1
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Alsoussi WB, Malladi SK, Zhou JQ, Liu Z, Ying B, Kim W, Schmitz AJ, Lei T, Horvath SC, Sturtz AJ, McIntire KM, Evavold B, Han F, Scheaffer SM, Fox IF, Mirza SF, Parra-Rodriguez L, Nachbagauer R, Nestorova B, Chalkias S, Farnsworth CW, Klebert MK, Pusic I, Strnad BS, Middleton WD, Teefey SA, Whelan SPJ, Diamond MS, Paris R, O'Halloran JA, Presti RM, Turner JS, Ellebedy AH. SARS-CoV-2 Omicron boosting induces de novo B cell response in humans. Nature 2023; 617:592-598. [PMID: 37011668 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06025-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
The primary two-dose SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine series are strongly immunogenic in humans, but the emergence of highly infectious variants necessitated additional doses and the development of vaccines aimed at the new variants1-4. SARS-CoV-2 booster immunizations in humans primarily recruit pre-existing memory B cells5-9. However, it remains unclear whether the additional doses induce germinal centre reactions whereby re-engaged B cells can further mature, and whether variant-derived vaccines can elicit responses to variant-specific epitopes. Here we show that boosting with an mRNA vaccine against the original monovalent SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine or the bivalent B.1.351 and B.1.617.2 (Beta/Delta) mRNA vaccine induced robust spike-specific germinal centre B cell responses in humans. The germinal centre response persisted for at least eight weeks, leading to significantly more mutated antigen-specific bone marrow plasma cell and memory B cell compartments. Spike-binding monoclonal antibodies derived from memory B cells isolated from individuals boosted with either the original SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, bivalent Beta/Delta vaccine or a monovalent Omicron BA.1-based vaccine predominantly recognized the original SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Nonetheless, using a more targeted sorting approach, we isolated monoclonal antibodies that recognized the BA.1 spike protein but not the original SARS-CoV-2 spike protein from individuals who received the mRNA-1273.529 booster; these antibodies were less mutated and recognized novel epitopes within the spike protein, suggesting that they originated from naive B cells. Thus, SARS-CoV-2 booster immunizations in humans induce robust germinal centre B cell responses and can generate de novo B cell responses targeting variant-specific epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafaa B Alsoussi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sameer Kumar Malladi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Julian Q Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Zhuoming Liu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Baoling Ying
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Wooseob Kim
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Aaron J Schmitz
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tingting Lei
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Stephen C Horvath
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alexandria J Sturtz
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Katherine M McIntire
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Birk Evavold
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Fangjie Han
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Suzanne M Scheaffer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Isabella F Fox
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Senaa F Mirza
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Luis Parra-Rodriguez
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | | | | | | | - Christopher W Farnsworth
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael K Klebert
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Unit, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Iskra Pusic
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Benjamin S Strnad
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - William D Middleton
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sharlene A Teefey
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sean P J Whelan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Jane A O'Halloran
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Unit, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rachel M Presti
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Unit, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jackson S Turner
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Ali H Ellebedy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
- The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
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Alsoussi WB, Malladi SK, Zhou JQ, Liu Z, Ying B, Kim W, Schmitz AJ, Lei T, Horvath SC, Sturtz AJ, McIntire KM, Evavold B, Han F, Scheaffer SM, Fox IF, Parra-Rodriguez L, Nachbagauer R, Nestorova B, Chalkias S, Farnsworth CW, Klebert MK, Pusic I, Strnad BS, Middleton WD, Teefey SA, Whelan SP, Diamond MS, Paris R, O’Halloran JA, Presti RM, Turner JS, Ellebedy AH. SARS-CoV-2 Omicron boosting induces de novo B cell response in humans. bioRxiv 2022:2022.09.22.509040. [PMID: 36172127 PMCID: PMC9516848 DOI: 10.1101/2022.09.22.509040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The primary two-dose SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine series are strongly immunogenic in humans, but the emergence of highly infectious variants necessitated additional doses of these vaccines and the development of new variant-derived ones 1-4 . SARS-CoV-2 booster immunizations in humans primarily recruit pre-existing memory B cells (MBCs) 5-9 . It remains unclear, however, whether the additional doses induce germinal centre (GC) reactions where reengaged B cells can further mature and whether variant-derived vaccines can elicit responses to novel epitopes specific to such variants. Here, we show that boosting with the original SARS- CoV-2 spike vaccine (mRNA-1273) or a B.1.351/B.1.617.2 (Beta/Delta) bivalent vaccine (mRNA-1273.213) induces robust spike-specific GC B cell responses in humans. The GC response persisted for at least eight weeks, leading to significantly more mutated antigen-specific MBC and bone marrow plasma cell compartments. Interrogation of MBC-derived spike-binding monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) isolated from individuals boosted with either mRNA-1273, mRNA-1273.213, or a monovalent Omicron BA.1-based vaccine (mRNA-1273.529) revealed a striking imprinting effect by the primary vaccination series, with all mAbs (n=769) recognizing the original SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Nonetheless, using a more targeted approach, we isolated mAbs that recognized the spike protein of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron (BA.1) but not the original SARS-CoV-2 spike from the mRNA-1273.529 boosted individuals. The latter mAbs were less mutated and recognized novel epitopes within the spike protein, suggesting a naïve B cell origin. Thus, SARS-CoV-2 boosting in humans induce robust GC B cell responses, and immunization with an antigenically distant spike can overcome the antigenic imprinting by the primary vaccination series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafaa B. Alsoussi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Sameer K. Malladi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Julian Q. Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Zhuoming Liu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Baoling Ying
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Wooseob Kim
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Aaron J. Schmitz
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tingting Lei
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Stephen C. Horvath
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alexandria J. Sturtz
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Katherine M. McIntire
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Birk Evavold
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Fangjie Han
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Suzanne M. Scheaffer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Isabella F. Fox
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Luis Parra-Rodriguez
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | | | | | - Christopher W. Farnsworth
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael K. Klebert
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Unit, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Iskra Pusic
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Benjamin S. Strnad
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - William D. Middleton
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sharlene A. Teefey
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sean P.J. Whelan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael S. Diamond
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO, USA
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO, USA
- The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology & Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Jane A. O’Halloran
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO, USA
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Unit, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rachel M. Presti
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO, USA
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Unit, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO, USA
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO, USA
- The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology & Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jackson S. Turner
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ali H. Ellebedy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO, USA
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO, USA
- The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology & Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO, USA
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3
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Kim W, Zhou JQ, Horvath SC, Schmitz AJ, Sturtz AJ, Lei T, Liu Z, Kalaidina E, Thapa M, Alsoussi WB, Haile A, Klebert MK, Suessen T, Parra-Rodriguez L, Mudd PA, Whelan SPJ, Middleton WD, Teefey SA, Pusic I, O'Halloran JA, Presti RM, Turner JS, Ellebedy AH. Germinal centre-driven maturation of B cell response to mRNA vaccination. Nature 2022; 604:141-145. [PMID: 35168246 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04527-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Germinal centres (GC) are lymphoid structures in which B cells acquire affinity-enhancing somatic hypermutations (SHM), with surviving clones differentiating into memory B cells (MBCs) and long-lived bone marrow plasma cells1-5 (BMPCs). SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces a persistent GC response that lasts for at least six months in humans6-8. The fate of responding GC B cells as well as the functional consequences of such persistence remain unknown. Here, we detected SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-specific MBCs in 42 individuals who had received two doses of the SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine BNT162b2 six month earlier. Spike-specific IgG-secreting BMPCs were detected in 9 out of 11 participants. Using a combined approach of sequencing the B cell receptors of responding blood plasmablasts and MBCs, lymph node GC B cells and plasma cells and BMPCs from eight individuals and expression of the corresponding monoclonal antibodies, we tracked the evolution of 1,540 spike-specific B cell clones. On average, early blood spike-specific plasmablasts exhibited the lowest SHM frequencies. By contrast, SHM frequencies of spike-specific GC B cells increased by 3.5-fold within six months after vaccination. Spike-specific MBCs and BMPCs accumulated high levels of SHM, which corresponded with enhanced anti-spike antibody avidity in blood and enhanced affinity as well as neutralization capacity of BMPC-derived monoclonal antibodies. We report how the notable persistence of the GC reaction induced by SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination in humans culminates in affinity-matured long-term antibody responses that potently neutralize the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wooseob Kim
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Julian Q Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Stephen C Horvath
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Aaron J Schmitz
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alexandria J Sturtz
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tingting Lei
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Zhuoming Liu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Elizaveta Kalaidina
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mahima Thapa
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Wafaa B Alsoussi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alem Haile
- Clinical Trials Unit, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael K Klebert
- Clinical Trials Unit, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Teresa Suessen
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Luis Parra-Rodriguez
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Philip A Mudd
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.,Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sean P J Whelan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - William D Middleton
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sharlene A Teefey
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Iskra Pusic
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jane A O'Halloran
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rachel M Presti
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.,Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jackson S Turner
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ali H Ellebedy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA. .,Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA. .,The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
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4
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Kim W, Zhou JQ, Sturtz AJ, Horvath SC, Schmitz AJ, Lei T, Kalaidina E, Thapa M, Alsoussi WB, Haile A, Klebert MK, Suessen T, Parra-Rodriguez L, Mudd PA, Middleton WD, Teefey SA, Pusic I, O’Halloran JA, Presti RM, Turner JS, Ellebedy AH. Germinal centre-driven maturation of B cell response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. bioRxiv 2021:2021.10.31.466651. [PMID: 34751268 PMCID: PMC8575138 DOI: 10.1101/2021.10.31.466651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Germinal centres (GC) are lymphoid structures where vaccine-responding B cells acquire affinity-enhancing somatic hypermutations (SHM), with surviving clones differentiating into memory B cells (MBCs) and long-lived bone marrow plasma cells (BMPCs) 1-4 . Induction of the latter is a hallmark of durable immunity after vaccination 5 . SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces a robust GC response in humans 6-8 , but the maturation dynamics of GC B cells and propagation of their progeny throughout the B cell diaspora have not been elucidated. Here we show that anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike (S)-binding GC B cells were detectable in draining lymph nodes for at least six months in 10 out of 15 individuals who had received two doses of BNT162b2, a SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine. Six months after vaccination, circulating S-binding MBCs were detected in all participants (n=42) and S-specific IgG-secreting BMPCs were detected in 9 out of 11 participants. Using a combined approach of single-cell RNA sequencing of responding blood and lymph node B cells from eight participants and expression of the corresponding monoclonal antibodies, we tracked the evolution of 1540 S-specific B cell clones. SHM accumulated along the B cell differentiation trajectory, with early blood plasmablasts showing the lowest frequencies, followed by MBCs and lymph node plasma cells whose SHM largely overlapped with GC B cells. By three months after vaccination, the frequency of SHM within GC B cells had doubled. Strikingly, S + BMPCs detected six months after vaccination accumulated the highest level of SHM, corresponding with significantly enhanced anti-S polyclonal antibody avidity in blood at that time point. This study documents the induction of affinity-matured BMPCs after two doses of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination in humans, providing a foundation for the sustained high efficacy observed with these vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wooseob Kim
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Julian Q. Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alexandria J. Sturtz
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Stephen C. Horvath
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Aaron J. Schmitz
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tingting Lei
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Elizaveta Kalaidina
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mahima Thapa
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Wafaa B. Alsoussi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alem Haile
- Clinical Trials Unit, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael K. Klebert
- Clinical Trials Unit, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Teresa Suessen
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Luis Parra-Rodriguez
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Philip A. Mudd
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - William D. Middleton
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sharlene A. Teefey
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Iskra Pusic
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jane A. O’Halloran
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rachel M. Presti
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Jackson S. Turner
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ali H. Ellebedy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology & Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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5
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Hsieh SA, Donermeyer DL, Horvath SC, Allen PM. Phase-variable bacteria simultaneously express multiple capsules. Microbiology (Reading) 2021; 167. [PMID: 34224345 PMCID: PMC8489884 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Capsular polysaccharides (CPSs) protect bacteria from host and environmental factors. Many bacteria can express different CPSs and these CPSs are phase variable. For example, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (B. theta) is a prominent member of the human gut microbiome and expresses eight different capsular polysaccharides. Bacteria, including B. theta, have been shown to change their CPSs to adapt to various niches such as immune, bacteriophage, and antibiotic perturbations. However, there are limited tools to study CPSs and fundamental questions regarding phase variance, including if gut bacteria can express more than one capsule at the same time, remain unanswered. To better understand the roles of different CPSs, we generated a B. theta CPS1-specific antibody and a flow cytometry assay to detect CPS expression in individual bacteria in the gut microbiota. Using these novel tools, we report for the first time that bacteria can simultaneously express multiple CPSs. We also observed that nutrients such as glucose and salts had no effect on CPS expression. The ability to express multiple CPSs at the same time may provide bacteria with an adaptive advantage to thrive amid changing host and environmental conditions, especially in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha A Hsieh
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David L Donermeyer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Stephen C Horvath
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Paul M Allen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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6
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Wegorzewska MM, Glowacki RWP, Hsieh SA, Donermeyer DL, Hickey CA, Horvath SC, Martens EC, Stappenbeck TS, Allen PM. Diet modulates colonic T cell responses by regulating the expression of a Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron antigen. Sci Immunol 2020; 4:4/32/eaau9079. [PMID: 30737355 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aau9079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
T cell responses to symbionts in the intestine drive tolerance or inflammation depending on the genetic background of the host. These symbionts in the gut sense the available nutrients and adapt their metabolic programs to use these nutrients efficiently. Here, we ask whether diet can alter the expression of a bacterial antigen to modulate adaptive immune responses. We generated a CD4+ T cell hybridoma, BθOM, specific for Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (B. theta). Adoptively transferred transgenic T cells expressing the BθOM TCR proliferated in the colon, colon-draining lymph node, and spleen in B. theta-colonized healthy mice and differentiated into regulatory T cells (Tregs) and effector T cells (Teffs). Depletion of B. theta-specific Tregs resulted in colitis, showing that a single protein expressed by B. theta can drive differentiation of Tregs that self-regulate Teffs to prevent disease. We found that BθOM T cells recognized a peptide derived from a single B. theta protein, BT4295, whose expression is regulated by nutrients, with glucose being a strong catabolite repressor. Mice fed a high-glucose diet had a greatly reduced activation of BθOM T cells in the colon. These studies establish that the immune response to specific bacterial antigens can be modified by changes in the diet by altering antigen expression in the microbe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta M Wegorzewska
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Robert W P Glowacki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, 1500 E Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Samantha A Hsieh
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David L Donermeyer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Christina A Hickey
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Stephen C Horvath
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Eric C Martens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, 1500 E Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Thaddeus S Stappenbeck
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Paul M Allen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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