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Starling T, Carlon-Andres I, Iliopoulou M, Kraemer B, Loidolt-Krueger M, Williamson DJ, Padilla-Parra S. Multicolor lifetime imaging and its application to HIV-1 uptake. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4994. [PMID: 37591879 PMCID: PMC10435470 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40731-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Simultaneous imaging of nine fluorescent proteins is demonstrated in a single acquisition using fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy combined with pulsed interleaved excitation of three laser lines. Multicolor imaging employing genetically encodable fluorescent proteins permits spatio-temporal live cell imaging of multiple cues. Here, we show that multicolor lifetime imaging allows visualization of quadruple labelled human immunodeficiency viruses on host cells that in turn are also labelled with genetically encodable fluorescent proteins. This strategy permits to simultaneously visualize different sub-cellular organelles (mitochondria, cytoskeleton, and nucleus) during the process of virus entry with the potential of imaging up to nine different spectral channels in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Starling
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, London, UK
| | - Irene Carlon-Andres
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, London, UK
| | - Maro Iliopoulou
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics and Department of Physics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Benedikt Kraemer
- PicoQuant GmbH, Rudower Chaussee 29 (IGZ), 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - David J Williamson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, London, UK
| | - Sergi Padilla-Parra
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, London, UK.
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK.
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2
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Nieves DJ, Pike JA, Levet F, Williamson DJ, Baragilly M, Oloketuyi S, de Marco A, Griffié J, Sage D, Cohen EAK, Sibarita JB, Heilemann M, Owen DM. A framework for evaluating the performance of SMLM cluster analysis algorithms. Nat Methods 2023; 20:259-267. [PMID: 36765136 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-022-01750-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) generates data in the form of coordinates of localized fluorophores. Cluster analysis is an attractive route for extracting biologically meaningful information from such data and has been widely applied. Despite a range of cluster analysis algorithms, there exists no consensus framework for the evaluation of their performance. Here, we use a systematic approach based on two metrics to score the success of clustering algorithms in simulated conditions mimicking experimental data. We demonstrate the framework using seven diverse analysis algorithms: DBSCAN, ToMATo, KDE, FOCAL, CAML, ClusterViSu and SR-Tesseler. Given that the best performer depended on the underlying distribution of localizations, we demonstrate an analysis pipeline based on statistical similarity measures that enables the selection of the most appropriate algorithm, and the optimized analysis parameters for real SMLM data. We propose that these standard simulated conditions, metrics and analysis pipeline become the basis for future analysis algorithm development and evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Nieves
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jeremy A Pike
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Florian Levet
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, CNRS, IINS, UMR 5297, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Bordeaux Imaging Center, CNRS, INSERM, BIC, UMS 3420, US 4, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - David J Williamson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Mohammed Baragilly
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Department of Mathematics, Insurance and Applied Statistics, Helwan University, Helwan, Egypt
| | - Sandra Oloketuyi
- Laboratory of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Nova Gorica, Rožna Dolina, Slovenia
| | - Ario de Marco
- Laboratory of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Nova Gorica, Rožna Dolina, Slovenia
| | - Juliette Griffié
- Laboratory of Experimental Biophysics, Institute of Physics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Sage
- Biomedical Imaging Group, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Jean-Baptiste Sibarita
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, CNRS, IINS, UMR 5297, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Mike Heilemann
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Dylan M Owen
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. .,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. .,School of Mathematics, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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3
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Jha MK, Williamson DJ, Magharehabed G, Turkoz I, Daly EJ, Trivedi MH. Intranasal esketamine effectively treats treatment-resistant depression in adults regardless of baseline irritability. J Affect Disord 2023; 321:153-160. [PMID: 36273682 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the impact of baseline irritability on clinical outcomes in adults with treatment-resistant depression (TRD) treated with fixed or flexible doses of esketamine nasal spray plus a newly initiated oral antidepressant (ESK+AD) and to explore whether treatment with ESK affects irritability symptoms over time. METHODS This was a post hoc analysis of pooled data from two 4-week, double-blind, phase 3 studies: TRANSFORM-1 (NCT02417064) and TRANSFORM-2 (NCT02418585). Adults with TRD (n = 560) were randomly assigned to ESK+AD or placebo nasal spray plus oral antidepressant (AD+PBO). Irritability was assessed with Item 6 of the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale at screening and baseline. Changes in depression severity (Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale [MADRS] total score) were evaluated by analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) models. Rates of MADRS response (≥50 % decrease from baseline total score) and remission (total score ≤ 12) were examined using multiple logistic regression models. RESULTS Of 560 participants with TRD, 52.9 %, 23.2 %, and 23.9 % had high, low, and varying levels of irritability, respectively. No significant interaction between baseline irritability and treatment group was observed for change in MADRS total score, treatment response, or remission at day 28; numerically greater improvement was observed on all outcomes with ESK+AD versus AD+PBO at day 28 regardless of baseline irritability level. Percentages of patients reporting adverse events were similar across the three baseline irritability groups. LIMITATIONS TRANSFORM-1 and TRANSFORM-2 were not designed to prospectively evaluate predetermined irritability outcomes. CONCLUSIONS These post hoc results support efficacy of ESK+AD in patients with TRD, regardless of baseline irritability. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov identifiers: NCT02417064 (TRANSFORM-1), NCT02418585 (TRANSFORM-2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish K Jha
- Center for Depression Research and Clinical Care, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | | | | | - Ibrahim Turkoz
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville, NJ, USA.
| | - Ella J Daly
- Janssen Scientific Affairs, LLC, Titusville, NJ, USA
| | - Madhukar H Trivedi
- Center for Depression Research and Clinical Care, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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4
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Ramakrishnan NK, Betts HM, Sephton SM, Zhou X, Williamson DJ, Sawiak S, Aigbirhio FI. Automated radiosynthesis and preclinical in vivo evaluation of [ 18F]Fluoroethylpuromycin as a potential radiotracer for imaging protein synthesis with PET. Nucl Med Biol 2022; 114-115:71-77. [PMID: 36242984 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2022.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE From a series of fluorinated analogues of puromycin, we recently identified [18F]fluoroethylpuromycin (FEPURO) as a potential candidate for imaging the rate of protein synthesis in vivo. Herein, we describe the automation of the radiosynthesis, and evaluation of [18F]FEPURO in vivo. PROCEDURES [18F]FEPURO was radiosynthesised in an automated module. PET imaging was conducted in Wistar rats under control and blocking conditions using the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide. Biodistribution and metabolite studies at 30, 60 and 120 min were conducted in healthy rats. RESULTS Automation of the radiosynthesis resulted in reduction of the synthesis time by half from the manual method. A steady increase in the SUV was observed in the time-activity curves for the whole brain as expected for a protein synthesis marker. However, rapid in vivo metabolism of [18F]FEPURO within 15 min in plasma as well as the brain (4 % of parent 30 min p.i.) indicated formation of the [18F]FET radio-metabolite in >90 % thus suggesting that observed increase in the brain uptake was due to the radiometabolite. CONCLUSIONS [18F]FEPURO is not a suitable PET radiotracer for imaging protein synthesis rates in brain in vivo due to its rapid metabolism. Further structural modifications to prevent in vivo metabolism are underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha K Ramakrishnan
- Molecular Imaging Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - Helen M Betts
- Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
| | - Selena Milicevic Sephton
- Molecular Imaging Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK.
| | - Xiaoyun Zhou
- Molecular Imaging Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - David J Williamson
- Molecular Imaging Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - Stephen Sawiak
- Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Box 65, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Franklin I Aigbirhio
- Molecular Imaging Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK
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5
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Williamson DJ, Gogate JP, Kern Sliwa JK, Manera LS, Preskorn SH, Winokur A, Starr HL, Daly EJ. Longitudinal Course of Adverse Events With Esketamine Nasal Spray: A Post Hoc Analysis of Pooled Data From Phase 3 Trials in Patients With Treatment-Resistant Depression. J Clin Psychiatry 2022; 83. [PMID: 36149841 DOI: 10.4088/jcp.21m14318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To describe the tolerability of esketamine nasal spray based on the adverse event profile observed during treatment sessions occurring early and later over the course of treatment. Methods: In 2 long-term, phase 3 studies (NCT02493868, October 1, 2015-February 16, 2018; NCT02497287, September 30, 2015-October 28, 2017), patients with treatment-resistant major depressive disorder (per DSM-5) and nonresponse to ≥ 2 oral antidepressants received esketamine nasal spray (56 or 84 mg) twice weekly during a 4-week induction phase, weekly for weeks 5-8, and weekly or every 2 weeks thereafter as maintenance treatment, in conjunction with a new oral antidepressant. A post hoc analysis using descriptive statistics evaluated occurrence (incidence, frequency, severity) and recurrence (incidence and severity) of events of specific interest. Results: In patients treated with esketamine nasal spray plus a newly initiated oral antidepressant (n = 928), spontaneously reported adverse events of dizziness, nausea, sedation, vertigo, and increased blood pressure were more likely to recur after the first week of treatment if they occurred more frequently (twice > once > none) during the first week. The same pattern was observed when these events were assessed by structured instruments. Incidences of dizziness, dissociation, increased blood pressure, nausea, vertigo, and sedation were highest in week 1 of treatment (20.6%, 16.7%, 4.3%, 14.0%, 12.1%, and 3.8%, respectively) and decreased thereafter. Initial occurrences and subsequent recurrences of events were mostly mild or moderate in severity. Conclusions: Adverse events during treatment with esketamine nasal spray plus an oral antidepressant generally become less frequent with ongoing treatment, and the majority are mild or moderate in severity. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifiers: NCT02493868; NCT02497287.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Williamson
- Field-Based Medical Affairs, Janssen Scientific Affairs, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey.,Drs Williamson and Daly and Mr Manera were affiliated with Janssen Scientific Affairs, LLC, at the time the trial was conducted.,Corresponding author: David J. Williamson, PhD, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, 2450 Old Shell Rd, Ste A, Mobile, AL 36607
| | - Jagadish P Gogate
- Statistics and Decision Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey
| | - Jennifer K Kern Sliwa
- Neuroscience Medical Information, Janssen Scientific Affairs, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey
| | - Lewis S Manera
- Janssen Medical Information, Janssen Scientific Affairs, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey.,Drs Williamson and Daly and Mr Manera were affiliated with Janssen Scientific Affairs, LLC, at the time the trial was conducted
| | - Sheldon H Preskorn
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Wichita, Kansas
| | - Andrew Winokur
- Department of Psychiatry, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - H Lynn Starr
- Clinical Development, Janssen Scientific Affairs, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey
| | - Ella J Daly
- Field-Based Medical Affairs, Janssen Scientific Affairs, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey.,Drs Williamson and Daly and Mr Manera were affiliated with Janssen Scientific Affairs, LLC, at the time the trial was conducted
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6
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Jensen LG, Williamson DJ, Hahn U. Semiparametric point process modeling of blinking artifacts in PALM. Ann Appl Stat 2022. [DOI: 10.1214/21-aoas1553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ute Hahn
- Department of Mathematics, Aarhus University
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7
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Jensen LG, Hoh TY, Williamson DJ, Griffié J, Sage D, Rubin-Delanchy P, Owen DM. Correction of multiple-blinking artifacts in photoactivated localization microscopy. Nat Methods 2022; 19:594-602. [PMID: 35545712 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-022-01463-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Photoactivated localization microscopy (PALM) produces an array of localization coordinates by means of photoactivatable fluorescent proteins. However, observations are subject to fluorophore multiple blinking and each protein is included in the dataset an unknown number of times at different positions, due to localization error. This causes artificial clustering to be observed in the data. We present a 'model-based correction' (MBC) workflow using calibration-free estimation of blinking dynamics and model-based clustering to produce a corrected set of localization coordinates representing the true underlying fluorophore locations with enhanced localization precision, outperforming the state of the art. The corrected data can be reliably tested for spatial randomness or analyzed by other clustering approaches, and descriptors such as the absolute number of fluorophores per cluster are now quantifiable, which we validate with simulated data and experimental data with known ground truth. Using MBC, we confirm that the adapter protein, the linker for activation of T cells, is clustered at the T cell immunological synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis G Jensen
- Department of Mathematics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Tjun Yee Hoh
- Institute for Statistical Science, School of Mathematics, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - David J Williamson
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Juliette Griffié
- Laboratory of Experimental Biophysics, Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Sage
- Biomedical Imaging Group, School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Rubin-Delanchy
- Institute for Statistical Science, School of Mathematics, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | - Dylan M Owen
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, School of Mathematics and Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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8
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Kennedy PR, Barthen C, Williamson DJ, Pitkeathly WTE, Hazime KS, Cumming J, Stacey KB, Hilton HG, Carrington M, Parham P, Davis DM. Genetic diversity affects the nanoscale membrane organization and signaling of natural killer cell receptors. Sci Signal 2019; 12:eaaw9252. [PMID: 31848320 PMCID: PMC6944503 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaw9252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Genetic diversity in human natural killer (NK) cell receptors is linked to resistance and susceptibility to many diseases. Here, we tested the effect of this diversity on the nanoscale organization of killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs). Using superresolution microscopy, we found that inhibitory KIRs encoded by different genes and alleles were organized differently at the surface of primary human NK cells. KIRs that were found at low abundance assembled into smaller clusters than those formed by KIRs that were more highly abundant, and at low abundance, there was a greater proportion of KIRs in clusters. Upon receptor triggering, a structured interface called the immune synapse assembles, which facilitates signal integration and controls NK cell responses. Here, triggering of low-abundance receptors resulted in less phosphorylation of the downstream phosphatase SHP-1 but more phosphorylation of the adaptor protein Crk than did triggering of high-abundance receptors. In cells with greater KIR abundance, SHP-1 dephosphorylated Crk, which potentiated NK cell spreading during activation. Thus, genetic variation modulates both the abundance and nanoscale organization of inhibitory KIRs. That is, as well as the number of receptors at the cell surface varying with genotype, the way in which these receptors are organized in the membrane also varies. Essentially, a change in the average surface abundance of a protein at the cell surface is a coarse descriptor entwined with changes in local nanoscale clustering. Together, our data indicate that genetic diversity in inhibitory KIRs affects membrane-proximal signaling and, unexpectedly, the formation of activating immune synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippa R Kennedy
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | - Charlotte Barthen
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | - David J Williamson
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | - William T E Pitkeathly
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | - Khodor S Hazime
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | - Joshua Cumming
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | - Kevin B Stacey
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | - Hugo G Hilton
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, D159, Sherman Fairchild Science Building, 299 Campus Drive West, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mary Carrington
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Building 560, Room 21-89, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Peter Parham
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, D159, Sherman Fairchild Science Building, 299 Campus Drive West, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Daniel M Davis
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, UK.
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9
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Shannon MJ, Pineau J, Griffié J, Aaron J, Peel T, Williamson DJ, Zamoyska R, Cope AP, Cornish GH, Owen DM. Differential nanoscale organisation of LFA-1 modulates T-cell migration. J Cell Sci 2019; 133:jcs.232991. [PMID: 31471459 PMCID: PMC7614863 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.232991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Effector T-cells rely on integrins to drive adhesion and migration to facilitate their immune function. The heterodimeric transmembrane integrin LFA-1 (αLβ2 integrin) regulates adhesion and migration of effector T-cells through linkage of the extracellular matrix with the intracellular actin treadmill machinery. Here, we quantified the velocity and direction of F-actin flow in migrating T-cells alongside single-molecule localisation of transmembrane and intracellular LFA-1. Results showed that actin retrograde flow positively correlated and immobile actin negatively correlated with T-cell velocity. Plasma membrane-localised LFA-1 forms unique nano-clustering patterns in the leading edge, compared to the mid-focal zone, of migrating T-cells. Deleting the cytosolic phosphatase PTPN22, loss-of-function mutations of which have been linked to autoimmune disease, increased T-cell velocity, and leading-edge co-clustering of pY397 FAK, pY416 Src family kinases and LFA-1. These data suggest that differential nanoclustering patterns of LFA-1 in migrating T-cells may instruct intracellular signalling. Our data presents a paradigm where T-cells modulate the nanoscale organisation of adhesion and signalling molecules to fine tune their migration speed, with implications for the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Shannon
- Department of Physics and Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Judith Pineau
- Department of Physics and Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Juliette Griffié
- Department of Physics and Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Jesse Aaron
- Advanced Imaging Center, HHMI Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Tamlyn Peel
- Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology, School of Immunology and Microbiological Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - David J Williamson
- Department of Physics and Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Rose Zamoyska
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Andrew P Cope
- Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology, School of Immunology and Microbiological Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Georgina H Cornish
- Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology, School of Immunology and Microbiological Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Dylan M Owen
- Department of Physics and Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK .,Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy and Department of Mathematics and Centre for Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TQ, UK
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10
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Qiao L, Fisher E, McMurray L, Milicevic Sephton S, Hird M, Kuzhuppilly-Ramakrishnan N, Williamson DJ, Zhou X, Werry E, Kassiou M, Luthra S, Trigg W, Aigbirhio FI. Radiosynthesis of (R,S)-[ 18 F]GE387: A Potential PET Radiotracer for Imaging Translocator Protein 18 kDa (TSPO) with Low Binding Sensitivity to the Human Gene Polymorphism rs6971. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:982-993. [PMID: 30900397 PMCID: PMC6563049 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Translocator protein (TSPO) is a biomarker of neuroinflammation, which is a hallmark of many neurodegenerative diseases and has been exploited as a positron emission tomography (PET) target. Carbon-11-labelled PK11195 remains the most applied agent for imaging TSPO, despite its short-lived isotope and low brain permeability. Second-generation radiotracers show variance in affinity amongst subjects (low-, mixed-, and high-affinity binders) caused by the genetic polymorphism (rs6971) of the TSPO gene. To overcome these limitations, a new structural scaffold was explored based on the TSPO pharmacophore, and the analogue with a low-affinity binder/high-affinity binder (LAB/HAB) ratio similar (1.2 vs. 1.3) to that of (R)-[11 C]PK11195 was investigated. The synthesis of the reference compound was accomplished in six steps and 9 % overall yield, and the precursor was prepared in eight steps and 8 % overall yield. The chiral separation of the reference and precursor compounds was performed using supercritical fluid chromatography with >95 % ee. The absolute configuration was determined by circular dichroism. Optimisation of reaction conditions for manual radiolabelling revealed acetonitrile as a preferred solvent at 100 °C. Automation of this radiolabelling method provided R and S enantiomers in respective 21.3±16.7 and 25.6±7.1 % decay-corrected yields and molar activities of 55.8±35.6 and 63.5±39.5 GBq μmol-1 (n=3). Injection of the racemic analogue into a healthy rat confirmed passage through the blood-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luxi Qiao
- Molecular Imaging Chemical Laboratory, Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - Emily Fisher
- Molecular Imaging Chemical Laboratory, Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - Lindsay McMurray
- Molecular Imaging Chemical Laboratory, Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - Selena Milicevic Sephton
- Molecular Imaging Chemical Laboratory, Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - Matthew Hird
- Molecular Imaging Chemical Laboratory, Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - Nisha Kuzhuppilly-Ramakrishnan
- Molecular Imaging Chemical Laboratory, Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - David J Williamson
- Molecular Imaging Chemical Laboratory, Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - Xiouyun Zhou
- Molecular Imaging Chemical Laboratory, Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - Eryn Werry
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Building F11, Eastern Avenue, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Michael Kassiou
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Building F11, Eastern Avenue, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | | | | | - Franklin I Aigbirhio
- Molecular Imaging Chemical Laboratory, Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK
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11
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Kennedy PR, Barthen C, Williamson DJ, Davis DM. HLA-B and HLA-C Differ in Their Nanoscale Organization at Cell Surfaces. Front Immunol 2019; 10:61. [PMID: 30761133 PMCID: PMC6362897 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The particular HLA class I variants an individual carries influences their resistance and susceptibility to a multitude of diseases. Expression level and variation in the peptide binding region correlates with, for example, a person's progression to AIDS after HIV infection. One factor which has not yet been addressed is whether or not different HLA class I proteins organize differently in the cell membrane on a nanoscale. Here, we examined the organization of three HLA-B allotypes (B*2705, B*5301, and B*5701) and two HLA-C allotypes (C*0602 and C*0702) in the membrane of 721.221 cells which otherwise lack expression of HLA-B or HLA-C. All these allotypes are ligands for the T cell receptor and leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptors, but additionally, the HLA-B allotypes are ligands for the killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor family member KIR3DL1, HLA-C*0602 is a ligand for KIR2DL1, and HLA-C*0702 is a ligand for KIR2DL2/3. Using super-resolution microscopy, we found that both HLA-B and HLA-C formed more clusters and a greater proportion of HLA contributed to clusters, when expressed at lower levels. Thus, HLA class I organization is a covariate in genetic association studies of HLA class I expression level with disease progression. Surprisingly, we also found that HLA-C was more clustered than HLA-B when expression level was controlled. HLA-C consistently formed larger and more numerous clusters than HLA-B and a greater proportion of HLA-C contributed to clusters than for HLA-B. We also found that the organization of HLA class I proteins varied with cell type. T cells exhibited a particularly clustered organization of HLA class I while B cells expressed a more uniform distribution. In summary, HLA class I variants are organized differently in the cell surface membrane which may impact their functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippa R Kennedy
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte Barthen
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David J Williamson
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel M Davis
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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12
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Peters R, Griffié J, Burn GL, Williamson DJ, Owen DM. Quantitative fibre analysis of single-molecule localization microscopy data. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10418. [PMID: 29991683 PMCID: PMC6039472 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28691-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Single molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) methods produce data in the form of a spatial point pattern (SPP) of all localized emitters. Whilst numerous tools exist to quantify molecular clustering in SPP data, the analysis of fibrous structures has remained understudied. Taking the SMLM localization coordinates as input, we present an algorithm capable of tracing fibrous structures in data generated by SMLM. Based upon a density parameter tracing routine, the algorithm outputs several fibre descriptors, such as number of fibres, length of fibres, area of enclosed regions and locations and angles of fibre branch points. The method is validated in a variety of simulated conditions and experimental data acquired using the image reconstruction by integrating exchangeable single-molecule localization (IRIS) technique. For this, the nanoscale architecture of F-actin at the T cell immunological synapse in both untreated and pharmacologically treated cells, designed to perturb actin structure, was analysed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruby Peters
- Department of Physics and Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Juliette Griffié
- Department of Physics and Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Garth L Burn
- Cellular Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - David J Williamson
- Department of Physics and Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Dylan M Owen
- Department of Physics and Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
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13
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Suhaj A, Le Marois A, Williamson DJ, Suhling K, Lorenz CD, Owen DM. PRODAN differentially influences its local environment. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:16060-16066. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp00543e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PRODAN influences its local environment at the nanoscale differently between ordered and disordered phases as shown by MD simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Suhaj
- Department of Physics and Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics
- King's College London
- London
- UK
| | | | - David J. Williamson
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics
- King's College London
- London
- UK
| | | | | | - Dylan M. Owen
- Department of Physics and Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics
- King's College London
- London
- UK
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14
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Ashdown GW, Williamson DJ, Soh GHM, Day N, Burn GL, Owen DM. Membrane lipid order of sub-synaptic T cell vesicles correlates with their dynamics and function. Traffic 2017; 19:29-35. [PMID: 28981993 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
During an immune response, T cells survey antigen presenting cells for antigenic peptides via the formation of an interface known as an immunological synapse. Among the complex and dynamic biophysical phenomena occurring at this interface is the trafficking of sub-synaptic vesicles carrying a variety of proximal signalling molecules. Here, we show that rather than being a homogeneous population, these vesicles display a diversity of membrane lipid order profiles, as measured using the environmentally sensitive dye di-4-ANEPPDHQ and multi-spectral TIRF microscopy. Using live-cell imaging, vesicle tracking and a variety of small molecule drugs to manipulate components of the actin and tubulin cytoskeleton, we show that the membrane lipid order of these vesicles correlate with their dynamics. Furthermore, we show that the key proximal signalling molecule Linker for Activation of T cells (LAT) is enriched in specific vesicle populations as defined by their higher membrane order. These results imply that vesicle lipid order may represent a novel regulatory mechanism for the sorting and trafficking of signalling molecules at the immunological synapse, and, potentially, other cellular structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- George W Ashdown
- Department of Physics and Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - David J Williamson
- Department of Physics and Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Gary H M Soh
- Friedrich Miescher Laboratory, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nathan Day
- Department of Physics and Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Garth L Burn
- Max-Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dylan M Owen
- Department of Physics and Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
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15
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Griffié J, Shlomovich L, Williamson DJ, Shannon M, Aaron J, Khuon S, L Burn G, Boelen L, Peters R, Cope AP, Cohen EAK, Rubin-Delanchy P, Owen DM. 3D Bayesian cluster analysis of super-resolution data reveals LAT recruitment to the T cell synapse. Sci Rep 2017. [PMID: 28642595 PMCID: PMC5481387 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04450-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-molecule localisation microscopy (SMLM) allows the localisation of fluorophores with a precision of 10–30 nm, revealing the cell’s nanoscale architecture at the molecular level. Recently, SMLM has been extended to 3D, providing a unique insight into cellular machinery. Although cluster analysis techniques have been developed for 2D SMLM data sets, few have been applied to 3D. This lack of quantification tools can be explained by the relative novelty of imaging techniques such as interferometric photo-activated localisation microscopy (iPALM). Also, existing methods that could be extended to 3D SMLM are usually subject to user defined analysis parameters, which remains a major drawback. Here, we present a new open source cluster analysis method for 3D SMLM data, free of user definable parameters, relying on a model-based Bayesian approach which takes full account of the individual localisation precisions in all three dimensions. The accuracy and reliability of the method is validated using simulated data sets. This tool is then deployed on novel experimental data as a proof of concept, illustrating the recruitment of LAT to the T-cell immunological synapse in data acquired by iPALM providing ~10 nm isotropic resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Griffié
- Department of Physics and Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK.
| | | | - David J Williamson
- Department of Physics and Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Michael Shannon
- Department of Physics and Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jesse Aaron
- Advanced Imaging Center, Howard Hughes Medical Institute Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, Virginia, USA
| | - Satya Khuon
- Advanced Imaging Center, Howard Hughes Medical Institute Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, Virginia, USA
| | - Garth L Burn
- Department of Physics and Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Lies Boelen
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ruby Peters
- Department of Physics and Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew P Cope
- Department of Immunology, Infection and Inflammatory Disease, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Dylan M Owen
- Department of Physics and Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
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16
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Peters R, Benthem Muñiz M, Griffié J, Williamson DJ, Ashdown GW, Lorenz CD, Owen DM. Quantification of fibrous spatial point patterns from single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) data. Bioinformatics 2017; 33:1703-1711. [PMID: 28108449 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btx026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Motivation Unlike conventional microscopy which produces pixelated images, SMLM produces data in the form of a list of localization coordinates-a spatial point pattern (SPP). Often, such SPPs are analyzed using cluster analysis algorithms to quantify molecular clustering within, for example, the plasma membrane. While SMLM cluster analysis is now well developed, techniques for analyzing fibrous structures remain poorly explored. Results Here, we demonstrate a statistical methodology, based on Ripley's K-function to quantitatively assess fibrous structures in 2D SMLM datasets. Using simulated data, we present the underlying theory to describe fiber spatial arrangements and show how these descriptions can be quantitatively derived from pointillist datasets. We also demonstrate the techniques on experimental data acquired using the image reconstruction by integrating exchangeable single-molecule localization (IRIS) approach to SMLM, in the context of the fibrous actin meshwork at the T cell immunological synapse, whose structure has been shown to be important for T cell activation. Availability and Implementation Freely available on the web at https://github.com/RubyPeters/Angular-Ripleys-K . Implemented in MatLab. Contact dylan.owen@kcl.ac.uk. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruby Peters
- Department of Physics and Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Marta Benthem Muñiz
- Department of Physics and Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Juliette Griffié
- Department of Physics and Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - David J Williamson
- Department of Physics and Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - George W Ashdown
- Department of Physics and Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Christian D Lorenz
- Department of Physics and Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Dylan M Owen
- Department of Physics and Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
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17
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Jensen-Kondering U, Manavaki R, Ejaz S, Sawiak SJ, Carpenter TA, Fryer TD, Aigbirhio FI, Williamson DJ, Baron JC. Brain hypoxia mapping in acute stroke: Back-to-back T2' MR versus 18F-fluoromisonidazole PET in rodents. Int J Stroke 2017; 12:752-760. [PMID: 28523963 DOI: 10.1177/1747493017706221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Mapping the hypoxic brain in acute ischemic stroke has considerable potential for both diagnosis and treatment monitoring. PET using 18F-fluoro-misonidazole (FMISO) is the reference method; however, it lacks clinical accessibility and involves radiation exposure. MR-based T2' mapping may identify tissue hypoxia and holds clinical potential. However, its validation against FMISO imaging is lacking. Here we implemented back-to-back FMISO-PET and T2' MR in rodents subjected to acute middle cerebral artery occlusion. For direct clinical relevance, regions of interest delineating reduced T2' signal areas were manually drawn. Methods Wistar rats were subjected to filament middle cerebral artery occlusion, immediately followed by intravenous FMISO injection. Multi-echo T2 and T2* sequences were acquired twice during FMISO brain uptake, interleaved with diffusion-weighted imaging. Perfusion-weighted MR was also acquired whenever feasible. Immediately following MR, PET data reflecting the history of FMISO brain uptake during MR acquisition were acquired. T2' maps were generated voxel-wise from T2 and T2*. Two raters independently drew T2' lesion regions of interest. FMISO uptake and perfusion data were obtained within T2' consensus regions of interest, and their overlap with the automatically generated FMISO lesion and apparent diffusion coefficient lesion regions of interest was computed. Results As predicted, consensus T2' lesion regions of interest exhibited high FMISO uptake as well as substantial overlap with the FMISO lesion and significant hypoperfusion, but only small overlap with the apparent diffusion coefficient lesion. Overlap of the T2' lesion regions of interest between the two raters was ∼50%. Conclusions This study provides formal validation of T2' to map non-core hypoxic tissue in acute stroke. T2' lesion delineation reproducibility was suboptimal, reflecting unclear lesion borders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Jensen-Kondering
- 1 Stroke Research Group, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,2 Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,3 Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Roido Manavaki
- 4 Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sohail Ejaz
- 1 Stroke Research Group, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephen J Sawiak
- 2 Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - T Adrian Carpenter
- 2 Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tim D Fryer
- 2 Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Franklin I Aigbirhio
- 2 Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - David J Williamson
- 2 Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jean-Claude Baron
- 1 Stroke Research Group, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,5 INSERM U894, Université Paris Descartes, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris, France
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18
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Griffié J, Shannon M, Bromley CL, Boelen L, Burn GL, Williamson DJ, Heard NA, Cope AP, Owen DM, Rubin-Delanchy P. A Bayesian cluster analysis method for single-molecule localization microscopy data. Nat Protoc 2016; 11:2499-2514. [PMID: 27854362 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2016.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cell function is regulated by the spatiotemporal organization of the signaling machinery, and a key facet of this is molecular clustering. Here, we present a protocol for the analysis of clustering in data generated by 2D single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM)-for example, photoactivated localization microscopy (PALM) or stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM). Three features of such data can cause standard cluster analysis approaches to be ineffective: (i) the data take the form of a list of points rather than a pixel array; (ii) there is a non-negligible unclustered background density of points that must be accounted for; and (iii) each localization has an associated uncertainty in regard to its position. These issues are overcome using a Bayesian, model-based approach. Many possible cluster configurations are proposed and scored against a generative model, which assumes Gaussian clusters overlaid on a completely spatially random (CSR) background, before every point is scrambled by its localization precision. We present the process of generating simulated and experimental data that are suitable to our algorithm, the analysis itself, and the extraction and interpretation of key cluster descriptors such as the number of clusters, cluster radii and the number of localizations per cluster. Variations in these descriptors can be interpreted as arising from changes in the organization of the cellular nanoarchitecture. The protocol requires no specific programming ability, and the processing time for one data set, typically containing 30 regions of interest, is ∼18 h; user input takes ∼1 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Griffié
- Department of Physics and Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Michael Shannon
- Department of Physics and Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Claire L Bromley
- MRC Centre for Developmental Biology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Lies Boelen
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Garth L Burn
- Department of Physics and Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - David J Williamson
- Department of Physics and Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Nicholas A Heard
- Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London and Heilbronn Institute for Mathematical Research, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Andrew P Cope
- Division of Immunology, Infection and Inflammatory Disease, Academic Department of Rheumatology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Dylan M Owen
- Department of Physics and Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Patrick Rubin-Delanchy
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford and Heilbronn Institute for Mathematical Research, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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19
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Oszmiana A, Williamson DJ, Cordoba SP, Morgan DJ, Kennedy PR, Stacey K, Davis DM. The Size of Activating and Inhibitory Killer Ig-like Receptor Nanoclusters Is Controlled by the Transmembrane Sequence and Affects Signaling. Cell Rep 2016; 15:1957-72. [PMID: 27210755 PMCID: PMC4893158 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.04.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Super-resolution microscopy has revealed that immune cell receptors are organized in nanoscale clusters at cell surfaces and immune synapses. However, mechanisms and functions for this nanoscale organization remain unclear. Here, we used super-resolution microscopy to compare the surface organization of paired killer Ig-like receptors (KIR), KIR2DL1 and KIR2DS1, on human primary natural killer cells and cell lines. Activating KIR2DS1 assembled in clusters two-fold larger than its inhibitory counterpart KIR2DL1. Site-directed mutagenesis established that the size of nanoclusters is controlled by transmembrane amino acid 233, a lysine in KIR2DS1. Super-resolution microscopy also revealed two ways in which the nanoscale clustering of KIR affects signaling. First, KIR2DS1 and DAP12 nanoclusters are juxtaposed in the resting cell state but coalesce upon receptor ligation. Second, quantitative super-resolution microscopy revealed that phosphorylation of the kinase ZAP-70 or phosphatase SHP-1 is favored in larger KIR nanoclusters. Thus, the size of KIR nanoclusters depends on the transmembrane sequence and affects downstream signaling. Activating and inhibitory NK cell receptors have a distinct nanoscale organization The transmembrane sequence of KIR controls their nanoscale organization Nanoclusters of KIR2DS1 and its adaptor are juxtaposed but mix upon activation Phosphorylation of ZAP-70 or SHP-1 is favored in larger receptor nanoclusters
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Oszmiana
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | - David J Williamson
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | - Shaun-Paul Cordoba
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - David J Morgan
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | - Philippa R Kennedy
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | - Kevin Stacey
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | - Daniel M Davis
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, UK.
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20
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Ejaz S, Emmrich JV, Sitnikov SL, Hong YT, Sawiak SJ, Fryer TD, Aigbirhio FI, Williamson DJ, Baron JC. Normobaric hyperoxia markedly reduces brain damage and sensorimotor deficits following brief focal ischaemia. Brain 2016; 139:751-64. [PMID: 26767570 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
'True' transient ischaemic attacks are characterized not only clinically, but also radiologically by a lack of corresponding changes on magnetic resonance imaging. During a transient ischaemic attack it is assumed that the affected tissue is penumbral but rescued by early spontaneous reperfusion. There is, however, evidence from rodent studies that even brief focal ischaemia not resulting in tissue infarction can cause extensive selective neuronal loss associated with long-lasting sensorimotor impairment but normal magnetic resonance imaging. Selective neuronal loss might therefore contribute to the increasingly recognized cognitive impairment occurring in patients with transient ischaemic attacks. It is therefore relevant to consider treatments to reduce brain damage occurring with transient ischaemic attacks. As penumbral neurons are threatened by markedly constrained oxygen delivery, improving the latter by increasing arterial O2 content would seem logical. Despite only small increases in arterial O2 content, normobaric oxygen therapy experimentally induces significant increases in penumbral O2 pressure and by such may maintain the penumbra alive until reperfusion. Nevertheless, the effects of normobaric oxygen therapy on infarct volume in rodent models have been conflicting, although duration of occlusion appeared an important factor. Likewise, in the single randomized trial published to date, early-administered normobaric oxygen therapy had no significant effect on clinical outcome despite reduced diffusion-weighted imaging lesion growth during therapy. Here we tested the hypothesis that normobaric oxygen therapy prevents both selective neuronal loss and sensorimotor deficits in a rodent model mimicking true transient ischaemic attack. Normobaric oxygen therapy was applied from the onset and until completion of 15 min distal middle cerebral artery occlusion in spontaneously hypertensive rats, a strain representative of the transient ischaemic attack-prone population. Whereas normoxic controls showed normal magnetic resonance imaging but extensive cortical selective neuronal loss associated with microglial activation (present both at Day 14 in vivo and at Day 28 post-mortem) and marked and long-lasting sensorimotor deficits, normobaric oxygen therapy completely prevented sensorimotor deficit (P < 0.02) and near-completely Day 28 selective neuronal loss (P < 0.005). Microglial activation was substantially reduced at Day 14 and completely prevented at Day 28 (P = 0.002). Our findings document that normobaric oxygen therapy administered during ischaemia nearly completely prevents the neuronal death, microglial inflammation and sensorimotor impairment that characterize this rodent true transient ischaemic attack model. Taken together with the available literature, normobaric oxygen therapy appears a promising therapy for short-lasting ischaemia, and is attractive clinically as it could be started at home in at-risk patients or in the ambulance in subjects suspected of transient ischaemic attack/early stroke. It may also be a straightforward adjunct to reperfusion therapies, and help prevent subtle brain damage potentially contributing to long-term cognitive and sensorimotor impairment in at-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohail Ejaz
- 1 Stroke Research Group, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Julius V Emmrich
- 1 Stroke Research Group, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK 2 Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Sergey L Sitnikov
- 1 Stroke Research Group, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Young T Hong
- 3 Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephen J Sawiak
- 3 Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Tim D Fryer
- 3 Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Franklin I Aigbirhio
- 3 Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - David J Williamson
- 3 Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Jean-Claude Baron
- 1 Stroke Research Group, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK 4 INSERM U894, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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21
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Rubin-Delanchy P, Burn GL, Griffié J, Williamson DJ, Heard NA, Cope AP, Owen DM. Bayesian cluster identification in single-molecule localization microscopy data. Nat Methods 2015; 12:1072-6. [PMID: 26436479 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.3612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Single-molecule localization-based super-resolution microscopy techniques such as photoactivated localization microscopy (PALM) and stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM) produce pointillist data sets of molecular coordinates. Although many algorithms exist for the identification and localization of molecules from raw image data, methods for analyzing the resulting point patterns for properties such as clustering have remained relatively under-studied. Here we present a model-based Bayesian approach to evaluate molecular cluster assignment proposals, generated in this study by analysis based on Ripley's K function. The method takes full account of the individual localization precisions calculated for each emitter. We validate the approach using simulated data, as well as experimental data on the clustering behavior of CD3ζ, a subunit of the CD3 T cell receptor complex, in resting and activated primary human T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Rubin-Delanchy
- School of Mathematics, Heilbronn Institute for Mathematical Research, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Garth L Burn
- Department of Physics and Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Juliette Griffié
- Department of Physics and Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - David J Williamson
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Andrew P Cope
- Division of Immunology, Infection and Inflammatory Disease, Academic Department of Rheumatology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Dylan M Owen
- Department of Physics and Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
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Li L, Shao X, Cole EL, Ohnmacht S, Ferrari V, Hong YT, Williamson DJ, Fryer TD, Quesada CA, Sherman P, Riss PJ, Scott PJH, Aigbirhio FI. Synthesis and Initial in Vivo Studies with [(11)C]SB-216763: The First Radiolabeled Brain Penetrative Inhibitor of GSK-3. ACS Med Chem Lett 2015; 6:548-52. [PMID: 26005531 PMCID: PMC4434473 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantifying glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) activity in vivo using positron emission tomography (PET) imaging is of interest because dysregulation of GSK-3 is implicated in numerous diseases and neurological disorders for which GSK-3 inhibitors are being considered as therapeutic strategies. Previous PET radiotracers for GSK-3 have been reported, but none of the published examples cross the blood-brain barrier. Therefore, we have an ongoing interest in developing a brain penetrating radiotracer for GSK-3. To this end, we were interested in synthesis and preclinical evaluation of [(11)C]SB-216763, a high-affinity inhibitor of GSK-3 (K i = 9 nM; IC50 = 34 nM). Initial radiosyntheses of [(11)C]SB-216763 proved ineffective in our hands because of competing [3 + 3] sigmatropic shifts. Therefore, we have developed a novel one-pot two-step synthesis of [(11)C]SB-216763 from a 2,4-dimethoxybenzyl-protected maleimide precursor, which provided high specific activity [(11)C]SB-216763 in 1% noncorrected radiochemical yield (based upon [(11)C]CH3I) and 97-100% radiochemical purity (n = 7). Initial preclinical evaluation in rodent and nonhuman primate PET imaging studies revealed high initial brain uptake (peak rodent SUV = 2.5 @ 3 min postinjection; peak nonhuman primate SUV = 1.9 @ 5 min postinjection) followed by washout. Brain uptake was highest in thalamus, striatum, cortex, and cerebellum, areas known to be rich in GSK-3. These results make the arylindolemaleimide skeleton our lead scaffold for developing a PET radiotracer for quantification of GSK-3 density in vivo and ultimately translating it into clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- Molecular
Imaging Chemistry Laboratory, Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, U.K.
| | - Xia Shao
- Division
of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Erin L. Cole
- Division
of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Stephan
A. Ohnmacht
- Molecular
Imaging Chemistry Laboratory, Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, U.K.
| | - Valentina Ferrari
- Molecular
Imaging Chemistry Laboratory, Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, U.K.
| | - Young T. Hong
- Laboratory
for Molecular Imaging, Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, U.K.
| | - David J. Williamson
- Laboratory
for Molecular Imaging, Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, U.K.
| | - Tim D. Fryer
- Laboratory
for Molecular Imaging, Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, U.K.
| | - Carole A. Quesada
- Division
of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Phillip Sherman
- Division
of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Patrick J. Riss
- Molecular
Imaging Chemistry Laboratory, Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, U.K.
| | - Peter J. H. Scott
- Division
of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- The
Interdepartmental Program in Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Michigan, Ann
Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Franklin I. Aigbirhio
- Molecular
Imaging Chemistry Laboratory, Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, U.K.
- Laboratory
for Molecular Imaging, Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, U.K.
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Ejaz S, Williamson DJ, Jensen-Kondering U, Ahmed T, Sawiak SJ, Baron JC. What is the Optimal Duration of Middle-Cerebral Artery Occlusion Consistently Resulting in Isolated Cortical Selective Neuronal Loss in the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat? Front Neurol 2015; 6:64. [PMID: 25859239 PMCID: PMC4374627 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction and objectives: Selective neuronal loss (SNL) in the reperfused penumbra may impact clinical recovery and is thus important to investigate. Brief proximal middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) results in predominantly striatal SNL, yet cortical damage is more relevant given its behavioral implications and that thrombolytic therapy mainly rescues the cortex. Distal temporary MCAo (tMCAo) does target the cortex, but the optimal occlusion duration that results in isolated SNL has not been determined. In the present study, we assessed different distal tMCAo durations looking for consistently pure SNL. Methods: Microclip distal tMCAo (md-tMCAo) was performed in ~6-month old male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). We previously reported that 45 min md-tMCAo in SHRs results in pan-necrosis in the majority of subjects. Accordingly, three shorter MCAo durations were investigated here in decremental succession, namely 30, 22, and 15 min (n = 3, 3, and 7 subjects, respectively). Recanalization was confirmed by MR angiography just prior to brain collection at 28 days and T2-weighted MRI was obtained for characterization of ischemic lesions. NeuN, OX42, and GFAP immunohistochemistry appraised changes in neurons, microglia, and astrocytes, respectively. Ischemic lesions were categorized into three main types: (1) pan-necrosis; (2) partial infarction; and (3) SNL. Results: Pan-necrosis or partial infarction was present in all 30 min and 22 min subjects, but not in the 15 min group (p < 0.001), in which isolated cortical SNL was consistently present. MRI revealed characteristic hyperintense abnormalities in all rats with pan-necrosis or partial infarction, but no change in any 15 min subject. Conclusion: We found that 15 min distal MCAo consistently resulted in pure cortical SNL, whereas durations equal or longer than 22 min consistently resulted in infarcts. This model may be of use to study the pathophysiology of cortical SNL and its prevention by appropriate interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohail Ejaz
- Stroke Research Group, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK
| | - David J Williamson
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK
| | - Ulf Jensen-Kondering
- Stroke Research Group, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK
| | - Tahir Ahmed
- Stroke Research Group, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK
| | - Steve J Sawiak
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK
| | - Jean-Claude Baron
- Stroke Research Group, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK ; INSERM U 894, Université Paris Descartes , Paris , France
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Ejaz S, Emmrich JV, Sawiak SJ, Williamson DJ, Baron JC. Cortical selective neuronal loss, impaired behavior, and normal magnetic resonance imaging in a new rat model of true transient ischemic attacks. Stroke 2015; 46:1084-92. [PMID: 25669312 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.114.007581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE New-definition transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) are frequent but difficult to diagnose because magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-negative by definition. However, hidden underlying cell damage might be present and account for the reported long-lasting cognitive impairment after TIAs. Most prior rodent models of true TIA targeted the striatum or have not been fully characterized. Here we present the MRI, behavioral, and quantitative cell changes characterizing a new rodent model of true TIA targeting the more behaviorally relevant cerebral cortex. METHODS Fifteen-minute distal middle cerebral artery occlusion was performed in 29 spontaneously hypertensive rats allowed to survive for 7 to 60 days. Behavior was assessed serially using both global neurological and fine sensorimotor tests. Diffusion- and T2-weighted MRI was obtained 20 min postreperfusion and again 7 to 60 days later, and then changes in neurons and microglia were quantified across the middle cerebral artery territory using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS No MRI changes or pan-necrosis were observed at any time point, but patchy cortical selective neuronal loss affected 28/29 rats, regardless of survival interval, together with topographically congruent microglial activation that gradually declined over time. The Neuroscore was unchanged, but there was marked contralateral sensorimotor impairment, still recovering by day 28. CONCLUSIONS Our new rodent model mimicking true cortical TIA is characterized by normal MRI, but consistent cortical selective neuronal loss and microglial activation and long-lasting sensorimotor deficits. By causing selective neuronal loss, TIAs and silent microemboli might affect neuronal reserve, thereby increasing long-term cognitive impairment risk. Selective neuronal loss and microglial activation might represent novel therapeutic targets that could be detectable in vivo after TIAs using appropriate imaging tracers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohail Ejaz
- From the Stroke Research Group, Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.E., J.V.E., J.-C.B.), and Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.J.S., D.J.W.), University of Cambridge; Department of Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (J.V.E.); and INSERM U894, Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (J.-C.B.)
| | - Julius V Emmrich
- From the Stroke Research Group, Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.E., J.V.E., J.-C.B.), and Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.J.S., D.J.W.), University of Cambridge; Department of Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (J.V.E.); and INSERM U894, Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (J.-C.B.)
| | - Stephen J Sawiak
- From the Stroke Research Group, Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.E., J.V.E., J.-C.B.), and Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.J.S., D.J.W.), University of Cambridge; Department of Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (J.V.E.); and INSERM U894, Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (J.-C.B.)
| | - David J Williamson
- From the Stroke Research Group, Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.E., J.V.E., J.-C.B.), and Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.J.S., D.J.W.), University of Cambridge; Department of Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (J.V.E.); and INSERM U894, Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (J.-C.B.)
| | - Jean-Claude Baron
- From the Stroke Research Group, Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.E., J.V.E., J.-C.B.), and Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.J.S., D.J.W.), University of Cambridge; Department of Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (J.V.E.); and INSERM U894, Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (J.-C.B.).
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Emmrich JV, Ejaz S, Neher JJ, Williamson DJ, Baron JC. Regional distribution of selective neuronal loss and microglial activation across the MCA territory after transient focal ischemia: quantitative versus semiquantitative systematic immunohistochemical assessment. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2015; 35:20-7. [PMID: 25352044 PMCID: PMC4294404 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2014.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Histopathologic assessment in transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) rodent models generally lacks comprehensiveness and exposes to interobserver bias. Here we compared a novel quantitative assessment of regional infarction, selective neuronal loss (SNL) and microglial activation (MA) across the MCA territory to a previously published semiquantitative visual protocol. NeuN and OX42 immunohistochemistry was applied after either 15 or 45 minutes distal MCAo to maximize SNL and infarction, respectively. Survival times varied from 28 to 60 days to cover potential biases such as delayed tissue shrinkage. Damage was assessed using a template of 44 cytoarchitectonic regions of interest (ROIs) mapped onto a subset of digitized coronal sections spanning the MCA territory. For each ROI were obtained a semiquantitative visually determined index of histopathologic changes (method 1), and lpsilateral/contralesional ratios of remaining neurons and activated microglia cell counts (method 2). There was excellent agreement between the two methods for 28-day survival for both MCAo durations, whereas method 2 more sensitively detected subtle SNL and MA at 45 days and 60 days after 15-minute MCAo. Thus the visual method is accurate for usual degrees of ischemic damage, but absolute cell quantification is superior to detect subtle changes and should therefore be preferred in brief MCAo models, although requires optimal staining quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius V Emmrich
- 1] Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Stroke Research Group, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK [2] Department of Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sohail Ejaz
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Stroke Research Group, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jonas J Neher
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - David J Williamson
- 1] Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Stroke Research Group, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK [2] Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jean-Claude Baron
- 1] Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Stroke Research Group, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK [2] INSERM U894, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Université Paris Descartes/Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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Sheehan DV, Alphs LD, Mao L, Li Q, May RS, Bruer EH, Mccullumsmith CB, Gray CR, Li X, Williamson DJ. Comparative Validation of the S-STS, the ISST-Plus, and the C-SSRS for Assessing the Suicidal Thinking and Behavior FDA 2012 Suicidality Categories. Innov Clin Neurosci 2014; 11:32-46. [PMID: 25520887 PMCID: PMC4267798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This exploratory study examines the concurrent validity for mapping symptoms of suicidal ideation, self-harm, and suicidal behavior as recorded on the InterSePT Scale for Suicidal Thinking-Plus, the Sheehan-Suicidality Tracking Scale (clinician- and patient-rated and reconciled patient/clinician versions), and the Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale to the 11 United States Food and Drug Administration-Classification Algorithm of Suicide Assessment (September 2012) categories. METHOD Forty subjects with varying degrees of suicidal ideation and behavior severity (from not present to extremely severe) were recruited from inpatient, outpatient, and emergency room settings. Each patient was interviewed using all three scales (InterSePT Scale for Suicidal Thinking-Plus, the Sheehan-Suicidality Tracking Scale, and the Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale) on the same day. The scales were administered in a random sequence by three independent raters who were blind to the ratings on the other scales. RESULTS The Sheehan-Suicidality Tracking Scale and the InterSePT Scale for Suicidal Thinking-Plus show acceptable agreement with the Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale in detecting the presence or absence of the 2012 Food and Drug Administration-Classification Algorithm of Suicide Assessment categories 1, 5, 6, 10, and 11 (passive ideation; active ideation with method, intent, and plan; completed suicide; preparatory actions; and self-injurious behavior) but not of categories 2, 3, and 4 (3 other active suicidal ideation combination categories) or to 8 and 9 (aborted and interrupted attempt). Despite the significant disagreement between the Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale on the one side and the InterSePT Scale for Suicidal Thinking-Plus and the Sheehan-Suicidality Tracking Scale on the other in the ability to accurately map to the 2012 Food and Drug Administration-Classification Algorithm of Suicide Assessment categories on some items, there was close agreement between the InterSePT Scale for Suicidal Thinking-Plus and the Sheehan-Suicidality Tracking Scale on these categories. CONCLUSION The results of this exploratory study invite discussion and debate about the validity of the Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale and its ability to accurately assess key active suicidal ideation categories, since it disagrees so much with the other two standardized scales that agree so closely with each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- David V Sheehan
- Dr. Sheehan is Distinguished University Health Professor Emeritus, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida; Dr. Alphs is with Janssen Medical Affairs, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey; Dr. Mao is with Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey; Mr. Q. Li is Director, Statistical Programming, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Basking Ridge, New Jersey; Ms. May is with the University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama; Ms Bruer is with the University of Alabama, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, Birmingham, Alabama; Dr. McCullumsmith is with the University of Cincinnati Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Cincinnati, Ohio; Mr. Gray is with Medical Outcomes Systems, Jacksonville, Florida; Mr. X. Li is with St. Vincent East Hospital, St. Vincent Health System, Birmingham, Alabama; and Dr. Williamson is with the University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Birmingham, Alabama, and Janssen Medical Affairs, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey
| | - Larry D Alphs
- Dr. Sheehan is Distinguished University Health Professor Emeritus, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida; Dr. Alphs is with Janssen Medical Affairs, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey; Dr. Mao is with Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey; Mr. Q. Li is Director, Statistical Programming, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Basking Ridge, New Jersey; Ms. May is with the University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama; Ms Bruer is with the University of Alabama, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, Birmingham, Alabama; Dr. McCullumsmith is with the University of Cincinnati Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Cincinnati, Ohio; Mr. Gray is with Medical Outcomes Systems, Jacksonville, Florida; Mr. X. Li is with St. Vincent East Hospital, St. Vincent Health System, Birmingham, Alabama; and Dr. Williamson is with the University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Birmingham, Alabama, and Janssen Medical Affairs, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey
| | - Lian Mao
- Dr. Sheehan is Distinguished University Health Professor Emeritus, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida; Dr. Alphs is with Janssen Medical Affairs, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey; Dr. Mao is with Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey; Mr. Q. Li is Director, Statistical Programming, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Basking Ridge, New Jersey; Ms. May is with the University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama; Ms Bruer is with the University of Alabama, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, Birmingham, Alabama; Dr. McCullumsmith is with the University of Cincinnati Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Cincinnati, Ohio; Mr. Gray is with Medical Outcomes Systems, Jacksonville, Florida; Mr. X. Li is with St. Vincent East Hospital, St. Vincent Health System, Birmingham, Alabama; and Dr. Williamson is with the University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Birmingham, Alabama, and Janssen Medical Affairs, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey
| | - Qin Li
- Dr. Sheehan is Distinguished University Health Professor Emeritus, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida; Dr. Alphs is with Janssen Medical Affairs, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey; Dr. Mao is with Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey; Mr. Q. Li is Director, Statistical Programming, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Basking Ridge, New Jersey; Ms. May is with the University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama; Ms Bruer is with the University of Alabama, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, Birmingham, Alabama; Dr. McCullumsmith is with the University of Cincinnati Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Cincinnati, Ohio; Mr. Gray is with Medical Outcomes Systems, Jacksonville, Florida; Mr. X. Li is with St. Vincent East Hospital, St. Vincent Health System, Birmingham, Alabama; and Dr. Williamson is with the University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Birmingham, Alabama, and Janssen Medical Affairs, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey
| | - Roberta S May
- Dr. Sheehan is Distinguished University Health Professor Emeritus, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida; Dr. Alphs is with Janssen Medical Affairs, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey; Dr. Mao is with Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey; Mr. Q. Li is Director, Statistical Programming, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Basking Ridge, New Jersey; Ms. May is with the University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama; Ms Bruer is with the University of Alabama, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, Birmingham, Alabama; Dr. McCullumsmith is with the University of Cincinnati Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Cincinnati, Ohio; Mr. Gray is with Medical Outcomes Systems, Jacksonville, Florida; Mr. X. Li is with St. Vincent East Hospital, St. Vincent Health System, Birmingham, Alabama; and Dr. Williamson is with the University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Birmingham, Alabama, and Janssen Medical Affairs, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey
| | - Emily H Bruer
- Dr. Sheehan is Distinguished University Health Professor Emeritus, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida; Dr. Alphs is with Janssen Medical Affairs, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey; Dr. Mao is with Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey; Mr. Q. Li is Director, Statistical Programming, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Basking Ridge, New Jersey; Ms. May is with the University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama; Ms Bruer is with the University of Alabama, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, Birmingham, Alabama; Dr. McCullumsmith is with the University of Cincinnati Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Cincinnati, Ohio; Mr. Gray is with Medical Outcomes Systems, Jacksonville, Florida; Mr. X. Li is with St. Vincent East Hospital, St. Vincent Health System, Birmingham, Alabama; and Dr. Williamson is with the University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Birmingham, Alabama, and Janssen Medical Affairs, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey
| | - Cheryl B Mccullumsmith
- Dr. Sheehan is Distinguished University Health Professor Emeritus, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida; Dr. Alphs is with Janssen Medical Affairs, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey; Dr. Mao is with Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey; Mr. Q. Li is Director, Statistical Programming, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Basking Ridge, New Jersey; Ms. May is with the University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama; Ms Bruer is with the University of Alabama, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, Birmingham, Alabama; Dr. McCullumsmith is with the University of Cincinnati Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Cincinnati, Ohio; Mr. Gray is with Medical Outcomes Systems, Jacksonville, Florida; Mr. X. Li is with St. Vincent East Hospital, St. Vincent Health System, Birmingham, Alabama; and Dr. Williamson is with the University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Birmingham, Alabama, and Janssen Medical Affairs, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey
| | - Christopher R Gray
- Dr. Sheehan is Distinguished University Health Professor Emeritus, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida; Dr. Alphs is with Janssen Medical Affairs, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey; Dr. Mao is with Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey; Mr. Q. Li is Director, Statistical Programming, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Basking Ridge, New Jersey; Ms. May is with the University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama; Ms Bruer is with the University of Alabama, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, Birmingham, Alabama; Dr. McCullumsmith is with the University of Cincinnati Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Cincinnati, Ohio; Mr. Gray is with Medical Outcomes Systems, Jacksonville, Florida; Mr. X. Li is with St. Vincent East Hospital, St. Vincent Health System, Birmingham, Alabama; and Dr. Williamson is with the University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Birmingham, Alabama, and Janssen Medical Affairs, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey
| | - Xiaohua Li
- Dr. Sheehan is Distinguished University Health Professor Emeritus, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida; Dr. Alphs is with Janssen Medical Affairs, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey; Dr. Mao is with Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey; Mr. Q. Li is Director, Statistical Programming, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Basking Ridge, New Jersey; Ms. May is with the University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama; Ms Bruer is with the University of Alabama, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, Birmingham, Alabama; Dr. McCullumsmith is with the University of Cincinnati Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Cincinnati, Ohio; Mr. Gray is with Medical Outcomes Systems, Jacksonville, Florida; Mr. X. Li is with St. Vincent East Hospital, St. Vincent Health System, Birmingham, Alabama; and Dr. Williamson is with the University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Birmingham, Alabama, and Janssen Medical Affairs, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey
| | - David J Williamson
- Dr. Sheehan is Distinguished University Health Professor Emeritus, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida; Dr. Alphs is with Janssen Medical Affairs, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey; Dr. Mao is with Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey; Mr. Q. Li is Director, Statistical Programming, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Basking Ridge, New Jersey; Ms. May is with the University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama; Ms Bruer is with the University of Alabama, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, Birmingham, Alabama; Dr. McCullumsmith is with the University of Cincinnati Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Cincinnati, Ohio; Mr. Gray is with Medical Outcomes Systems, Jacksonville, Florida; Mr. X. Li is with St. Vincent East Hospital, St. Vincent Health System, Birmingham, Alabama; and Dr. Williamson is with the University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Birmingham, Alabama, and Janssen Medical Affairs, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey
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Mccullumsmith CB, Williamson DJ, May RS, Bruer EH, Sheehan DV, Alphs LD. Simple Measures of Hopelessness and Impulsivity are Associated with Acute Suicidal Ideation and Attempts in Patients in Psychiatric Crisis. Innov Clin Neurosci 2014; 11:47-53. [PMID: 25520888 PMCID: PMC4267799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the authors' predictions 1) that hopelessness would positively correlate with suicidal ideation and that impulsivity (either transient urges to self-harm or impulsive acting out) would positively correlate with suicidal behavior, and 2) that the recent or long-standing nature of the traits will have corresponding effects on reported histories of suicidal ideation and behavior. DESIGN Questionnaire validation trial in which each subject received every measure in counterbalanced fashion. SETTING Inpatient and outpatient psychiatric settings associated with a medium-sized medical school in the southeastern United States. PARTICIPANTS Forty-five subjects presenting with varying levels of suicidal ideation and behavior completed measures providing information about their histories of suicidal ideation and behavior, recent feelings of hopelessness, feelings of general hopelessness, recent feelings of difficulty controlling urges to self-harm, and feeling about general levels of impulsivity. MEASUREMENTS The InterSePT Scale for Suicidal Thinking-Plus, the Sheehan-Suicidality Tracking Scale, the Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale, and six additional questions to assess hopelessness and impulsivity. RESULTS Recent and trait hopelessness correlated positively with suicidal ideation. Patients who reported any suicide attempt endorsed higher levels of general impulsivity than those who did not report a history of at least one suicide attempt. Those enrolled in the study secondary to a very recent suicide attempt reported more difficulties with recent suicidal impulses. CONCLUSION Simple measures of hopelessness and impulsivity are associated with suicidal ideation and attempts and may add to determination of suicide risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl B Mccullumsmith
- Dr. McCullumsmith is with the University of Cincinnati Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Cincinnati, Ohio; Dr. Williamson is with the University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Birmingham, Alabama, and Janssen Medical Affairs, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey; Ms. May is with the University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama; Ms Bruer is with the University of Alabama, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, Birmingham, Alabama; Dr. Sheehan is Distinguished University Health Professor Emeritus, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida; and Dr. Alphs is with Janssen Medical Affairs, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey
| | - David J Williamson
- Dr. McCullumsmith is with the University of Cincinnati Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Cincinnati, Ohio; Dr. Williamson is with the University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Birmingham, Alabama, and Janssen Medical Affairs, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey; Ms. May is with the University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama; Ms Bruer is with the University of Alabama, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, Birmingham, Alabama; Dr. Sheehan is Distinguished University Health Professor Emeritus, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida; and Dr. Alphs is with Janssen Medical Affairs, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey
| | - Roberta S May
- Dr. McCullumsmith is with the University of Cincinnati Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Cincinnati, Ohio; Dr. Williamson is with the University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Birmingham, Alabama, and Janssen Medical Affairs, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey; Ms. May is with the University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama; Ms Bruer is with the University of Alabama, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, Birmingham, Alabama; Dr. Sheehan is Distinguished University Health Professor Emeritus, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida; and Dr. Alphs is with Janssen Medical Affairs, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey
| | - Emily H Bruer
- Dr. McCullumsmith is with the University of Cincinnati Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Cincinnati, Ohio; Dr. Williamson is with the University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Birmingham, Alabama, and Janssen Medical Affairs, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey; Ms. May is with the University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama; Ms Bruer is with the University of Alabama, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, Birmingham, Alabama; Dr. Sheehan is Distinguished University Health Professor Emeritus, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida; and Dr. Alphs is with Janssen Medical Affairs, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey
| | - David V Sheehan
- Dr. McCullumsmith is with the University of Cincinnati Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Cincinnati, Ohio; Dr. Williamson is with the University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Birmingham, Alabama, and Janssen Medical Affairs, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey; Ms. May is with the University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama; Ms Bruer is with the University of Alabama, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, Birmingham, Alabama; Dr. Sheehan is Distinguished University Health Professor Emeritus, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida; and Dr. Alphs is with Janssen Medical Affairs, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey
| | - Larry D Alphs
- Dr. McCullumsmith is with the University of Cincinnati Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Cincinnati, Ohio; Dr. Williamson is with the University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Birmingham, Alabama, and Janssen Medical Affairs, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey; Ms. May is with the University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama; Ms Bruer is with the University of Alabama, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, Birmingham, Alabama; Dr. Sheehan is Distinguished University Health Professor Emeritus, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida; and Dr. Alphs is with Janssen Medical Affairs, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey
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Lagrue K, Carisey A, Oszmiana A, Kennedy PR, Williamson DJ, Cartwright A, Barthen C, Davis DM. The central role of the cytoskeleton in mechanisms and functions of the NK cell immune synapse. Immunol Rev 2014; 256:203-21. [PMID: 24117823 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells discriminate between healthy and unhealthy target cells through a balance of activating and inhibitory signals at direct intercellular contacts called immune synapses. Rearrangements in the cellular cytoskeleton have long been known to be critical in assembly of immune synapses. Here, through bringing together the vast literature on this subject, the number of different ways in which the cytoskeleton is important becomes evident. The dynamics of filamentous actin are critical in (i) creating the nanometer-scale organization of NK cell receptors, (ii) establishing cellular polarity, (iii) coordinating immune receptor and integrin-mediated signaling, and (iv) directing secretion of lytic granules and cytokines. The microtubule network also is important in the delivery of lytic granules and vesicles containing cytokines to the immune synapse. Together, these data establish that the cytoskeleton acts as a central regulator of this complex and dynamic process - and an enormous amount of NK cell biology is controlled through the cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Lagrue
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Imperial College, London, UK
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Williamson DJ. Kids are People (Who end up in Court) too! Clin Neuropsychol 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2013.845245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Caprioli D, Hong YT, Sawiak SJ, Ferrari V, Williamson DJ, Jupp B, Adrian Carpenter T, Aigbirhio FI, Everitt BJ, Robbins TW, Fryer TD, Dalley JW. Baseline-dependent effects of cocaine pre-exposure on impulsivity and D2/3 receptor availability in the rat striatum: possible relevance to the attention-deficit hyperactivity syndrome. Neuropsychopharmacology 2013; 38:1460-71. [PMID: 23399948 PMCID: PMC3682140 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2013.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We have previously shown that impulsivity in rats predicts the emergence of compulsive cocaine seeking and taking, and is coupled to decreased D2/3 receptor availability in the ventral striatum. As withdrawal from cocaine normalises high impulsivity in rats, we investigated, using positron emission tomography (PET), the effects of response-contingent cocaine administration on D2/3 receptor availability in the striatum. Rats were screened for impulsive behavior on the five-choice serial reaction time task. After a baseline PET scan with the D2/3 ligand [(18)F]fallypride, rats were trained to self-administer cocaine for 15 days under a long-access schedule. As a follow-up, rats were assessed for impulsivity and underwent a second [(18)F]fallypride PET scan. At baseline, we found that D2/3 receptor availability was significantly lower in the left, but not right, ventral striatum of high-impulsive rats compared with low-impulsive rats. While the number of self-administered cocaine infusions was not different between the two impulsivity groups, impulsivity selectively decreased in high-impulsive rats withdrawn from cocaine. This effect was accompanied by a significant increase in D2/3 receptor availability in the left, but not right, ventral striatum. We further report that D2/3 receptor availability was inversely related to baseline D2/3 receptor availability in the ventral striatum of high-impulsive rats, as well as to the left and right dorsal striatum of both low-impulsive and high-impulsive rats. These findings indicate that the reduction in impulsivity in high-impulsive rats by prior cocaine exposure may be mediated by a selective correction of deficient D2/3 receptor availability in the ventral striatum. A similar baseline-dependent mechanism may account for the therapeutic effects of stimulant drugs in clinical disorders such as ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Caprioli
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Young T Hong
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephen J Sawiak
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Valentina Ferrari
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - David J Williamson
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Bianca Jupp
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - T Adrian Carpenter
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Franklin I Aigbirhio
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Barry J Everitt
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Trevor W Robbins
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tim D Fryer
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jeffrey W Dalley
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK,Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK. Tel: +44 0 1223 765 291; Fax: +44 0 1223 333 564. E-mail:
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Riss PJ, Hong YT, Marton J, Caprioli D, Williamson DJ, Ferrari V, Saigal N, Roth BL, Henriksen G, Fryer TD, Dalley JW, Aigbirhio FI. Synthesis and Evaluation of 18F-FE-PEO in Rodents: An 18F-Labeled Full Agonist for Opioid Receptor Imaging. J Nucl Med 2013; 54:299-305. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.112.108688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Riss PJ, Brichard L, Ferrari V, Williamson DJ, Fryer TD, Hong YT, Baron JC, Aigbirhio FI. Radiosynthesis and characterization of astemizole derivatives as lead compounds toward PET imaging of τ-pathology. Med Chem Commun 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3md00017f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
Engagement of the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) triggers signaling pathways that lead to T cell selection, differentiation and clonal expansion. Superimposed onto the biochemical network is a spatial organization that describes individual receptor molecules, dimers, oligomers and higher order structures. Here we discuss recent findings and new concepts that may regulate TCR organization in naïve and memory T cells. A key question that has emerged is how antigen-TCR interactions encode spatial information to direct T cell activation and differentiation. Single molecule super-resolution microscopy may become an important tool in decoding receptor organization at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Rossy
- Centre for Vascular Research and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Ejaz S, Williamson DJ, Ahmed T, Sitnikov S, Hong YT, Sawiak SJ, Fryer TD, Aigbirhio FI, Baron JC. Characterizing infarction and selective neuronal loss following temporary focal cerebral ischemia in the rat: a multi-modality imaging study. Neurobiol Dis 2012; 51:120-32. [PMID: 23146994 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2012.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Revised: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Current models dictate that, depending on occurrence of early reperfusion, the ischemic penumbra either undergoes or escapes infarction (i.e., "pan-necrosis"). However, tissue outcome following temporary middle-cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAo) in rodents can also include selective neuronal loss (SNL), which even if subtle may impede functional recovery. In order to explore the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke, determine potential therapeutic targets and monitor effects of therapy, in vivo imaging surrogates of these varied histopathological outcomes applicable in the clinical setting would be useful. Although hyperintense signal on T(2)-weighted MRI in the chronic post-stroke stage is considered a reliable surrogate of tissue infarction, SNL is not associated with T(2)W abnormal signal. In the clinical setting, the neuron-specific PET ligand (11)C-flumazenil (FMZ) has been used to identify both pan-necrosis and peri-infarct SNL, but this inference has not been histopathological confirmed so far. Here we investigated the late tissue sequelae of tMCAo in the rodent using in vivo T(2)W MRI and FMZ-PET against post mortem immunohistochemistry as gold standard. METHODS Adult spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) underwent 45 min distal-clip middle-cerebral artery occlusion and, 28 days later, FMZ-PET and T(2)W-MRI, immediately followed by immunohistochemistry for neuronal loss (NeuN), activated microglia and astrocytosis. Based on standard histopathological definitions, ischemic lesions were classified into pan-necrosis, partial infarction or SNL. NeuN changes and FMZ binding across the whole hemisphere were quantified in the same set of 44 regions-of-interest according to previously validated protocols; linear regressions between these two measures were carried out both within and across subjects. RESULTS Both cortical pan-necrosis/partial infarction and SNL were present in all rats except one, where SNL was isolated and extensive. Infarction/partial infarction, but not SNL, was associated with T(2)W hyperintense signals and cortical atrophy. In contrast, FMZ binding was decreased in all types of lesions including SNL, in proportion with NeuN staining intensity both within (p<0.05 to <0.001) and across (p<0.001) subjects, including the subject that showed pure SNL (p=0.01). CONCLUSION This novel study revealed three main facts: i) long-term histopathological cortical changes following 45 min tMCAo in SHRs included all three of SNL, partial infarction and frank infarction; ii) T2W MRI showed conspicuous high signal lesions for complete or partial infarction, but no changes for SNL; and iii) FMZ-PET was sensitive to all three types of tMCAo-induced histopathological changes, including isolated SNL, suggesting it is a valid surrogate for the histological sequelae of focal cerebral ischemia. In addition, the finding of almost universal completed cortical infarction at 28 days differed from our previous findings at 14-day survival using the same model and rat strain, where SNL was the almost exclusive outcome, possibly representing delayed infarct maturation. Prospective studies are needed to investigate this interesting possibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohail Ejaz
- Stroke Research Group, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Bird JLE, Hawkes RC, Manavaki R, Sawiak SJ, Williamson DJ, Aigbirhio FI, Rudd JHF, Bennett M, Gillard JH, Carpenter TA, Warburton EA, Davenport AP. 07 Simultaneous Positron Emission Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Receptors Using a Novel Combined Pre-Clinical Micropet/Mr System. Heart 2012. [DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2012-302951.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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36
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Rossy J, Williamson DJ, Gaus K. How does the kinase Lck phosphorylate the T cell receptor? Spatial organization as a regulatory mechanism. Front Immunol 2012; 3:167. [PMID: 22723799 PMCID: PMC3377954 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell signaling begins with the ligation of the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) by a cognate peptide and the phosphorylation of the receptor’s immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif domains by the kinase Lck. However, the canonical receptor model is insufficient to explain how the constitutively active kinase Lck can discriminate between non-ligated and ligated TCRs. Here, we discuss the factors that are thought to regulate the spatial distribution of the TCR and Lck, and therefore critically influence TCR signaling initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Rossy
- Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Williamson DJ, Holsman M, Chaytor N, Miller JW, Drane DL. Abuse, Not Financial Incentive, Predicts Non-Credible Cognitive Performance in Patients With Psychogenic Non-Epileptic Seizures. Clin Neuropsychol 2012; 26:588-98. [DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2012.670266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Owen DM, Williamson DJ, Magenau A, Gaus K. Sub-resolution lipid domains exist in the plasma membrane and regulate protein diffusion and distribution. Nat Commun 2012; 3:1256. [PMID: 23212385 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid microdomains are postulated to regulate many membrane-associated processes but have remained highly controversial. Here we provide the first direct evidence that the plasma membrane of intact, live cells is comprised of a sub-resolution mixture of approximately 76% ordered and 24% disordered lipid domains, which correspond to liquid-ordered and -disordered model membranes. These measurements were based on the unmixing of fluorescence lifetime decays (phasor analysis) obtained from environmentally sensitive membrane dyes that report the degree of lipid packing. Using the transmembrane protein Linker for Activation of T cells (LAT) as an example, we demonstrate that association with ordered domains retarded LAT diffusion and decreased clustering in meso-scaled protein domains as analysed by super-resolution microscopy. Our data therefore propose a membrane model in which the majority of the plasma membrane is covered by cholesterol-dependent, ordered lipid domains that contribute to the non-random distribution and diffusion of membrane constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan M Owen
- Centre for Vascular Research and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, University of New South Wales, High Street, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Topiramate (TPM), a broad-spectrum antiepileptic drug, has been associated with neuropsychological impairment in patients with epilepsy and in healthy volunteers. OBJECTIVE To establish whether TPM-induced neuropsychological impairment emerges in a dose-dependent fashion and whether early cognitive response (6-week) predicts later performance (24-week). METHODS Computerized neuropsychological assessment was performed on 188 cognitively normal adults who completed a double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, 24-week, dose-ranging study which was designed primarily to assess TPM effects on weight. Target doses were 64, 96, 192, or 384 mg per day. The Computerized Neuropsychological Test Battery was administered at baseline and 6, 12, and 24 weeks. Individual cognitive change was established using reliable change index (RCI) analysis. RESULTS Neuropsychological effects emerged in a dose-dependent fashion in group analyses (p < 0.0001). RCI analyses showed a dose-related effect that emerged only at the higher dosing, with 12% (64 mg), 8% (96 mg), 15% (192 mg), and 35% (384 mg) of subjects demonstrating neuropsychological decline relative to 5% declining in the placebo group. Neuropsychological change assessed at 6 weeks significantly predicted individual RCI outcome at 24 weeks. CONCLUSIONS Neuropsychological impairment associated with TPM emerges in a dose-dependent fashion. Subjects more likely to demonstrate cognitive impairment after 24 weeks of treatment can be identified early on during treatment (i.e., within 6 weeks). RCI analysis provides a valuable approach to quantify individual neuropsychological risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Loring
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, Suite 6000, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Rohling ML, Williamson DJ, Miller LS, Adams RL. Using the Halstead–Reitan Battery to Diagnose Brain Damage: A Comparison of the Predictive Power of Traditional Techniques to Rohling’s Interpretive Method. Clin Neuropsychol 2010; 17:531-43. [PMID: 15168917 DOI: 10.1076/clin.17.4.531.27938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this project was to validate an alternative global measure of neurocognitive impairment (Rohling Interpretive Method, or RIM) that could be generated from data gathered from a flexible battery approach. A critical step in this process is to establish the utility of the technique against current standards in the field. In this paper, we compared results from the Rohling Interpretive Method to those obtained from the General Neuropsychological Deficit Scale (GNDS; Reitan & Wolfson, 1988) and the Halstead-Russell Average Impairment Rating (AIR; Russell, Neuringer & Goldstein, 1970) on a large previously published sample of patients assessed with the Halstead-Reitan Battery (HRB). Findings support the use of the Rohling Interpretive Method in producing summary statistics similar in diagnostic sensitivity and specificity to the traditional HRB indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin L Rohling
- Department of Psychology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA.
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Iverson GL, Williamson DJ, Ropacki M, Reilly KJ. Frequency of abnormal scores on the Neuropsychological Assessment Battery Screening Module (S-NAB) in a mixed neurological sample. Appl Neuropsychol 2007; 14:178-82. [PMID: 17848128 DOI: 10.1080/09084280701508952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The Neuropsychological Assessment Battery (NAB; Stern & White, 2003; White & Stern, 2003) is a comprehensive, modular battery of tests comprised of the following six modules: (a) Screening, (b) Attention, (c) Language, (d) Memory, (e) Spatial, and (f) Executive Functions. The Screening Module is an abbreviated version of the full NAB. The purpose of this descriptive study was to present index and primary test score information for the Screening Module in a mixed sample of patients with known neurological conditions. Participants were 37 outpatients with clear evidence of neurological damage or disease. Performance decrements were found on the Attention Index, most notably on the Numbers and Letters tests. Decrements were also found on the Executive Functions Index, most notably on the Word Generation test. Somewhat surprisingly, patients performed well across most of the individual test scores. This mixed clinical sample showed less neuropsychological compromise than the clinical samples presented in the NAB manual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant L Iverson
- University of British Columbia & British Columbia Mental Health & Addiction Services, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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Drane DL, Williamson DJ, Stroup ES, Holmes MD, Jung M, Koerner E, Chaytor N, Wilensky AJ, Miller JW. Cognitive Impairment Is Not Equal in Patients with Epileptic and Psychogenic Nonepileptic Seizures. Epilepsia 2006; 47:1879-86. [PMID: 17116028 DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2006.00611.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) and those with epileptic seizures (ES) purportedly have roughly equal neurocognitive deficits. However, recent findings suggest that patients with somatoform disorders exhibit more variable effort on neurocognitive testing than do controls. We reexamined neurocognitive function in patients with ESs and PNES by using symptom validity testing to control for variability in effort. METHODS Patients referred for video-EEG monitoring were administered the Word Memory Test (WMT), a measure of symptom validity, as part of neuropsychological evaluation. Patients classified with ictal video-EEG recordings as having ES (n = 41) or PNES (n = 43) were compared on neurocognitive and WMT performance and demographic, psychiatric, and medical variables. RESULTS Striking rates of WMT failure were observed in the PNES (51.2%) group, but not in the ES (8.1%) group (p = <0.001) after controlling for false-positive errors. Although the PNES and ES groups reported equivalent neurologic histories, the PNES group exhibited less objective evidence of impairment as measured by valid neuropsychological testing, MRI of the brain, and video-EEG monitoring. CONCLUSIONS Many patients with PNES do not put forth maximal effort during neuropsychological assessment. When patients with PNES put forth valid effort, they demonstrate less objective evidence of neuropathologic injury or disease than do patients with ES. The cognitive impairment reported by this group appears to be more a function of motivational (although not necessarily intentional) factors than of verifiable neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Drane
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98104, USA.
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Kowacs F, Williamson DJ, Goadsby PJ. Neurogenic vasodilation of dural blood vessels is not mediated by cholinergic transmission in the anaesthetised rat. Eur J Pharmacol 2004; 493:133-7. [PMID: 15189774 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2004] [Revised: 04/07/2004] [Accepted: 04/09/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Dural vessel dilation induced by activation of trigeminal sensory fibres may be responsible for some component of the migraine attack. The presence in some patients with migraine and cluster headache of clinical features, such as lacrimation, suggests cranial parasympathetic activation and poses the question as to whether neurogenic meningeal dilatation has a cholinergic component. Rats were prepared in order to record on-line the diameter of a middle meningeal artery branch through a closed cranial window using an intravital microscope coupled to a video dimension analyser. Acetylcholine (1 microg, intravenously, i.v.) was administered before and after muscarinic receptor inhibition (n=5) with scopolamine (2 mg/kg, i.v.) or nicotinic receptor inhibition (n=6) with mecamylamine (4 mg/kg, i.v.). Further vasodilation was induced by electrical stimulation of the cranial window surface before and after muscarinic receptor inhibition with i.v. scopolamine (n=8). The mean dural vessel percentage increase caused by acetylcholine stimulation was significantly different before and after muscarinic receptor inhibition (P=0.045). Moreover, there was no difference between the post receptor inhibition values and those obtained after vehicle infusion (P=0.431). In contrast, no difference was detected in the effect of acetylcholine before and after nicotinic receptor inhibition (P=0.688). In the second experiment, where the effect of muscarinic receptor inhibition on the neurogenic dilation model was assessed, no significant difference was demonstrated (P=0.538). Cholinergic dilation of the rat dural arteries is mediated by muscarinic receptors, but this mechanism does not play a significant role in the rat dural vessel dilation induced by closed cranial window electrical stimulation.
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MESH Headings
- Acetylcholine/administration & dosage
- Acetylcholine/pharmacokinetics
- Animals
- Cholinergic Fibers/drug effects
- Cholinergic Fibers/physiology
- Drug Administration Schedule
- Dura Mater/blood supply
- Dura Mater/drug effects
- Dura Mater/physiology
- Electric Stimulation
- Injections, Intravenous
- Male
- Mecamylamine/administration & dosage
- Mecamylamine/pharmacokinetics
- Meningeal Arteries/anatomy & histology
- Meningeal Arteries/drug effects
- Meningeal Arteries/physiology
- Microscopy/instrumentation
- Microscopy/methods
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Muscarinic/drug effects
- Receptors, Muscarinic/physiology
- Receptors, Nicotinic/drug effects
- Receptors, Nicotinic/physiology
- Scopolamine/administration & dosage
- Scopolamine/pharmacokinetics
- Trigeminal Nerve/drug effects
- Trigeminal Nerve/physiology
- Vasodilation/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Kowacs
- Headache Group, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
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45
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Rohling ML, Lees-Haley PR, Langhinrichsen-Rohling J, Williamson DJ. A statistical analysis of board certification in clinical neuropsychology. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2003; 18:331-52. [PMID: 14591450 DOI: 10.1016/s0887-6177(03)00040-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we use tools from decision theory to evaluate the effectiveness of the current psychology board certification process used by the American Board of Clinical Neuropsychology (ABCN). These analyses indicate that ABCN's current process is likely to be failing to certify too many competently trained candidates, and identifying relatively few truly competent neuropsychologists. In fact, we estimate that ABCN is only certifying between 16 and 52% of competent clinical neuropsychologists. This is in contrast to the processes of the American Board of Medical Specialties (ABMS), after which ABCN has indicated that it models its examination. ABMS estimates that 89% of all practicing physicians are board-certified by one of their member boards. Based on our analyses, specific recommendations for change are offered for credentialing the profession of neuropsychology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin L Rohling
- Department of Psychology, 381 Life Sciences Building, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688-0002, USA.
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46
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Akerman S, Williamson DJ, Goadsby PJ. Voltage-dependent calcium channels are involved in neurogenic dural vasodilatation via a presynaptic transmitter release mechanism. Br J Pharmacol 2003; 140:558-66. [PMID: 12970082 PMCID: PMC1574049 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Amissense mutation of the CACNA1A gene that encodes the alpha1A subunit of the voltage-dependent P/Q-type calcium channel has been discovered in patients suffering from familial hemiplegic migraine. This suggested that calcium channelopathies may be involved in migraine more broadly, and established the importance of genetic mechanisms in migraine. Channelopathies share many clinical characteristics with migraine, and thus exploring calcium channel functions in the trigeminovascular system may give insights into migraine pathophysiology. It is also known that drugs blocking the P/Q- and N-type calcium channels have been successful in other animal models of trigeminovascular activation and head pain. In the present study, we used intravital microscopy to examine the effects of specific calcium channel blockers on neurogenic dural vasodilatation and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-induced dilation. The L-type voltage-dependent calcium channel blocker calciseptine significantly attenuated (20 microg kg(-1), n=7) the dilation brought about by electrical stimulation, but did not effect CGRP-induced dural dilation. The P/Q-type voltage-dependent calcium channel blocker omega-agatoxin-IVA (20 microg kg-1, n=7) significantly attenuated the dilation brought about by electrical stimulation, but did not effect CGRP-induced dural dilation. The N-type voltage-dependent calcium channel blocker omega-conotoxin-GVIA (20 microg kg(-1), n=8 and 40 microg kg(-1), n=7) significantly attenuated the dilation brought about by electrical stimulation, but did not effect CGRP-induced dural dilation. It is thought that the P/Q-, N- and L-type calcium channels all exist presynaptically on trigeminovascular neurons, and blockade of these channels prevents CGRP release, and, therefore, dural blood vessel dilation. These data suggest that the P/Q-, N- and L-type calcium channels may be involved in trigeminovascular nociception.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Akerman
- Headache Group, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London
| | - D J Williamson
- Merck Sharp and Dohme, Neuroscience Research Centre, Terlings Park, Harlow
| | - P J Goadsby
- Headache Group, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London
- Author for correspondence:
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47
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Abstract
The pain of migraine is often throbbing suggesting an important role for the cranial blood vessels and their innervation by the trigeminal nerve. It is proposed that clinically effective anti-migraine compounds, such as 5-HT(1B/1D) agonists, have actions that include inhibiting calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) release from trigeminal nerves. Human studies suggest that histamine can induce migraine possibly by activating nitric oxide (NO) synthase to promote endogenous NO production. The present studies investigated the effect of histamine and its antagonists on the cranial blood vessels using intravital microscopy to assess directly the diameter of dural arteries in sodium pentobarbitone anaesthetised rats. Electrical stimulation of a closed cranial window produces, by local depolarisation of nerves, dural vessel dilation that is monitored continuously on-line using video-microscopy and a video dimension analyser. Histamine infusion caused immediate and reproducible dilation of meningeal blood vessels (103.5+/-6%; n=40) that could be blocked by H(1)- (mepyramine) and H(2) (famotidine)-receptor antagonists (P<0.05), as well as a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor (N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methylester; P<0.05). Neurogenic dural vasodilation was not inhibited by H(2)-receptor antagonists, but was significantly inhibited by a H(1)-receptor antagonist at the high dose of 10 mg/kg. The present studies demonstrate that histamine is likely to activate NO synthase to promote NO production. There is also evidence that H(1)-receptors may be present on trigeminal neurones as the H(1)-receptor antagonist inhibited neurogenic vasodilation, albeit at a large dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Akerman
- Headache Group, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, WC1N 3BG, London, UK
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48
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Abstract
Migraine is characteristically accompanied by a throbbing quality of head pain thought to involve trigeminovascular afferents. Administration of nitric oxide (NO) donors provides the most reliable model of migraine induction in humans. The present studies used intravital microscopy to monitor the effect of local meningeal nerve stimulation and NO on dural blood vessels and any modulation of that effect by anti-migraine compounds. NO caused an immediate and reproducible dilation of meningeal blood vessels that was partially blocked by sumatriptan and indomethacin, while flunarizine and histamine H(1) and H(2) receptor antagonists were unable to block the dilation. Indomethacin also inhibited the neurogenic dilation while flunarizine did not. The present studies demonstrate that NO is unlikely to interact with histamine to produce its dilatory response. Sumatriptan and indomethacin inhibit the NO response by inhibiting trigeminal activation and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) release. Flunarizine does not modify either the neurogenic vasodilator response or the NO meningeal dilator response at least acutely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Akerman
- Headache Group, Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, The National Hospital for Neurology, Queen Square, WC1N 3BG, London, UK
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49
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Akerman S, Williamson DJ, Kaube H, Goadsby PJ. Nitric oxide synthase inhibitors can antagonize neurogenic and calcitonin gene-related peptide induced dilation of dural meningeal vessels. Br J Pharmacol 2002; 137:62-8. [PMID: 12183331 PMCID: PMC1573468 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0704842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2002] [Accepted: 06/13/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
1. The detailed pathophysiology of migraine is beginning to be understood and is likely to involve activation of trigeminovascular afferents. 2. Clinically effective anti-migraine compounds are believed to have actions that include peripheral inhibition of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) release from trigeminal neurones, or preventing dural vessel dilation, or both. CGRP antagonists can block both neurogenic and CGRP-induced dural vessel dilation. 3. Nitric oxide (NO) can induce headache in migraine patients and often triggers a delayed migraine. The initial headache is thought to be caused via a direct action of the NO-cGMP pathway that causes vasodilation by vascular smooth muscle relaxation, while the delayed headache is likely to be a result of triggering trigeminovascular activation. Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors are effective in the treatment of acute migraine. 4. The present studies used intravital microscopy to examine the effects of specific NOS inhibitors on neurogenic dural vasodilation (NDV) and CGRP-induced dilation. 5. The non-specific and neuronal NOS (nNOS) inhibitors were able to partially inhibit NDV, while the non-specific and endothelial NOS (eNOS) inhibitors were able to partially inhibit the CGRP induced dilation. 6. There was no effect of the inducible NOS (iNOS) inhibitor. 7. The data suggest that the delayed headache response triggered by NO donors in humans may be due, in part, to increased nNOS activity in the trigeminal system that causes CGRP release and dural vessel dilation. 8. Further, eNOS activity in the endothelium causes NO production and smooth muscle relaxation by direct activation of the NO-cGMP pathway, and may be involved in the initial headache response.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Akerman
- Headache Group, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG
| | - D J Williamson
- Department of Pharmacology, Merck Sharp and Dohme, Neuroscience Research Centre, Terlings Park, Harlow, Essex
| | - H Kaube
- Headache Group, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG
| | - P J Goadsby
- Headache Group, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG
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50
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Conley RK, Cumberbatch MJ, Mason GS, Williamson DJ, Harrison T, Locker K, Swain C, Maubach K, O'Donnell R, Rigby M, Hewson L, Smith D, Rupniak NMJ. Substance P (neurokinin 1) receptor antagonists enhance dorsal raphe neuronal activity. J Neurosci 2002; 22:7730-6. [PMID: 12196596 PMCID: PMC6757969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Substance P receptor [neurokinin 1 (NK1] antagonists (SPAs) represent a novel mechanistic approach to antidepressant therapy with comparable clinical efficacy to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Because SSRIs are thought to exert their therapeutic effects by enhancing central serotonergic function, we have examined whether SPAs regulate neuronal activity in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN), the main source of serotonergic projections to the forebrain. Using in vivo electrophysiological techniques in the guinea pig, we found that administration of the highly selective NK1 receptor antagonist 1-(5-[[(2R,3S)-2-([(1R)-1-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethyl]oxy)-3-(4-phenyl)morpholin-4-yl]methyl]-2H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)-N,N-dimethylmethanamine (L-760735) caused an increase in DRN neuronal firing rate. However, unlike chronic treatment with fluoxetine, there was no detectable 5-HT1A autoreceptor desensitization. In vitro electrophysiological investigation showed that these effects were not mediated by a direct action in the DRN, an observation supported by immunocytochemical analysis that identified the lateral habenula (LHb) as a more likely site of action. Subsequently, we found that local application of L-760735 into the LHb increased firing in the DRN, which, together with our data showing that L-760735 increased metabolic activity in the cingulate cortex, amygdala, LHb, and DRN, indicates that the effects of L-760735 may be mediated by disinhibition of forebrain structures acting via a habenulo raphe projection. These findings support other evidence for an antidepressant profile of SPAs and suggest that regulation of DRN neuronal activity may contribute to their antidepressant mechanism of action but in a manner that is distinct from monoamine reuptake inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel K Conley
- Department of Pharmacology, Merck Sharp and Dohme Neuroscience Research Centre, Harlow, Essex CM20 2QR, United Kingdom
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