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Makani VKK, Joglekar AV. Living in Syn: T Cell Antigen Identification Based on Synapse Sequencing. Cancer Immunol Res 2024; 12:515. [PMID: 38557780 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-24-0239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The pivotal role of T cell responses has been well studied in both protective and destructive scenarios. T cells recognize peptide epitopes presented on Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA) through their surface T cell receptors (TCR). Advances in single-cell RNA sequencing have identified millions of TCRs, but only a minuscule fraction of them have known epitopes. Recently, cell-based T cell antigen discovery platforms have emerged onto the landscape. Here, Jin and colleagues, report a novel antigen discovery platform called Tsyn-seq that relies on sequencing TCR-peptide-HLA-induced synapses for genome-wide epitope screening. See related article by Jin et al., p. 530 (3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkata Krishna Kanth Makani
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Center for Systems Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Alok V Joglekar
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Center for Systems Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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2
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Jin Y, Miyama T, Brown A, Hayase T, Song X, Singh AK, Huang L, Flores II, McDaniel LK, Glover I, Halsey TM, Prasad R, Chapa V, Ahmed S, Zhang J, Rai K, Peterson CB, Lizee G, Karmouch J, Hayase E, Molldrem JJ, Chang CC, Tsai WB, Jenq RR. Tsyn-Seq: a T-cell Synapse-Based Antigen Identification Platform. Cancer Immunol Res 2024; 12:530-543. [PMID: 38363296 PMCID: PMC11065584 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-23-0467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Tools for genome-wide rapid identification of peptide-major histocompatibility complex targets of T-cell receptors (TCR) are not yet universally available. We present a new antigen screening method, the T-synapse (Tsyn) reporter system, which includes antigen-presenting cells (APC) with a Fas-inducible NF-κB reporter and T cells with a nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) reporter. To functionally screen for target antigens from a cDNA library, productively interacting T cell-APC aggregates were detected by dual-reporter activity and enriched by flow sorting followed by antigen identification quantified by deep sequencing (Tsyn-seq). When applied to a previously characterized TCR specific for the E7 antigen derived from human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16), Tsyn-seq successfully enriched the correct cognate antigen from a cDNA library derived from an HPV16-positive cervical cancer cell line. Tsyn-seq provides a method for rapidly identifying antigens recognized by TCRs of interest from a tumor cDNA library. See related Spotlight by Makani and Joglekar, p. 515.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimei Jin
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Takahiko Miyama
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Alexandria Brown
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Tomo Hayase
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Xingzhi Song
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Anand K. Singh
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Licai Huang
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Ivonne I. Flores
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Lauren K. McDaniel
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Israel Glover
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Taylor M. Halsey
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Rishika Prasad
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Valerie Chapa
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Saira Ahmed
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Kunal Rai
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Christine B. Peterson
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Gregory Lizee
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Jennifer Karmouch
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Eiko Hayase
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Jeffrey J. Molldrem
- Department of Hematopoietic Biology & Malignancy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Chia-Chi Chang
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Wen-Bin Tsai
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Robert R. Jenq
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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3
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Transient synaptic CD61 pairing with CD103 increases the cytotoxicity of antigen-specific T cells. Nat Immunol 2024; 25:739-40. [PMID: 38671324 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-024-01829-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
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4
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Voros O, Panyi G, Hajdu P. Immune Synapse Residency of Orai1 Alters Ca 2+ Response of T Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111514. [PMID: 34768945 PMCID: PMC8583858 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CRAC, which plays important role in Ca2+-dependent T-lymphocyte activation, is composed of the ER-resident STIM1 and the plasma membrane Orai1 pore-forming subunit. Both accumulate at the immunological synapse (IS) between a T cell and an antigen-presenting cell (APC). We hypothesized that adapter/interacting proteins regulate Orai1 residence in the IS. We could show that mGFP-tagged Orai1-Full channels expressed in Jurkat cells had a biphasic IS-accumulation kinetics peaked at 15 min. To understand the background of Orai1 IS-redistribution we knocked down STIM1 and SAP97 (adaptor protein with a short IS-residency (15 min) and ability to bind Orai1 N-terminus): the mGFP-Orai1-Full channels kept on accumulating in the IS up to the 60th minute in the STIM1- and SAP97-lacking Jurkat cells. Deletion of Orai1 N terminus (mGFP-Orai1-Δ72) resulted in the same time course as described for STIM1/SAP97 knock-down cells. Ca2+-imaging of IS-engaged T-cells revealed that of Orai1 residency modifies the Ca2+-response: cells expressing mGFP-Orai1-Δ72 construct or mGFP-Orai1-Full in SAP-97 knock-down cells showed higher number of Ca2+-oscillation up to the 90th minute after IS formation. Overall, these data suggest that SAP97 may contribute to the short-lived IS-residency of Orai1 and binding of STIM1 to Orai1 N-terminus is necessary for SAP97-Orai1 interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orsolya Voros
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (O.V.); (G.P.)
| | - György Panyi
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (O.V.); (G.P.)
| | - Péter Hajdu
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-52-258603
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5
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Cerny O, Godlee C, Tocci R, Cross NE, Shi H, Williamson JC, Alix E, Lehner PJ, Holden DW. CD97 stabilises the immunological synapse between dendritic cells and T cells and is targeted for degradation by the Salmonella effector SteD. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009771. [PMID: 34314469 PMCID: PMC8345877 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Salmonella enterica effector SteD depletes mature MHC class II (mMHCII) molecules from the surface of infected antigen-presenting cells through ubiquitination of the cytoplasmic tail of the mMHCII β chain. This requires the Nedd4 family HECT E3 ubiquitin ligase Wwp2 and a tumor-suppressing transmembrane protein adaptor Tmem127. Here, through a proteomic screen of dendritic cells, we found that SteD targets the plasma membrane protein CD97 for degradation by a similar mechanism. SteD enhanced ubiquitination of CD97 on K555 and mutation of this residue eliminated the effect of SteD on CD97 surface levels. We showed that CD97 localises to and stabilises the immunological synapse between dendritic cells and T cells. Removal of CD97 by SteD inhibited dendritic cell-T cell interactions and reduced T cell activation, independently of its effect on MHCII. Therefore, SteD suppresses T cell immunity by two distinct processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Cerny
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (OC); (DWH)
| | - Camilla Godlee
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Romina Tocci
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nancy E. Cross
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Haoran Shi
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - James C. Williamson
- Cambridge Institute for Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Alix
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul J. Lehner
- Cambridge Institute for Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David W. Holden
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (OC); (DWH)
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6
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Li Y, Tunbridge HM, Britton GJ, Hill EV, Sinai P, Cirillo S, Thompson C, Fallah-Arani F, Dovedi SJ, Wraith DC, Wülfing C. A LAT-Based Signaling Complex in the Immunological Synapse as Determined with Live Cell Imaging Is Less Stable in T Cells with Regulatory Capability. Cells 2021; 10:418. [PMID: 33671236 PMCID: PMC7921939 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral immune regulation is critical for the maintenance of self-tolerance. Here we have investigated signaling processes that distinguish T cells with regulatory capability from effector T cells. The murine Tg4 T cell receptor recognizes a peptide derived from the self-antigen myelin basic protein. T cells from Tg4 T cell receptor transgenic mice can be used to generate effector T cells and three types of T cells with regulatory capability, inducible regulatory T cells, T cells tolerized by repeated in vivo antigenic peptide exposure or T cells treated with the tolerogenic drug UCB9608 (a phosphatidylinositol 4 kinase IIIβ inhibitor). We comparatively studied signaling in all of these T cells by activating them with the same antigen presenting cells presenting the same myelin basic protein peptide. Supramolecular signaling structures, as efficiently detected by large-scale live cell imaging, are critical mediators of T cell activation. The formation of a supramolecular signaling complex anchored by the adaptor protein linker for activation of T cells (LAT) was consistently terminated more rapidly in Tg4 T cells with regulatory capability. Such termination could be partially reversed by blocking the inhibitory receptors CTLA-4 and PD-1. Our work suggests that attenuation of proximal signaling may favor regulatory over effector function in T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yikui Li
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Helen M Tunbridge
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Graham J Britton
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Elaine V Hill
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Parisa Sinai
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Silvia Cirillo
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | | | | | - Simon J Dovedi
- R&D Oncology, AstraZeneca, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, UK
| | - David C Wraith
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Christoph Wülfing
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
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7
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Razvag Y, Neve-Oz Y, Sajman J, Yakovian O, Reches M, Sherman E. T Cell Activation through Isolated Tight Contacts. Cell Rep 2020; 29:3506-3521.e6. [PMID: 31825832 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells engage antigen-presenting cells in search for cognate antigens via dynamic cell protrusions before forming a tight immune synapse. The spatiotemporal events that may lead to rapid TCR triggering and signal amplification in microvilli-driven isolated contacts, and in subsequent, more uniform contacts, remain poorly understood. Here, we combined interference-reflectance microscopy and single-molecule localization microscopy in live cells to resolve TCR-dependent signaling at tight cell contacts. We show that early contacts are sufficient for robust TCR triggering and ZAP-70 recruitment. With cell spreading, TCR activation and ZAP-70 recruitment increase and shift to the edges of the growing tight contacts. CD45 segregates from TCR at tight contacts and is enriched at high local curvature membrane. Surprisingly, cortical actin and LFA localized at contact regions of intermediate tightness. Our results show in molecular detail the roles of early and tight T cell contacts in T cell activation, as both sensing and decision-making entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yair Razvag
- Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel; Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Yair Neve-Oz
- Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Julia Sajman
- Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Oren Yakovian
- Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Meital Reches
- Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Eilon Sherman
- Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel.
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Biolato AM, Filali L, Wurzer H, Hoffmann C, Gargiulo E, Valitutti S, Thomas C. Actin remodeling and vesicular trafficking at the tumor cell side of the immunological synapse direct evasion from cytotoxic lymphocytes. Int Rev Cell Mol Biol 2020; 356:99-130. [PMID: 33066877 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Michela Biolato
- Cytoskeleton and Cancer Progression, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg; Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Liza Filali
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM, Toulouse, France
| | - Hannah Wurzer
- Cytoskeleton and Cancer Progression, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg; Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Céline Hoffmann
- Cytoskeleton and Cancer Progression, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Ernesto Gargiulo
- Tumor-Stroma Interactions, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Salvatore Valitutti
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM, Toulouse, France; Department of Pathology, Institut Universitaire du Cancer-Oncopole, Toulouse, France.
| | - Clément Thomas
- Cytoskeleton and Cancer Progression, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg.
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Siokis A, Robert PA, Meyer-Hermann M. Agent-Based Modeling of T Cell Receptor Cooperativity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186473. [PMID: 32899840 PMCID: PMC7555007 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunological synapse (IS) formation is a key event during antigen recognition by T cells. Recent experimental evidence suggests that the affinity between T cell receptors (TCRs) and antigen is actively modulated during the early steps of TCR signaling. In this work, we used an agent-based model to study possible mechanisms for affinity modulation during IS formation. We show that, without any specific active mechanism, the observed affinity between receptors and ligands evolves over time and depends on the density of ligands of the antigen peptide presented by major histocompatibility complexes (pMHC) and TCR molecules. A comparison between the presence or absence of TCR–pMHC centrally directed flow due to F-actin coupling suggests that centripetal transport is a potential mechanism for affinity modulation. The model further suggests that the time point of affinity measurement during immune synapse formation is critical. Finally, a mathematical model of F-actin foci formation incorporated in the agent-based model shows that TCR affinity can potentially be actively modulated by positive/negative feedback of the F-actin foci on the TCR-pMHC association rate kon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasios Siokis
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (A.S.); (P.A.R.)
| | - Philippe A. Robert
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (A.S.); (P.A.R.)
| | - Michael Meyer-Hermann
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (A.S.); (P.A.R.)
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-531-391-55210
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Im S, Jang D, Saravanakumar G, Lee J, Kang Y, Lee YM, Lee J, Doh J, Yang ZY, Jang MH, Kim WJ. Harnessing the Formation of Natural Killer-Tumor Cell Immunological Synapses for Enhanced Therapeutic Effect in Solid Tumors. Adv Mater 2020; 32:e2000020. [PMID: 32319126 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202000020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The formation of an immunological synapse (IS) on recognition of a cancer cell is the main mechanism underlying the natural killer (NK)-cell-mediated killing of tumor cells. Herein, an integrative strategy for cancer therapy against solid tumors is reported, in which alterations in the cleft of IS, following the secretion of acidic granular content, are utilized as a trigger for the delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs. NK cells are decorated with the IS-environment-responsive micellar system to ensure the release of the payload when they attack cancer cells. Using this strategy, the immunological cytotoxic killing effect of NK cells against solid tumors is reinforced with the site-specific diffusion of chemotherapeutic agents. Harnessing the intrinsic mechanism for the recognition of abnormal cells and the tumor-homing effect of NK cells limit the adverse systemic effects of chemotherapeutic drugs. This approach may provide a pragmatic platform for the universal and effective utilization of IS formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sooseok Im
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering (I-Bio), Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghyun Jang
- Department of Chemistry, POSTECH-Catholic Biomedical Engineering Institute, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Gurusamy Saravanakumar
- Department of Chemistry, POSTECH-Catholic Biomedical Engineering Institute, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Junseok Lee
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering (I-Bio), Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeoul Kang
- Department of Chemistry, POSTECH-Catholic Biomedical Engineering Institute, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong Mi Lee
- Department of Chemistry, POSTECH-Catholic Biomedical Engineering Institute, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehyun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, POSTECH-Catholic Biomedical Engineering Institute, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Junsang Doh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Won Jong Kim
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering (I-Bio), Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, POSTECH-Catholic Biomedical Engineering Institute, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
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11
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Garcia E, Ismail S. Spatiotemporal Regulation of Signaling: Focus on T Cell Activation and the Immunological Synapse. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3283. [PMID: 32384769 PMCID: PMC7247333 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In a signaling network, not only the functions of molecules are important but when (temporal) and where (spatial) those functions are exerted and orchestrated is what defines the signaling output. To temporally and spatially modulate signaling events, cells generate specialized functional domains with variable lifetime and size that concentrate signaling molecules, enhancing their transduction potential. The plasma membrane is a key in this regulation, as it constitutes a primary signaling hub that integrates signals within and across the membrane. Here, we examine some of the mechanisms that cells exhibit to spatiotemporally regulate signal transduction, focusing on the early events of T cell activation from triggering of T cell receptor to formation and maturation of the immunological synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Garcia
- CR-UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Shehab Ismail
- CR-UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
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12
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Blumenthal D, Burkhardt JK. Multiple actin networks coordinate mechanotransduction at the immunological synapse. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:e201911058. [PMID: 31977034 PMCID: PMC7041673 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201911058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of naive T cells by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) is an essential step in mounting an adaptive immune response. It is known that antigen recognition and T cell receptor (TCR) signaling depend on forces applied by the T cell actin cytoskeleton, but until recently, the underlying mechanisms have been poorly defined. Here, we review recent advances in the field, which show that specific actin-dependent structures contribute to the process in distinct ways. In essence, T cell priming involves a tug-of-war between the cytoskeletons of the T cell and the APC, where the actin cytoskeleton serves as a mechanical intermediate that integrates force-dependent signals. We consider each of the relevant actin-rich T cell structures separately and address how they work together at the topologically and temporally complex cell-cell interface. In addition, we address how this mechanobiology can be incorporated into canonical immunological models to improve how these models explain T cell sensitivity and antigenic specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janis K. Burkhardt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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13
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Martín-Cófreces NB, Rojas-Gomez A, Dosil SG, Fernandez-Delgado I, Sánchez-Madrid F. Rapid Visualization of Intracellular Vesicle Events During Synaptic Stimulation. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2346:105-120. [PMID: 32897513 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2020_321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The immune synapse (IS) enables cell-cell communication between immune cells through close contacts, as well as T-cell activation and vesicle secretion. It is sustained by fine-tuned molecular interactions of receptors at both cell sides of the IS and intracellular cytoskeletal components. The resulting intracellular polarization of different organelles, through cytoskeleton-guided vesicular traffic, is a key player in IS formation and signaling. We describe herein a method to analyze rapid changes of vesicle localization through microscopy analysis upon polarization toward the IS. These vesicles are monitored using the centrosome and its associated microtubular network or the actin-based structures as spatial references during the organization of the IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noa B Martín-Cófreces
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain.
- Vascular Pathophysiology Area, Centro Nacional Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cardiovascular (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Amelia Rojas-Gomez
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain
- Vascular Pathophysiology Area, Centro Nacional Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara G Dosil
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain
- Vascular Pathophysiology Area, Centro Nacional Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Fernandez-Delgado
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain
- Vascular Pathophysiology Area, Centro Nacional Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Sánchez-Madrid
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain.
- Vascular Pathophysiology Area, Centro Nacional Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cardiovascular (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain.
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14
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Kennedy PR, Barthen C, Williamson DJ, Pitkeathly WTE, Hazime KS, Cumming J, Stacey KB, Hilton HG, Carrington M, Parham P, Davis DM. Genetic diversity affects the nanoscale membrane organization and signaling of natural killer cell receptors. Sci Signal 2019; 12:eaaw9252. [PMID: 31848320 PMCID: PMC6944503 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaw9252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Genetic diversity in human natural killer (NK) cell receptors is linked to resistance and susceptibility to many diseases. Here, we tested the effect of this diversity on the nanoscale organization of killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs). Using superresolution microscopy, we found that inhibitory KIRs encoded by different genes and alleles were organized differently at the surface of primary human NK cells. KIRs that were found at low abundance assembled into smaller clusters than those formed by KIRs that were more highly abundant, and at low abundance, there was a greater proportion of KIRs in clusters. Upon receptor triggering, a structured interface called the immune synapse assembles, which facilitates signal integration and controls NK cell responses. Here, triggering of low-abundance receptors resulted in less phosphorylation of the downstream phosphatase SHP-1 but more phosphorylation of the adaptor protein Crk than did triggering of high-abundance receptors. In cells with greater KIR abundance, SHP-1 dephosphorylated Crk, which potentiated NK cell spreading during activation. Thus, genetic variation modulates both the abundance and nanoscale organization of inhibitory KIRs. That is, as well as the number of receptors at the cell surface varying with genotype, the way in which these receptors are organized in the membrane also varies. Essentially, a change in the average surface abundance of a protein at the cell surface is a coarse descriptor entwined with changes in local nanoscale clustering. Together, our data indicate that genetic diversity in inhibitory KIRs affects membrane-proximal signaling and, unexpectedly, the formation of activating immune synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippa R Kennedy
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | - Charlotte Barthen
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | - David J Williamson
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | - William T E Pitkeathly
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | - Khodor S Hazime
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | - Joshua Cumming
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | - Kevin B Stacey
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | - Hugo G Hilton
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, D159, Sherman Fairchild Science Building, 299 Campus Drive West, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mary Carrington
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Building 560, Room 21-89, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Peter Parham
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, D159, Sherman Fairchild Science Building, 299 Campus Drive West, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Daniel M Davis
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, UK.
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15
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Hofmann F, Navarrete M, Álvarez J, Guerrero I, Gleisner MA, Tittarelli A, Salazar-Onfray F. Cx43-Gap Junctions Accumulate at the Cytotoxic Immunological Synapse Enabling Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Melanoma Cell Killing. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184509. [PMID: 31547237 PMCID: PMC6769613 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon tumor antigen recognition, cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and target cells form specialized supramolecular structures, called cytotoxic immunological synapses, which are required for polarized delivery of cytotoxic granules. In previous reports, we described the accumulation of connexin 43 (Cx43)-formed gap junctions (GJs) at natural killer (NK) cell–tumor cell cytotoxic immunological synapse. In this report, we demonstrate the functional role of Cx43-GJs at the cytotoxic immunological synapse established between CTLs and melanoma cells during cytotoxicity. Using confocal microscopy, we evaluated Cx43 polarization to the contact site between CTLs isolated from pMEL-1 mice and B16F10 melanoma cells. We knocked down Cx43 expression in B16F10 cells and evaluated its role in the formation of functional GJs and the cytotoxic activity of CTLs, by calcein transfer and granzyme B activity assays, respectively. We found that Cx43 localizes at CTL/B16F10 intercellular contact sites via an antigen-dependent process. We also found that pMEL-1 CTLs but not wild-type naïve CD8+ T cells established functional GJs with B16F10 cells. Interestingly, we observed that Cx43-GJs were required for an efficient granzyme B activity in target B16F10 cells. Using an HLA-A2-restricted/MART-1-specific CD8+ T-cell clone, we confirmed these observations in human cells. Our results suggest that Cx43-channels are relevant components of cytotoxic immunological synapses and potentiate CTL-mediated tumor cell killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Hofmann
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile.
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile.
| | - Mariela Navarrete
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile.
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile.
| | - Javiera Álvarez
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile.
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile.
| | - Israel Guerrero
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile.
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile.
| | - María Alejandra Gleisner
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile.
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile.
| | - Andrés Tittarelli
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile.
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile.
| | - Flavio Salazar-Onfray
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile.
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile.
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16
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Chitirala P, Ravichandran K, Galgano D, Sleiman M, Krause E, Bryceson YT, Rettig J. Cytotoxic Granule Exocytosis From Human Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes Is Mediated by VAMP7. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1855. [PMID: 31447853 PMCID: PMC6692471 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes kill infected or malignant cells through the directed release of cytotoxic substances at the site of target cell contact, the immunological synapse. While genetic association studies of genes predisposing to early-onset life-threatening hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis has identified components of the plasma membrane fusion machinery, the identity of the vesicular components remain enigmatic. Here, we identify VAMP7 as an essential component of the vesicular fusion machinery of primary, human T cells. VAMP7 co-localizes with granule markers throughout all stages of T cell maturation and simultaneously fuses with granule markers at the IS. Knock-down of VAMP7 expression significantly decreased the killing efficiency of T cells, without diminishing early T cell receptor signaling. VAMP7 exerts its function in a SNARE complex with Syntaxin11 and SNAP-23 on the plasma membrane. The identification of the minimal fusion machinery in T cells provides a starting point for the development of potential drugs in immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praneeth Chitirala
- Cellular Neurophysiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Keerthana Ravichandran
- Cellular Neurophysiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Donatella Galgano
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine (HERM), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marwa Sleiman
- Cellular Neurophysiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Elmar Krause
- Cellular Neurophysiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Yenan T. Bryceson
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine (HERM), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jens Rettig
- Cellular Neurophysiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
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17
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Abstract
Immunological synapse (IS) formation between a T cell and an antigen-presenting cell is accompanied by the reorientation of the T cell centrosome toward the interface. This polarization response is thought to enhance the specificity of T cell effector function by enabling the directional secretion of cytokines and cytotoxic factors toward the antigen-presenting cell. Centrosome reorientation is controlled by polarized signaling through diacylglycerol (DAG) and protein kinase C (PKC). This drives the recruitment of the motor protein dynein to the IS, where it pulls on microtubules to reorient the centrosome. Here, we used T cell receptor photoactivation and imaging methodology to investigate the mechanisms controlling dynein accumulation at the synapse. Our results revealed a remarkable spatiotemporal correlation between dynein recruitment to the synaptic membrane and the depletion of cortical filamentous actin (F-actin) from the same region, suggesting that the two events were causally related. Consistent with this hypothesis, we found that pharmacological disruption of F-actin dynamics in T cells impaired both dynein accumulation and centrosome reorientation. DAG and PKC signaling were necessary for synaptic F-actin clearance and dynein accumulation, while calcium signaling and microtubules were dispensable for both responses. Taken together, these data provide mechanistic insight into the polarization of cytoskeletal regulators and highlight the close coordination between microtubule and F-actin architecture at the IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Sanchez
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Xin Liu
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Morgan Huse
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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18
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Wurzer H, Hoffmann C, Al Absi A, Thomas C. Actin Cytoskeleton Straddling the Immunological Synapse between Cytotoxic Lymphocytes and Cancer Cells. Cells 2019; 8:cells8050463. [PMID: 31100864 PMCID: PMC6563383 DOI: 10.3390/cells8050463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system is a fundamental part of the tumor microenvironment. In particular, cytotoxic lymphocytes, such as cytolytic T cells and natural killer cells, control tumor growth and disease progression by interacting and eliminating tumor cells. The actin cytoskeleton of cytotoxic lymphocytes engaged in an immunological synapse has received considerable research attention. It has been recognized as a central mediator of the formation and maturation of the immunological synapse, and its signaling and cytolytic activities. In comparison, fewer studies have explored the organization and function of actin filaments on the target cancer cell side of the immunological synapse. However, there is growing evidence that the actin cytoskeleton of cancer cells also undergoes extensive remodeling upon cytotoxic lymphocyte attack, and that such remodeling can alter physical and functional interactions at the immunological synapse. In this article, we review the current knowledge of actin organization and functions at both sides of the immunological synapse between cytotoxic lymphocytes and cancer cells, with particular focus on synapse formation, signaling and cytolytic activity, and immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Wurzer
- Cytoskeleton and Cancer Progression; Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Oncology 84 Val Fleuri, L-1526 Luxembourg City, Luxembourg.
- University of Luxembourg, Faculty of Science, Technology and Communication, 2 Avenue de l'Université, L-4365 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - Céline Hoffmann
- Cytoskeleton and Cancer Progression; Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Oncology 84 Val Fleuri, L-1526 Luxembourg City, Luxembourg.
| | - Antoun Al Absi
- Cytoskeleton and Cancer Progression; Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Oncology 84 Val Fleuri, L-1526 Luxembourg City, Luxembourg.
- University of Strasbourg, 67081 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Clément Thomas
- Cytoskeleton and Cancer Progression; Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Oncology 84 Val Fleuri, L-1526 Luxembourg City, Luxembourg.
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19
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Knežević M, Jiang H, Wang S. Active Tuning of Synaptic Patterns Enhances Immune Discrimination. Phys Rev Lett 2018; 121:238101. [PMID: 30576186 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.238101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Immune cells learn about their antigenic targets using tactile sense: a self-organized motif named immunological synapse forms between an immune cell and an antigen-presenting cell (APC) during recognition. Via synapses, immune cells apply mechanical pulling forces to selectively extract antigen (Ag) from APCs. Curiously, depending on its stage of development, a B lymphocyte exhibits distinct synaptic patterns and uses force at different strength and timing, which appears to strongly impact its ability to distinguish Ag affinities. We use a statistical-mechanical model to study how the experimentally observed synaptic architectures can originate from normal cytoskeletal forces coupled to the lateral organization of mobile receptors, and show how this active regulation scheme, collective in nature, may enhance the efficiency and capacity of discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miloš Knežević
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Hongda Jiang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Shenshen Wang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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20
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Xiong W, Chen Y, Kang X, Chen Z, Zheng P, Hsu YH, Jang JH, Qin L, Liu H, Dotti G, Liu D. Immunological Synapse Predicts Effectiveness of Chimeric Antigen Receptor Cells. Mol Ther 2018; 26:963-975. [PMID: 29503199 PMCID: PMC6080133 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T cell therapy has the potential to improve the overall survival of patients with malignancies by enhancing the effectiveness of CAR T cells. Precisely predicting the effectiveness of various CAR T cells represents one of today’s key unsolved problems in immunotherapy. Here, we predict the effectiveness of CAR-modified cells by evaluating the quality of the CAR-mediated immunological synapse (IS) by quantitation of F-actin, clustering of tumor antigen, polarization of lytic granules (LGs), and distribution of key signaling molecules within the IS. Long-term killing capability, but not secretion of conventional cytokines or standard 4-hr cytotoxicity, correlates positively with the quality of the IS in two different CAR T cells that share identical antigen specificity. Xenograft model data confirm that the quality of the IS in vitro correlates positively with performance of CAR-modified immune cells in vivo. Therefore, we propose that the quality of the IS predicts the effectiveness of CAR-modified immune cells, which provides a novel strategy to guide CAR therapy.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD19/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Biomarkers
- Cell Line
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Disease Models, Animal
- Gene Expression
- Gene Order
- Genes, Reporter
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- Humans
- Immunological Synapses/immunology
- Immunological Synapses/metabolism
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Mice
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/genetics
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/metabolism
- Retroviridae/genetics
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Transduction, Genetic
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xiong
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Ave., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yuhui Chen
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Ave., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xi Kang
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Ave., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zhiying Chen
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Ave., Houston, TX 77030, USA; Xiangya Hospital, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Peilin Zheng
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Ave., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yi-Hsin Hsu
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Ave., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Joon Hee Jang
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Ave., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lidong Qin
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Ave., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hao Liu
- Biostatistics Core of the Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Gianpietro Dotti
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Dongfang Liu
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Ave., Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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21
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Carisey AF, Mace EM, Saeed MB, Davis DM, Orange JS. Nanoscale Dynamism of Actin Enables Secretory Function in Cytolytic Cells. Curr Biol 2018; 28:489-502.e9. [PMID: 29398219 PMCID: PMC5835143 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate immune effectors that lyse virally infected and tumorigenic cells through the formation of an immunological synapse. Actin remodeling at the lytic immunological synapse is a critical requirement for multiple facets of cytotoxic function. Activating receptor and integrin signaling leads to the regulated turnover and remodeling of actin, which is required for adhesion, sustained receptor signaling, and ultimately exocytosis. NK cells undergo lytic granule exocytosis in hypodense regions of a pervasive actin network. Although these requirements have been well demonstrated, neither the dynamic regulation of synaptic actin nor its specific function, however, has been determined at a nanoscale level. Here, live-cell super-resolution microscopy demonstrates nanoscale filamentous actin dynamism in NK cell lytic granule secretion. Following cell spreading, the overall content of the branched actin network at an immune synapse is stable over time and contains branched actin fibers and discrete actin foci. Similar actin architecture is generated in cytolytic T cells, although the timescale differs from that of NK cells. Individual filament displacement leads to stochastic clearance formation and disappearance, which are independent of lytic granule positioning. Actin dynamism is dependent upon branched network formation mediated by Arp2/3 and contractility generated by myosin IIA. Importantly, the use of small-molecule inhibitors demonstrates that actin dynamism is ultimately needed for granule secretion. Thus, we describe a requirement for nanoscale actin fiber rearrangement in generating the complex actin architecture that enables lytic granule secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre F Carisey
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | - Emily M Mace
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mezida B Saeed
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | - Daniel M Davis
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | - Jordan S Orange
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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22
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Abstract
From the thymus to the peripheral lymph nodes, integrin-mediated interactions with neighbor cells and the extracellular matrix tune T cell behavior by organizing cytoskeletal remodeling and modulating receptor signaling. LFA-1 (αLβ2 integrin) and VLA-4 (α4β1 integrin) play a key role throughout the T cell lifecycle from thymocyte differentiation to lymphocyte extravasation and finally play a fundamental role in organizing immune synapse, providing an essential costimulatory signal for the T cell receptor. Apart from tuning T cell signaling, integrins also contribute to homing to specific target organs as exemplified by the importance of α4β7 in maintaining the gut immune system. However, apart from those well-characterized examples, the physiological significance of the other integrin dimers expressed by T cells is far less understood. Thus, integrin-mediated cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix interactions during the T cell lifespan still represent an open field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Bertoni
- Department of Translational Medicine and Institute for Research and Cure of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy.
| | - Oscar Alabiso
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara-Italy and Oncology Division, University Hospital "Maggiore della Carità", 28100 Novara, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Silvia Galetto
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara 28100-Italy and Palliative Care Division, A.S.L., 13100 Vercelli, Italy.
| | - Gianluca Baldanzi
- Department of Translational Medicine and Institute for Research and Cure of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy.
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23
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Abstract
Three-dimensional live cell imaging of the interaction of T cells with antigen-presenting cells (APCs) visualizes the subcellular distributions of signaling intermediates during T cell activation at thousands of resolved positions within a cell. These information-rich maps of local protein concentrations are a valuable resource in understanding T cell signaling. Here, we describe a protocol for the efficient acquisition of such imaging data and their computational processing to create four-dimensional maps of local concentrations. This protocol allows quantitative analysis of T cell signaling as it occurs inside live cells with resolution in time and space across thousands of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Ambler
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Xiangtao Ruan
- Computational Biology Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, 7723 Gates-Hillman Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Robert F Murphy
- Computational Biology Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, 7723 Gates-Hillman Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
- Department of Machine Learning, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| | - Christoph Wülfing
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK.
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24
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Spillane KM, Tolar P. DNA-Based Probes for Measuring Mechanical Forces in Cell-Cell Contacts: Application to B Cell Antigen Extraction from Immune Synapses. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1707:69-80. [PMID: 29388100 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7474-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The production of antibodies requires the expansion and selection of high-affinity B cell clones. This process is initiated by antigen uptake through the B cell receptor (BCR), which recognizes and binds antigen displayed on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell (APC). To acquire the antigen, B cells use myosin contractility to physically pull BCR-antigen clusters from the APC membrane. These mechanical forces influence association and dissociation rates of BCR-antigen bonds, resulting in affinity-dependent acquisition of antigen by B cells. Mechanical regulation of B cell antigen acquisition from APCs remains poorly understood, although the recent development of DNA-based force sensors has enabled the measurement of mechanical forces generated in B cell-APC contacts. In this chapter, we describe a protocol to design, synthesize, and purify DNA-based force sensors to measure B cell antigen extraction forces using fluorescence microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn M Spillane
- Immune Receptor Activation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
- Division of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Pavel Tolar
- Immune Receptor Activation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK.
- Division of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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25
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Wang X, Walter M, Urak R, Weng L, Huynh C, Lim L, Wong CW, Chang WC, Thomas SH, Sanchez JF, Yang L, Brown CE, Pichiorri F, Htut M, Krishnan AY, Forman SJ. Lenalidomide Enhances the Function of CS1 Chimeric Antigen Receptor-Redirected T Cells Against Multiple Myeloma. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:106-119. [PMID: 29061640 PMCID: PMC5991104 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-0344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Multiple myeloma remains an incurable malignancy of plasma cells despite considerable advances in treatment. The purpose of the study was to develop novel chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) for the treatment of multiple myeloma and explore combinatorial therapy using CAR T cells and immunomodulatory drugs such as lenalidomide for increasing treatment efficacy.Experimental Design: We redirected central memory T cells to express second-generation CAR-specific for CS1 and adoptively transferred them into multiple myeloma tumor-bearing mice to test their anti-multiple myeloma activity. CS1 CAR T cells were transduced and expanded in the presence of lenalidomide in vitro The phenotype and effector function of CS1 CAR T cells treated with and without lenalidomide were compared. Finally, CS1 CAR T cells and lenalidomide were administered to treat multiple myeloma-bearing mice as combinatorial therapy.Results: CS1 CAR T cells exhibited efficient antitumor activity when adoptively transferred into mice. Mechanistic studies indicated that the addition of lenalidomide during CS1 CAR T-cell expansion in vitro enhanced the immune functions of CS1 CAR T cells, including cytotoxicity, memory maintenance, Th1 cytokine production, and immune synapse formation. Furthermore, lenalidomide enhanced the antitumor activity and persistence of adoptively transferred CS1 CAR T cells in vivoConclusions: The study demonstrates that lenalidomide improves the anti-multiple myeloma properties of CS1-directed CAR T cells and provides a basis for a planned clinical trial using the combination of lenalidomide with engineered T cells against CS1 in relapsed myeloma. Clin Cancer Res; 24(1); 106-19. ©2017 AACR.
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MESH Headings
- Angiogenesis Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Animals
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/drug effects
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Immunologic Factors/pharmacology
- Immunological Synapses/immunology
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive
- Lenalidomide/pharmacology
- Mice
- Multiple Myeloma/immunology
- Multiple Myeloma/metabolism
- Multiple Myeloma/pathology
- Multiple Myeloma/therapy
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/genetics
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/metabolism
- Signaling Lymphocytic Activation Molecule Family/genetics
- Signaling Lymphocytic Activation Molecule Family/immunology
- T-Cell Antigen Receptor Specificity/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuli Wang
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope, Duarte, California.
| | - Miriam Walter
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Ryan Urak
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Lihong Weng
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Christian Huynh
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Laura Lim
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - ChingLam W Wong
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Wen-Chung Chang
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Sandra H Thomas
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - James F Sanchez
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope, Duarte, California
- Judy and Bernard Briskin Center for Multiple Myeloma, City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Lu Yang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Christine E Brown
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Flavia Pichiorri
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope, Duarte, California
- Judy and Bernard Briskin Center for Multiple Myeloma, City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Myo Htut
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope, Duarte, California
- Judy and Bernard Briskin Center for Multiple Myeloma, City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Amrita Y Krishnan
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope, Duarte, California
- Judy and Bernard Briskin Center for Multiple Myeloma, City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Stephen J Forman
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope, Duarte, California
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26
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Lagarrigue F, Gertler FB, Ginsberg MH, Cantor JM. Cutting Edge: Loss of T Cell RIAM Precludes Conjugate Formation with APC and Prevents Immune-Mediated Diabetes. J Immunol 2017; 198:3410-3415. [PMID: 28348273 PMCID: PMC5954999 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Rap1-interacting adaptor molecule (RIAM) is a Rap1 effector that mediates the recruitment of talin to integrins, thereby supporting their activation. In this study, we investigated the role of RIAM in an adoptive transfer model for type I diabetes and report that RIAM expression in T cells is necessary for diabetes development. Loss of RIAM did not prevent lymphocyte recruitment to draining lymph nodes 24 h after transfer, but it was required for Ag-driven proliferation and cytotoxic killing. RIAM is recruited to immune synapses along with talin and LFA-1, and loss of RIAM profoundly suppresses Ag-dependent conjugate formation in primary naive and effector T cells. These data identify the requirement of RIAM for formation of immunological synapses and in resulting T cell functions in autoimmunity. Moreover, because RIAM-null mice are healthy, fertile, and display no bleeding abnormalities, our results identify RIAM and its regulators as potential targets for therapies of T cell-mediated autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Lagarrigue
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; and
| | - Frank B Gertler
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Mark H Ginsberg
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; and
| | - Joseph M Cantor
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; and
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27
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Spillane KM, Tolar P. B cell antigen extraction is regulated by physical properties of antigen-presenting cells. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:217-230. [PMID: 27923880 PMCID: PMC5223605 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201607064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody production and affinity maturation are driven by B cell extraction and internalization of antigen from immune synapses. However, the extraction mechanism remains poorly understood. Here we develop DNA-based nanosensors to interrogate two previously proposed mechanisms, enzymatic liberation and mechanical force. Using antigens presented by either artificial substrates or live cells, we show that B cells primarily use force-dependent extraction and resort to enzymatic liberation only if mechanical forces fail to retrieve antigen. The use of mechanical forces renders antigen extraction sensitive to the physical properties of the presenting cells. We show that follicular dendritic cells are stiff cells that promote strong B cell pulling forces and stringent affinity discrimination. In contrast, dendritic cells are soft and promote acquisition of low-affinity antigens through low forces. Thus, the mechanical properties of B cell synapses regulate antigen extraction, suggesting that distinct properties of presenting cells support different stages of B cell responses.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibody Affinity
- Antigen Presentation
- Antigens/immunology
- Antigens/metabolism
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Biosensing Techniques
- Cells, Cultured
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Dendritic Cells, Follicular/immunology
- Dendritic Cells, Follicular/metabolism
- Elasticity
- Female
- Genotype
- Immunoglobulin kappa-Chains/genetics
- Immunoglobulin kappa-Chains/immunology
- Immunoglobulin kappa-Chains/metabolism
- Immunological Synapses/immunology
- Immunological Synapses/metabolism
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Nanotechnology/methods
- Phenotype
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/metabolism
- Stress, Mechanical
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn M Spillane
- Immune Receptor Activation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, England, UK
- Division of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, England, UK
| | - Pavel Tolar
- Immune Receptor Activation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, England, UK
- Division of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, England, UK
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28
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Abstract
Immunological synapse formation is the result of a profound T cell polarization process that involves the coordinated action of the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton, as well as intracellular vesicle traffic. Endosomal vesicle traffic ensures the targeting of the T cell receptor (TCR) and various signaling molecules to the synapse, being necessary for the generation of signaling complexes downstream of the TCR. Here we describe the microscopy imaging methods that we currently use to unveil how TCR and signaling molecules are associated with endosomal compartments and deliver their cargo to the immunological synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Bouchet
- Department of Immunology, Lymphocyte Cell Biology Unit, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 Rue du Docteur Roux, Paris, 75015, France
- INSERM U-1221, Paris, France
| | - Iratxe Del Río-Iñiguez
- Department of Immunology, Lymphocyte Cell Biology Unit, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 Rue du Docteur Roux, Paris, 75015, France
- INSERM U-1221, Paris, France
| | - Andrés Alcover
- Department of Immunology, Lymphocyte Cell Biology Unit, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 Rue du Docteur Roux, Paris, 75015, France.
- INSERM U-1221, Paris, France.
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29
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Abstract
T cell signaling is inextricably linked to actin cytoskeletal dynamics at the immunological synapse (IS). This process can be imaged in living T cells expressing GFP actin or fluorescent F-actin binding proteins. Because of its planar nature, the IS provides a unique opportunity to image events as they happen, monitoring changes in actin retrograde flow in T cells interacting with different stimulatory surfaces or after pharmacological treatments. Here, we described the imaging methods and analytical procedures used to measure actin velocity across the IS in T cells spreading on planar stimulatory surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna I Jankowska
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, 3615 Civic Center Blvd, ARC 816D, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Janis K Burkhardt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, 3615 Civic Center Blvd, ARC 816D, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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30
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Abstract
Surrogate planar and membrane systems have been employed to study the architecture of immune synapses; however, they often do not recapitulate trans-synaptic extraction and endocytosis of ligands by the immune cells. Transendocytosis (or trogocytosis) of antigen from immune synapses is particularly critical for antigen processing and presentation by B cells. Here we describe a protocol for preparation of plasma membrane sheets (PMSs), which are flexible and fluid membrane substrates that support robust B cell antigen extraction. We show how to attach B cell antigens to the PMSs and how to investigate antigen extraction and endocytosis by fluorescent microscopy and computational image analysis. These techniques should be broadly applicable to studies of transendocytosis in a variety of cellular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla R Nowosad
- Laboratory of Activation of Immune Receptors, Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, London, UK
| | - Pavel Tolar
- Laboratory of Activation of Immune Receptors, Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, London, UK.
- Division of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, NW7 1AA, London, UK.
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31
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Abstract
Recent insights into the importance of mechanosensing and force transmission at the immune synapse have spurred increased interest in the mechanical properties of leukocyte cell-cell interactions. In this chapter, we describe an imaging-based strategy for measuring cellular forces that utilizes optically transparent arrays of flexible micropillars. This approach has several distinct advantages over standard traction force microscopy, and we anticipate that it will prove very useful for investigators who wish not only to quantify ligand-induced forces with high spatiotemporal resolution but also to place those forces within the context of a broader cell biological response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyang Jin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Charles T Black
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Lance C Kam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Morgan Huse
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, 1275 York Ave, NY, 10065, USA.
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32
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Lee JH, Kam LC. Revealing the Role of Microscale Architecture in Immune Synapse Function Through Surface Micropatterning. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1584:291-306. [PMID: 28255708 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6881-7_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The immune synapse has emerged as a compelling example of structural complexity within cell-cell interfaces. This chapter focuses on the use of microcontact printing to isolate and investigate how spatial organization of signaling molecules drives the function of immune cells. In the process detailed here, multiple rounds of microcontact printing are combined to create patterned surfaces that control the relative spatial localization of CD3 and CD28 signaling in T cells, effectively replacing an antigen presenting cell with an engineered surface. A set of approaches used to address key issues of T cell activation are described and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joung-Hyun Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 120 Amsterdam Ave Mail Code 8904, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Lance C Kam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 120 Amsterdam Ave Mail Code 8904, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
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33
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Lucas FM, Gribben JG. Aberrant Immunological Synapses Driven by Leukemic Antigen-Presenting Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1584:533-544. [PMID: 28255724 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6881-7_33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant immune synapse formation between antigen-presenting and immune effector cells is a central mediator of immune dysfunction and can be observed across several haematologic malignancies. Here, we describe the cell preparation, conjugation and immune synapse quantification of B and T cells obtained from patients with leukaemia and the adaptions required when using cells from murine models of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne McClanahan Lucas
- Department of Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, 3rd Floor John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, UK
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, EC1M 6BQ, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - John G Gribben
- Department of Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, 3rd Floor John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, UK.
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34
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Valvo S, Mayya V, Seraia E, Afrose J, Novak-Kotzer H, Ebner D, Dustin ML. Comprehensive Analysis of Immunological Synapse Phenotypes Using Supported Lipid Bilayers. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1584:423-441. [PMID: 28255717 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6881-7_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Supported lipid bilayers (SLB) formed on glass substrates have been a useful tool for study of immune cell signaling since the early 1980s. The mobility of lipid-anchored proteins in the system, first described for antibodies binding to synthetic phospholipid head groups, allows for the measurement of two-dimensional binding reactions and signaling processes in a single imaging plane over time or for fixed samples. The fragility of SLB and the challenges of building and validating individual substrates limit most experimenters to ~10 samples per day, perhaps increasing this few-fold when examining fixed samples. Successful experiments might then require further days to fully analyze. We present methods for automation of many steps in SLB formation, imaging in 96-well glass bottom plates, and analysis that enables >100-fold increase in throughput for fixed samples and wide-field fluorescence. This increased throughput will allow better coverage of relevant parameters and more comprehensive analysis of aspects of the immunological synapse that are well reconstituted by SLB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Valvo
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, The University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Viveka Mayya
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, The University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Elena Seraia
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, The University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Jehan Afrose
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, The University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Hila Novak-Kotzer
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, The University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Daniel Ebner
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, The University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK.
| | - Michael L Dustin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, The University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FY, UK.
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35
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Abstract
The immune synapse (IS) is a specialized structure that enables cell-cell communication between immune cells. As such, it involves direct cell-to-cell contact. It is sustained by cytoskeletal components that allow the intracellular polarization of different organelles and the surface re-organization of signaling and adhesion receptors. The tubulin-based cytoskeleton is a key player in IS formation and signaling. We describe methods to analyze through Western blot and microscopy analysis the polarization to the IS of the centrosome, also known as microtubule-organizing center (MTOC), the dynamics of microtubule growth and polymerization from the MTOC to the IS and the activation of signaling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Blas-Rus
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), Diego de León 62, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eugenio Bustos-Morán
- Vascular PathophysiologyArea, Centro Nacional Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Sánchez-Madrid
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), Diego de León 62, 28006, Madrid, Spain.
- Vascular PathophysiologyArea, Centro Nacional Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Noa B Martín-Cófreces
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), Diego de León 62, 28006, Madrid, Spain
- Vascular PathophysiologyArea, Centro Nacional Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029, Madrid, Spain
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36
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Abstract
T cells can become activated in lymph nodes following a diverse set of interactions with antigen-presenting cells. These cellular contacts range from short and dynamic to stable and long-lasting interactions, termed kinapses and synapses, respectively. Here, we describe a methodology to generate naïve T cells expressing a fluorescent probe of interest through the generation of bone marrow chimeras and to image T cell dynamics using intravital two-photon microscopy. In these settings, the formation of kinapses and synapses can be triggered by the administration of low and high affinity peptides, respectively. Finally, 3D cell tracking can help classify distinct T cell behaviors. These approaches should offer new possibilities for dissecting the process of T cell activation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène D Moreau
- Institut Pasteur, Dynamics of Immune Responses Unit, 75015, Paris, France
- INSERM U1223, 75015, Paris, France
- INSERM U932, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Bousso
- Institut Pasteur, Dynamics of Immune Responses Unit, 75015, Paris, France.
- INSERM U1223, 75015, Paris, France.
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37
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Gagnon E, Connolly A, Dobbins J, Wucherpfennig KW. Studying Dynamic Plasma Membrane Binding of TCR-CD3 Chains During Immunological Synapse Formation Using Donor-Quenching FRET and FLIM-FRET. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1584:259-289. [PMID: 28255707 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6881-7_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, advancements in the time and space resolution of microscopy technologies have enabled dissection of the molecular events involved in T cell Immunological Synapse (IS) formation. Using a combination of Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) and Fluorescence Lifetime Imagining Microscopy (FLIM), we have demonstrated dynamic plasma membrane binding by cytoplasmic domains of T cell receptor (TCR)-associated CD3 chains and other T cell transmembrane receptors. We have developed methods for imaging such membrane binding both at steady state and during receptor triggering at the IS. Plasma membrane binding by cytoplasmic domains may represent a novel mechanism for regulating the signaling function of important receptors in the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Gagnon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, PO Box 6128, Downtown Station, Montreal, Canada, H3C 3J7.
| | - Audrey Connolly
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, PO Box 6128, Downtown Station, Montreal, Canada, H3C 3J7
| | - Jessica Dobbins
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Program in Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Kai W Wucherpfennig
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Program in Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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38
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Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) kill virus-infected and tumour cells with remarkable specificity. Upon recognition, CTLs form a cytolytic immune synapse with their target cell, and marked reorganization of both the actin and the microtubule cytoskeletons brings the centrosome up to the plasma membrane to the point of T cell receptor signalling. Secretory granules move towards the centrosome and are delivered to this focal point of secretion. Such centrosomal docking at the plasma membrane also occurs during ciliogenesis; indeed, striking similarities exist between the cytolytic synapse and the primary cilium that throw light on the possible origins of immune synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike de la Roche
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
- CRUK-Cambridge Research Institute, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Yukako Asano
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Gillian M Griffiths
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
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39
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Na BR, Kwon MS, Chae MW, Kim HR, Kim CH, Jun CD, Park ZY. Transgelin-2 in B-Cells Controls T-Cell Activation by Stabilizing T Cell - B Cell Conjugates. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156429. [PMID: 27232882 PMCID: PMC4883795 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The immunological synapse (IS), a dynamic and organized junction between T-cells and antigen presenting cells (APCs), is critical for initiating adaptive immunity. The actin cytoskeleton plays a major role in T-cell reorganization during IS formation, and we previously reported that transgelin-2, an actin-binding protein expressed in T-cells, stabilizes cortical F-actin, promoting T-cell activation in response to antigen stimulation. Transgelin-2 is also highly expressed in B-cells, although no specific function has been reported. In this study, we found that deficiency in transgelin-2 (TAGLN2-/-) in B-cells had little effect on B-cell development and activation, as measured by the expression of CD69, MHC class II molecules, and CD80/86. Nevertheless, in B-cells, transgelin-2 accumulated in the IS during the interaction with T-cells. These results led us to hypothesize that transgelin-2 may also be involved in IS stability in B-cells, thereby influencing T-cell function. Notably, we found that transgelin-2 deficiency in B-cells reduced T-cell activation, as determined by the release of IL-2 and interferon-γ and the expression of CD69. Furthermore, the reduced T-cell activation was correlated with reduced B-cell-T-cell conjugate formation. Collectively, these results suggest that actin stability in B-cells during IS formation is critical for the initiation of adaptive T-cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Ra Na
- School of Life Sciences, Immune Synapse Research Center and Cell Dynamics Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Min-Sung Kwon
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
- World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Myoung-Won Chae
- School of Life Sciences, Immune Synapse Research Center and Cell Dynamics Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hye-Ran Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Immune Synapse Research Center and Cell Dynamics Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Chang-Hyun Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Immune Synapse Research Center and Cell Dynamics Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Chang-Duk Jun
- School of Life Sciences, Immune Synapse Research Center and Cell Dynamics Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
- * E-mail: (CDJ); (ZYP)
| | - Zee-Yong Park
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
- * E-mail: (CDJ); (ZYP)
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Ming M, Schirra C, Becherer U, Stevens DR, Rettig J. Behavior and Properties of Mature Lytic Granules at the Immunological Synapse of Human Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135994. [PMID: 26296096 PMCID: PMC4546685 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Killing of virally infected cells or tumor cells by cytotoxic T lymphocytes requires targeting of lytic granules to the junction between the CTL and its target. We used whole-cell patch clamp to measure the cell capacitance at fixed intracellular [Ca2+] to study fusion of lytic granules in human CTLs. Expression of a fluorescently labeled human granzyme B construct allowed identification of lytic granule fusion using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy. In this way capacitance steps due to lytic granule fusion were identified. Our goal was to determine the size of fusing lytic granules and to describe their behavior at the plasma membrane. On average, 5.02 ± 3.09 (mean ± s.d.) lytic granules were released per CTL. The amplitude of lytic granule fusion events was ~ 3.3 fF consistent with a diameter of about 325 nm. Fusion latency was biphasic with time constants of 15.9 and 106 seconds. The dwell time of fusing lytic granules was exponentially distributed with a mean dwell time of 28.5 seconds. Fusion ended in spite of the continued presence of granules at the immune synapse. The mobility of fusing granules at the membrane was indistinguishable from that of lytic granules which failed to fuse. While dwelling at the plasma membrane lytic granules exhibit mobility consistent with docking interspersed with short periods of greater mobility. The failure of lytic granules to fuse when visible in TIRF at the membrane may indicate that a membrane-confined reaction is rate limiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Ming
- Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), Medical Faculty, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Schirra
- Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), Medical Faculty, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Ute Becherer
- Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), Medical Faculty, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - David R. Stevens
- Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), Medical Faculty, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Jens Rettig
- Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), Medical Faculty, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Germany
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Jang JH, Huang Y, Zheng P, Jo MC, Bertolet G, Zhu MX, Qin L, Liu D. Imaging of Cell-Cell Communication in a Vertical Orientation Reveals High-Resolution Structure of Immunological Synapse and Novel PD-1 Dynamics. J Immunol 2015; 195:1320-1330. [PMID: 26123352 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1403143/-/dcsupplemental] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The immunological synapse (IS) is one of the most pivotal communication strategies in immune cells. Understanding the molecular basis of the IS provides critical information regarding how immune cells mount an effective immune response. Fluorescence microscopy provides a fundamental tool to study the IS. However, current imaging techniques for studying the IS cannot sufficiently achieve high resolution in real cell-cell conjugates. In this study, we present a new device that allows for high-resolution imaging of the IS with conventional confocal microscopy in a high-throughput manner. Combining micropits and single-cell trap arrays, we have developed a new microfluidic platform that allows visualization of the IS in vertically "stacked" cells. Using this vertical cell pairing (VCP) system, we investigated the dynamics of the inhibitory synapse mediated by an inhibitory receptor, programed death protein-1, and the cytotoxic synapse at the single-cell level. In addition to the technique innovation, we have demonstrated novel biological findings by this VCP device, including novel distribution of F-actin and cytolytic granules at the IS, programed death protein-1 microclusters at the NK IS, and kinetics of cytotoxicity. We propose that this high-throughput, cost-effective, easy-to-use VCP system, along with conventional imaging techniques, can be used to address a number of significant biological questions in a variety of disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Hee Jang
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030; Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Yu Huang
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030; Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Graduate Program in Cell and Regulatory Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Peilin Zheng
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Myeong Chan Jo
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Grant Bertolet
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030; and
| | - Michael Xi Zhu
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Graduate Program in Cell and Regulatory Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Lidong Qin
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
| | - Dongfang Liu
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030; and
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42
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Grakoui A, Bromley SK, Sumen C, Davis MM, Shaw AS, Allen PM, Dustin ML. Pillars article: The immunological synapse: a molecular machine controlling T cell activation. Science. 1999. 285: 221-227. J Immunol 2015; 194:4066-4072. [PMID: 25888702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
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Thurley K, Gerecht D, Friedmann E, Höfer T. Three-Dimensional Gradients of Cytokine Signaling between T Cells. PLoS Comput Biol 2015; 11:e1004206. [PMID: 25923703 PMCID: PMC4414419 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune responses are regulated by diffusible mediators, the cytokines, which act at sub-nanomolar concentrations. The spatial range of cytokine communication is a crucial, yet poorly understood, functional property. Both containment of cytokine action in narrow junctions between immune cells (immunological synapses) and global signaling throughout entire lymph nodes have been proposed, but the conditions under which they might occur are not clear. Here we analyze spatially three-dimensional reaction-diffusion models for the dynamics of cytokine signaling at two successive scales: in immunological synapses and in dense multicellular environments. For realistic parameter values, we observe local spatial gradients, with the cytokine concentration around secreting cells decaying sharply across only a few cell diameters. Focusing on the well-characterized T-cell cytokine interleukin-2, we show how cytokine secretion and competitive uptake determine this signaling range. Uptake is shaped locally by the geometry of the immunological synapse. However, even for narrow synapses, which favor intrasynaptic cytokine consumption, escape fluxes into the extrasynaptic space are expected to be substantial (≥20% of secretion). Hence paracrine signaling will generally extend beyond the synapse but can be limited to cellular microenvironments through uptake by target cells or strong competitors, such as regulatory T cells. By contrast, long-range cytokine signaling requires a high density of cytokine producers or weak consumption (e.g., by sparsely distributed target cells). Thus in a physiological setting, cytokine gradients between cells, and not bulk-phase concentrations, are crucial for cell-to-cell communication, emphasizing the need for spatially resolved data on cytokine signaling. The adaptive immune system fights pathogens through the activation of immune cell clones that specifically recognize a particular pathogen. Tight contacts, so-called immunological synapses, of immune cells with cells that present ‘digested’ pathogen molecules are pivotal for ensuring specificity. The discovery that immune responses are regulated by small diffusible proteins – the cytokines – has been surprising because cytokine diffusion to ‘bystander’ cells might compromise specificity. It has therefore been argued that cytokines are trapped in immunological synapses, whereas other authors have found that cytokines act on a larger scale through entire lymph nodes. Measurements of cytokine concentrations with fine spatial resolution have not been achieved. Here, we study the spatio-temporal dynamics of cytokines through mathematical analysis and three-dimensional numerical simulation and identify key parameters that control signaling range. We predict that even tight immunological synapses leak a substantial portion of the secreted cytokines. Nevertheless, rapid cellular uptake will render cytokine signals short-range and thus incidental activation of bystander cells can be limited. Long-range signals will only occur with multiple secreting cells or/and slow consumption by sparse target cells. Thus our study identifies key determinants of the spatial range of cytokine communication in realistic multicellular geometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Thurley
- Division of Theoretical Systems Biology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute for Theoretical Biology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (KT); (DG); (EF); (TH)
| | - Daniel Gerecht
- Institute for Applied Mathematics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail: (KT); (DG); (EF); (TH)
| | - Elfriede Friedmann
- Institute for Applied Mathematics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail: (KT); (DG); (EF); (TH)
| | - Thomas Höfer
- Division of Theoretical Systems Biology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
- Bioquant Center, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail: (KT); (DG); (EF); (TH)
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44
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Abstract
Lytic immune effector function depends upon directed secretion of cytolytic granules at the immunological synapse (IS) and requires dynamic rearrangement of filamentous (F)-actin. Coronin 1A (Coro1A) is the hematopoietic-specific member of the Coronin family of actin regulators that promote F-actin disassembly. Here, we show that Coro1A is required for natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxic function in two human NK cell lines and ex vivo cells from a Coro1A-deficient patient. Using superresolution nanoscopy to probe the IS, we demonstrate that Coro1A promotes the deconstruction of F-actin density that facilitates effective delivery of lytic granules to the IS. Thus, we show, for the first time to our knowledge, a critical role for F-actin deconstruction in cytotoxic function and immunological secretion and identify Coro1A as its mediator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M. Mace
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Jordan S. Orange
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030
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45
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Mace EM, Dongre P, Hsu HT, Sinha P, James AM, Mann SS, Forbes LR, Watkin LB, Orange JS. Cell biological steps and checkpoints in accessing NK cell cytotoxicity. Immunol Cell Biol 2014; 92:245-55. [PMID: 24445602 PMCID: PMC3960583 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2013.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cell-mediated cytotoxicity is governed by the formation of a lytic immune synapse in discrete regulated steps, which give rise to an extensive array of cellular checkpoints in accessing NK cell-mediated cytolytic defense. Appropriate progression through these cell biological steps is critical for the directed secretion of specialized secretory lysosomes and subsequent target cell death. Here we highlight recent discoveries in the formation of the NK cell cytolytic synapse as well as the molecular steps and cell biological checkpoints required for this essential host defense process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Mace
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Prachi Dongre
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hsiang-Ting Hsu
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Papiya Sinha
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Shaina S Mann
- Case Western Reserve Medical School, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Lisa R Forbes
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Levi B Watkin
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jordan S Orange
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
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46
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Kong KF, Altman A. In and out of the bull's eye: protein kinase Cs in the immunological synapse. Trends Immunol 2013; 34:234-42. [PMID: 23428395 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 12/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The immunological synapse (IS) formed between immune cells and antigen-presenting cells (APCs) provides a platform for signaling. Protein kinase C (PKC)θ localizes in the T cell IS within the central supramolecular activation cluster (cSMAC), where it associates with CD28 and mediates T cell receptor (TCR)/CD28 signals leading to effector T (Teff) cell activation. In regulatory T (Treg) cells, PKCθ is sequestered away from the IS, and inhibits suppressive function. Other PKCs localizing in the IS mediate additional functions in various immune cells. Further work is needed to identify mechanisms underlying PKC recruitment or exclusion at the IS, potential redundancy among IS-localized PKCs, and the relevance of PKC localization for IS dynamics and lymphocyte activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kok-Fai Kong
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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47
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Affiliation(s)
- Facundo D Batista
- Lymphocyte Interaction Group, London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, London, UK
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48
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Abstract
The immunological synapse (IS) is an excellent example of cell-cell communication, where signals are exchanged between two cells, resulting in a well-structured line of defense during adaptive immune response. This process has been the focus of several studies that aimed at understanding its formation and subsequent events and has led to the realization that it relies on a well-orchestrated molecular program that only occurs when specific requirements are met. The development of more precise and controllable T cell activation systems has led to new insights including the role of mechanotransduction in the process of formation of the IS and T cell activation. Continuous advances in our understanding of the IS formation, particularly in the context of T cell activation and differentiation, as well the development of new T cell activation systems are being applied to the establishment and improvement of immune therapeutical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Curado
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, and Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, 540 First Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA and Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxfordshire, OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Sudha Kumari
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, and Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, 540 First Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA and Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxfordshire, OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Michael L. Dustin
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, and Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, 540 First Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA and Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxfordshire, OX3 7FY, UK
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Gérard A, Beemiller P, Friedman RS, Jacobelli J, Krummel MF. Evolving immune circuits are generated by flexible, motile, and sequential immunological synapses. Immunol Rev 2013; 251:80-96. [PMID: 23278742 PMCID: PMC3539221 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The immune system is made up of a diverse collection of cells, each of which has distinct sets of triggers that elicit unique and overlapping responses. It is correctly described as a 'system' because its overall properties (e.g. 'tolerance', 'allergy') emerge from multiple interactions of its components cells. To mobilize a response where needed, the majority of the cells of the system are obligatorily highly motile and so must communicate with one another over both time and space. Here, we discuss the flexibility of the primary immunological synapse (IS) with respect to motility. We then consider the primary IS as an initiating module that licenses 'immunological circuits': the latter consisting of two or more cell-cell synaptic interactions. We discuss how two or three component immunological circuits interact might with one another in sequence and how the timing, stoichiometry, milieu, and duration of assembly of immunological circuits are likely to be key determinants in the emergent outcome and thus the system-wide immune response. An evolving consideration of immunological circuits, with an emphasis on the cell-cell modules that complement T-antigen-presenting cell interaction, provides a fundamental starting point for systems analysis of the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Gérard
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0511, USA
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50
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Oldstone MBA, Edelmann KH, McGavern DB, Cruite JT, Welch MJ. Molecular anatomy and number of antigen specific CD8 T cells required to cause type 1 diabetes. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1003044. [PMID: 23209415 PMCID: PMC3510245 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We quantified CD8 T cells needed to cause type 1 diabetes and studied the anatomy of the CD8 T cell/beta (β) cell interaction at the immunologic synapse. We used a transgenic model, in situ tetramer staining to distinguish antigen specific CD8 T cells from total T cells infiltrating islets and a variety of viral mutants selected for functional deletion(s) of various CD8 T cell epitopes. Twenty percent of CD8 T cells in the spleen were specific for all immunodominant and subdominant viral glycoprotein (GP) epitopes. CTLs to the immunodominant LCMV GP33-41 epitope accounted for 63% of the total (12.5% of tetramers). In situ hybridization analysis demonstrated only 1 to 2% of total infiltrating CD8 T cells were specific for GP33 CD8 T cell epitope, yet diabetes occurred in 94% of mice. The immunologic synapse between GP33 CD8 CTL and β cell contained LFA-1 and perforin. Silencing both immunodominant epitopes (GP33, GP276–286) in the infecting virus led to a four-fold reduction in viral specific CD8 CTL responses, negligible lymphocyte infiltration into islets and absence of diabetes. Insulin-dependent type 1 diabetes (T1D) is characterized by elevated blood sugar, lymphocytic infiltration into the islets of Langerhans and T cell destruction of beta (β) cells. β cells produce insulin whose function is to maintain and regulate glucose hemostasis. However, in vivo, the numbers of antigen specific T cells that migrate to the islets to cause T1D, the engagement of such T cells with β cells at the immunologic synapse and the molecules expressed at the synapse are not clear. Using a transgenic model of virus induced T1D, a panel of viruses with CD8 T cell epitope mutations and in situ tetramer hybridization, we note of the total CD8 T cells infiltrating the islets, only 1–2% are antigen specific recognizing the immunodominant virus CD8 T cell epitope expressed on β cells. Immunohistochemical analysis of the synapse found between antigen specific CD8 T cells and β cells displays attachment by LFA-1 and presence of perforin, the molecule indicative of lytic activity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/pathology
- Immunodominant Epitopes/genetics
- Immunodominant Epitopes/immunology
- Immunological Synapses/genetics
- Immunological Synapses/immunology
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/immunology
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B A Oldstone
- Viral-Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America.
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