thaddeus S Stappenbeck
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Paul M Allen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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8
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Hsieh S, Porter NT, Donermeyer DL, Horvath S, Strout G, Saunders BT, Zhang N, Zinselmeyer B, Martens EC, Stappenbeck TS, Allen PM. Polysaccharide Capsules Equip the Human Symbiont Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron to Modulate Immune Responses to a Dominant Antigen in the Intestine. J Immunol 2020; 204:1035-1046. [PMID: 31900343 PMCID: PMC7002182 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria express multiple diverse capsular polysaccharides (CPSs) for protection against environmental and host factors, including the host immune system. Using a mouse TCR transgenic CD4+ T cell, BθOM, that is specific for B. thetaiotaomicron and a complete set of single CPS-expressing B. thetaiotaomicron strains, we ask whether CPSs can modify the immune responses to specific bacterial Ags. Acapsular B. thetaiotaomicron, which lacks all B. thetaiotaomicron CPSs, stimulated BθOM T cells more strongly than wild-type B. thetaiotaomicron Despite similar levels of BθOM Ag expression, many single CPS-expressing B. thetaiotaomicron strains were antistimulatory and weakly activated BθOM T cells, but a few strains were prostimulatory and strongly activated BθOM T cells just as well or better than an acapsular strain. B. thetaiotaomicron strains that expressed an antistimulatory CPS blocked Ag delivery to the immune system, which could be rescued by Fc receptor-dependent Ab opsonization. All single CPS-expressing B. thetaiotaomicron strains stimulated the innate immune system to skew toward M1 macrophages and release inflammatory cytokines in an MyD88-dependent manner, with antistimulatory CPS activating the innate immune system in a weaker manner than prostimulatory CPS. The expression of antistimulatory versus prostimulatory CPSs on outer membrane vesicles also regulated immune responses. Moreover, antistimulatory and prostimulatory single CPS-expressing B. thetaiotaomicron strains regulated the activation of Ag-specific and polyclonal T cells as well as clearance of dominant Ag in vivo. These studies establish that the immune responses to specific bacterial Ags can be modulated by a diverse set of CPSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Hsieh
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Nathan T Porter
- Division of Industrial Biotechnology, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Sweden
| | - David L Donermeyer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Stephen Horvath
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Gregory Strout
- Washington University Center for Cellular Imaging, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110; and
| | - Brian T Saunders
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Bernd Zinselmeyer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Eric C Martens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Thaddeus S Stappenbeck
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Paul M Allen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
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9
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Milam AV, Bartleson J, Donermeyer D, Horvath S, Chang CH, Buck M, Lam W, Durai V, Raju S, Yu H, Zinselmeyer B, Murphy KM, Pearce EL, Allen PM. Self-reactivity controls the basal metabolism and in vivo function of CD4 T cells. The Journal of Immunology 2018. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.200.supp.108.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Relatively little is known with regard to CD4 T cell memory formation and metabolism, in part because CD4 T cell numbers remain low during a recall infection. Further, the contribution of self-peptide-MHC signaling (during both thymic T cell development and peripheral maintenance) to metabolic programming, if any, remains unknown. To address these questions, we have employed LLO-Hi5 and LLO-Lo5, two TCRtg CD4 T cells that recognize the same Listeria epitope with the same affinity. LLO-Hi5 CD4 T cells are highly self-reactive and respond poorly in a primary infection but robustly in a secondary infection. Less self-reactive LLO-Lo5 cells respond well during primary infection but poorly during secondary infection. We performed metabolic profiling to determine whether differences in response during infection were linked to metabolic differences between LLO-Lo5 and LLO-Hi5. We found that LLO-Lo5 had dramatically higher respiration and glycolytic rates relative to LLO-Hi5, and hypothesized that the decreased metabolism resulting from a strong interaction with self was mediated through TCR signaling. To test this hypothesis, we generated a knockin mouse expressing the Scn5a voltage gated sodium channel. This channel, when normally expressed in DP thymocytes, enhances TCR-mediated signaling. We found that overexpression of Scn5a in peripheral T cells increased TCR-proximal signaling. Further, Scn5a-expressing LLO-Lo5 cells displayed an impaired response during a primary infection. In this way, we demonstrate that tuning of TCR sensitivity to self can be used to alter in vivo immune responses. These studies highlight the critical relationship between TCR:self-pMHC interaction, metabolism, and the immune response to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Michael Buck
- 3Max Planck Inst. for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Erika L. Pearce
- 3Max Planck Inst. for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Germany
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10
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Yokoyama CC, Baldridge MT, Leung DW, Zhao G, Desai C, Liu TC, Diaz-Ochoa VE, Huynh JP, Kimmey JM, Sennott EL, Hole CR, Idol RA, Park S, Storek KM, Wang C, Hwang S, Viehmann Milam A, Chen E, Kerrinnes T, Starnbach MN, Handley SA, Mysorekar IU, Allen PM, Monack DM, Dinauer MC, Doering TL, Tsolis RM, Dworkin JE, Stallings CL, Amarasinghe GK, Micchelli CA, Virgin HW. LysMD3 is a type II membrane protein without an in vivo role in the response to a range of pathogens. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:6022-6038. [PMID: 29496999 PMCID: PMC5912457 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.001246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Germline-encoded receptors recognizing common pathogen-associated molecular patterns are a central element of the innate immune system and play an important role in shaping the host response to infection. Many of the innate immune molecules central to these signaling pathways are evolutionarily conserved. LysMD3 is a novel molecule containing a putative peptidoglycan-binding domain that has orthologs in humans, mice, zebrafish, flies, and worms. We found that the lysin motif (LysM) of LysMD3 is likely related to a previously described peptidoglycan-binding LysM found in bacteria. Mouse LysMD3 is a type II integral membrane protein that co-localizes with GM130+ structures, consistent with localization to the Golgi apparatus. We describe here two lines of mLysMD3-deficient mice for in vivo characterization of mLysMD3 function. We found that mLysMD3-deficient mice were born at Mendelian ratios and had no obvious pathological abnormalities. They also exhibited no obvious immune response deficiencies in a number of models of infection and inflammation. mLysMD3-deficient mice exhibited no signs of intestinal dysbiosis by 16S analysis or alterations in intestinal gene expression by RNA sequencing. We conclude that mLysMD3 contains a LysM with cytoplasmic orientation, but we were unable to define a physiological role for the molecule in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daisy W Leung
- From the Departments of Pathology and Immunology and
| | - Guoyan Zhao
- From the Departments of Pathology and Immunology and
| | - Chandni Desai
- From the Departments of Pathology and Immunology and
| | - Ta-Chiang Liu
- From the Departments of Pathology and Immunology and
| | - Vladimir E Diaz-Ochoa
- the Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, California 95161
| | | | | | - Erica L Sennott
- the Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | | | | | - Sunmin Park
- From the Departments of Pathology and Immunology and
| | | | | | - Seungmin Hwang
- the Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | | | - Eric Chen
- the Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Tobias Kerrinnes
- the Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, California 95161
| | - Michael N Starnbach
- the Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | | | - Indira U Mysorekar
- From the Departments of Pathology and Immunology and
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, and
| | - Paul M Allen
- From the Departments of Pathology and Immunology and
| | - Denise M Monack
- the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | | | | | - Renee M Tsolis
- the Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, California 95161
| | - Jonathan E Dworkin
- the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, and
| | | | | | - Craig A Micchelli
- Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110
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11
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Wilen CB, Lee S, Hsieh LL, Orchard RC, Desai C, Hykes BL, McAllaster MR, Balce DR, Feehley T, Brestoff JR, Hickey CA, Yokoyama CC, Wang YT, MacDuff DA, Kreamalmayer D, Howitt MR, Neil JA, Cadwell K, Allen PM, Handley SA, van Lookeren Campagne M, Baldridge MT, Virgin HW. Tropism for tuft cells determines immune promotion of norovirus pathogenesis. Science 2018; 360:204-208. [PMID: 29650672 PMCID: PMC6039974 DOI: 10.1126/science.aar3799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Complex interactions between host immunity and the microbiome regulate norovirus infection. However, the mechanism of host immune promotion of enteric virus infection remains obscure. The cellular tropism of noroviruses is also unknown. Recently, we identified CD300lf as a murine norovirus (MNoV) receptor. In this study, we have shown that tuft cells, a rare type of intestinal epithelial cell, express CD300lf and are the target cell for MNoV in the mouse intestine. We found that type 2 cytokines, which induce tuft cell proliferation, promote MNoV infection in vivo. These cytokines can replace the effect of commensal microbiota in promoting virus infection. Our work thus provides insight into how the immune system and microbes can coordinately promote enteric viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig B Wilen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sanghyun Lee
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Leon L Hsieh
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Robert C Orchard
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Chandni Desai
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Barry L Hykes
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michael R McAllaster
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Dale R Balce
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Taylor Feehley
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jonathan R Brestoff
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Christina A Hickey
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Christine C Yokoyama
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ya-Ting Wang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Donna A MacDuff
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Darren Kreamalmayer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michael R Howitt
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jessica A Neil
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute and Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ken Cadwell
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute and Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Paul M Allen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Scott A Handley
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | - Megan T Baldridge
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Herbert W Virgin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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12
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Milam AAV, Bartleson JM, Donermeyer DL, Horvath S, Durai V, Raju S, Yu H, Redmann V, Zinselmeyer B, White JM, Murphy KM, Allen PM. Tuning T Cell Signaling Sensitivity Alters the Behavior of CD4 + T Cells during an Immune Response. J Immunol 2018; 200:3429-3437. [PMID: 29618523 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Intricate processes in the thymus and periphery help curb the development and activation of autoreactive T cells. The subtle signals that govern these processes are an area of great interest, but tuning TCR sensitivity for the purpose of affecting T cell behavior remains technically challenging. Previously, our laboratory described the derivation of two TCR-transgenic CD4 T cell mouse lines, LLO56 and LLO118, which recognize the same cognate Listeria epitope with the same affinity. Despite the similarity of the two TCRs, LLO56 cells respond poorly in a primary infection whereas LLO118 cells respond robustly. Phenotypic examination of both lines revealed a substantial difference in their surface of expression of CD5, which serves as a dependable readout of the self-reactivity of a cell. We hypothesized that the increased interaction with self by the CD5-high LLO56 was mediated through TCR signaling, and was involved in the characteristic weak primary response of LLO56 to infection. To explore this issue, we generated an inducible knock-in mouse expressing the self-sensitizing voltage-gated sodium channel Scn5a. Overexpression of Scn5a in peripheral T cells via the CD4-Cre promoter resulted in increased TCR-proximal signaling. Further, Scn5a-expressing LLO118 cells, after transfer into BL6 recipient mice, displayed an impaired response during infection relative to wild-type LLO118 cells. In this way, we were able to demonstrate that tuning of TCR sensitivity to self can be used to alter in vivo immune responses. Overall, these studies highlight the critical relationship between TCR-self-pMHC interaction and an immune response to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley A Viehmann Milam
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Juliet M Bartleson
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - David L Donermeyer
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Stephen Horvath
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Vivek Durai
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Saravanan Raju
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Haiyang Yu
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA 92093; and
| | - Veronika Redmann
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Bernd Zinselmeyer
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - J Michael White
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Kenneth M Murphy
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Paul M Allen
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110;
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13
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Abstract
In this issue of Immunity, Van Braeckel-Budimmir et al. (2017) reveal that the pathogenic response of mice to a Plasmodium berghei infection is dominated by a Vβ8.1 T cell response. Mice lacking Vβ8.1 T cells fail to mount a pathogenic response, thus showing that the TCR locus can be an Immune response (Ir) gene.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul M Allen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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14
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Beukes EW, Manchaiah V, Valien TE, Baguley DM, Allen PM, Andersson G. Positive experiences related to living with tinnitus: A cross-sectional survey. Clin Otolaryngol 2017; 43:489-495. [PMID: 28994194 DOI: 10.1111/coa.13002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to gain insights related to positive experiences reported by adults with tinnitus living in the United Kingdom. DESIGN A cross-sectional survey design was used in a sample of adults with tinnitus who were interested in undertaking an Internet-based intervention for tinnitus. SETTING The study was UK wide and data collection was online. PARTICIPANTS Participants consisted of 240 adults (137 males, 103 females), with an average age of 48.16 years and average tinnitus duration of 11.52 years (SD: 11.88). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Tinnitus severity was measured by means of the Tinnitus Functional Index. To evaluate the secondary effects of tinnitus, the Insomnia Severity Index, the Hearing Handicap Inventory for Adults-Screening Version and the Cognitive Failures Questionnaires were administered. Positive experiences related to tinnitus were explored using an open-ended question format. RESULTS Around a third of participants (32.5%) reported positive experiences associated with tinnitus. The number of positive responses ranged from one to eight responses per participant, although there were fewer participants with more than one positive response. The predominant themes concerned for (i) coping; (ii) personal development; (iii) support, and to a lesser extent (iv) outlook. Younger participants, those with a lower hearing disability and those with fewer cognitive failures were more likely to report positive experiences associated with having tinnitus. CONCLUSIONS This study has identified that personal development and a positive outlook are possible despite experiencing tinnitus. Ways to facilitate positive experiences related to tinnitus should be promoted, as these may reduce the negative consequences associated with tinnitus. The most prevalent positive theme was the ability to cope with tinnitus. Positive experiences were also drawn from having clinical and other support networks. This highlights the importance of providing tinnitus interventions that can assist people in coping with tinnitus, particularly to those less likely to relate tinnitus to any positive experiences. Those most likely to be helped include those who are older with greater cognitive difficulties and a greater hearing disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- E W Beukes
- Department of Vision and Hearing Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - V Manchaiah
- Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, Lamar University, Beaumont, TX, USA.,Linnaeus Centre HEAD, Swedish Institute for Disability Research, Department of Behavioral Science and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Audiology India, Mysore, India.,Department of Speech and Hearing, School of Allied Health Sciences, Manipal University, Karnataka, India
| | - T E Valien
- Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, Lamar University, Beaumont, TX, USA
| | - D M Baguley
- Department of Vision and Hearing Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK.,National Institute for Health Research, Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Ropewalk House, The Ropewalk, Nottingham, UK.,Otology and Hearing Group, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - P M Allen
- Department of Vision and Hearing Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK.,Vision and Eye Research Unit, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - G Andersson
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Psychiatry, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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15
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Ransdell JL, Dranoff E, Lau B, Lo WL, Donermeyer DL, Allen PM, Nerbonne JM. Loss of Navβ4-Mediated Regulation of Sodium Currents in Adult Purkinje Neurons Disrupts Firing and Impairs Motor Coordination and Balance. Cell Rep 2017; 20:1502. [PMID: 28793271 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.07.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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16
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Ransdell JL, Dranoff E, Lau B, Lo WL, Donermeyer DL, Allen PM, Nerbonne JM. Loss of Navβ4-Mediated Regulation of Sodium Currents in Adult Purkinje Neurons Disrupts Firing and Impairs Motor Coordination and Balance. Cell Rep 2017; 19:532-544. [PMID: 28423317 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.03.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The resurgent component of voltage-gated Na+ (Nav) currents, INaR, has been suggested to provide the depolarizing drive for high-frequency firing and to be generated by voltage-dependent Nav channel block (at depolarized potentials) and unblock (at hyperpolarized potentials) by the accessory Navβ4 subunit. To test these hypotheses, we examined the effects of the targeted deletion of Scn4b (Navβ4) on INaR and on repetitive firing in cerebellar Purkinje neurons. We show here that Scn4b-/- animals have deficits in motor coordination and balance and that firing rates in Scn4b-/- Purkinje neurons are markedly attenuated. Acute, in vivo short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated "knockdown" of Navβ4 in adult Purkinje neurons also reduced spontaneous and evoked firing rates. Dynamic clamp-mediated addition of INaR partially rescued firing in Scn4b-/- Purkinje neurons. Voltage-clamp experiments revealed that INaR was reduced (by ∼50%), but not eliminated, in Scn4b-/- Purkinje neurons, revealing that additional mechanisms contribute to generation of INaR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L Ransdell
- Departments of Developmental Biology and Internal Medicine , Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Edward Dranoff
- Departments of Developmental Biology and Internal Medicine , Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Brandon Lau
- Departments of Developmental Biology and Internal Medicine , Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Wan-Lin Lo
- Department of Pathology and Immunology , Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David L Donermeyer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology , Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Paul M Allen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology , Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jeanne M Nerbonne
- Departments of Developmental Biology and Internal Medicine , Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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17
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Chou CJ, Pinto AK, Persaud SP, Verbaro DJ, Tonc E, Holmgren M, Cella M, Allen PM, Colonna M, Bhattacharya D, Diamond MS, Egawa T. Regulation of cytotoxic T cell and germinal center B cell responses by the c-MYC-AP4 transcription factor cascade. The Journal of Immunology 2016. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.196.supp.129.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The process of amplifying immune responses by expanding a pool of antigen-specific cells, termed clonal expansion, is an important feature of the adaptive immunity. Whereas clonal expansion of cytotoxic T lymphocytes is required for complete eradication of pathogens in tissues, proliferation of B lymphocytes in the germinal centers is critical for generating a diverse immunoglobulin gene repertoire from which protective antibody carrying multiple mutations can arise. While the proto-oncogene c-MYC is absolutely required for the activation and cell cycle initiation in lymphocytes, its expression is temporally restricted. Activated lymphocytes, however, continue to proliferate after c-MYC levels decay to maximize clonal expansion. It remains unknown how lymphocytes sustain their proliferative program in the absence of c-MYC. We demonstrated that the c-MYC-inducible transcription factor, AP4, is required for sustained expansion of antigen-specific lymphocytes. Mice lacking AP4 in T cells exhibit diminished cytotoxic T cell responses and succumb to West Nile virus infection due to uncontrolled viral replication in the central nervous system. Furthermore, conditional deletion of AP4 in B lymphocytes impaired germinal center growth. These mice failed to control chronic viral infection due to blunted neutralizing antibody responses. ChIP-seq and gene expression analyses revealed a significant overlap between AP4 and c-MYC regulated genes. Thus, the c-MYC-AP4 transcription factor cascade is a general module utilized by activated lymphocytes to maximize immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Elena Tonc
- 1Washington Univ. Sch. of Med. in St. Louis
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18
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Redmann V, Lamb CA, Hwang S, Orchard RC, Kim S, Razi M, Milam A, Park S, Yokoyama CC, Kambal A, Kreamalmeyer D, Bosch MK, Xiao M, Green K, Kim J, Pruett-Miller SM, Ornitz DM, Allen PM, Beatty WL, Schmidt RE, DiAntonio A, Tooze SA, Virgin HW. Clec16a is Critical for Autolysosome Function and Purkinje Cell Survival. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23326. [PMID: 26987296 PMCID: PMC4796910 DOI: 10.1038/srep23326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
CLEC16A is in a locus genetically linked to autoimmune diseases including multiple sclerosis, but the function of this gene in the nervous system is unknown. Here we show that two mouse strains carrying independent Clec16a mutations developed neurodegenerative disease characterized by motor impairments and loss of Purkinje cells. Neurons from Clec16a-mutant mice exhibited increased expression of the autophagy substrate p62, accumulation of abnormal intra-axonal membranous structures bearing the autophagy protein LC3, and abnormal Golgi morphology. Multiple aspects of endocytosis, lysosome and Golgi function were normal in Clec16a-deficient murine embryonic fibroblasts and HeLa cells. However, these cells displayed abnormal bulk autophagy despite unimpaired autophagosome formation. Cultured Clec16a-deficient cells exhibited a striking accumulation of LC3 and LAMP-1 positive autolysosomes containing undigested cytoplasmic contents. Therefore Clec16a, an autophagy protein that is critical for autolysosome function and clearance, is required for Purkinje cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Redmann
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Christopher A. Lamb
- The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln’s Inn Fields Laboratory, London, WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Seungmin Hwang
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Robert C. Orchard
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sungsu Kim
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Minoo Razi
- The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln’s Inn Fields Laboratory, London, WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Ashley Milam
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sunmin Park
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Christine C. Yokoyama
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Amal Kambal
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Darren Kreamalmeyer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Marie K. Bosch
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Maolei Xiao
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Karen Green
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jungsu Kim
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Shondra M. Pruett-Miller
- Genome Engineering and iPSC Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David M. Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Paul M. Allen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Wandy L. Beatty
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Robert E. Schmidt
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Aaron DiAntonio
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sharon A. Tooze
- The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln’s Inn Fields Laboratory, London, WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Herbert W. Virgin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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19
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Abstract
To investigate how CD4+ T cells function against a bacterial pathogen, we generated a Listeria monocytogenes-specific CD4+ T cell model. In this system, two TCRtg mouse lines, LLO56 and LLO118, recognize the same immunodominant epitope (LLO190-205) of L. monocytogenes and have identical in vitro responses. However, in vivo LLO56 and LLO118 display vastly different responses during both primary and secondary infection. LLO118 dominates in the primary response and in providing CD8 T cell help. LLO56 predominates in the secondary response. We have also shown that both specific [T cell receptor (TCR)-mediated] and non-specific stimuli (bypassing the TCR) elicit distinct responses from the two transgenics, leading us to conclude that the strength of self-pMHC signaling during development tightly dictates the cell’s future response in the periphery. Herein, we review our findings in this transfer system, focusing on the contribution of the immunomodulatory molecule CD5 and the importance of self-interaction in peripheral maintenance of the cell. We also discuss the manner in which individual TCR affinities to foreign and self-pMHC contribute to the outcome of an immune response; our assertion is that there exists a spectrum of possible T cell responses to recognition of cognate antigen during infection, adding immense diversity to the immune system’s response to pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Viehmann Milam
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis, MO , USA
| | - Paul M Allen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis, MO , USA
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20
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Hong J, Persaud SP, Horvath S, Allen PM, Evavold BD, Zhu C. Force-Regulated In Situ TCR-Peptide-Bound MHC Class II Kinetics Determine Functions of CD4+ T Cells. J Immunol 2015; 195:3557-64. [PMID: 26336148 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We have recently shown that two-dimensional (2D) and force-regulated kinetics of TCR-peptide-bound MHC class I (pMHC-I) interactions predict responses of CD8(+) T cells. To test whether these findings are applicable to CD4(+) T cells, we analyzed the in situ 3.L2 TCR-pMHC-II interactions for a well-characterized panel of altered peptide ligands on the T cell surface using the adhesion frequency assay with a micropipette and the thermal fluctuation and force-clamp assays with a biomembrane force probe. We found that the 2D effective TCR-pMHC-II affinity and off-rate correlate with, but better predict the T cell response than, the corresponding measurements with the surface plasmon resonance in three dimensions. The 2D affinity of the CD4 for MHC-II was very low, approaching the detection limit, making it one to two orders of magnitude lower than the affinity of CD8 for MHC-I. In addition, the signal-dependent cooperation between TCR and coreceptor for pMHC binding previously observed for CD8 was not observed for CD4. Interestingly, force elicited TCR-pMHC-II catch-slip bonds for agonists but slip-only bonds for antagonists, thereby amplifying the power of discrimination between altered peptide ligands. These results show that the force-regulated 2D binding kinetics of the 3.L2 TCR for pMHC-II determine functions of CD4(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsung Hong
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332; Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Stephen P Persaud
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Stephen Horvath
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Paul M Allen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Brian D Evavold
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30332; and
| | - Cheng Zhu
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332; Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332; Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
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Hickey CA, Kuhn KA, Donermeyer DL, Porter NT, Jin C, Cameron EA, Jung H, Kaiko GE, Wegorzewska M, Malvin NP, Glowacki RWP, Hansson GC, Allen PM, Martens EC, Stappenbeck TS. Colitogenic Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron Antigens Access Host Immune Cells in a Sulfatase-Dependent Manner via Outer Membrane Vesicles. Cell Host Microbe 2015; 17:672-80. [PMID: 25974305 PMCID: PMC4432250 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Microbes interact with the host immune system via several potential mechanisms. One essential step for each mechanism is the method by which intestinal microbes or their antigens access specific host immune cells. Using genetically susceptible mice (dnKO) that develop spontaneous, fulminant colitis, triggered by Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (B. theta), we investigated the mechanism of intestinal microbial access under conditions that stimulate colonic inflammation. B. theta antigens localized to host immune cells through outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) that harbor bacterial sulfatase activity. We deleted the anaerobic sulfatase maturating enzyme (anSME) from B. theta, which is required for post-translational activation of all B. theta sulfatase enzymes. This bacterial mutant strain did not stimulate colitis in dnKO mice. Lastly, access of B. theta OMVs to host immune cells was sulfatase dependent. These data demonstrate that bacterial OMVs and associated enzymes promote inflammatory immune stimulation in genetically susceptible hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina A Hickey
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kristine A Kuhn
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David L Donermeyer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Nathan T Porter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Chunsheng Jin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Box 440, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Elizabeth A Cameron
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Haerin Jung
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Gerard E Kaiko
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Marta Wegorzewska
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Nicole P Malvin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Robert W P Glowacki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Gunnar C Hansson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Box 440, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Paul M Allen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Eric C Martens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Thaddeus S Stappenbeck
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Grakoui A, Bromley SK, Sumen C, Davis MM, Shaw AS, Allen PM, Dustin ML. Pillars article: The immunological synapse: a molecular machine controlling T cell activation. Science. 1999. 285: 221-227. J Immunol 2015; 194:4066-4072. [PMID: 25888702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
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23
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Ni PP, Solomon B, Hsieh CS, Allen PM, Morris GP. The ability to rearrange dual TCRs enhances positive selection, leading to increased Allo- and Autoreactive T cell repertoires. J Immunol 2014; 193:1778-86. [PMID: 25015825 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Thymic selection is designed to ensure TCR reactivity to foreign Ags presented by self-MHC while minimizing reactivity to self-Ags. We hypothesized that the repertoire of T cells with unwanted specificities such as alloreactivity or autoreactivity are a consequence of simultaneous rearrangement of both TCRα loci. We hypothesized that this process helps maximize production of thymocytes capable of successfully completing thymic selection, but results in secondary TCRs that escape stringent selection. In T cells expressing two TCRs, one TCR can mediate positive selection and mask secondary TCR from negative selection. Examination of mice heterozygous for TRAC (TCRα(+/-)), capable of only one functional TCRα rearrangement, demonstrated a defect in generating mature T cells attributable to decreased positive selection. Elimination of secondary TCRs did not broadly alter the peripheral T cell compartment, though deep sequencing of TCRα repertoires of dual TCR T cells and TCRα(+/-) T cells demonstrated unique TCRs in the presence of secondary rearrangements. The functional impact of secondary TCRs on the naive peripheral repertoire was evidenced by reduced frequencies of T cells responding to autoantigen and alloantigen peptide-MHC tetramers in TCRα(+/-) mice. T cell populations with secondary TCRs had significantly increased ability to respond to altered peptide ligands related to their allogeneic ligand as compared with TCRα(+/-) cells, suggesting increased breadth in peptide recognition may be a mechanism for their reactivity. Our results imply that the role of secondary TCRs in forming the T cell repertoire is perhaps more significant than what has been assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peggy P Ni
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Benjamin Solomon
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110; and
| | - Chyi-Song Hsieh
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110; and
| | - Paul M Allen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Gerald P Morris
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
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24
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Ni PP, Wang Y, Allen PM. Both positive and negative effects on immune responses by expression of a second class II MHC molecule. Mol Immunol 2014; 62:199-208. [PMID: 25016574 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
It is perplexing why vertebrates express a limited number of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules when theoretically, having a greater repertoire of MHC molecules would increase the number of epitopes presented, thereby enhancing thymic selection and T cell response to pathogens. It is possible that any positive effects would either be neutralized or outweighed by negative selection restricting the T cell repertoire. We hypothesize that the limit on MHC number is due to negative consequences arising from expressing additional MHC. We compared T cell responses between B6 mice (I-A(+)) and B6.E(+) mice (I-A(+), I-E(+)), the latter expressing a second class II MHC molecule, I-E(b), due to a monomorphic Eα(k) transgene that pairs with the endogenous I-Eβ(b) chain. First, the naive T cell Vβ repertoire was altered in B6.E(+) thymi and spleens, potentially mediating different outcomes in T cell reactivity. Although the B6 and B6.E(+) responses to hen egg-white lysozyme (HEL) protein immunization remained similar, other immune models yielded differences. For viral infection, the quality of the T cell response was subtly altered, with diminished production of certain cytokines by B6.E(+) CD4(+) T cells. In alloreactivity, the B6.E(+) T cell response was significantly dampened. Finally, we observed markedly enhanced susceptibility to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in B6.E(+) mice. This correlated with decreased percentages of nTreg cells, supporting the concept of Tregs exhibiting differential susceptibility to negative selection. Altogether, our data suggest that expressing an additional class II MHC can produce diverse effects, with more severe autoimmunity providing a compelling explanation for limiting the expression of MHC molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peggy P Ni
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid, Box 8118, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Yaming Wang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid, Box 8118, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Paul M Allen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid, Box 8118, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States.
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25
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Klein L, Kyewski B, Allen PM, Hogquist KA. Positive and negative selection of the T cell repertoire: what thymocytes see (and don't see). Nat Rev Immunol 2014; 14:377-91. [PMID: 24830344 DOI: 10.1038/nri3667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 854] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The fate of developing T cells is specified by the interaction of their antigen receptors with self-peptide-MHC complexes that are displayed by thymic antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Various subsets of thymic APCs are strategically positioned in particular thymic microenvironments and they coordinate the selection of a functional and self-tolerant T cell repertoire. In this Review, we discuss the different strategies that these APCs use to sample and process self antigens and to thereby generate partly unique, 'idiosyncratic' peptide-MHC ligandomes. We discuss how the particular composition of the peptide-MHC ligandomes that are presented by specific APC subsets not only shapes the T cell repertoire in the thymus but may also indelibly imprint the behaviour of mature T cells in the periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludger Klein
- Institute for Immunology, Ludwig Maximilians University, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Bruno Kyewski
- Division of Developmental Immunology, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Paul M Allen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Kristin A Hogquist
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, USA
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Morris GP, Uy GL, Donermeyer D, Dipersio JF, Allen PM. Dual receptor T cells mediate pathologic alloreactivity in patients with acute graft-versus-host disease. Sci Transl Med 2014; 5:188ra74. [PMID: 23740900 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3005452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) results from a robust response of donor T cells transferred during hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) to allogeneic peptide-major histocompatibility complex antigens. Previous investigations have not identified T cell subsets that selectively mediate either protective immunity or pathogenic alloreactivity. We demonstrate that the small subset of peripheral T cells that naturally express two T cell receptors (TCRs) on the cell surface contributes disproportionately to aGVHD in patients after allogeneic HSCT. Dual TCR T cells from patients with aGVHD demonstrate an activated phenotype and produce pathogenic cytokines ex vivo. Dual receptor clones from a patient with symptomatic aGVHD responded specifically to mismatched recipient human leukocyte antigens (HLAs), demonstrating pathologic alloreactivity. Human dual TCR T cells are strongly activated and expanded by allogeneic stimulation in vitro, and disproportionately contribute to the repertoire of T cells recognizing both major (HLA) and minor histocompatibility antigens, providing a mechanism for their observed activity in vivo in patients with aGVHD. These results identify dual TCR T cells as a target for focused analysis of a T cell subset mediating GVHD and as a potential prognostic indicator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald P Morris
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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27
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Abstract
Naive T cell precursor frequency determines the magnitude of immunodominance. While a broad T cell repertoire requires diverse positively selecting self-peptides, how a single positively selecting ligand influences naive T cell precursor frequency remains undefined. We generated a transgenic mouse expressing a naturally occurring self-peptide, gp250, that positively selects an MCC-specific TCR, AND, as the only MHC class II I-E(k) ligand to study the MCC highly organized immunodominance hierarchy. The single gp250/I-E(k) ligand greatly enhanced MCC-tetramer(+) CD4(+) T cells, and skewed MCC-tetramer(+) population toward V11α(+)Vβ3(+), a major TCR pair in MCC-specific immunodominance. The gp250-selected V11α(+)Vβ3(+) CD4(+) T cells had a significantly increased frequency of conserved MCC-preferred CDR3 features. Our studies establish a direct and causal relationship between a selecting self-peptide and the specificity of the selected TCRs. Thus, an immunodominant T cell response can be due to a dominant positively selecting self-peptide. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.01457.001.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Lin Lo
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
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28
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Abstract
The processing and presentation of self-proteins is essential to develop an effective immune system, with almost all T cells only ever encountering self-peptide/MHC ligands. How positive selection in the thymus occurs with a weak interaction between the TCR and self-pMHC remains unresolved. The recent identification of a naturally occurring positive selecting self-peptide, gp250, for the MCC/I-E(k) specific T cell, AND, has provided some key insights. Despite the weak 3D affinity of the positive selecting AND TCR:gp250/I-E(k) interaction, it induces a sustained Ca(2+) flux and Erk signaling. Transcriptional profiling revealed the unique expression of a voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) in DP thymocytes. Blocking of this channel with tetrodotoxin inhibited positive selection of AND and polyclonal CD4T cells in vitro. VGSC sh-RNA knockdown inhibited the selection of CD4, but not CD8T cells. Thus, the expression of a VGSC at the DP stage increases the sensitivity of signaling induced by positively selecting ligands, thereby, providing a mechanism by which a weak TCR:self-peptide interaction can result in a sustained developmental signal. One enigma regarding positive selection is that AND TCR recognizes gp250 self-peptide with a high degree of specificity, akin to what is seen with foreign antigen. The self-peptide repertoire is significantly smaller than the T cell repertoire, therefore, each self-peptide has to select many unrelated T cells. Other studies have shown that a single peptide/MHC can select a large number of T cells. To reconcile this dichotomy, we propose a model in which positive selection is not simply a live or die process, but that the strength of the interaction between a TCR and the positive selecting ligand is deterministic for the functional activity of the peripheral T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Lin Lo
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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29
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Abstract
The generation of CD4(+) T cell memory cells is poorly understood. Recently, two different murine CD4(+) TCR transgenic T cell lines, LLO118 and LLO56, both specific for the same epitope but differing in their expression level of the cell surface protein CD5, were generated. Notably, these cell lines showed different behavior upon primary and secondary exposure to Listeria monocytogenes. Whereas LLO118 showed a stronger primary response and generated more robust CD8(+) T cell help upon secondary exposure, LLO56 CD4(+) T cells had a dramatically better recall response. Using different mathematical models, we analyzed the dynamics of the two CD4(+) T cell lines in mice during infection with L. monocytogenes. Our models allowed the quantitative comparison of the two T cell lines and provided predictions for the conversion of naive T cells into memory cells. LLO118 CD4(+) T cells are estimated to have a higher proliferation rate than LLO56 CD4(+) T cells upon primary exposure. This difference can be explained by the lower expression level of CD5 on LLO118 CD4(+) T cells. Furthermore, LLO56 memory cells are predicted to have a 3-fold longer half-life than LLO118 memory cells ($${t}_{1/2}^{\hbox{ LLO }118}$$ ≈ 4.3 to 5 d and $${t}_{1/2}^{\hbox{ LLO }56}$$ ≈ 11.5 to 13.9 d). Although both cell lines differ in their memory capabilities, our analysis indicates no difference in the rate at which memory cells are generated. Our results show that different CD5 expression levels influence the proliferation dynamics of activated naive CD4(+) T cells while leaving the conversion rate of those cells into memory cells unaffected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Graw
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
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30
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Lynch JN, Donermeyer DL, Weber KS, Kranz DM, Allen PM. Subtle changes in TCRα CDR1 profoundly increase the sensitivity of CD4 T cells. Mol Immunol 2012; 53:283-94. [PMID: 22982754 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2012.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Revised: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Changes in the peptide and MHC molecules have been extensively examined for how they alter T cell activation, but many fewer studies have examined the TCR. Structural studies of how TCR differences alter T cell specificity have focused on broad variation in the CDR3 loops. However, changes in the CDR1 and 2 loops can also alter TCR recognition of pMHC. In this study we focus on two mutations in the CDR1α loop of the TCR that increased the affinity of a TCR for agonist Hb(64-76)/I-E(k) by increasing the on-rate of the reaction. These same mutations also conferred broader recognition of altered peptide ligands. TCR transgenic mice expressing the CDR1α mutations had altered thymic selection, as most of the T cells were negatively selected compared to T cells expressing the wildtype TCR. The few T cells that escaped negative selection and were found in the periphery were rendered anergic, thereby avoiding autoimmunity. T cells with the CDR1α mutations were completely deleted in the presence of Hb(64-76) as an endogenous peptide. Interestingly, the wildtype T cells were not eliminated, identifying a threshold affinity for negative selection where a 3-fold increase in affinity is the difference between incomplete and complete deletion. Overall, these studies highlight how small changes in the TCR can increase the affinity of TCR:pMHC but with the consequences of skewing selection and producing an unresponsive T cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer N Lynch
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
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Wang B, Zinselmeyer BH, Runnels HA, LaBranche TP, Morton PA, Kreisel D, Mack M, Nickerson-Nutter C, Allen PM, Miller MJ. In vivo imaging implicates CCR2(+) monocytes as regulators of neutrophil recruitment during arthritis. Cell Immunol 2012; 278:103-12. [PMID: 23121982 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2012.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Revised: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The infiltration of neutrophils and monocytes is a prominent feature of inflammatory diseases including human rheumatoid arthritis. Understanding how neutrophil recruitment is regulated during pathogenesis is crucial for developing anti-inflammatory therapies. We optimized the K/B×N serum-induced mouse arthritis model to study neutrophil trafficking dynamics in vivo using two-photon microscopy. Arthritogenic serum was injected subcutaneously into one hind footpad to induce a local arthritis with robust neutrophil recruitment. Using this approach, we showed that the depletion of monocytes with clodronate liposomes impaired neutrophil recruitment specifically at the transendothelial migration step. The depletion of CCR2(+) monocytes with the monoclonal antibody MC-21 reproduced these effects, implicating CCR2(+) monocytes as key regulators of neutrophil extravasation during arthritis initiation. However, monocyte depletion did not prevent neutrophil extravasation in response to bacterial challenge. These findings suggest that anti-inflammatory therapies targeting monocytes may act in part through antagonizing neutrophil extravasation at sites of aseptic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baomei Wang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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32
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Abstract
A significant portion of the naive T-cell repertoire is capable of responding to allogeneic MHC, violating the paradigm of self-MHC restriction. Recent studies have demonstrated convincing evidence for germ-line affinity of T-cell receptors (TCR) for MHC, providing explanation for recognition of MHC not encountered during thymic development. However, although germ-line affinity proposes all TCR have inherent affinity for MHC, most T cells are not alloreactive to a given MHC. We propose that specific recognition of endogenous presented peptides, rather than inability to interact with allogeneic MHC molecules, is the primary determinant of alloreactivity. Here, we demonstrate that alloreactive and nonalloreactive TCR differ specifically in the CDR3 sequences responsible primarily for the peptide specificity of T-cell recognition. Limitations on alloreactivity imposed by a requirement for recognition of presented peptides are directly demonstrated by expansion of the alloreactive T-cell repertoire through the addition of peptide mimotopes enabling response to two distinct allogeneic MHC by otherwise nonalloreactive T cells. Responses to peptide mimotopes were specific and depended on TCR interaction with MHC. These results demonstrate that recognition of presented endogenous peptides, and not the inability to interact with allogeneic MHC, is the primary limiter on alloreactivity. This observation reconciles the concept of an inherently MHC-reactive TCR repertoire with observed frequencies of T cells responding to allogeneic stimulation and underscores the fundamental nature of TCR recognition of ligands, where both MHC and presented peptides contribute critically to T-cell recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald P. Morris
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Peggy P. Ni
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Paul M. Allen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110
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33
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Evavold BD, Allen PM. Pillars article: separation of IL-4 production from Th cell proliferation by an altered T cell receptor ligand. Science. 1991. 252: 1308-1310. J Immunol 2011; 186:9-12. [PMID: 21172873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
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Hickman-Brecks CL, Racz JL, Meyer DM, LaBranche TP, Allen PM. Th17 cells can provide B cell help in autoantibody induced arthritis. J Autoimmun 2010; 36:65-75. [PMID: 21075597 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2010.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2010] [Revised: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
K/BxN mice develop a spontaneous destructive arthritis driven by T cell dependent anti-glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI) antibody production. In this study, a modified version of the K/BxN model, the KRN-cell transfer model (KRN-CTM), was established to determine the contribution of Th17 cells in the development of chronic arthritis. The transfer of naive KRN T cells into B6.TCR.Cα(-/-)H-2(b/g7) T cell deficient mice induced arthritis by day 10 of transfer. Arthritis progressively developed for a period of up to 14 days following T cell transfer, thereafter the disease severity declined, but did not resolve. Both IL-17A and IFNγ were detected in the recovered T cells from the popliteal lymph nodes and ankles. The transfer of KRN Th17 polarized KRN CD4(+) T cells expressing IL-17A and IFNγ induced arthritis in all B6.TCR.Cα(-/-)H-2(b/g7) mice however the transfer of Th1 polarized KRN CD4(+) T cells expressing IFNγ alone induced disease in only 2/3 of the mice and disease induction was delayed compared to Th17 transfers. Th17 polarized KRN/T-bet(-/-) cells induced arthritis in all mice and surprisingly, IFNγ was produced demonstrating that T-bet expression is not critical for arthritis induction, regardless of the cytokine expression. Neutralization of IFNγ in KRN Th17 transfers resulted in earlier onset of disease while the neutralization of IL-17A delayed disease development. Consistent with K/BxN mice, naive KRN T cell transfers and Th17 polarized KRN/T-bet(-/-) transfers induced anti-GPI IgG(1) dominant responses while KRN Th17 cells induced high levels of IgG(2b). These data demonstrate that Th17 cells can participate in the production of autoantibodies that can induce arthritis.
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35
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Wang C, Morley SC, Donermeyer D, Peng I, Lee WP, Devoss J, Danilenko DM, Lin Z, Zhang J, Zhou J, Allen PM, Brown EJ. Actin-bundling protein L-plastin regulates T cell activation. J Immunol 2010; 185:7487-97. [PMID: 21076065 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Engagement of TCRs induces actin rearrangements, which are critical for T cell activation. T cell responses require new actin polymerization, but the significance of higher-order actin structures, such as microfilament bundles, is unknown. To determine the role of the actin-bundling protein leukocyte-plastin (L-plastin; LPL) in this process, T cells from LPL(-/-) mice were studied. LPL(-/-) T cells were markedly defective in TCR-mediated cytokine production and proliferation. LPL(-/-) T cells also spread inefficiently on surfaces with immobilized TCR ligands and formed smaller immunological synapses with APCs, likely due to defective formation of lamellipodia. LPL(-/-) mice showed delayed rejection of skin allografts after release from immunosuppression. Moreover, LPL(-/-) mice developed much less severe neurologic symptoms in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, which correlated with impaired T cell responses to Ag, manifested by reduced proliferation and production of IFN-γ and IL-17. Thus, LPL-dependent actin bundling facilitates the formation of lamellipodia and normal immunological synapses and thereby enables T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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36
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LaBranche TP, Hickman-Brecks CL, Meyer DM, Storer CE, Jesson MI, Shevlin KM, Happa FA, Barve RA, Weiss DJ, Minnerly JC, Racz JL, Allen PM. Characterization of the KRN cell transfer model of rheumatoid arthritis (KRN-CTM), a chronic yet synchronized version of the K/BxN mouse. Am J Pathol 2010; 177:1388-96. [PMID: 20696780 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.100195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a chronic yet synchronized version of the K/BxN mouse, the KRN-cell transfer model (KRN-CTM), was developed and extensively characterized. The transfer of purified splenic KRN T cells into T cell-deficient B6.TCR.Calpha(-/-)H-2(b/g7) mice induced anti-glucose 6-phosphate isomerase antibody-dependent chronic arthritis in 100% of the mice with uniform onset of disease 7 days after T cell transfer. Cellular infiltrations were assessed by whole-ankle transcript microarray, cytokine and chemokine levels, and microscopic and immunohistochemical analyses 7 through 42 days after T cell transfer. Transcripts identified an influx of monocytes/macrophages and neutrophils into the ankles and identified temporal progression of cartilage damage and bone resorption. In both serum and ankle tissue there was a significant elevation in interleukin-6, whereas macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 were only elevated in tissue. Microscopic and immunohistochemical analyses revealed a time course for edema, synovial hypertrophy and hyperplasia, infiltration of F4/80-positive monocytes/macrophages and myeloperoxidase-positive neutrophils, destruction of articular cartilage, pannus invasion, bone resorption, extra-articular fibroplasia, and joint ankylosis. The KRN cell transfer model replicates many features of chronic rheumatoid arthritis in humans in a synchronized manner and lends itself to manipulation of adoptively transferred T cells and characterizing specific genes and T cell subsets responsible for rheumatoid arthritis pathogenesis and progression.
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37
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Weber KS, Hildner K, Murphy KM, Allen PM. Trpm4 differentially regulates Th1 and Th2 function by altering calcium signaling and NFAT localization. J Immunol 2010; 185:2836-46. [PMID: 20656926 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Th cell subsets have unique calcium (Ca(2+)) signals when activated with identical stimuli. The regulation of these Ca(2+) signals and their correlation to the biological function of each T cell subset remains unclear. Trpm4 is a Ca(2+)-activated cation channel that we found is expressed at higher levels in Th2 cells compared with Th1 cells. Inhibition of Trpm4 expression increased Ca(2+) influx and oscillatory levels in Th2 cells and decreased influx and oscillations in Th1 cells. This inhibition of Trpm4 expression also significantly altered T cell cytokine production and motility. Our experiments revealed that decreasing Trpm4 levels divergently regulates nuclear localization of NFATc1. Consistent with this, gene profiling did not show Trpm4-dependent transcriptional regulation, and T-bet and GATA-3 levels remain identical. Thus, Trpm4 is expressed at different levels in Th cells and plays a distinctive role in T cell function by differentially regulating Ca(2+) signaling and NFATc1 localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Scott Weber
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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38
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Abstract
By treating mutant populations as fluctuations relating to the structural stability of the equations of population dynamics, a criterion is developed permitting the prediction of long-term population trends in an evolving eco-system. As an illustration it is shown that the ratio of predator to prey biomass increases under the effects of their combined evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Allen
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Faculté des Sciences, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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39
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Persaud SP, Donermeyer DL, Weber KS, Kranz DM, Allen PM. High-affinity T cell receptor differentiates cognate peptide-MHC and altered peptide ligands with distinct kinetics and thermodynamics. Mol Immunol 2010; 47:1793-801. [PMID: 20334923 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2010.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 02/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between the T cell receptor and cognate peptide-MHC are crucial initiating events in the adaptive immune response. These binding events are highly specific yet occur with micromolar affinity. Even weaker interactions between TCR and self-pMHC complexes play critical regulatory roles in T cell development, maintenance and coagonist activity. Due to their low-affinity, the kinetics and thermodynamics of such weak interactions are difficult to study. In this work, we used M15, a high-affinity TCR engineered from the 3.L2 TCR system, to study the binding properties, thermodynamics, and specificity of two altered peptide ligands (APLs). Our affinity measurements of the high-affinity TCR support the view that the wild type TCR binds these APLs in the millimolar affinity range, and hence very low affinities can still elicit biological functions. Finally, single methylene differences among the APLs gave rise to strikingly different binding thermodynamics. These minor changes in the pMHC antigen were associated with significant and unpredictable changes in both the entropy and enthalpy of the reaction. As the identical TCR was analyzed with several structurally similar ligands, the distinct thermodynamic binding profiles provide a mechanistic perspective on how exquisite antigen specificity is achieved by the T cell receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Persaud
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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40
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Morley SC, Wang C, Lo WL, Lio CWJ, Zinselmeyer BH, Miller MJ, Brown EJ, Allen PM. The actin-bundling protein L-plastin dissociates CCR7 proximal signaling from CCR7-induced motility. J Immunol 2010; 184:3628-38. [PMID: 20194718 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines promote lymphocyte motility by triggering F-actin rearrangements and inducing cellular polarization. Chemokines can also enhance cell-cell adhesion and costimulate T cells. In this study, we establish a requirement for the actin-bundling protein L-plastin (LPL) in CCR7- and sphingosine-1-phosphate-mediated T cell chemotaxis using LPL(-/-) mice. Disrupted motility of mature LPL(-/-) thymocytes manifested in vivo as diminished thymic egress. Two-photon microscopy of LPL(-/-) lymphocytes revealed reduced velocity and motility in lymph nodes. Defective migration resulted from defective cellular polarization following CCR7 ligation, as CCR7 did not polarize to the leading edge in chemokine-stimulated LPL(-/-) T cells. However, CCR7 signaling to F-actin polymerization and CCR7-mediated costimulation was intact in LPL(-/-) lymphocytes. The differential requirement for LPL in CCR7-induced cellular adhesion and CCR7-induced motility allowed assessment of the contribution of CCR7-mediated motility to positive selection of thymocytes and lineage commitment. Results suggest that normal motility is not required for CCR7 to function in positive selection and lineage commitment. We thus identify LPL as a molecule critical for CCR7-mediated motility but dispensable for early CCR7 signaling. The requirement for actin bundling by LPL for polarization reveals a novel mechanism of regulating actin dynamics during T cell motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Celeste Morley
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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41
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Lo WL, Felix NJ, Walters JJ, Rohrs H, Gross ML, Allen PM. An endogenous peptide positively selects and augments the activation and survival of peripheral CD4+ T cells. Nat Immunol 2009; 10:1155-61. [PMID: 19801984 PMCID: PMC2764840 DOI: 10.1038/ni.1796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2009] [Accepted: 08/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although CD4+ and CD8+ T cells differ in their positively selecting signal strength, endogenous positively selecting ligands have only been identified for MHC class I-restricted T cell receptors (TCRs). Here we screened for ligands that can positively select MHC class II-restricted TCRs, using thymocytes from four I-Ek restricted TCR transgenic mice and a large panel of self peptides. One peptide, gp250, induced positive selection of AND CD4+ T cells, had no homology with the AND TCR agonist ligand, and was recognized with a high degree of specificity. gp250 acted as a co-agonist to initiate activation and enhance survival of peripheral AND CD4+ T cells. Thus, positively selecting ligands play critical roles in thymocyte development and in the activation and maintenance of peripheral T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Lin Lo
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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42
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Abstract
Alloreactivity is the response of T cells to MHC molecules not encountered during thymic development. A small population (1-8%) of peripheral T cells in mice and humans express two TCRs due to incomplete allelic exclusion of TCRalpha, and we hypothesized they are highly alloreactive. FACS analysis of mouse T cell MLR revealed increased dual TCR T cells among alloreactive cells. Quantitative assessment of the alloreactive repertoire demonstrated a nearly 50% reduction in alloreactive T cell frequency among T cells incapable of expressing a secondary TCR. We directly demonstrated expansion of the alloreactive T cell repertoire at the single cell level by identifying a dual TCR T cell with distinct alloreactivities for each TCR. The importance of dual TCR T cells is clearly demonstrated in a parent-into-F(1) model of graft-vs-host disease, where dual TCR T cells comprised up to 60% of peripheral activated T cells, demonstrating a disproportionate contribution to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald P Morris
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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43
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Morris GP, Allen PM. Rare dual TCR T cells contribute substantially to alloreactivity (141.2). The Journal of Immunology 2009. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.182.supp.141.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
T cell recognition of allogeneic MHC has long been recognized, though the nature of the alloreactive TCR repertoire is unknown. We hypothesize that the 1-3% of T cells expressing dual TCR due to incomplete allelic exclusion of TCRα are highly alloreactive due to non-thymically selected secondary TCR. Using the 4 available antibodies against TCRVα we observe an increased frequency of dual TCR T cells among alloreactive T cells in vitro. We quantitatively assessed the contribution of secondary TCR to the alloreactive repertoire by ELISPOT analysis; TCRA-C mice, incapable of expressing secondary TCRα, have a 50% decrease in alloreactive precursor frequency indicating secondary TCR contribute disproportionately to the alloreactive repertoire. We directly demonstrate expansion of the alloreactive repertoire by identification of a secondary non-thymically selected TCR with specific alloreactivity distinct from the primary TCR. The importance of dual TCR T cells is underscored by the dramatic increase of dual TCR among T cells mediating parent to irradiated F1 graft-vs.-host disease (GvHD); dual TCR comprised as much as 40% of peripheral T cells in mice with GvHD, compared to 3% observed in control mice. Together these studies convincingly demonstrate the importance of dual TCR T cells in alloreactivity. NIH AI061173 (PMA) and W.M. Keck Foundation Fellowship in Molecular Medicine (GPM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald P Morris
- 1Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Paul M Allen
- 1Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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Markiewicz MA, Wise EL, Buchwald ZS, Cheney EE, Hansen TH, Suri A, Cemerski S, Allen PM, Shaw AS. IL-12 enhances CTL synapse formation and induces self-reactivity. J Immunol 2009; 182:1351-61. [PMID: 19155481 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.182.3.1351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Immunological synapse formation between T cells and target cells can affect the functional outcome of TCR ligation by a given MHC-peptide complex. Although synapse formation is usually induced by TCR signaling, it is not clear whether other factors can affect the efficiency of synapse formation. Here, we tested whether cytokines could influence synapse formation between murine CTLs and target cells. We found that IL-12 enhanced synapse formation, whereas TGFbeta decreased synapse formation. The enhanced synapse formation induced by IL-12 appeared to be functional, given that IL-12-treated cells could respond to weak peptides, including self-peptides, to which the T cells were normally unresponsive. These responses correlated with expression of functionally higher avidity LFA-1 on IL-12-treated CTLs. These findings have implications for the function of IL-12 in T cell-mediated autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary A Markiewicz
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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45
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Norian LA, Rodriguez PC, O'Mara LA, Zabaleta J, Ochoa AC, Cella M, Allen PM. Tumor-infiltrating regulatory dendritic cells inhibit CD8+ T cell function via L-arginine metabolism. Cancer Res 2009; 69:3086-94. [PMID: 19293186 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-2826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) have a critical effect on the outcome of adaptive immune responses against growing tumors. Whereas it is generally assumed that the presence of phenotypically mature DCs should promote protective antitumor immunity, evidence to the contrary does exist. We describe here a novel mechanism by which tumor-infiltrating dendritic cells (TIDC) actively contribute to the suppression of protective CD8(+) T-cell-based antitumor immunity. Using the BALB/NeuT model of spontaneously arising mammary carcinoma, we found that canonical MHC II(+)/CD11b(+)/CD11c(high) TIDCs act as regulatory DCs to suppress CD8(+) T-cell function, resulting in diminished T-cell-based antitumor immunity in vivo. Stimulation of naive T cells with regulatory TIDCs resulted in an altered cell fate program characterized by minimal T-cell expansion, impaired IFNgamma production, and anergy. Suppression by regulatory TIDCs overcame stimulatory signals provided by standard DCs, occurred in the absence of cognate interactions with T cells, and was mediated primarily by arginase metabolism of l-arginine. Immunosuppressive TIDCs were found in every murine tumor type examined and were phenotypically distinct from tumor-infiltrating CD11c(int-low)/CD11b(+)/Gr-1(+) myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Thus, within the tumor microenvironment, MHC II(+) TIDCs can function as potent suppressors of CD8(+) T-cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyse A Norian
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
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46
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Abstract
The mechanism underlying the transient accumulation of CD4 at the immunological synapse (IS) and its significance for T cell activation are not understood. To investigate these issues, we mutated a serine phosphorylation site (S408) in the cytoplasmic tail of murine CD4. Preventing phosphorylation of S408 did not block CD4 recruitment to the IS; rather, it blocked the ability of CD4 to leave the IS. Surprisingly, enhanced and prolonged CD4 accumulation at the supramolecular activation cluster in the contact area had no functional consequence for T cell activation, cytokine production, or proliferation. Protein kinase C theta (PKCtheta)-deficient T cells also displayed enhanced and prolonged accumulation of wild-type CD4 at the IS, indicating that theta is the critical PKC isoform involved in CD4 movement. These findings suggest a model wherein recruitment of CD4 to the IS allows its phosphorylation by PKCtheta and subsequent removal from the IS. Thus, an important role for PKCtheta in T cell activation involves its recruitment to the IS, where it phosphorylates specific substrates that help to maintain the dynamism of protein turnover at the IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Kao
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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47
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Abstract
Protein kinase C-theta (PKCtheta) is critical for TCR-initiated signaling in mature T cells, but initial reports found no requirement for PKCtheta in thymocyte development. Thymocytes and peripheral T cells utilize many of the same signaling components and, given the significant role of PKCtheta in peripheral T cells, it was surprising that it was not involved at all in TCR signaling in thymocytes. We decided to re-evaluate the role of PKCtheta in thymocyte development using the well-characterized class II-restricted n3.L2 TCR-transgenic TCR model. Analysis of n3.L2 PKCtheta(-/-) mice revealed a defect in thymocyte-positive selection, resulting in a 50% reduction in the generation of n3.L2 CD4 single-positive thymocytes and n3.L2 CD4 mature T cells. Competition between n3.L2 WT and n3.L2 PKCtheta(-/-) thymocytes in bone marrow chimeras revealed a more dramatic defect, with a >80% reduction in generation of n3.L2 CD4 single-positive thymocytes derived from PKCtheta(-/-) mice. Inefficient positive selection of n3.L2 PKCtheta(-/-) CD4 single-positive cells resulted from "weaker" signaling through the TCR and correlated with diminished ERK activation. The defect in positive selection was not complete in the PKCtheta(-/-) mice, most likely accounted for by compensation by other PKC isoforms not evident in peripheral cells. Similar decreased positive selection of both CD4 and CD8 single-positive thymocytes was also seen in nontransgenic PKCtheta(-/-) mice. These findings now place PKCtheta as a key signaling molecule in the positive selection of thymocytes as well as in the activation of mature T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Celeste Morley
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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48
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Richman SA, Aggen DH, Dossett ML, Donermeyer DL, Allen PM, Greenberg PD, Kranz DM. Structural features of T cell receptor variable regions that enhance domain stability and enable expression as single-chain ValphaVbeta fragments. Mol Immunol 2008; 46:902-16. [PMID: 18962897 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2008.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2008] [Accepted: 09/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The variable (V) domains of antibodies and T cell receptors (TCRs) share sequence homology and striking structural similarity. Single-chain antibody V domain constructs (scFv) are routinely expressed in a variety of heterologous systems, both for production of soluble protein as well as for in vitro engineering. In contrast, single-chain T cell receptor V domain constructs (scTCR) are prone to aggregation and misfolding and are refractory to display on phage or yeast in their wild-type form. However, through random mutagenesis and yeast display engineering, it has been possible to isolate scTCR mutants that are properly folded and displayed on the yeast surface. These displayed mutants can serve not only as a scaffold for further engineering but also as scTCR variants that exhibit favorable biophysical properties in Escherichia coli expression. Thus, a more comprehensive understanding of the V domain mutations that allowed display would be beneficial. Our goal here was to identify generalizable patterns of important mutations that can be applied to different TCRs. We compared five different scTCRs, four from mice and one from a human, for yeast surface display. Analysis of a collection of mutants revealed four distinct regions of TCR V domains that were most important for enabling surface expression: the Valpha-Vbeta interface, the HV4 of Vbeta, and the region of the Valpha and Vbeta domains normally apposed against the constant (C) domains. Consistent with the role of the V-C interface in surface display, reconstitution of this interface, by including the constant domains of each chain, allowed V domain display and alphabeta chain association on the yeast surface, thus providing an alternative TCR scaffold. However, the surface levels of TCR achieved with engineered scTCR mutants were superior to that of the ValphaCalpha/VbetaCbeta constructs. Therefore, we describe further optimization of the current strategy for surface display of the single-chain format in order to facilitate yeast display engineering of a broader range of scTCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Richman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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49
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Studelska DR, Mandik-Nayak L, Zhou X, Pan J, Weiser P, McDowell LM, Lu H, Liapis H, Allen PM, Shih FF, Zhang L. High affinity glycosaminoglycan and autoantigen interaction explains joint specificity in a mouse model of rheumatoid arthritis. J Biol Chem 2008; 284:2354-62. [PMID: 18948258 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m806458200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In the K/BxN mouse model of rheumatoid arthritis, autoantibodies specific for glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI) can transfer joint-specific inflammation to most strains of normal mice. Binding of GPI and autoantibody to the joint surface is a prerequisite for joint-specific inflammation. However, how GPI localizes to the joint remains unclear. We show that glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are the high affinity (83 nm) joint receptors for GPI. The binding affinity and structural differences between mouse paw/ankle GAGs and elbows/knee GAGs correlated with the distal to proximal disease severity in these joints. We found that cartilage surface GPI binding was greatly reduced by either chondroitinase ABC or beta-glucuronidase treatment. We also identified several inhibitors that inhibit both GPI/GAG interaction and GPI enzymatic activities, which suggests that the GPI GAG-binding domain overlaps with the active site of GPI enzyme. Our studies raise the possibility that GAGs are the receptors for other autoantigens involved in joint-specific inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Studelska
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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50
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Bredemeyer AL, Helmink BA, Innes CL, Calderon B, McGinnis LM, Mahowald GK, Gapud EJ, Walker LM, Collins JB, Weaver BK, Mandik-Nayak L, Schreiber RD, Allen PM, May MJ, Paules RS, Bassing CH, Sleckman BP. DNA double-strand breaks activate a multi-functional genetic program in developing lymphocytes. Nature 2008; 456:819-23. [PMID: 18849970 PMCID: PMC2605662 DOI: 10.1038/nature07392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2008] [Accepted: 09/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks are generated by genotoxic agents and by cellular endonucleases as intermediates of several important physiological processes. The cellular response to genotoxic DNA breaks includes the activation of transcriptional programs known primarily to regulate cell-cycle checkpoints and cell survival. DNA double-strand breaks are generated in all developing lymphocytes during the assembly of antigen receptor genes, a process that is essential for normal lymphocyte development. Here we show that in murine lymphocytes these physiological DNA breaks activate a broad transcriptional program. This program transcends the canonical DNA double-strand break response and includes many genes that regulate diverse cellular processes important for lymphocyte development. Moreover, the expression of several of these genes is regulated similarly in response to genotoxic DNA damage. Thus, physiological DNA double-strand breaks provide cues that can regulate cell-type-specific processes not directly involved in maintaining the integrity of the genome, and genotoxic DNA breaks could disrupt normal cellular functions by corrupting these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Bredemeyer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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