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Forsyth KS, Roy NH, Peauroi E, DeHaven BC, Wold ED, Hersperger AR, Burkhardt JK, Eisenlohr LC. Ectromelia-encoded virulence factor C15 specifically inhibits antigen presentation to CD4+ T cells post peptide loading. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008685. [PMID: 32745153 PMCID: PMC7425992 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Smallpox and monkeypox pose severe threats to human health. Other orthopoxviruses are comparably virulent in their natural hosts, including ectromelia, the cause of mousepox. Disease severity is linked to an array of immunomodulatory proteins including the B22 family, which has homologs in all pathogenic orthopoxviruses but not attenuated vaccine strains. We demonstrate that the ectromelia B22 member, C15, is necessary and sufficient for selective inhibition of CD4+ but not CD8+ T cell activation by immunogenic peptide and superantigen. Inhibition is achieved not by down-regulation of surface MHC- II or co-stimulatory protein surface expression but rather by interference with antigen presentation. The appreciable outcome is interference with CD4+ T cell synapse formation as determined by imaging studies and lipid raft disruption. Consequently, CD4+ T cell activating stimulus shifts to uninfected antigen-presenting cells that have received antigen from infected cells. This work provides insight into the immunomodulatory strategies of orthopoxviruses by elucidating a mechanism for specific targeting of CD4+ T cell activation, reflecting the importance of this cell type in control of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine S. Forsyth
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Nathan H. Roy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Elise Peauroi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Brian C. DeHaven
- Department of Biology, La Salle University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Erik D. Wold
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Adam R. Hersperger
- Department of Biology, Albright College, Reading, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Janis K. Burkhardt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Laurence C. Eisenlohr
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Israely T, Melamed S, Achdout H, Erez N, Politi B, Waner T, Lustig S, Paran N. TLR3 and TLR9 agonists improve postexposure vaccination efficacy of live smallpox vaccines. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110545. [PMID: 25350003 PMCID: PMC4211728 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Eradication of smallpox and discontinuation of the vaccination campaign resulted in an increase in the percentage of unvaccinated individuals, highlighting the need for postexposure efficient countermeasures in case of accidental or deliberate viral release. Intranasal infection of mice with ectromelia virus (ECTV), a model for human smallpox, is curable by vaccination with a high vaccine dose given up to 3 days postexposure. To further extend this protective window and to reduce morbidity, mice were vaccinated postexposure with Vaccinia-Lister, the conventional smallpox vaccine or Modified Vaccinia Ankara, a highly attenuated vaccine in conjunction with TLR3 or TLR9 agonists. We show that co-administration of the TLR3 agonist poly(I:C) even 5 days postexposure conferred protection, avoiding the need to increase the vaccination dose. Efficacious treatments prevented death, ameliorated disease symptoms, reduced viral load and maintained tissue integrity of target organs. Protection was associated with significant elevation of serum IFNα and anti-vaccinia IgM antibodies, modulation of IFNγ response, and balanced activation of NK and T cells. TLR9 agonists (CpG ODNs) were less protective than the TLR3 agonist poly(I:C). We show that activation of type 1 IFN by poly(I:C) and protection is achievable even without co-vaccination, requiring sufficient amount of the viral antigens of the infective agent or the vaccine. This study demonstrated the therapeutic potential of postexposure immune modulation by TLR activation, allowing to alleviate the disease symptoms and to further extend the protective window of postexposure vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomer Israely
- Department of Infectious diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Sharon Melamed
- Department of Infectious diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Hagit Achdout
- Department of Infectious diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Noam Erez
- Department of Infectious diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Boaz Politi
- Department of Infectious diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Trevor Waner
- Department of Infectious diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Shlomo Lustig
- Department of Infectious diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Nir Paran
- Department of Infectious diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
- * E-mail:
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Martyniszyn L, Szulc-Dąbrowska L, Boratyńska-Jasińska A, Niemiałtowski M. Increased formation of autophagosomes in ectromelia virus-infected primary culture of murine bone marrow-derived macrophages. Acta Virol 2014; 57:467-70. [PMID: 24294965 DOI: 10.4149/av_2013_04_467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Induction of autophagy by ectromelia virus (ECTV) in primary cultures of bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) was investigated. The results showed that ECTV infection of BMDMs resulted in increased formation of autophagosomes, increased level of LC3-II protein present in aggregates and extensive cytoplasmic vacuolization. These data indicate an increased autophagic activity in BMDMs during ECTV infection.
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Xu RH, Rubio D, Roscoe F, Krouse TE, Truckenmiller ME, Norbury CC, Hudson PN, Damon IK, Alcamí A, Sigal LJ. Antibody inhibition of a viral type 1 interferon decoy receptor cures a viral disease by restoring interferon signaling in the liver. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002475. [PMID: 22241999 PMCID: PMC3252373 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 interferons (T1-IFNs) play a major role in antiviral defense, but when or how they protect during infections that spread through the lympho-hematogenous route is not known. Orthopoxviruses, including those that produce smallpox and mousepox, spread lympho-hematogenously. They also encode a decoy receptor for T1-IFN, the T1-IFN binding protein (T1-IFNbp), which is essential for virulence. We demonstrate that during mousepox, T1-IFNs protect the liver locally rather than systemically, and that the T1-IFNbp attaches to uninfected cells surrounding infected foci in the liver and the spleen to impair their ability to receive T1-IFN signaling, thus facilitating virus spread. Remarkably, this process can be reversed and mousepox cured late in infection by treating with antibodies that block the biological function of the T1-IFNbp. Thus, our findings provide insights on how T1-IFNs function and are evaded during a viral infection in vivo, and unveil a novel mechanism for antibody-mediated antiviral therapy. Type 1 interferons are molecules important in the defense against viruses. Orthopoxviruses encode a Type 1 interferon binding protein that acts as a decoy for the Type 1 interferon receptor. Here we show that during infection with the Orthopoxvirus ectromelia virus, the agent of mousepox, Type 1 interferons protect the liver locally rather than systemically. We also show that the Type 1 interferon binding protein of ectromelia virus attaches to uninfected cells surrounding infected foci in the liver to impair their ability to receive Type 1 interferon signaling and facilitate virus spread and disease progression. We also show that this process can be reversed and mousepox cured late in infection by treating mice with antibodies that block the biological function of the Type 1 interferon binding protein. Because the Type 1 interferon binding proteins of different Orthopoxviruses are very well conserved, the antibodies also block the biological function of the Type 1 interferon binding proteins from variola virus (the virus of smallpox) and monkeypoxvirus. Thus, our findings provide insights on how Type 1 interferons function and are evaded during a viral infection in vivo, and unveil a novel mechanism for antibody-mediated antiviral therapy.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/pharmacology
- Cell Line
- Cricetinae
- Ectromelia virus/immunology
- Ectromelia virus/metabolism
- Ectromelia virus/pathogenicity
- Ectromelia, Infectious/drug therapy
- Ectromelia, Infectious/immunology
- Ectromelia, Infectious/metabolism
- Female
- Liver/immunology
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, SCID
- Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta/immunology
- Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta/metabolism
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/metabolism
- Spleen/virology
- Variola virus/immunology
- Variola virus/metabolism
- Viral Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Viral Proteins/immunology
- Viral Proteins/metabolism
- Virulence Factors/antagonists & inhibitors
- Virulence Factors/immunology
- Virulence Factors/metabolism
- Virus Attachment/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Huan Xu
- Immune Cell Development and Host Defense Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Daniel Rubio
- Immune Cell Development and Host Defense Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Felicia Roscoe
- Immune Cell Development and Host Defense Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Tracy E. Krouse
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mary Ellen Truckenmiller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Christopher C. Norbury
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Paul N. Hudson
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, NCEZID, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Inger K. Damon
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, NCEZID, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Antonio Alcamí
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis J. Sigal
- Immune Cell Development and Host Defense Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kochneva GV, Kolosova IV, Lupan TA, Sivolobova GF, Iudin PV, Grazhdantseva AA, Riabchikova EI, Kandrina NI, Shchelkunov SN. [Orthopoxvirus genes for kelch-like proteins. III. Construction of mousepox (ectromelia) virus variants with targeted gene deletions]. Mol Biol (Mosk) 2009; 43:616-622. [PMID: 19807023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Mousepox (ectromelia) virus genome contains four genes encoding for kelch-like proteins EVM018, EVM027, EVM150 and EVM167. A complete set of insertion plasmids was constructed to allow the production of recombinant ectromelia viruses with targeted deletions of one to four genes of kelch family both individually (single mutants) and in different combinations (double, triple and quadruple mutants). It was shown that deletion of any of the three genes EVMO18, EVM027 or EVM167 resulted in reduction of 50% lethal dose (LD50) by five and more orders in outbred white mice infected intraperitoneally. Deletion of mousepox kelch-gene EVM150 did not influence the virus virulence. Two or more kelch-genes deletion also resulted in high level of attenuation, which could evidently be due to the lack of three genes EVM167, EVM018 and/or EVM027 identified as virulence factors. The local inflammatory process on the model of intradermal injection of mouse ear pinnae (vasodilatation level, hyperemia, cutaneous edema, arterial thrombosis) was significantly more intensive for wild type virus and virulent mutant deltaEVM150 in comparison with avirulent mutant AEVM167.
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Hostetler KY, Beadle JR, Trahan J, Aldern KA, Owens G, Schriewer J, Melman L, Buller RM. Oral 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn-glycero-3-cidofovir targets the lung and is effective against a lethal respiratory challenge with ectromelia virus in mice. Antiviral Res 2006; 73:212-8. [PMID: 17123638 PMCID: PMC1859865 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2006.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2006] [Revised: 10/11/2006] [Accepted: 10/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Hexadecyloxypropyl-cidofovir (HDP-CDV) has been shown to be orally active against lethal infection with orthopoxviruses including, mousepox, cowpox, vaccinia and rabbitpox. The alkoxyalkyl group provides oral absorption and reduces greatly the amount of drug reaching the kidney, the site of CDV's dose limiting toxicity. However, the amount of HDP-CDV detected in lung, an important site of early poxvirus replication, is low and the reduction of viral titers in surviving animals is reduced moderately compared with the liver where poxvirus titers are virtually undetectable. We synthesized a novel glycerol ester of CDV, 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn-glycero-3-CDV (ODBG-CDV), and compared its oral pharmacokinetics with that of HDP-CDV. Surprisingly, ODBG-CDV levels in lung are much higher and liver levels are reduced, suggesting that the compound is transported in small intestinal lymph instead the portal vein. ODBG-CDV has excellent in vitro activity in cells infected with ectromelia virus (ECTV). In mice infected with a lethal aerosol or intranasal challenge of ECTV, HDP-CDV and ODBG-CDV are equally effective in preventing death from disease. Other drugs esterified to 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn-glycerol or 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate may provide lung targeting for treatment of microbial or neoplastic diseases while reducing first pass removal by the liver during oral absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Y Hostetler
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0676, United States.
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Krzyzowska M, Cymerys J, Winnicka A, Niemiałtowski M. Involvement of Fas and FasL in Ectromelia virus-induced apoptosis in mouse brain. Virus Res 2005; 115:141-9. [PMID: 16169110 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2005.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2005] [Revised: 07/29/2005] [Accepted: 08/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study we showed that the virulent Moscow strain of Ectromelia virus (ECTV-MOS) infection leads to induction of apoptosis in the BALB/c mouse central nervous system. ECTV-MOS-infected cells and inflammation sites were found in brain parenchyma between 5 and 15 days after footpad infection with ECTV-MOS. Infected cells consisted of microglia and monocytes, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes and these type of cells underwent apoptosis within 5-15 days post infection (d.p.i.). The highest number of apoptotic cells was found at 5 and 10 d.p.i. and represented mainly microglia (61.4% and 38.6% of apoptotic cells, respectively) and astrocytes (21% and 8.9%, respectively). The number of apoptotic oligodendrocytes was 5.4% and 4.5%, respectively. Fluorometric assays demonstrated involvement of caspase-1, -3 and -8 but not caspase-9 in apoptosis in ECTV-MOS-infected mouse brains. Expression of Fas/FasL was significantly increased on ECTV-MOS-infected cells between 5 and 15 d.p.i., whereas Fas was up-regulated also on the surrounding, non-infected cells. Taking together we may conclude that ECTV-MOS infection of microglia and astrocytes leads to local inflammation resulting in Fas/FasL up-regulation and apoptosis, which limits mouse central nervous system infection with ECTV-MOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Krzyzowska
- Division of Virology, Mycology and Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland.
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Fiume L, Mattioli A, Busi C, Accorsi C. Selective penetration and pharmacological activity of lactosaminated albumin conjugates of adenine arabinoside 5-monophosphate (ara-AMP) in mouse liver. Gut 1984; 25:1392-8. [PMID: 6210232 PMCID: PMC1420207 DOI: 10.1136/gut.25.12.1392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
With the aim of improving the chemotherapeutic index of adenine arabinoside 5-monophosphate (ara-AMP) in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B, this drug was conjugated with lactosaminated serum albumin (L-SA), a neoglycoprotein which only enters into hepatocytes where it is digested in lysosomes. In mice, the L-[3H]SA-ara-AMP conjugates, intravenously injected, selectively penetrated the liver, only small quantities were taken up by cells of spleen, bone marrow, intestine, and brain. After administration of the conjugate to mice with Ectromelia virus hepatitis, ara-AMP was selectively concentrated in liver in a pharmacologically active form. If L-SA-ara-AMP conjugates behave in man as in mouse, their administration to patients with chronic hepatitis B should result in a selective concentration of ara-AMP in liver with a more efficient inhibition of virus replication accompanied by lower toxicity for other tissues.
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Fiume L, Mattioli A, Balboni PG, Tognon M, Barbanti-Brodano G, de Vries J, Wieland T. Enhanced inhibition of virus DNA synthesis in hepatocytes by trifluorothymidine coupled to asialofetuin. FEBS Lett 1979; 103:47-51. [PMID: 89047 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(79)81247-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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