1
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Gómez Atria D, Gaudette BT, Londregan J, Kelly S, Perkey E, Allman A, Srivastava B, Koch U, Radtke F, Ludewig B, Siebel CW, Ryan RJ, Robertson TF, Burkhardt JK, Pear WS, Allman D, Maillard I. Stromal Notch ligands foster lymphopenia-driven functional plasticity and homeostatic proliferation of naïve B cells. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:158885. [PMID: 35579963 PMCID: PMC9246379 DOI: 10.1172/jci158885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In lymphopenic environments, secondary lymphoid organs regulate the size of B and T-cell compartments by supporting homeostatic proliferation of mature lymphocytes. The molecular mechanisms underlying these responses and their functional consequences remain incompletely understood. To evaluate homeostasis of the mature B-cell pool during lymphopenia, we turned to an adoptive transfer model of purified follicular B-cells into Rag2-/- mouse recipients. Highly purified follicular B-cells transdifferentiated into marginal zone-like B-cells when transferred into Rag2-/- lymphopenic hosts, but not into wild-type hosts. In lymphopenic spleens, transferred B-cells gradually lost their follicular phenotype and acquired characteristics of marginal zone B-cells, as judged by cell surface phenotype, expression of integrins and chemokine receptors, positioning close to the marginal sinus, and an ability to rapidly generate functional plasma cells. Initiation of follicular to marginal zone B-cell transdifferentiation preceded proliferation. Furthermore, the transdifferentiation process was dependent on Notch2 receptors in B-cells and expression of Delta-like1 Notch ligands by splenic Ccl19-Cre+ fibroblastic stromal cells. Gene expression analysis showed rapid induction of Notch-regulated transcripts followed by upregulated Myc expression and acquisition of broad transcriptional features of marginal zone B-cells. Thus, naïve mature B-cells are endowed with plastic transdifferentiation potential in response to increased stromal Notch ligand availability during lymphopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Gómez Atria
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Brian T Gaudette
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Londregan
- Immunology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Samantha Kelly
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Eric Perkey
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
| | - Anneka Allman
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Bhaskar Srivastava
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Ute Koch
- School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Freddy Radtke
- School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Christian W Siebel
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, United States of America
| | - Russell Jh Ryan
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
| | - Tanner F Robertson
- Immunology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Janis K Burkhardt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Warren S Pear
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - David Allman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Ivan Maillard
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
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2
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Avery L, Robertson TF, Wu CF, Roy NH, Chauvin SD, Perkey E, Vanderbeck A, Maillard I, Burkhardt JK. A Murine Model of X-Linked Moesin-Associated Immunodeficiency (X-MAID) Reveals Defects in T Cell Homeostasis and Migration. Front Immunol 2022; 12:726406. [PMID: 35069520 PMCID: PMC8770857 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.726406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked moesin associated immunodeficiency (X-MAID) is a primary immunodeficiency disease in which patients suffer from profound lymphopenia leading to recurrent infections. The disease is caused by a single point mutation leading to a R171W amino acid change in the protein moesin (moesinR171W). Moesin is a member of the ERM family of proteins, which reversibly link the cortical actin cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane. Here, we describe a novel mouse model with global expression of moesinR171W that recapitulates multiple facets of patient disease, including severe lymphopenia. Further analysis reveals that these mice have diminished numbers of thymocytes and bone marrow precursors. X-MAID mice also exhibit systemic inflammation that is ameliorated by elimination of mature lymphocytes through breeding to a Rag1-deficient background. The few T cells in the periphery of X-MAID mice are highly activated and have mostly lost moesinR171W expression. In contrast, single-positive (SP) thymocytes do not appear activated and retain high expression levels of moesinR171W. Analysis of ex vivo CD4 SP thymocytes reveals defects in chemotactic responses and reduced migration on integrin ligands. While chemokine signaling appears intact, CD4 SP thymocytes from X-MAID mice are unable to polarize and rearrange cytoskeletal elements. This mouse model will be a valuable tool for teasing apart the complexity of the immunodeficiency caused by moesinR171W, and will provide new insights into how the actin cortex regulates lymphocyte function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyndsay Avery
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Tanner F. Robertson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Christine F. Wu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Nathan H. Roy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Samuel D. Chauvin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Eric Perkey
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology and Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Ashley Vanderbeck
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine and Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ivan Maillard
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine and Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Janis K. Burkhardt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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3
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Guérin A, Roy NH, Kugler EM, Berry L, Burkhardt JK, Shin JB, Striepen B. Cryptosporidium rhoptry effector protein ROP1 injected during invasion targets the host cytoskeletal modulator LMO7. Cell Host Microbe 2021; 29:1407-1420.e5. [PMID: 34348092 PMCID: PMC8475647 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The parasite Cryptosporidium invades and replicates in intestinal epithelial cells and is a leading cause of diarrheal disease and early childhood mortality. The molecular mechanisms that underlie infection and pathogenesis are largely unknown. Here, we delineate the events of host cell invasion and uncover a mechanism unique to Cryptosporidium. We developed a screen to identify parasite effectors, finding the injection of multiple parasite proteins into the host from the rhoptry organelle. These factors are targeted to diverse locations within the host cell and its interface with the parasite. One identified effector, rhoptry protein 1 (ROP1), accumulates in the terminal web of enterocytes through direct interaction with the host protein LIM domain only 7 (LMO7) an organizer of epithelial cell polarity and cell-cell adhesion. Genetic ablation of LMO7 or ROP1 in mice or parasites, respectively, impacts parasite burden in vivo in opposite ways. Taken together, these data provide molecular insight into how Cryptosporidium manipulates its intestinal host niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Guérin
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nathan H Roy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Emily M Kugler
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Laurence Berry
- LPHI, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier 34095, France
| | - Janis K Burkhardt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jung-Bum Shin
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Boris Striepen
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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4
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Robertson TF, Chengappa P, Gomez Atria D, Wu CF, Avery L, Roy NH, Maillard I, Petrie RJ, Burkhardt JK. Lymphocyte egress signal sphingosine-1-phosphate promotes ERM-guided, bleb-based migration. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:211919. [PMID: 33764397 PMCID: PMC8006814 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202007182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ezrin, radixin, and moesin (ERM) family proteins regulate cytoskeletal responses by tethering the plasma membrane to the underlying actin cortex. Mutations in ERM proteins lead to severe combined immunodeficiency, but the function of these proteins in T cells remains poorly defined. Using mice in which T cells lack all ERM proteins, we demonstrate a selective role for these proteins in facilitating S1P-dependent egress from lymphoid organs. ERM-deficient T cells display defective S1P-induced migration in vitro, despite normal responses to standard protein chemokines. Analysis of these defects revealed that S1P promotes a fundamentally different mode of migration than chemokines, characterized by intracellular pressurization and bleb-based motility. ERM proteins facilitate this process, controlling directional migration by limiting blebbing to the leading edge. We propose that the distinct modes of motility induced by S1P and chemokines are specialized to allow T cell migration across lymphatic barriers and through tissue stroma, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanner F Robertson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA.,Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Daniela Gomez Atria
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Christine F Wu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA.,Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Lyndsay Avery
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA.,Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Nathan H Roy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA.,Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Ivan Maillard
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Ryan J Petrie
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Janis K Burkhardt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA.,Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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5
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Roy NH, Kim SHJ, Buffone A, Blumenthal D, Huang B, Agarwal S, Schwartzberg PL, Hammer DA, Burkhardt JK. LFA-1 signals to promote actin polymerization and upstream migration in T cells. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs248328. [PMID: 32907931 PMCID: PMC7502589 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.248328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell entry into inflamed tissue requires firm adhesion, cell spreading, and migration along and through the endothelial wall. These events require the T cell integrins LFA-1 and VLA-4 and their endothelial ligands ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, respectively. T cells migrate against the direction of shear flow on ICAM-1 and with the direction of shear flow on VCAM-1, suggesting that these two ligands trigger distinct cellular responses. However, the contribution of specific signaling events downstream of LFA-1 and VLA-4 has not been explored. Using primary mouse T cells, we found that engagement of LFA-1, but not VLA-4, induces cell shape changes associated with rapid 2D migration. Moreover, LFA-1 ligation results in activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and ERK pathways, and phosphorylation of multiple kinases and adaptor proteins, whereas VLA-4 ligation triggers only a subset of these signaling events. Importantly, T cells lacking Crk adaptor proteins, key LFA-1 signaling intermediates, or the ubiquitin ligase cCbl (also known as CBL), failed to migrate against the direction of shear flow on ICAM-1. These studies identify novel signaling differences downstream of LFA-1 and VLA-4 that drive T cell migratory behavior.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan H Roy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sarah Hyun Ji Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alexander Buffone
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Daniel Blumenthal
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Bonnie Huang
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sangya Agarwal
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Pamela L Schwartzberg
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Daniel A Hammer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Janis K Burkhardt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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6
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Forsyth KS, Roy NH, Peauroi E, DeHaven BC, Wold ED, Hersperger AR, Burkhardt JK, Eisenlohr LC. Ectromelia-encoded virulence factor C15 specifically inhibits antigen presentation to CD4+ T cells post peptide loading. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008685. [PMID: 32745153 PMCID: PMC7425992 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Smallpox and monkeypox pose severe threats to human health. Other orthopoxviruses are comparably virulent in their natural hosts, including ectromelia, the cause of mousepox. Disease severity is linked to an array of immunomodulatory proteins including the B22 family, which has homologs in all pathogenic orthopoxviruses but not attenuated vaccine strains. We demonstrate that the ectromelia B22 member, C15, is necessary and sufficient for selective inhibition of CD4+ but not CD8+ T cell activation by immunogenic peptide and superantigen. Inhibition is achieved not by down-regulation of surface MHC- II or co-stimulatory protein surface expression but rather by interference with antigen presentation. The appreciable outcome is interference with CD4+ T cell synapse formation as determined by imaging studies and lipid raft disruption. Consequently, CD4+ T cell activating stimulus shifts to uninfected antigen-presenting cells that have received antigen from infected cells. This work provides insight into the immunomodulatory strategies of orthopoxviruses by elucidating a mechanism for specific targeting of CD4+ T cell activation, reflecting the importance of this cell type in control of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine S. Forsyth
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Nathan H. Roy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Elise Peauroi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Brian C. DeHaven
- Department of Biology, La Salle University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Erik D. Wold
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Adam R. Hersperger
- Department of Biology, Albright College, Reading, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Janis K. Burkhardt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Laurence C. Eisenlohr
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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7
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Blumenthal D, Chandra V, Avery L, Burkhardt JK. Mouse T cell priming is enhanced by maturation-dependent stiffening of the dendritic cell cortex. eLife 2020; 9:e55995. [PMID: 32720892 PMCID: PMC7417170 DOI: 10.7554/elife.55995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell activation by dendritic cells (DCs) involves forces exerted by the T cell actin cytoskeleton, which are opposed by the cortical cytoskeleton of the interacting antigen-presenting cell. During an immune response, DCs undergo a maturation process that optimizes their ability to efficiently prime naïve T cells. Using atomic force microscopy, we find that during maturation, DC cortical stiffness increases via a process that involves actin polymerization. Using stimulatory hydrogels and DCs expressing mutant cytoskeletal proteins, we find that increasing stiffness lowers the agonist dose needed for T cell activation. CD4+ T cells exhibit much more profound stiffness dependency than CD8+ T cells. Finally, stiffness responses are most robust when T cells are stimulated with pMHC rather than anti-CD3ε, consistent with a mechanosensing mechanism involving receptor deformation. Taken together, our data reveal that maturation-associated cytoskeletal changes alter the biophysical properties of DCs, providing mechanical cues that costimulate T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Blumenthal
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Vidhi Chandra
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Lyndsay Avery
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Janis K Burkhardt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
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8
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Cook SA, Comrie WA, Poli MC, Similuk M, Oler AJ, Faruqi AJ, Kuhns DB, Yang S, Vargas-Hernández A, Carisey AF, Fournier B, Anderson DE, Price S, Smelkinson M, Abou Chahla W, Forbes LR, Mace EM, Cao TN, Coban-Akdemir ZH, Jhangiani SN, Muzny DM, Gibbs RA, Lupski JR, Orange JS, Cuvelier GDE, Al Hassani M, Al Kaabi N, Al Yafei Z, Jyonouchi S, Raje N, Caldwell JW, Huang Y, Burkhardt JK, Latour S, Chen B, ElGhazali G, Rao VK, Chinn IK, Lenardo MJ. HEM1 deficiency disrupts mTORC2 and F-actin control in inherited immunodysregulatory disease. Science 2020; 369:202-207. [PMID: 32647003 DOI: 10.1126/science.aay5663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Immunodeficiency often coincides with hyperactive immune disorders such as autoimmunity, lymphoproliferation, or atopy, but this coincidence is rarely understood on a molecular level. We describe five patients from four families with immunodeficiency coupled with atopy, lymphoproliferation, and cytokine overproduction harboring mutations in NCKAP1L, which encodes the hematopoietic-specific HEM1 protein. These mutations cause the loss of the HEM1 protein and the WAVE regulatory complex (WRC) or disrupt binding to the WRC regulator, Arf1, thereby impairing actin polymerization, synapse formation, and immune cell migration. Diminished cortical actin networks caused by WRC loss led to uncontrolled cytokine release and immune hyperresponsiveness. HEM1 loss also blocked mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2)-dependent AKT phosphorylation, T cell proliferation, and selected effector functions, leading to immunodeficiency. Thus, the evolutionarily conserved HEM1 protein simultaneously regulates filamentous actin (F-actin) and mTORC2 signaling to achieve equipoise in immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Cook
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, and Clinical Genomics Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - William A Comrie
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, and Clinical Genomics Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA.,Neomics Pharmaceuticals, LLC, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - M Cecilia Poli
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Section of Pediatric Immunology, Allergy, and Retrovirology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.,Program of Immunogenetics and Translational Immunology, Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Morgan Similuk
- Division of Intramural Research, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrew J Oler
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biosciences Branch, Office of Cyber Infrastructure and Computational Biology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Aiman J Faruqi
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, and Clinical Genomics Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Douglas B Kuhns
- Neutrophil Monitoring Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Sheng Yang
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Alexander Vargas-Hernández
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Section of Pediatric Immunology, Allergy, and Retrovirology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alexandre F Carisey
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Section of Pediatric Immunology, Allergy, and Retrovirology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Benjamin Fournier
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Activation and Susceptibility to EBV, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France.,University Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut des Maladies Génétiques-IMAGINE, Paris, France
| | - D Eric Anderson
- Advanced Mass Spectrometry Facility, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Susan Price
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Margery Smelkinson
- Biological Imaging Section, Research Technologies Branch, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wadih Abou Chahla
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Jeanne de Flandre Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU), Lille, France
| | - Lisa R Forbes
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Section of Pediatric Immunology, Allergy, and Retrovirology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Emily M Mace
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tram N Cao
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Section of Pediatric Immunology, Allergy, and Retrovirology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zeynep H Coban-Akdemir
- Baylor-Hopkins Center for Mendelian Genomics, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shalini N Jhangiani
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Donna M Muzny
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Richard A Gibbs
- Baylor-Hopkins Center for Mendelian Genomics, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - James R Lupski
- Baylor-Hopkins Center for Mendelian Genomics, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jordan S Orange
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Geoffrey D E Cuvelier
- Section of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/BMT, CancerCare Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Moza Al Hassani
- Sheikh Khalifa Medical City, Abu Dhabi Healthcare Company (SEHA), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nawal Al Kaabi
- Sheikh Khalifa Medical City, Abu Dhabi Healthcare Company (SEHA), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Zain Al Yafei
- Sheikh Khalifa Medical City, Abu Dhabi Healthcare Company (SEHA), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Soma Jyonouchi
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nikita Raje
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, Pulmonary, and Sleep Medicine, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Jason W Caldwell
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Immunological Diseases, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Yanping Huang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute and Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Janis K Burkhardt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute and Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sylvain Latour
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Activation and Susceptibility to EBV, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France.,University Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut des Maladies Génétiques-IMAGINE, Paris, France
| | - Baoyu Chen
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Gehad ElGhazali
- Sheikh Khalifa Medical City, Abu Dhabi Healthcare Company (SEHA), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - V Koneti Rao
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ivan K Chinn
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Section of Pediatric Immunology, Allergy, and Retrovirology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael J Lenardo
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, and Clinical Genomics Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA.
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9
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Hurtz C, Wertheim GB, Loftus JP, Blumenthal D, Lehman A, Li Y, Bagashev A, Manning B, Cummins KD, Burkhardt JK, Perl AE, Carroll M, Tasian SK. Oncogene-independent BCR-like signaling adaptation confers drug resistance in Ph-like ALL. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:3637-3653. [PMID: 32191635 PMCID: PMC7324172 DOI: 10.1172/jci134424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Children and adults with Philadelphia chromosome-like B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph-like B-ALL) experience high relapse rates despite best-available conventional chemotherapy. Ph-like ALL is driven by genetic alterations that activate constitutive cytokine receptor and kinase signaling, and early-phase trials are investigating the potential of the addition of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) to chemotherapy to improve clinical outcomes. However, preclinical studies have shown that JAK or PI3K pathway inhibition is insufficient to eradicate the most common cytokine receptor-like factor 2-rearranged (CRLF2-rearranged) Ph-like ALL subset. We thus sought to define additional essential signaling pathways required in Ph-like leukemogenesis for improved therapeutic targeting. Herein, we describe an adaptive signaling plasticity of CRLF2-rearranged Ph-like ALL following selective TKI pressure, which occurs in the absence of genetic mutations. Interestingly, we observed that Ph-like ALL cells have activated SRC, ERK, and PI3K signaling consistent with activated B cell receptor (BCR) signaling, although they do not express cell surface μ-heavy chain (μHC). Combinatorial targeting of JAK/STAT, PI3K, and "BCR-like" signaling with multiple TKIs and/or dexamethasone prevented this signaling plasticity and induced complete cell death, demonstrating a more optimal and clinically pragmatic therapeutic strategy for CRLF2-rearranged Ph-like ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hurtz
- Division of Hematology and Oncology and
- Abramson Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Gerald B. Wertheim
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Division of Hematopathology
| | - Joseph P. Loftus
- Division of Oncology, and
- Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Daniel Blumenthal
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Division of Hematopathology
| | - Anne Lehman
- Division of Hematology and Oncology and
- Abramson Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Yong Li
- Division of Oncology, and
- Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Asen Bagashev
- Division of Oncology, and
- Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bryan Manning
- Division of Hematology and Oncology and
- Abramson Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Katherine D. Cummins
- Division of Hematology and Oncology and
- Abramson Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, and
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies
| | - Janis K. Burkhardt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Division of Hematopathology
| | - Alexander E. Perl
- Division of Hematology and Oncology and
- Abramson Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Martin Carroll
- Division of Hematology and Oncology and
- Abramson Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Sarah K. Tasian
- Division of Oncology, and
- Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, and
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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10
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Roy NH, Mammadli M, Burkhardt JK, Karimi M. CrkL is required for donor T cell migration to GvHD target organs. Oncotarget 2020; 11:1505-1514. [PMID: 32391120 PMCID: PMC7197453 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The success of cancer therapies based on allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant relies on the ability to separate graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) from graft-versus-tumor (GVT) responses. Controlling donor T cell migration into peripheral tissues is a viable option to limit unwanted tissue damage, but a lack of specific targets limits progress on this front. Here, we show that the adaptor protein CrkL, but not the closely related family members CrkI or CrkII, is a crucial regulator of T cell migration. In vitro, CrkL-deficient T cells fail to polymerize actin in response to the integrin ligand ICAM-1, resulting in defective migration. Using a mouse model of GvHD/GVT, we found that while CrkL-deficient T cells can efficiently eliminate hematopoietic tumors they are unable to migrate into inflamed organs, such as the liver and small intestine, and thus do not cause GvHD. These results suggest a specific role for CrkL in trafficking to peripheral organs but not the lymphatic system. In line with this, we found that although CrkL-deficient T cells could clear hematopoietic tumors, they failed to clear the same tumor growing subcutaneously, highlighting the role of CrkL in controlling T cell migration into peripheral tissues. Our results define a unique role for CrkL in controlling T cell migration, and suggest that CrkL function could be therapeutically targeted to enhance the efficacy of immunotherapies involving allogeneic donor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan H Roy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mahinbanu Mammadli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Janis K Burkhardt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mobin Karimi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
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11
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Blumenthal D, Burkhardt JK. Multiple actin networks coordinate mechanotransduction at the immunological synapse. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:e201911058. [PMID: 31977034 PMCID: PMC7041673 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201911058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of naive T cells by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) is an essential step in mounting an adaptive immune response. It is known that antigen recognition and T cell receptor (TCR) signaling depend on forces applied by the T cell actin cytoskeleton, but until recently, the underlying mechanisms have been poorly defined. Here, we review recent advances in the field, which show that specific actin-dependent structures contribute to the process in distinct ways. In essence, T cell priming involves a tug-of-war between the cytoskeletons of the T cell and the APC, where the actin cytoskeleton serves as a mechanical intermediate that integrates force-dependent signals. We consider each of the relevant actin-rich T cell structures separately and address how they work together at the topologically and temporally complex cell-cell interface. In addition, we address how this mechanobiology can be incorporated into canonical immunological models to improve how these models explain T cell sensitivity and antigenic specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janis K. Burkhardt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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12
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Roy NH, MacKay JL, Buffone A, Newell K, Robertson TF, Agarwal S, Karimi M, Hammer DA, Burkhardt JK. Abstract B183: LFA-1 signals via Crk adapter proteins to induce actin-dependent T-cell migration and mechanosensing. Cancer Immunol Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1158/2326-6074.cricimteatiaacr18-b183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplants (HSCT) are used to treat many malignancies, but the prevalence of graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) limits their overall success. Manipulating T-cell trafficking has emerged as an effective countermeasure, yet downstream integrin signaling pathways have yet to be targeted. We previously found that T-cells lacking the adapter proteins Crk and CrkL exhibit a robust antitumor response while causing little GvHD. We now find that T-cells from mice lacking Crk adapter proteins exhibit defects in LFA-1/ICAM-1 induced actin polymerization, leading edge formation, 2D migration, and integrin-mediated mechanosensing. Under shear flow, Crk/CrkL deficient T-cells fail to migrate upstream on ICAM-1 but migrate normally on VCAM-1, suggesting these integrin ligands relay different outside-in signals. Analysis of LFA-1 signaling reveals that Crk protein expression is required for phosphorylation of c-Cbl and its subsequent interaction with the PI3K subunit p85. Through this mechanism, Crk proteins promote PI3K activity and cytoskeletal remodeling downstream of LFA-1 engagement. Interestingly, this signaling pathway was largely specific to the LFA-1/ICAM-1 interaction, as WT-cells plated on VCAM-1 (which binds and signals through VLA-4) failed to induce high levels of phospho-Cbl, showed diminished PI3K activity, and did not migrate with a defined actin-rich leading edge. Finally, we show that knocking out CrkL alone is sufficient to alleviate GvHD, pointing toward unique roles of the Crk isoforms in T-cell biology. Together, these studies identify key signaling differences downstream of β2 vs β1 integrins that drive T-cell migratory behavior, and identify CrkL as an important factor during GvHD. Importantly, these data provide insight into integrin signaling that could be used to manipulate T-cell trafficking.
Citation Format: Nathan H. Roy, Joanna L. MacKay, Alexander Buffone Jr., Krista Newell, Tanner F. Robertson, Sangya Agarwal, Mobin Karimi, Daniel A Hammer, Janis K. Burkhardt. LFA-1 signals via Crk adapter proteins to induce actin-dependent T-cell migration and mechanosensing [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Fourth CRI-CIMT-EATI-AACR International Cancer Immunotherapy Conference: Translating Science into Survival; Sept 30-Oct 3, 2018; New York, NY. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2019;7(2 Suppl):Abstract nr B183.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan H. Roy
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY
| | - Joanna L. MacKay
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY
| | - Alexander Buffone
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY
| | - Krista Newell
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY
| | - Tanner F. Robertson
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY
| | - Sangya Agarwal
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY
| | - Mobin Karimi
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY
| | - Daniel A Hammer
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY
| | - Janis K. Burkhardt
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY
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13
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Roy NH, MacKay JL, Robertson TF, Hammer DA, Burkhardt JK. Crk adaptor proteins mediate actin-dependent T cell migration and mechanosensing induced by the integrin LFA-1. Sci Signal 2018; 11:11/560/eaat3178. [PMID: 30538176 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aat3178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
T cell entry into inflamed tissue involves firm adhesion, spreading, and migration of the T cells across endothelial barriers. These events depend on "outside-in" signals through which engaged integrins direct cytoskeletal reorganization. We investigated the molecular events that mediate this process and found that T cells from mice lacking expression of the adaptor protein Crk exhibited defects in phenotypes induced by the integrin lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1), namely, actin polymerization, leading edge formation, and two-dimensional cell migration. Crk protein was an essential mediator of LFA-1 signaling-induced phosphorylation of the E3 ubiquitin ligase c-Cbl and its subsequent interaction with the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) subunit p85, thus promoting PI3K activity and cytoskeletal remodeling. In addition, we found that Crk proteins were required for T cells to respond to changes in substrate stiffness, as measured by alterations in cell spreading and differential phosphorylation of the force-sensitive protein CasL. These findings identify Crk proteins as key intermediates coupling LFA-1 signals to actin remodeling and provide mechanistic insights into how T cells sense and respond to substrate stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan H Roy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joanna L MacKay
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tanner F Robertson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daniel A Hammer
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Janis K Burkhardt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA. .,Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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14
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Roy NH, Burkhardt JK. The Actin Cytoskeleton: A Mechanical Intermediate for Signal Integration at the Immunological Synapse. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:116. [PMID: 30283780 PMCID: PMC6156151 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunological synapse (IS) is a specialized structure that serves as a platform for cell-cell communication between a T cell and an antigen-presenting cell (APC). Engagement of the T cell receptor (TCR) with cognate peptide-MHC complexes on the APC activates the T cell and instructs its differentiation. Proper T cell activation also requires engagement of additional receptor-ligand pairs, which promote sustained adhesion and deliver costimulatory signals. These events are orchestrated by T cell actin dynamics, which organize IS components and facilitate their signaling. The actin network flows from the edge of the cell inward, driving the centralization of TCR microclusters and providing the force to activate the integrin LFA-1. We recently showed that engagement of LFA-1 slows actin flow, and that this affects TCR signaling. This study highlights the physical nature of the IS, and contributes to a growing appreciation in the field that mechanosensing and mechanotransduction are essential for IS function. Additionally, it is becoming clear that there are multiple types of actin structures at the IS that promote signaling in distinct ways. How the different actin structures contribute to force production and mechanotransduction is just beginning to be explored. In this Perspective, we will feature recent work from our lab and others, that collectively points toward a model in which actin dynamics drive mechanical signaling and receptor crosstalk during T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan H Roy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Janis K Burkhardt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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15
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Bendell AC, Williamson EK, Chen CS, Burkhardt JK, Hammer DA. The Arp2/3 complex binding protein HS1 is required for efficient dendritic cell random migration and force generation. Integr Biol (Camb) 2018; 9:695-708. [PMID: 28678266 DOI: 10.1039/c7ib00070g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cell migration to the T-cell-rich areas of the lymph node is essential for their ability to initiate the adaptive immune response. While it has been shown that the actin cytoskeleton is required for normal DC migration, the role of many of the individual cytoskeletal molecules is poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the contribution of the Arp2/3 complex binding protein, haematopoietic lineage cell-specific protein 1 (HS1), to DC migration and force generation. We quantified the random migration of HS1-/- DCs on 2D micro-contact printed surfaces and found that in the absence of HS1, DCs have greatly reduced motility and speed. This same reduction in motility was recapitulated when adding Arp2/3 complex inhibitor to WT DCs or using DCs deficient in WASP, an activator of Arp2/3 complex-dependent actin polymerization. We further investigated the importance of HS1 by measuring the traction forces of HS1-/- DCs on micropost array detectors (mPADs). In HS1 deficient DCs, there was a significant reduction in force generation (3.96 ± 0.40 nN per cell) compared to WT DCs (13.76 ± 0.84 nN per cell). Interestingly, the forces generated in DCs lacking WASP were only slightly reduced compared to WT DCs. Taken together, these findings show that HS1 and Arp2/3 complex-mediated actin polymerization are essential for the most efficient DC random migration and force generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Bendell
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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16
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Du J, Flynn R, Paz K, Ren HG, Ogata Y, Zhang Q, Gafken PR, Storer BE, Roy NH, Burkhardt JK, Mathews W, Tolar J, Lee SJ, Blazar BR, Paczesny S. Murine chronic graft-versus-host disease proteome profiling discovers CCL15 as a novel biomarker in patients. Blood 2018; 131:1743-1754. [PMID: 29348127 PMCID: PMC5897867 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-08-800623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Improved diagnostic and treatment methods are needed for chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD), the leading cause of late nonrelapse mortality (NRM) in long-term survivors of allogenic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Validated biomarkers that facilitate disease diagnosis and classification generally are lacking in cGVHD. Here, we conducted whole serum proteomics analysis of a well-established murine multiorgan system cGVHD model. We discovered 4 upregulated proteins during cGVHD that are targetable by genetic ablation or blocking antibodies, including the RAS and JUN kinase activator, CRKL, and CXCL7, CCL8, and CCL9 chemokines. Donor T cells lacking CRK/CRKL prevented the generation of cGVHD, germinal center reactions, and macrophage infiltration seen with wild-type T cells. Whereas antibody blockade of CCL8 or CXCL7 was ineffective in treating cGVHD, CCL9 blockade reversed cGVHD clinical manifestations, histopathological changes, and immunopathological hallmarks. Mechanistically, elevated CCL9 expression was present predominantly in vascular smooth muscle cells and uniquely seen in cGVHD mice. Plasma concentrations of CCL15, the human homolog of mouse CCL9, were elevated in a previously published cohort of 211 cGVHD patients compared with controls and associated with NRM. In a cohort of 792 patients, CCL15 measured at day +100 could not predict cGVHD occurring within the next 3 months with clinically relevant sensitivity/specificity. Our findings demonstrate for the first time the utility of preclinical proteomics screening to identify potential new targets for cGVHD and specifically CCL15 as a diagnosis marker for cGVHD. These data warrant prospective biomarker validation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Du
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Ryan Flynn
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Katelyn Paz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Hong-Gang Ren
- Department of Pediatrics and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | | | | | | | - Barry E Storer
- Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; and
| | - Nathan H Roy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia-Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Janis K Burkhardt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia-Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Wendy Mathews
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Jakub Tolar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Stephanie J Lee
- Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; and
| | - Bruce R Blazar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Sophie Paczesny
- Department of Pediatrics and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
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17
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Jankowska KI, Williamson EK, Roy NH, Blumenthal D, Chandra V, Baumgart T, Burkhardt JK. Integrins Modulate T Cell Receptor Signaling by Constraining Actin Flow at the Immunological Synapse. Front Immunol 2018; 9:25. [PMID: 29403502 PMCID: PMC5778112 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Full T cell activation requires coordination of signals from multiple receptor–ligand pairs that interact in parallel at a specialized cell–cell contact site termed the immunological synapse (IS). Signaling at the IS is intimately associated with actin dynamics; T cell receptor (TCR) engagement induces centripetal flow of the T cell actin network, which in turn enhances the function of ligand-bound integrins by promoting conformational change. Here, we have investigated the effects of integrin engagement on actin flow, and on associated signaling events downstream of the TCR. We show that integrin engagement significantly decelerates centripetal flow of the actin network. In primary CD4+ T cells, engagement of either LFA-1 or VLA-4 by their respective ligands ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 slows actin flow. Slowing is greatest when T cells interact with low mobility integrin ligands, supporting a predominately drag-based mechanism. Using integrin ligands presented on patterned surfaces, we demonstrate that the effects of localized integrin engagement are distributed across the actin network, and that focal adhesion proteins, such as talin, vinculin, and paxillin, are recruited to sites of integrin engagement. Further analysis shows that talin and vinculin are interdependent upon one another for recruitment, and that ongoing actin flow is required. Suppression of vinculin or talin partially relieves integrin-dependent slowing of actin flow, indicating that these proteins serve as molecular clutches that couple engaged integrins to the dynamic actin network. Finally, we found that integrin-dependent slowing of actin flow is associated with reduction in tyrosine phosphorylation downstream of the TCR, and that this modulation of TCR signaling depends on expression of talin and vinculin. More generally, we found that integrin-dependent effects on actin retrograde flow were strongly correlated with effects on TCR signaling. Taken together, these studies support a model in which ligand-bound integrins engage the actin cytoskeletal network via talin and vinculin, and tune TCR signaling events by modulating actin dynamics at the IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna I Jankowska
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Edward K Williamson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Nathan H Roy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Daniel Blumenthal
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Vidhi Chandra
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Tobias Baumgart
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Janis K Burkhardt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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18
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Freund-Brown J, Choa R, Singh BK, Robertson TF, Ferry GM, Viver E, Bassiri H, Burkhardt JK, Kambayashi T. Cutting Edge: Murine NK Cells Degranulate and Retain Cytotoxic Function without Store-Operated Calcium Entry. J Immunol 2017; 199:ji1700340. [PMID: 28794231 PMCID: PMC5807242 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Sustained Ca2+ signaling, known as store-operated calcium entry (SOCE), occurs downstream of immunoreceptor engagement and is critical for cytotoxic lymphocyte signaling and effector function. CD8+ T cells require sustained Ca2+ signaling for inflammatory cytokine production and the killing of target cells; however, much less is known about its role in NK cells. In this study, we use mice deficient in stromal interacting molecules 1 and 2, which are required for SOCE, to examine the contribution of sustained Ca2+ signaling to murine NK cell function. Surprisingly, we found that, although SOCE is required for NK cell IFN-γ production in an NFAT-dependent manner, NK cell degranulation/cytotoxicity and tumor rejection in vivo remained intact in the absence of sustained Ca2+ signaling. Our data suggest that mouse NK cells use different signaling mechanisms for cytotoxicity compared with other cytotoxic lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacquelyn Freund-Brown
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Ruth Choa
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Brenal K Singh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Tanner Ford Robertson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Gabrielle M Ferry
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104; and
| | - Eric Viver
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Hamid Bassiri
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104; and
| | - Janis K Burkhardt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Taku Kambayashi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104;
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Robertson TF, Blumenthal D, Chandra V, Burkhardt JK. ERM family proteins regulate T cell signal initiation by limiting Lck activity and T cell receptor clustering. The Journal of Immunology 2017. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.198.supp.136.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Ezrin, radixin, and moesin (ERM) proteins create specialized membrane subdomains by linking phosphatidyl inositol lipids and protein binding partners in the plasma membrane to the underlying actin cortex. These proteins are widely expressed and have well-characterized roles in cell polarity, development, and cytokinesis. In recent years, it has become clear that these proteins are also intimately involved in signal transduction. In humans, mutations in ERM proteins cause severe immunodeficiency characterized by lymphopenia and poor T cell proliferation. To investigate the role of ERM proteins in T cell activation, we generated mice with T cells deficient in ezrin and moesin, the two ERM family members expressed by T cells. Preliminary analysis shows that ERM-deficient CD4+ T cells proliferate poorly in vitro. Interestingly, however, these T cells signal more robustly in response to TCR ligation and produce high amounts of IFNγ. At rest, ERM-deficient T cells exhibit enhanced phosphorylation of Lck and larger pre-clustering of the T cell receptor. These data are consistent with a model in which ERM proteins both maintain cortical actin fences to limit TCR clustering and recruit negative regulators of proximal signaling events to the plasma membrane, thereby governing early events in the TCR signaling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Janis K Burkhardt
- 1Children’s Hosp. of Philadelphia
- 2Perelman Sch. of Med., Univ. of Pennsylvania
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Abstract
T cell signaling is inextricably linked to actin cytoskeletal dynamics at the immunological synapse (IS). This process can be imaged in living T cells expressing GFP actin or fluorescent F-actin binding proteins. Because of its planar nature, the IS provides a unique opportunity to image events as they happen, monitoring changes in actin retrograde flow in T cells interacting with different stimulatory surfaces or after pharmacological treatments. Here, we described the imaging methods and analytical procedures used to measure actin velocity across the IS in T cells spreading on planar stimulatory surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna I Jankowska
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, 3615 Civic Center Blvd, ARC 816D, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Janis K Burkhardt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, 3615 Civic Center Blvd, ARC 816D, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Hartzell CA, Jankowska KI, Burkhardt JK, Lewis RS. Calcium influx through CRAC channels controls actin organization and dynamics at the immune synapse. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27440222 PMCID: PMC4956410 DOI: 10.7554/elife.14850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell receptor (TCR) engagement opens Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channels and triggers formation of an immune synapse between T cells and antigen-presenting cells. At the synapse, actin reorganizes into a concentric lamellipod and lamella with retrograde actin flow that helps regulate the intensity and duration of TCR signaling. We find that Ca2+ influx is required to drive actin organization and dynamics at the synapse. Calcium acts by promoting actin depolymerization and localizing actin polymerization and the actin nucleation promotion factor WAVE2 to the periphery of the lamellipod while suppressing polymerization elsewhere. Ca2+-dependent retrograde actin flow corrals ER tubule extensions and STIM1/Orai1 complexes to the synapse center, creating a self-organizing process for CRAC channel localization. Our results demonstrate a new role for Ca2+ as a critical regulator of actin organization and dynamics at the synapse, and reveal potential feedback loops through which Ca2+ influx may modulate TCR signaling. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.14850.001 An effective immune response requires the immune system to rapidly recognize and respond to foreign invaders. Immune cells known as T cells recognize infection through a protein on their surface known as the T cell receptor. The T cell receptor binds to foreign proteins displayed on the surface of other cells. This interaction initiates a chain of events, including the opening of calcium channels embedded in the T cell membrane known as CRAC channels, which allows calcium ions to flow into the cell. These events ultimately lead to the activation of the T cell, enabling it to mount an immune response against the foreign invader. As part of the activation process, the T cell spreads over the surface of the cell that is displaying foreign proteins to form an extensive interface known as an immune synapse. The movement of the T cell's internal skeleton (the cytoskeleton) is crucial for the formation and function of the synapse. Actin filaments, a key component of the cytoskeleton, flow from the edge of the synapse toward the center; these rearrangements of the actin cytoskeleton help to transport clusters of T cell receptors to the center of the synapse and enable the T cell receptors to transmit signals that lead to the T cell being activated. It is not entirely clear how the binding of T cell receptors to foreign proteins drives the actin rearrangements, but there is indirect evidence suggesting that calcium ions may be involved. Hartzell et al. have now investigated the interactions between calcium and the actin cytoskeleton at the immune synapse in human T cells. T cells were placed on glass so that they formed immune synapse-like connections with the surface, and actin movements at the synapse were visualized using a specialized type of fluorescence microscopy. When calcium ions were prevented from entering the T cell, the movement of actin stopped almost entirely. Thus, the flow of calcium ions into the T cell through CRAC channels is essential for driving the actin movements that underlie immune synapse development and T cell activation. In further experiments, Hartzell et al. tracked the movements of CRAC channels and actin at the synapse and found that actin filaments create a constricting “corral” that concentrates CRAC channels in the center of the synapse. Thus, by driving cytoskeleton movement, calcium ions also help to organize calcium channels at the immune synapse. Future work will focus on identifying the actin remodeling proteins that enable calcium ions to control this process. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.14850.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Hartzell
- Immunology Program, Stanford University, Stanford, United States.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Katarzyna I Jankowska
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, United States.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Janis K Burkhardt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, United States.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Richard S Lewis
- Immunology Program, Stanford University, Stanford, United States.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
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Abstract
Cells respond to the mechanical properties of their environment, but how biomechanics contributes to intercellular signaling remains unclear. Reporting in Cell, Basu et al. (2016) showed that forces exerted by cytotoxic T lymphocytes enhance the function of the pore-forming protein perforin, thereby leading to more effective target cell killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan H Roy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Janis K Burkhardt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Comrie WA, Burkhardt JK. Action and Traction: Cytoskeletal Control of Receptor Triggering at the Immunological Synapse. Front Immunol 2016; 7:68. [PMID: 27014258 PMCID: PMC4779853 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well known that F-actin dynamics drive the micron-scale cell shape changes required for migration and immunological synapse (IS) formation. In addition, recent evidence points to a more intimate role for the actin cytoskeleton in promoting T cell activation. Mechanotransduction, the conversion of mechanical input into intracellular biochemical changes, is thought to play a critical role in several aspects of immunoreceptor triggering and downstream signal transduction. Multiple molecules associated with signaling events at the IS have been shown to respond to physical force, including the TCR, costimulatory molecules, adhesion molecules, and several downstream adapters. In at least some cases, it is clear that the relevant forces are exerted by dynamics of the T cell actomyosin cytoskeleton. Interestingly, there is evidence that the cytoskeleton of the antigen-presenting cell also plays an active role in T cell activation, by countering the molecular forces exerted by the T cell at the IS. Since actin polymerization is itself driven by TCR and costimulatory signaling pathways, a complex relationship exists between actin dynamics and receptor activation. This review will focus on recent advances in our understanding of the mechanosensitive aspects of T cell activation, paying specific attention to how F-actin-directed forces applied from both sides of the IS fit into current models of receptor triggering and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Comrie
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA , USA
| | - Janis K Burkhardt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA , USA
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Silva O, Crocetti J, Humphries LA, Burkhardt JK, Miceli MC. Discs Large Homolog 1 Splice Variants Regulate p38-Dependent and -Independent Effector Functions in CD8+ T Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133353. [PMID: 26186728 PMCID: PMC4505885 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Functionally diverse CD8+ T cells develop in response to antigenic stimulation with differing capacities to couple TCR engagement to downstream signals and functions. However, mechanisms of diversifying TCR signaling are largely uncharacterized. Here we identified two alternative splice variants of scaffold protein Dlg1, Dlg1AB and Dlg1B, that diversify signaling to regulate p38 –dependent and –independent effector functions in CD8+ T cells. Dlg1AB, but not Dlg1B associated with Lck, coupling TCR stimulation to p38 activation and proinflammatory cytokine production. Conversely, both Dlg1AB and Dlg1B mediated p38-independent degranulation. Degranulation depended on a Dlg1 fragment containing an intact Dlg1SH3-domain and required the SH3-ligand WASp. Further, Dlg1 controlled WASp activation by promoting TCR-triggered conformational opening of WASp. Collectively, our data support a model where Dlg1 regulates p38-dependent proinflammatory cytokine production and p38-independent cytotoxic granule release through the utilization of alternative splice variants, providing a mechanism whereby TCR engagement couples downstream signals to unique effector functions in CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Silva
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jillian Crocetti
- Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Lisa A. Humphries
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Janis K. Burkhardt
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - M. Carrie Miceli
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Janis K Burkhardt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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26
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Schmidt AM, Lu W, Sindhava VJ, Huang Y, Burkhardt JK, Yang E, Riese MJ, Maltzman JS, Jordan MS, Kambayashi T. Regulatory T cells require TCR signaling for their suppressive function. J Immunol 2015; 194:4362-70. [PMID: 25821220 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a subset of CD4(+) T cells that maintain immune tolerance in part by their ability to inhibit the proliferation of conventional CD4(+) T cells (Tconvs). The role of the TCR and the downstream signaling pathways required for this suppressive function of Tregs are not fully understood. To yield insight into how TCR-mediated signals influence Treg suppressive function, we assessed the ability of Tregs with altered TCR-mediated signaling capacity to inhibit Tconv proliferation. Mature Tregs deficient in Src homology 2 domain containing leukocyte protein of 76 kDa (SLP-76), an adaptor protein that nucleates the proximal signaling complex downstream of the TCR, were unable to inhibit Tconv proliferation, suggesting that TCR signaling is required for Treg suppressive function. Moreover, Tregs with defective phospholipase C γ (PLCγ) activation due to a Y145F mutation of SLP-76 were also defective in their suppressive function. Conversely, enhancement of diacylglycerol-mediated signaling downstream of PLCγ by genetic ablation of a negative regulator of diacylglycerol kinase ζ increased the suppressive ability of Tregs. Because SLP-76 is also important for integrin activation and signaling, we tested the role of integrin activation in Treg-mediated suppression. Tregs lacking the adaptor proteins adhesion and degranulation promoting adapter protein or CT10 regulator of kinase/CT10 regulator of kinase-like, which are required for TCR-mediated integrin activation, inhibited Tconv proliferation to a similar extent as wild-type Tregs. Together, these data suggest that TCR-mediated PLCγ activation, but not integrin activation, is required for Tregs to inhibit Tconv proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Schmidt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Wen Lu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Vishal J Sindhava
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Yanping Huang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104; and
| | - Janis K Burkhardt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104; and
| | - Enjun Yang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Matthew J Riese
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | - Jonathan S Maltzman
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Martha S Jordan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Taku Kambayashi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104;
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Kumari S, Depoil D, Martinelli R, Judokusumo E, Carmona G, Gertler FB, Kam LC, Carman CV, Burkhardt JK, Irvine DJ, Dustin ML. Actin foci facilitate activation of the phospholipase C-γ in primary T lymphocytes via the WASP pathway. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 25758716 PMCID: PMC4355629 DOI: 10.7554/elife.04953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Wiscott Aldrich Syndrome protein (WASP) deficiency results in defects in calcium ion signaling, cytoskeletal regulation, gene transcription and overall T cell activation. The activation of WASP constitutes a key pathway for actin filament nucleation. Yet, when WASP function is eliminated there is negligible effect on actin polymerization at the immunological synapse, leading to gaps in our understanding of the events connecting WASP and calcium ion signaling. Here, we identify a fraction of total synaptic F-actin selectively generated by WASP in the form of distinct F-actin ‘foci’. These foci are polymerized de novo as a result of the T cell receptor (TCR) proximal tyrosine kinase cascade, and facilitate distal signaling events including PLCγ1 activation and subsequent cytoplasmic calcium ion elevation. We conclude that WASP generates a dynamic F-actin architecture in the context of the immunological synapse, which then amplifies the downstream signals required for an optimal immune response. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.04953.001 The immune system is made up of several types of cells that protect the body against infection and disease. Immune cells such as T cells survey the body and when receptors on their surface encounter infected cells, the receptors activate the T cell by triggering a signaling pathway. The early stages of T cell receptor signaling lead to the formation of a cell–cell contact zone called the immunological synapse. Filaments of a protein called F-actin—which are continuously assembled and taken apart—make versatile networks and help the immunological synapse to form. F-actin filaments have crucial roles in the later stages of T cell receptor signaling as well, but how they contribute to this is not clear. Whether it is the same F-actin network that participates both in synapse formation and the late stages of T cell receptor signaling, and if so, then by what mechanism, remains unknown. The answers came from examining the function of a protein named Wiscott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein (WASP), which forms an F-actin network at the synapse. Loss of WASP is known to result in the X-linked Wiscott-Aldrich Syndrome immunodeficiency and bleeding disorder in humans. Although T cells missing WASP can construct immunological synapses, and these synapses do have normal levels of F-actin and early T cell receptor signaling, they still fail to respond to infected cells properly. Kumari et al. analyzed the detailed structure and dynamics of actin filament networks at immunological synapses of normal and WASP-deficient T cells. Normally, cells had visible foci of newly polymerized F-actin directly above T cell receptor clusters in the immunological synapses, but these foci were not seen in the cells lacking WASP. Kumari et al. found that the F-actin foci facilitate the later stages of the signaling that activates the T cells; this signaling was lacking in WASP-deficient cells. Altogether, Kumari et al. show that WASP-generated F-actin foci at immunological synapses bridge the early and later stages of T cell receptor signaling, effectively generating an optimal immune response against infected cells. Further work will now be needed to understand whether there are other F-actin substructures that play specialized roles in T cell signaling, and if foci play a related role in other cell types known to be affected in Wiscott-Aldrich Syndrome immunodeficiency. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.04953.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudha Kumari
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, United States
| | - David Depoil
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Roberta Martinelli
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Edward Judokusumo
- Department of Biological Engineering, Columbia University, New York, United States
| | - Guillaume Carmona
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Frank B Gertler
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Lance C Kam
- Department of Biological Engineering, Columbia University, New York, United States
| | - Christopher V Carman
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Janis K Burkhardt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Darrell J Irvine
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Michael L Dustin
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, United States
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Comrie WA, Li S, Boyle S, Burkhardt JK. The dendritic cell cytoskeleton promotes T cell adhesion and activation by constraining ICAM-1 mobility. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 208:457-73. [PMID: 25666808 PMCID: PMC4332244 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201406120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Integrity of the dendritic cell (DC) actin cytoskeleton is essential for T cell priming, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. We show that the DC F-actin network regulates the lateral mobility of intracellular cell adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), but not MHCII. ICAM-1 mobility and clustering are regulated by maturation-induced changes in the expression and activation of moesin and α-actinin-1, which associate with actin filaments and the ICAM-1 cytoplasmic domain. Constrained ICAM-1 mobility is important for DC function, as DCs expressing a high-mobility ICAM-1 mutant lacking the cytoplasmic domain exhibit diminished antigen-dependent conjugate formation and T cell priming. These defects are associated with inefficient induction of leukocyte functional antigen 1 (LFA-1) affinity maturation, which is consistent with a model in which constrained ICAM-1 mobility opposes forces on LFA-1 exerted by the T cell cytoskeleton, whereas ICAM-1 clustering enhances valency and further promotes ligand-dependent LFA-1 activation. Our results reveal an important new mechanism through which the DC cytoskeleton regulates receptor activation at the immunological synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Comrie
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19102
| | - Shuixing Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19102
| | - Sarah Boyle
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19102
| | - Janis K Burkhardt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19102
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Comrie WA, Babich A, Burkhardt JK. F-actin flow drives affinity maturation and spatial organization of LFA-1 at the immunological synapse. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 208:475-91. [PMID: 25666810 PMCID: PMC4332248 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201406121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The T cell actin network generates mechanical forces that regulate LFA-1 activity at the immunological synapse. Integrin-dependent interactions between T cells and antigen-presenting cells are vital for proper T cell activation, effector function, and memory. Regulation of integrin function occurs via conformational change, which modulates ligand affinity, and receptor clustering, which modulates valency. Here, we show that conformational intermediates of leukocyte functional antigen 1 (LFA-1) form a concentric array at the immunological synapse. Using an inhibitor cocktail to arrest F-actin dynamics, we show that organization of this array depends on F-actin flow and ligand mobility. Furthermore, F-actin flow is critical for maintaining the high affinity conformation of LFA-1, for increasing valency by recruiting LFA-1 to the immunological synapse, and ultimately for promoting intracellular cell adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) binding. Finally, we show that F-actin forces are opposed by immobilized ICAM-1, which triggers LFA-1 activation through a combination of induced fit and tension-based mechanisms. Our data provide direct support for a model in which the T cell actin network generates mechanical forces that regulate LFA-1 activity at the immunological synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Comrie
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Alexander Babich
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Janis K Burkhardt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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Huang Y, Clarke F, Karimi M, Roy NH, Williamson EK, Okumura M, Mochizuki K, Chen EJH, Park TJ, Debes GF, Zhang Y, Curran T, Kambayashi T, Burkhardt JK. CRK proteins selectively regulate T cell migration into inflamed tissues. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:1019-32. [PMID: 25621495 DOI: 10.1172/jci77278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Effector T cell migration into inflamed sites greatly exacerbates tissue destruction and disease severity in inflammatory diseases, including graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). T cell migration into such sites depends heavily on regulated adhesion and migration, but the signaling pathways that coordinate these functions downstream of chemokine receptors are largely unknown. Using conditional knockout mice, we found that T cells lacking the adaptor proteins CRK and CRK-like (CRKL) exhibit reduced integrin-dependent adhesion, chemotaxis, and diapedesis. Moreover, these two closely related proteins exhibited substantial functional redundancy, as ectopic expression of either protein rescued defects in T cells lacking both CRK and CRKL. We determined that CRK proteins coordinate with the RAP guanine nucleotide exchange factor C3G and the adhesion docking molecule CASL to activate the integrin regulatory GTPase RAP1. CRK proteins were required for effector T cell trafficking into sites of inflammation, but not for migration to lymphoid organs. In a murine bone marrow transplantation model, the differential migration of CRK/CRKL-deficient T cells resulted in efficient graft-versus-leukemia responses with minimal GVHD. Together, the results from our studies show that CRK family proteins selectively regulate T cell adhesion and migration at effector sites and suggest that these proteins have potential as therapeutic targets for preventing GVHD.
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Abstract
Ca(2+) mobilization and cytoskeletal reorganization are key hallmarks of T-cell activation, and their interdependence has long been recognized. Recent advances in the field have elucidated the molecular pathways that underlie these events and have revealed several points of intersection. Ca(2+) signaling can be divided into two phases: initial events leading to release of Ca(2+) from endoplasmic reticulum stores, and a second phase involving STIM 1 (stromal interaction molecule 1) clustering and CRAC (calcium release activated calcium) channel activation. Cytoskeletal dynamics promote both phases. During the first phase, the actin cytoskeleton promotes mechanotransduction and serves as a dynamic scaffold for microcluster assembly. Proteins that drive actin polymerization such as WASp (Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein) and HS1 (hematopoietic lineage cell-specific protein 1) promote signaling through PLCγ1 (phospholipase Cγ1) and release of Ca(2+) from endoplasmic reticulum stores. During the second phase, the WAVE (WASP-family verprolin homologous protein) complex and the microtubule cytoskeleton promote STIM 1 clustering at sites of plasma membrane apposition, opening Orai channels. In addition, gross cell shape changes and organelle movements buffer local Ca(2+) levels, leading to sustained Ca(2+) mobilization. Conversely, elevated intracellular Ca(2+) activates cytoskeletal remodeling. This can occur indirectly, via calpain activity, and directly, via Ca(2+) -dependent cytoskeletal regulatory proteins such as myosin II and L-plastin. While it is true that the cytoskeleton regulates Ca(2+) responses and vice versa, interdependence between Ca(2+) and the cytoskeleton also encompasses signaling events that occur in parallel, downstream of shared intermediates. Inositol cleavage by PLCγ1 simultaneously triggers both endoplasmic reticulum store release and diacylglycerol-dependent microtubule organizing center reorientation, while depleting the pool of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate, an activator of multiple actin-regulatory proteins. The close interdependence of Ca(2+) signaling and cytoskeletal dynamics in T cells provides positive feedback mechanisms for T-cell activation and allows for finely tuned responses to extracellular cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Babich
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- Janis K. Burkhardt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia PA USA
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33
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Hammer JA, Burkhardt JK. Controversy and consensus regarding myosin II function at the immunological synapse. Curr Opin Immunol 2013; 25:300-6. [PMID: 23623641 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2013.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Regulated actin dynamics play a central role in modulating signaling events at the immunological synapse (IS). Polymerization of actin filaments at the periphery of the IS, coupled to depolymerization near the center, generates a centripetal flow of the actin network and associated movement of signaling molecules. A recent flurry of papers addresses the role of myosin II in facilitating these events. Investigators agree that myosin II is present at the IS, where it forms actomyosin arcs within the peripheral supramolecular activation cluster, a region corresponding to the lamellum of migrating cells. However, there is substantial disagreement about the extent to which myosin II drives IS formation and signaling events leading to T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Hammer
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-8017, USA
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Martinelli S, Chen EJH, Clarke F, Lyck R, Affentranger S, Burkhardt JK, Niggli V. Ezrin/Radixin/Moesin proteins and flotillins cooperate to promote uropod formation in T cells. Front Immunol 2013; 4:84. [PMID: 23579783 PMCID: PMC3619129 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell uropods are enriched in specific proteins including adhesion receptors such as P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1), lipid raft-associated proteins such as flotillins and ezrin/radixin/moesin (ERM) proteins which associate with cholesterol-rich raft domains and anchor adhesion receptors to the actin cytoskeleton. Using dominant mutants and siRNA technology we have tested the interactions among these proteins and their role in shaping the T cell uropod. Expression of wild type (WT) ezrin-EGFP failed to affect the morphology of human T cells or chemokine-induced uropod recruitment of PSGL-1 and flotillin-1 and -2. In contrast, expression of constitutively active T567D ezrin-EGFP induced a motile, polarized phenotype in some of the transfected T cells, even in the absence of chemokine. These cells featured F-actin-rich ruffles in the front and uropod enrichment of PSGL-1 and flotillins. T567D ezrin-EGFP was itself strongly enriched in the rear of the polarized T cells. Uropod formation induced by T567D ezrin-EGFP was actin-dependent as it was attenuated by inhibition of Rho-kinase or myosin II, and abolished by disruption of actin filaments. While expression of constitutively active ezrin enhanced cell polarity, expression of a dominant-negative deletion mutant of ezrin, 1-310 ezrin-EGFP, markedly reduced uropod formation induced by the chemokine SDF-1, T cell front-tail polarity, and capping of PSGL-1 and flotillins. Transfection of T cells with WT or T567D ezrin did not affect chemokine-mediated chemotaxis whereas 1-310 ezrin significantly impaired spontaneous 2D migration and chemotaxis. siRNA-mediated downregulation of flotillins in murine T cells attenuated moesin capping and uropod formation, indicating that ERM proteins and flotillins cooperate in uropod formation. In summary, our results indicate that activated ERM proteins function together with flotillins to promote efficient chemotaxis of T cells by structuring the uropod of migrating T cells.
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Chen EJH, Shaffer MH, Williamson EK, Huang Y, Burkhardt JK. Ezrin and moesin are required for efficient T cell adhesion and homing to lymphoid organs. PLoS One 2013; 8:e52368. [PMID: 23468835 PMCID: PMC3585410 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell trafficking between the blood and lymphoid organs is a complex, multistep process that requires several highly dynamic and coordinated changes in cyto-architecture. Members of the ezrin, radixin and moesin (ERM) family of actin-binding proteins have been implicated in several aspects of this process, but studies have yielded conflicting results. Using mice with a conditional deletion of ezrin in CD4+ cells and moesin-specific siRNA, we generated T cells lacking ERM proteins, and investigated the effect on specific events required for T cell trafficking. ERM-deficient T cells migrated normally in multiple in vitro and in vivo assays, and could undergo efficient diapedesis in vitro. However, these cells were impaired in their ability to adhere to the β1 integrin ligand fibronectin, and to polarize appropriately in response to fibronectin and VCAM-1 binding. This defect was specific for β1 integrins, as adhesion and polarization in response to ICAM-1 were normal. In vivo, ERM-deficient T cells showed defects in homing to lymphoid organs. Taken together, these results show that ERM proteins are largely dispensable for T cell chemotaxis, but are important for β1 integrin function and homing to lymphoid organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J. H. Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Meredith H. Shaffer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Edward K. Williamson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Yanping Huang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Janis K. Burkhardt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Humphries LA, Shaffer MH, Sacirbegovic F, Tomassian T, McMahon KA, Humbert PO, Silva O, Round JL, Takamiya K, Huganir RL, Burkhardt JK, Russell SM, Miceli MC. Characterization of in vivo Dlg1 deletion on T cell development and function. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45276. [PMID: 23028902 PMCID: PMC3445470 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The polarized reorganization of the T cell membrane and intracellular signaling molecules in response to T cell receptor (TCR) engagement has been implicated in the modulation of T cell development and effector responses. In siRNA-based studies Dlg1, a MAGUK scaffold protein and member of the Scribble polarity complex, has been shown to play a role in T cell polarity and TCR signal specificity, however the role of Dlg1 in T cell development and function in vivo remains unclear. Methodology/Principal Findings Here we present the combined data from three independently-derived dlg1-knockout mouse models; two germline deficient knockouts and one conditional knockout. While defects were not observed in T cell development, TCR-induced early phospho-signaling, actin-mediated events, or proliferation in any of the models, the acute knockdown of Dlg1 in Jurkat T cells diminished accumulation of actin at the IS. Further, while Th1-type cytokine production appeared unaffected in T cells derived from mice with a dlg1germline-deficiency, altered production of TCR-dependent Th1 and Th2-type cytokines was observed in T cells derived from mice with a conditional loss of dlg1 expression and T cells with acute Dlg1 suppression, suggesting a differential requirement for Dlg1 activity in signaling events leading to Th1 versus Th2 cytokine induction. The observed inconsistencies between these and other knockout models and siRNA strategies suggest that 1) compensatory upregulation of alternate gene(s) may be masking a role for dlg1 in controlling TCR-mediated events in dlg1 deficient mice and 2) the developmental stage during which dlg1 ablation begins may control the degree to which compensatory events occur. Conclusions/Significance These findings provide a potential explanation for the discrepancies observed in various studies using different dlg1-deficient T cell models and underscore the importance of acute dlg1 ablation to avoid the upregulation of compensatory mechanisms for future functional studies of the Dlg1 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Humphries
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Babich A, Li S, O'Connor RS, Milone MC, Freedman BD, Burkhardt JK. F-actin polymerization and retrograde flow drive sustained PLCγ1 signaling during T cell activation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 197:775-87. [PMID: 22665519 PMCID: PMC3373411 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201201018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Actomyosin dynamics and T cell receptor signaling are tightly coupled to ensure proper dynamics and function of signaling microclusters within the immunological synapse. Activation of T cells by antigen-presenting cells involves assembly of signaling molecules into dynamic microclusters (MCs) within a specialized membrane domain termed the immunological synapse (IS). Actin and myosin IIA localize to the IS, and depletion of F-actin abrogates MC movement and T cell activation. However, the mechanisms that coordinate actomyosin dynamics and T cell receptor signaling are poorly understood. Using pharmacological inhibitors that perturb individual aspects of actomyosin dynamics without disassembling the network, we demonstrate that F-actin polymerization is the primary driver of actin retrograde flow, whereas myosin IIA promotes long-term integrity of the IS. Disruption of F-actin retrograde flow, but not myosin IIA contraction, arrested MC centralization and inhibited sustained Ca2+ signaling at the level of endoplasmic reticulum store release. Furthermore, perturbation of retrograde flow inhibited PLCγ1 phosphorylation within MCs but left Zap70 activity intact. These studies highlight the importance of ongoing actin polymerization as a central driver of actomyosin retrograde flow, MC centralization, and sustained Ca2+ signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Babich
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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38
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Jeon JY, Kovanlikaya I, Boockvar JA, Mao X, Shin B, K Burkhardt J, Kesavabhotla K, Christos P, Riina H, Shungu DC, Tsiouris AJ. Metabolic response of glioblastoma to superselective intra-arterial cerebral infusion of bevacizumab: a proton MR spectroscopic imaging study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2012; 33:2095-102. [PMID: 22576886 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a3091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE SIACI of bevacizumab has emerged as a promising novel therapy in the treatment of recurrent GB. This study assessed the potential of (1)H-MRS as an adjunctive technique in detecting metabolic changes reflective of antiproliferative effects of targeted infusion of bevacizumab in the treatment of GB. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eighteen patients enrolled in a phase I/II study of SIACI of bevacizumab for treatment of recurrent GB were included. Concurrent MR imaging and (1)H-MRS scans were performed before and after treatment. Five distinct morphologic ROIs were evaluated for structural and metabolic changes on MR imaging and (1)H-MRS, which included enhancing, nonenhancing T2 hyperintense signal abnormality, and multiple control regions. Pre- and post-SIACI of bevacizumab peak areas for NAA, tCho, tCr, as well as tCho/tCr and tCho/NAA ratios, were derived for all 5 ROIs and compared using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. RESULTS A significant median decrease of 25.99% (range -55.76 to 123.94; P = .006) in tCho/NAA was found post-SIACI of bevacizumab relative to pretreatment values in regions of enhancing disease. A trend-level significant median decrease of 6.45% (range -23.71 to 37.67; P = .06) was noted in tCho/NAA posttreatment in regions of nonenhancing T2-hyperintense signal abnormality. CONCLUSIONS The results of this (1)H-MRS analysis suggest that GB treatment with SIACI of bevacizumab may be associated with a direct antiproliferative effect, as demonstrated by significant reductions of tCho/NAA after the intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y Jeon
- Departments of Neuroradiology, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Gorman JA, Babich A, Dick CJ, Schoon RA, Koenig A, Gomez TS, Burkhardt JK, Billadeau DD. The cytoskeletal adaptor protein IQGAP1 regulates TCR-mediated signaling and filamentous actin dynamics. J Immunol 2012; 188:6135-44. [PMID: 22573807 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The Ras GTPase-activating-like protein IQGAP1 is a multimodular scaffold that controls signaling and cytoskeletal regulation in fibroblasts and epithelial cells. However, the functional role of IQGAP1 in T cell development, activation, and cytoskeletal regulation has not been investigated. In this study, we show that IQGAP1 is dispensable for thymocyte development as well as microtubule organizing center polarization and cytolytic function in CD8(+) T cells. However, IQGAP1-deficient CD8(+) T cells as well as Jurkat T cells suppressed for IQGAP1 were hyperresponsive, displaying increased IL-2 and IFN-γ production, heightened LCK activation, and augmented global phosphorylation kinetics after TCR ligation. In addition, IQGAP1-deficient T cells exhibited increased TCR-mediated F-actin assembly and amplified F-actin velocities during spreading. Moreover, we found that discrete regions of IQGAP1 regulated cellular activation and F-actin accumulation. Taken together, our data suggest that IQGAP1 acts as a dual negative regulator in T cells, limiting both TCR-mediated activation kinetics and F-actin dynamics via distinct mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacquelyn A Gorman
- Department of Immunology, Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55901, USA
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40
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Ciocca ML, Barnett BE, Burkhardt JK, Chang JT, Reiner SL. Cutting edge: Asymmetric memory T cell division in response to rechallenge. J Immunol 2012; 188:4145-8. [PMID: 22467651 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Clonal selection of a T cell for use in the immune response appears to necessitate proliferative expansion and terminal effector differentiation of some cellular progeny, while reserving other progeny as less-differentiated memory cells. It has been suggested that asymmetric cell division may promote initial cell diversification. Stem cell-like models of adaptive immunity might predict that subsequent encounters with a pathogen would evoke reiterative, self-renewing, asymmetric division by memory T cells. In this study, we show that murine memory CD8(+) T cells can divide asymmetrically in response to secondary encounter with pathogen. Critical regulators of signaling and transcription are partitioned to one side of the mitotic spindle in rechallenged memory T cells, and two phenotypically distinct populations of daughter cells are evident from the earliest divisions. Memory T cells may thus use asymmetric cell division to generate cellular heterogeneity when faced with pathogen rechallenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Ciocca
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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41
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Hsu CJ, Hsieh WT, Waldman A, Clarke F, Huseby ES, Burkhardt JK, Baumgart T. Ligand mobility modulates immunological synapse formation and T cell activation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32398. [PMID: 22384241 PMCID: PMC3284572 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell receptor (TCR) engagement induces clustering and recruitment to the plasma membrane of many signaling molecules, including the protein tyrosine kinase zeta-chain associated protein of 70 kDa (ZAP70) and the adaptor SH2 domain-containing leukocyte protein of 76 kDa (SLP76). This molecular rearrangement results in formation of the immunological synapse (IS), a dynamic protein array that modulates T cell activation. The current study investigates the effects of apparent long-range ligand mobility on T cell signaling activity and IS formation. We formed stimulatory lipid bilayers on glass surfaces from binary lipid mixtures with varied composition, and characterized these surfaces with respect to diffusion coefficient and fluid connectivity. Stimulatory ligands coupled to these surfaces with similar density and orientation showed differences in their ability to activate T cells. On less mobile membranes, central supramolecular activation cluster (cSMAC) formation was delayed and the overall accumulation of CD3ζ at the IS was reduced. Analysis of signaling microcluster (MC) dynamics showed that ZAP70 MCs exhibited faster track velocity and longer trajectories as a function of increased ligand mobility, whereas movement of SLP76 MCs was relatively insensitive to this parameter. Actin retrograde flow was observed on all surfaces, but cell spreading and subsequent cytoskeletal contraction were more pronounced on mobile membranes. Finally, increased tyrosine phosphorylation and persistent elevation of intracellular Ca2+ were observed in cells stimulated on fluid membranes. These results point to ligand mobility as an important parameter in modulating T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Jung Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Wan-Ting Hsieh
- Department of Chemistry, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Abraham Waldman
- Department of Chemistry, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Fiona Clarke
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Eric S. Huseby
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Janis K. Burkhardt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (TB); (JKB)
| | - Tobias Baumgart
- Department of Chemistry, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (TB); (JKB)
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Barnett BE, Ciocca ML, Goenka R, Barnett LG, Wu J, Laufer TM, Burkhardt JK, Cancro MP, Reiner SL. Asymmetric B cell division in the germinal center reaction. Science 2011; 335:342-4. [PMID: 22174128 DOI: 10.1126/science.1213495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Lifelong antibody responses to vaccination require reorganization of lymphoid tissue and dynamic intercellular communication called the germinal center reaction. B lymphocytes undergo cellular polarization during antigen stimulation, acquisition, and presentation, which are critical steps for initiating humoral immunity. Here, we show that germinal center B lymphocytes asymmetrically segregate the transcriptional regulator Bcl6, the receptor for interleukin-21, and the ancestral polarity protein atypical protein kinase C to one side of the plane of division, generating unequal inheritance of fate-altering molecules by daughter cells. Germinal center B lymphocytes from mice with a defect in leukocyte adhesion fail to divide asymmetrically. These results suggest that motile cells lacking constitutive attachment can receive provisional polarity cues from the microenvironment to generate daughter cell diversity and self-renewal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burton E Barnett
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Huang Y, Biswas C, Klos Dehring DA, Sriram U, Williamson EK, Li S, Clarke F, Gallucci S, Argon Y, Burkhardt JK. The actin regulatory protein HS1 is required for antigen uptake and presentation by dendritic cells. J Immunol 2011; 187:5952-63. [PMID: 22031761 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The hematopoietic actin regulatory protein hematopoietic lineage cell-specific protein 1 (HS1) is required for cell spreading and signaling in lymphocytes, but the scope of HS1 function in Ag presentation has not been addressed. We show that dendritic cells (DCs) from HS1(-/-) mice differentiate normally and display normal LPS-induced upregulation of surface markers and cytokines. Consistent with their normal expression of MHC and costimulatory molecules, HS1(-/-) DCs present OVA peptide efficiently to CD4(+) T cells. However, presentation of OVA protein is defective. Similarly, MHC class I-dependent presentation of VSV8 peptide to CD8(+) T cells occurs normally, but cross-presentation of GRP94/VSV8 complexes is defective. Analysis of Ag uptake pathways shows that HS1 is required for receptor-mediated endocytosis, but not for phagocytosis or macropinocytosis. HS1 interacts with dynamin 2, a protein involved in scission of endocytic vesicles. However, HS1(-/-) DCs showed decreased numbers of endocytic invaginations, whereas dynamin-inhibited cells showed accumulation of these endocytic intermediates. Taken together, these studies show that HS1 promotes an early step in the endocytic pathway that is required for efficient Ag presentation of exogenous Ag by DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Huang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Abstract
Movement of immunoreceptor microclusters tunes lymphocyte activation, but the underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. In this issue of Immunity, Schnyder et al. (2011) and Hashimoto-Tane et al. (2011) show that cytoplasmic dynein drives microcluster centralization along microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Babich
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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45
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Dehring DAK, Clarke F, Ricart BG, Huang Y, Gomez TS, Williamson EK, Hammer DA, Billadeau DD, Argon Y, Burkhardt JK. Hematopoietic lineage cell-specific protein 1 functions in concert with the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein to promote podosome array organization and chemotaxis in dendritic cells. J Immunol 2011; 186:4805-18. [PMID: 21398607 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional APCs that reside in peripheral tissues and survey the body for pathogens. Upon activation by inflammatory signals, DCs undergo a maturation process and migrate to lymphoid organs, where they present pathogen-derived Ags to T cells. DC migration depends on tight regulation of the actin cytoskeleton to permit rapid adaptation to environmental cues. We investigated the role of hematopoietic lineage cell-specific protein 1 (HS1), the hematopoietic homolog of cortactin, in regulating the actin cytoskeleton of murine DCs. HS1 localized to lamellipodial protrusions and podosomes, actin-rich structures associated with adhesion and migration. DCs from HS1(-/-) mice showed aberrant lamellipodial dynamics. Moreover, although these cells formed recognizable podosomes, their podosome arrays were loosely packed and improperly localized within the cell. HS1 interacts with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASp), another key actin-regulatory protein, through mutual binding to WASp-interacting protein. Comparative analysis of DCs deficient for HS1, WASp or both proteins revealed unique roles for these proteins in regulating podosomes with WASp being essential for podosome formation and with HS1 ensuring efficient array organization. WASp recruitment to podosome cores was independent of HS1, whereas HS1 recruitment required Src homology 3 domain-dependent interactions with the WASp/WASp-interacting protein heterodimer. In migration assays, the phenotypes of HS1- and WASp-deficient DCs were related, but distinct. WASp(-/y) DCs migrating in a chemokine gradient showed a large decrease in velocity and diminished directional persistence. In contrast, HS1(-/-) DCs migrated faster than wild-type cells, but directional persistence was significantly reduced. These studies show that HS1 functions in concert with WASp to fine-tune DC cytoarchitecture and direct cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Klos Dehring
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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46
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Cannon JL, Mody PD, Blaine KM, Chen EJ, Nelson AD, Sayles LJ, Moore TV, Clay BS, Dulin NO, Shilling RA, Burkhardt JK, Sperling AI. CD43 interaction with ezrin-radixin-moesin (ERM) proteins regulates T-cell trafficking and CD43 phosphorylation. Mol Biol Cell 2011; 22:954-63. [PMID: 21289089 PMCID: PMC3069020 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e10-07-0586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
CD43 interaction with ERM proteins regulates CD43 phosphorylation and T-cell migration. CD43 phosphorylation can also drive CD43 localization in T-cells independently of ERM association. Cell polarization is a key feature of cell motility, driving cell migration to tissues. CD43 is an abundantly expressed molecule on the T-cell surface that shows distinct localization to the migrating T-cell uropod and the distal pole complex (DPC) opposite the immunological synapse via association with the ezrin-radixin-moesin (ERM) family of actin regulatory proteins. CD43 regulates multiple T-cell functions, including T-cell activation, proliferation, apoptosis, and migration. We recently demonstrated that CD43 regulates T-cell trafficking through a phosphorylation site at Ser-76 (S76) within its cytoplasmic tail. Using a phosphorylation-specific antibody, we now find that CD43 phosphorylation at S76 is enhanced by migration signals. We further show that CD43 phosphorylation and normal T-cell trafficking depend on CD43 association with ERM proteins. Interestingly, mutation of S76 to mimic phosphorylation enhances T-cell migration and CD43 movement to the DPC while blocking ERM association, showing that CD43 movement can occur in the absence of ERM binding. We also find that protein kinase Cθ can phosphorylate CD43. These results show that while CD43 binding to ERM proteins is crucial for S76 phosphorylation, CD43 movement and regulation of T-cell migration can occur through an ERM-independent, phosphorylation–dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Cannon
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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Yamakita Y, Matsumura F, Lipscomb MW, Chou PC, Werlen G, Burkhardt JK, Yamashiro S. Fascin1 promotes cell migration of mature dendritic cells. J Immunol 2011; 186:2850-9. [PMID: 21263068 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play central roles in innate and adaptive immunity. Upon maturation, DCs assemble numerous veil-like membrane protrusions, disassemble podosomes, and travel from the peripheral tissues to lymph nodes to present Ags to T cells. These alterations in morphology and motility are closely linked to the primary function of DCs, Ag presentation. However, it is unclear how and what cytoskeletal proteins control maturation-associated alterations, in particular, the change in cell migration. Fascin1, an actin-bundling protein, is specifically and greatly induced upon maturation, suggesting a unique role for fascin1 in mature DCs. To determine the physiological roles of fascin1, we characterized bone marrow-derived, mature DCs from fascin1 knockout mice. We found that fascin1 is critical for cell migration: fascin1-null DCs exhibit severely decreased membrane protrusive activity. Importantly, fascin1-null DCs have lower chemotactic activity toward CCL19 (a chemokine for mature DCs) in vitro, and in vivo, Langerhans cells show reduced emigration into draining lymph nodes. Morphologically, fascin1-null mature DCs are flatter and fail to disassemble podosomes, a specialized structure for cell-matrix adhesion. Expression of exogenous fascin1 in fascin1-null DCs rescues the defects in membrane protrusive activity, as well as in podosome disassembly. These results indicate that fascin1 positively regulates migration of mature DCs into lymph nodes, most likely by increasing dynamics of membrane protrusions, as well as by disassembling podosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiko Yamakita
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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Shaffer MH, Huang Y, Corbo E, Wu GF, Velez M, Choi JK, Saotome I, Cannon JL, McClatchey AI, Sperling AI, Maltzman JS, Oliver PM, Bhandoola A, Laufer TM, Burkhardt JK. Ezrin is highly expressed in early thymocytes, but dispensable for T cell development in mice. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12404. [PMID: 20806059 PMCID: PMC2929185 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ezrin/radixin/moesin (ERM) proteins are highly homologous proteins that function to link cargo molecules to the actin cytoskeleton. Ezrin and moesin are both expressed in mature lymphocytes, where they play overlapping roles in cell signaling and polarity, but their role in lymphoid development has not been explored. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We characterized ERM protein expression in lymphoid tissues and analyzed the requirement for ezrin expression in lymphoid development. In wildtype mice, we found that most cells in the spleen and thymus express both ezrin and moesin, but little radixin. ERM protein expression in the thymus was differentially regulated, such that ezrin expression was highest in immature thymocytes and diminished during T cell development. In contrast, moesin expression was low in early thymocytes and upregulated during T cell development. Mice bearing a germline deletion of ezrin exhibited profound defects in the size and cellularity of the spleen and thymus, abnormal thymic architecture, diminished hematopoiesis, and increased proportions of granulocytic precursors. Further analysis using fetal liver chimeras and thymic transplants showed that ezrin expression is dispensable in hematopoietic and stromal lineages, and that most of the defects in lymphoid development in ezrin(-/-) mice likely arise as a consequence of nutritional stress. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE We conclude that despite high expression in lymphoid precursor cells, ezrin is dispensable for lymphoid development, most likely due to redundancy with moesin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith H. Shaffer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Yanping Huang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Evann Corbo
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Gregory F. Wu
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Marielena Velez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - John K. Choi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ichiko Saotome
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Judy L. Cannon
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Andrea I. McClatchey
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Anne I. Sperling
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jonathan S. Maltzman
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Paula M. Oliver
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Avinash Bhandoola
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Terri M. Laufer
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Janis K. Burkhardt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Carrizosa E, Gomez TS, Labno CM, Klos Dehring DA, Liu X, Freedman BD, Billadeau DD, Burkhardt JK. Hematopoietic lineage cell-specific protein 1 is recruited to the immunological synapse by IL-2-inducible T cell kinase and regulates phospholipase Cgamma1 Microcluster dynamics during T cell spreading. J Immunol 2009; 183:7352-61. [PMID: 19917685 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Productive T cell activation requires efficient reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton. We showed previously that the actin-regulatory protein, hematopoietic lineage cell-specific protein 1 (HS1), is required for the stabilization of F-actin and Vav1 at the immunological synapse and for efficient calcium responses. The Tec family kinase IL-2-inducible T cell kinase (Itk) regulates similar aspects of T cell activation, suggesting that these proteins act in the same pathway. Using video microscopy, we show that T cells lacking Itk or HS1 exhibited similar defects in actin responses, extending unstable lamellipodial protrusions upon TCR stimulation. HS1 and Itk could be coimmunoprecipitated from T cell lysates, and GST-pulldown studies showed that Itk's Src homology 2 domain binds directly to two phosphotyrosines in HS1. In the absence of Itk, or in T cells overexpressing an Itk Src homology 2 domain mutant, HS1 failed to localize to the immunological synapse, indicating that Itk serves to recruit HS1 to sites of TCR engagement. Because Itk is required for phospholipase C (PLC)gamma1 phosphorylation and calcium store release, we examined the calcium signaling pathway in HS1(-/-) T cells in greater detail. In response to TCR engagement, T cells lacking HS1 exhibited diminished calcium store release, but TCR-dependent PLCgamma1 phosphorylation was intact, indicating that HS1's role in calcium signaling is distinct from that of Itk. HS1-deficient T cells exhibited defective cytoskeletal association of PLCgamma1 and altered formation of PLCgamma1 microclusters. We conclude that HS1 functions as an effector of Itk in the T cell actin-regulatory pathway, and directs the spatial organization of PLCgamma1 signaling complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Carrizosa
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Abstract
In the last few years, great progress has been made in understanding how stromal interacting molecule 1 (STIM1), a protein containing a calcium sensor that is located in the endoplasmic reticulum, and Orai1, a protein that forms a calcium channel in the plasma membrane, interact and give rise to store-operated calcium entry. Pharmacological depletion of calcium stores leads to the formation of clusters containing STIM and Orai that appear to be sites for calcium influx. Similar puncta are also produced in response to physiological stimuli in immune cells. In T cells engaged with antigen-presenting cells, clusters containing STIM and Orai accumulate at the immunological synapse. We recently discovered that in activated T cells, STIM1 and Orai1 also accumulate in cap-like structures opposite the immune synapse at the distal pole of the cell. Both caps and puncta are long-lived stable structures containing STIM1 and Orai1 in close proximity. The function of puncta as sites of calcium influx is clear. We speculate that the caps may provide a secondary site of calcium entry. Alternatively, they may serve as a source of preformed channel complexes that move to new immune synapses as T cells repeatedly engage antigen-presenting cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valarie A Barr
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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