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McKie SJ, Nicholson AS, Smith E, Fawke S, Caroe ER, Williamson JC, Butt BG, Kolářová D, Peterka O, Holčapek M, Lehner PJ, Graham SC, Deane JE. Altered plasma membrane abundance of the sulfatide-binding protein NF155 links glycosphingolipid imbalances to demyelination. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2218823120. [PMID: 36996106 PMCID: PMC10083573 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2218823120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Myelin is a multilayered membrane that tightly wraps neuronal axons, enabling efficient, high-speed signal propagation. The axon and myelin sheath form tight contacts, mediated by specific plasma membrane proteins and lipids, and disruption of these contacts causes devastating demyelinating diseases. Using two cell-based models of demyelinating sphingolipidoses, we demonstrate that altered lipid metabolism changes the abundance of specific plasma membrane proteins. These altered membrane proteins have known roles in cell adhesion and signaling, with several implicated in neurological diseases. The cell surface abundance of the adhesion molecule neurofascin (NFASC), a protein critical for the maintenance of myelin-axon contacts, changes following disruption to sphingolipid metabolism. This provides a direct molecular link between altered lipid abundance and myelin stability. We show that the NFASC isoform NF155, but not NF186, interacts directly and specifically with the sphingolipid sulfatide via multiple binding sites and that this interaction requires the full-length extracellular domain of NF155. We demonstrate that NF155 adopts an S-shaped conformation and preferentially binds sulfatide-containing membranes in cis, with important implications for protein arrangement in the tight axon-myelin space. Our work links glycosphingolipid imbalances to disturbance of membrane protein abundance and demonstrates how this may be driven by direct protein-lipid interactions, providing a mechanistic framework to understand the pathogenesis of galactosphingolipidoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon J. McKie
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 0XY, UK
| | - Alex S. Nicholson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 0XY, UK
| | - Emily Smith
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 0XY, UK
| | - Stuart Fawke
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 0XY, UK
| | - Eve R. Caroe
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 0XY, UK
| | - James C. Williamson
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 0AW, UK
| | - Benjamin G. Butt
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 1QP, UK
| | - Denisa Kolářová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Pardubice, Pardubice53210, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Peterka
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Pardubice, Pardubice53210, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Holčapek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Pardubice, Pardubice53210, Czech Republic
| | - Paul J. Lehner
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 0AW, UK
| | - Stephen C. Graham
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 1QP, UK
| | - Janet E. Deane
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 0XY, UK
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2
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Volkmar N, Gawden‐Bone CM, Williamson JC, Nixon‐Abell J, West JA, St George‐Hyslop PH, Kaser A, Lehner PJ. Regulation of membrane fluidity by RNF145-triggered degradation of the lipid hydrolase ADIPOR2. EMBO J 2022; 41:e110777. [PMID: 35993436 PMCID: PMC9531299 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022110777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of membrane lipid composition is critical for cellular homeostasis. Cells are particularly sensitive to phospholipid saturation, with increased saturation causing membrane rigidification and lipotoxicity. How mammalian cells sense membrane lipid composition and reverse fatty acid (FA)-induced membrane rigidification is poorly understood. Here we systematically identify proteins that differ between mammalian cells fed saturated versus unsaturated FAs. The most differentially expressed proteins were two ER-resident polytopic membrane proteins: the E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF145 and the lipid hydrolase ADIPOR2. In unsaturated lipid membranes, RNF145 is stable, promoting its lipid-sensitive interaction, ubiquitination and degradation of ADIPOR2. When membranes become enriched in saturated FAs, RNF145 is rapidly auto-ubiquitinated and degraded, stabilising ADIPOR2, whose hydrolase activity restores lipid homeostasis and prevents lipotoxicity. We therefore identify RNF145 as a FA-responsive ubiquitin ligase which, together with ADIPOR2, defines an autoregulatory pathway that controls cellular membrane lipid homeostasis and prevents acute lipotoxic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Volkmar
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical CentreUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Present address:
Institute for Molecular Systems Biology (IMSB)ETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Christian M Gawden‐Bone
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical CentreUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - James C Williamson
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical CentreUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | | | - James A West
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical CentreUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | | | - Arthur Kaser
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical CentreUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Paul J Lehner
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical CentreUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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3
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Fielding CA, Sabberwal P, Williamson JC, Greenwood EJD, Crozier TWM, Zelek W, Seow J, Graham C, Huettner I, Edgeworth JD, Price DA, Morgan PB, Ladell K, Eberl M, Humphreys IR, Merrick B, Doores K, Wilson SJ, Lehner PJ, Wang ECY, Stanton RJ. SARS-CoV-2 host-shutoff impacts innate NK cell functions, but antibody-dependent NK activity is strongly activated through non-spike antibodies. eLife 2022; 11:e74489. [PMID: 35587364 PMCID: PMC9239683 DOI: 10.7554/elife.74489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The outcome of infection is dependent on the ability of viruses to manipulate the infected cell to evade immunity, and the ability of the immune response to overcome this evasion. Understanding this process is key to understanding pathogenesis, genetic risk factors, and both natural and vaccine-induced immunity. SARS-CoV-2 antagonises the innate interferon response, but whether it manipulates innate cellular immunity is unclear. An unbiased proteomic analysis determined how cell surface protein expression is altered on SARS-CoV-2-infected lung epithelial cells, showing downregulation of activating NK ligands B7-H6, MICA, ULBP2, and Nectin1, with minimal effects on MHC-I. This occurred at the level of protein synthesis, could be mediated by Nsp1 and Nsp14, and correlated with a reduction in NK cell activation. This identifies a novel mechanism by which SARS-CoV-2 host-shutoff antagonises innate immunity. Later in the disease process, strong antibody-dependent NK cell activation (ADNKA) developed. These responses were sustained for at least 6 months in most patients, and led to high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Depletion of spike-specific antibodies confirmed their dominant role in neutralisation, but these antibodies played only a minor role in ADNKA compared to antibodies to other proteins, including ORF3a, Membrane, and Nucleocapsid. In contrast, ADNKA induced following vaccination was focussed solely on spike, was weaker than ADNKA following natural infection, and was not boosted by the second dose. These insights have important implications for understanding disease progression, vaccine efficacy, and vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceri Alan Fielding
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff UniversityCardiffUnited Kingdom
| | - Pragati Sabberwal
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff UniversityCardiffUnited Kingdom
| | - James C Williamson
- Cambridge Institute for Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Edward JD Greenwood
- Cambridge Institute for Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Thomas WM Crozier
- Cambridge Institute for Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Wioleta Zelek
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff UniversityCardiffUnited Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey Seow
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Carl Graham
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Isabella Huettner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Jonathan D Edgeworth
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation TrustLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - David A Price
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff UniversityCardiffUnited Kingdom
| | - Paul B Morgan
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff UniversityCardiffUnited Kingdom
| | - Kristin Ladell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff UniversityCardiffUnited Kingdom
| | - Matthias Eberl
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff UniversityCardiffUnited Kingdom
| | - Ian R Humphreys
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff UniversityCardiffUnited Kingdom
| | - Blair Merrick
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation TrustLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Katie Doores
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Sam J Wilson
- MRC - University of Glasgow Centre for Virus ResearchGlasgowUnited Kingdom
| | - Paul J Lehner
- Cambridge Institute for Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Eddie CY Wang
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff UniversityCardiffUnited Kingdom
| | - Richard J Stanton
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff UniversityCardiffUnited Kingdom
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4
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Anderson GS, Ballester-Beltran J, Giotopoulos G, Guerrero JA, Surget S, Williamson JC, So T, Bloxham D, Aubareda A, Asby R, Walker I, Jenkinson L, Soilleux EJ, Roy JP, Teodósio A, Ficken C, Officer-Jones L, Nasser S, Skerget S, Keats JJ, Greaves P, Tai YT, Anderson KC, MacFarlane M, Thaventhiran JE, Huntly BJ, Lehner PJ, Chapman MA. Unbiased cell surface proteomics identifies SEMA4A as an effective immunotherapy target for myeloma. Blood 2022; 139:2471-2482. [PMID: 35134130 PMCID: PMC11022854 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2021015161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The accessibility of cell surface proteins makes them tractable for targeting by cancer immunotherapy, but identifying suitable targets remains challenging. Here we describe plasma membrane profiling of primary human myeloma cells to identify an unprecedented number of cell surface proteins of a primary cancer. We used a novel approach to prioritize immunotherapy targets and identified a cell surface protein not previously implicated in myeloma, semaphorin-4A (SEMA4A). Using knock-down by short-hairpin RNA and CRISPR/nuclease-dead Cas9 (dCas9), we show that expression of SEMA4A is essential for normal myeloma cell growth in vitro, indicating that myeloma cells cannot downregulate the protein to avoid detection. We further show that SEMA4A would not be identified as a myeloma therapeutic target by standard CRISPR/Cas9 knockout screens because of exon skipping. Finally, we potently and selectively targeted SEMA4A with a novel antibody-drug conjugate in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina S.F. Anderson
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - George Giotopoulos
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Wellcome–MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jose A. Guerrero
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvanie Surget
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Tsz So
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David Bloxham
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Aubareda
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan Asby
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Wellcome–MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ieuan Walker
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Lesley Jenkinson
- CRUK–AstraZeneca Antibody Alliance Laboratory, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - James P. Roy
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Teodósio
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Ficken
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sara Nasser
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Sheri Skerget
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ
| | | | - Peter Greaves
- Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Yu-Tzu Tai
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | | | - Marion MacFarlane
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Brian J.P. Huntly
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Wellcome–MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Paul J. Lehner
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Michael A. Chapman
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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5
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Randzavola LO, Mortimer PM, Garside E, Dufficy ER, Schejtman A, Roumelioti G, Yu L, Pardo M, Spirohn K, Tolley C, Brandt C, Harcourt K, Nichols E, Nahorski M, Woods G, Williamson JC, Suresh S, Sowerby JM, Matsumoto M, Santos CXC, Kiar CS, Mukhopadhyay S, Rae WM, Dougan GJ, Grainger J, Lehner PJ, Calderwood MA, Choudhary J, Clare S, Speak A, Santilli G, Bateman A, Smith KGC, Magnani F, Thomas DC. EROS is a selective chaperone regulating the phagocyte NADPH oxidase and purinergic signalling. eLife 2022; 11:76387. [PMID: 36421765 PMCID: PMC9767466 DOI: 10.7554/elife.76387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
EROS (essential for reactive oxygen species) protein is indispensable for expression of gp91phox, the catalytic core of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase. EROS deficiency in humans is a novel cause of the severe immunodeficiency, chronic granulomatous disease, but its mechanism of action was unknown until now. We elucidate the role of EROS, showing it acts at the earliest stages of gp91phox maturation. It binds the immature 58 kDa gp91phox directly, preventing gp91phox degradation and allowing glycosylation via the oligosaccharyltransferase machinery and the incorporation of the heme prosthetic groups essential for catalysis. EROS also regulates the purine receptors P2X7 and P2X1 through direct interactions, and P2X7 is almost absent in EROS-deficient mouse and human primary cells. Accordingly, lack of murine EROS results in markedly abnormal P2X7 signalling, inflammasome activation, and T cell responses. The loss of both ROS and P2X7 signalling leads to resistance to influenza infection in mice. Our work identifies EROS as a highly selective chaperone for key proteins in innate and adaptive immunity and a rheostat for immunity to infection. It has profound implications for our understanding of immune physiology, ROS dysregulation, and possibly gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyra O Randzavola
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Imperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Paige M Mortimer
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Imperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Emma Garside
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Imperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth R Dufficy
- The Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical MedicineCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Andrea Schejtman
- Molecular Immunology Unit, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Georgia Roumelioti
- Functional Proteomics, Division of Cancer Biology, Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Lu Yu
- Functional Proteomics, Division of Cancer Biology, Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Mercedes Pardo
- Functional Proteomics, Division of Cancer Biology, Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Kerstin Spirohn
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology (CCSB), Dana-Farber Cancer InstituteBostonUnited States,Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States,Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer InstituteBostonUnited States
| | | | | | | | - Esme Nichols
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Imperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Mike Nahorski
- Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Geoff Woods
- Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - James C Williamson
- The Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical MedicineCambridgeUnited Kingdom,Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Shreehari Suresh
- The Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical MedicineCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - John M Sowerby
- The Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical MedicineCambridgeUnited Kingdom,Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Misaki Matsumoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto Prefectural University of MedicineKyotoJapan
| | - Celio XC Santos
- School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, James Black Centre, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Cher Shen Kiar
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Subhankar Mukhopadhyay
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - William M Rae
- The Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical MedicineCambridgeUnited Kingdom,Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Gordon J Dougan
- The Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical MedicineCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - John Grainger
- Functional Proteomics, Division of Cancer Biology, Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUnited Kingdom,Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of ManchesterManchesterUnited Kingdom
| | - Paul J Lehner
- The Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical MedicineCambridgeUnited Kingdom,Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Michael A Calderwood
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology (CCSB), Dana-Farber Cancer InstituteBostonUnited States,Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States,Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer InstituteBostonUnited States
| | - Jyoti Choudhary
- Functional Proteomics, Division of Cancer Biology, Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Simon Clare
- Wellcome Trust Sanger InstituteHinxtonUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Giorgia Santilli
- Molecular Immunology Unit, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Alex Bateman
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome CampusHinxtonUnited Kingdom
| | - Kenneth GC Smith
- The Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical MedicineCambridgeUnited Kingdom,Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Francesca Magnani
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of PaviaPaviaItaly
| | - David C Thomas
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Imperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
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6
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Crozier TWM, Greenwood EJD, Williamson JC, Guo W, Porter LM, Gabaev I, Teixeira-Silva A, Grice GL, Wickenhagen A, Stanton RJ, Wang ECY, Wilson SJ, Matheson NJ, Nathan JA, McCaughan F, Lehner PJ. Quantitative proteomic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 infection of primary human airway ciliated cells and lung epithelial cells demonstrates the effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 innate immune evasion. Wellcome Open Res 2022; 7:224. [PMID: 36483314 PMCID: PMC9706147 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17946.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Quantitative proteomics is able to provide a comprehensive, unbiased description of changes to cells caused by viral infection, but interpretation may be complicated by differential changes in infected and uninfected 'bystander' cells, or the use of non-physiological cellular models. Methods: In this paper, we use fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and quantitative proteomics to analyse cell-autonomous changes caused by authentic SARS-CoV-2 infection of respiratory epithelial cells, the main target of viral infection in vivo. First, we determine the relative abundance of proteins in primary human airway epithelial cells differentiated at the air-liquid interface (basal, secretory and ciliated cells). Next, we specifically characterise changes caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection of ciliated cells. Finally, we compare temporal proteomic changes in infected and uninfected 'bystander' Calu-3 lung epithelial cells and compare infection with B.29 and B.1.1.7 (Alpha) variants. Results: Amongst 5,709 quantified proteins in primary human airway ciliated cells, the abundance of 226 changed significantly in the presence of SARS-CoV-2 infection (q <0.05 and >1.5-fold). Notably, viral replication proceeded without inducing a type-I interferon response. Amongst 6,996 quantified proteins in Calu-3 cells, the abundance of 645 proteins changed significantly in the presence of SARS-CoV-2 infection (q < 0.05 and > 1.5-fold). In contrast to the primary cell model, a clear type I interferon (IFN) response was observed. Nonetheless, induction of IFN-inducible proteins was markedly attenuated in infected cells, compared with uninfected 'bystander' cells. Infection with B.29 and B.1.1.7 (Alpha) variants gave similar results. Conclusions: Taken together, our data provide a detailed proteomic map of changes in SARS-CoV-2-infected respiratory epithelial cells in two widely used, physiologically relevant models of infection. As well as identifying dysregulated cellular proteins and processes, the effectiveness of strategies employed by SARS-CoV-2 to avoid the type I IFN response is illustrated in both models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W M Crozier
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Edward J D Greenwood
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
| | - James C Williamson
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Wenrui Guo
- Department of Medicine, Addenbrookes Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Linsey M Porter
- Department of Medicine, Addenbrookes Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Ildar Gabaev
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Ana Teixeira-Silva
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Guinevere L Grice
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Arthur Wickenhagen
- MRC - University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Richard J Stanton
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Eddie C Y Wang
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Sam J Wilson
- MRC - University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Nicholas J Matheson
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK.,NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge, CB2 0PT, UK
| | - James A Nathan
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Frank McCaughan
- Department of Medicine, Addenbrookes Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Paul J Lehner
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
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7
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Boggess T, Williamson JC, Niebergall EB, Sexton H, Mazur A, Egleton RD, Grover LM, Risher WC. Alterations in Excitatory and Inhibitory Synaptic Development Within the Mesolimbic Dopamine Pathway in a Mouse Model of Prenatal Drug Exposure. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:794544. [PMID: 34966707 PMCID: PMC8710665 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.794544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The rise in rates of opioid abuse in recent years in the United States has led to a dramatic increase in the incidence of neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS). Despite improved understanding of NAS and its acute symptoms, there remains a paucity of information regarding the long-term effects of prenatal exposure to drugs of abuse on neurological development. The primary goal of this study was to investigate the effects of prenatal drug exposure on synaptic connectivity within brain regions associated with the mesolimbic dopamine pathway, the primary reward pathway associated with drug abuse and addiction, in a mouse model. Our secondary goal was to examine the role of the Ca+2 channel subunit α2δ-1, known to be involved in key developmental synaptogenic pathways, in mediating these effects. Pregnant mouse dams were treated orally with either the opioid drug buprenorphine (commonly used in medication-assisted treatment for substance use patients), gabapentin (neuropathic pain drug that binds to α2δ-1 and has been increasingly co-abused with opioids), a combination of both drugs, or vehicle daily from gestational day 6 until postnatal day 11. Confocal fluorescence immunohistochemistry (IHC) imaging of the brains of the resulting wild-type (WT) pups at postnatal day 21 revealed a number of significant alterations in excitatory and inhibitory synaptic populations within the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), nucleus accumbens (NAC), and medial prefrontal cortex (PFC), particularly in the buprenorphine or combinatorial buprenorphine/gabapentin groups. Furthermore, we observed several drug- and region-specific differences in synaptic connectivity between WT and α2δ-1 haploinsufficient mice, indicating that critical α2δ-1-associated synaptogenic pathways are disrupted with early life drug exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - W. Christopher Risher
- Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
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8
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Cerny O, Godlee C, Tocci R, Cross NE, Shi H, Williamson JC, Alix E, Lehner PJ, Holden DW. CD97 stabilises the immunological synapse between dendritic cells and T cells and is targeted for degradation by the Salmonella effector SteD. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009771. [PMID: 34314469 PMCID: PMC8345877 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Salmonella enterica effector SteD depletes mature MHC class II (mMHCII) molecules from the surface of infected antigen-presenting cells through ubiquitination of the cytoplasmic tail of the mMHCII β chain. This requires the Nedd4 family HECT E3 ubiquitin ligase Wwp2 and a tumor-suppressing transmembrane protein adaptor Tmem127. Here, through a proteomic screen of dendritic cells, we found that SteD targets the plasma membrane protein CD97 for degradation by a similar mechanism. SteD enhanced ubiquitination of CD97 on K555 and mutation of this residue eliminated the effect of SteD on CD97 surface levels. We showed that CD97 localises to and stabilises the immunological synapse between dendritic cells and T cells. Removal of CD97 by SteD inhibited dendritic cell-T cell interactions and reduced T cell activation, independently of its effect on MHCII. Therefore, SteD suppresses T cell immunity by two distinct processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Cerny
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (OC); (DWH)
| | - Camilla Godlee
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Romina Tocci
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nancy E. Cross
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Haoran Shi
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - James C. Williamson
- Cambridge Institute for Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Alix
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul J. Lehner
- Cambridge Institute for Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David W. Holden
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (OC); (DWH)
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9
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Dupont L, Bloor S, Williamson JC, Cuesta SM, Shah R, Teixeira-Silva A, Naamati A, Greenwood EJD, Sarafianos SG, Matheson NJ, Lehner PJ. The SMC5/6 complex compacts and silences unintegrated HIV-1 DNA and is antagonized by Vpr. Cell Host Microbe 2021; 29:792-805.e6. [PMID: 33811831 PMCID: PMC8118623 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2021.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Silencing of nuclear DNA is an essential feature of innate immune responses to invading pathogens. Early in infection, unintegrated lentiviral cDNA accumulates in the nucleus yet remains poorly expressed. In HIV-1-like lentiviruses, the Vpr accessory protein enhances unintegrated viral DNA expression, suggesting Vpr antagonizes cellular restriction. We previously showed how Vpr remodels the host proteome, identifying multiple cellular targets. We now screen these using a targeted CRISPR-Cas9 library and identify SMC5-SMC6 complex localization factor 2 (SLF2) as the Vpr target responsible for silencing unintegrated HIV-1. SLF2 recruits the SMC5/6 complex to unintegrated lentiviruses, and depletion of SLF2, or the SMC5/6 complex, increases viral expression. ATAC-seq demonstrates that Vpr-mediated SLF2 depletion increases chromatin accessibility of unintegrated virus, suggesting that the SMC5/6 complex compacts viral chromatin to silence gene expression. This work implicates the SMC5/6 complex in nuclear immunosurveillance of extrachromosomal DNA and defines its targeting by Vpr as an evolutionarily conserved antagonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liane Dupont
- Cambridge Institute for Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Stuart Bloor
- Cambridge Institute for Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - James C Williamson
- Cambridge Institute for Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | | | - Raven Shah
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Ana Teixeira-Silva
- Cambridge Institute for Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Adi Naamati
- Cambridge Institute for Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Edward J D Greenwood
- Cambridge Institute for Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Stefan G Sarafianos
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Nicholas J Matheson
- Cambridge Institute for Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Paul J Lehner
- Cambridge Institute for Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK.
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10
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Peruzzotti-Jametti L, Bernstock JD, Willis CM, Manferrari G, Rogall R, Fernandez-Vizarra E, Williamson JC, Braga A, van den Bosch A, Leonardi T, Krzak G, Kittel Á, Benincá C, Vicario N, Tan S, Bastos C, Bicci I, Iraci N, Smith JA, Peacock B, Muller KH, Lehner PJ, Buzas EI, Faria N, Zeviani M, Frezza C, Brisson A, Matheson NJ, Viscomi C, Pluchino S. Neural stem cells traffic functional mitochondria via extracellular vesicles. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001166. [PMID: 33826607 PMCID: PMC8055036 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cell (NSC) transplantation induces recovery in animal models of central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Although the replacement of lost endogenous cells was originally proposed as the primary healing mechanism of NSC grafts, it is now clear that transplanted NSCs operate via multiple mechanisms, including the horizontal exchange of therapeutic cargoes to host cells via extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs are membrane particles trafficking nucleic acids, proteins, metabolites and metabolic enzymes, lipids, and entire organelles. However, the function and the contribution of these cargoes to the broad therapeutic effects of NSCs are yet to be fully understood. Mitochondrial dysfunction is an established feature of several inflammatory and degenerative CNS disorders, most of which are potentially treatable with exogenous stem cell therapeutics. Herein, we investigated the hypothesis that NSCs release and traffic functional mitochondria via EVs to restore mitochondrial function in target cells. Untargeted proteomics revealed a significant enrichment of mitochondrial proteins spontaneously released by NSCs in EVs. Morphological and functional analyses confirmed the presence of ultrastructurally intact mitochondria within EVs with conserved membrane potential and respiration. We found that the transfer of these mitochondria from EVs to mtDNA-deficient L929 Rho0 cells rescued mitochondrial function and increased Rho0 cell survival. Furthermore, the incorporation of mitochondria from EVs into inflammatory mononuclear phagocytes restored normal mitochondrial dynamics and cellular metabolism and reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory markers in target cells. When transplanted in an animal model of multiple sclerosis, exogenous NSCs actively transferred mitochondria to mononuclear phagocytes and induced a significant amelioration of clinical deficits. Our data provide the first evidence that NSCs deliver functional mitochondria to target cells via EVs, paving the way for the development of novel (a)cellular approaches aimed at restoring mitochondrial dysfunction not only in multiple sclerosis, but also in degenerative neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Peruzzotti-Jametti
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua D. Bernstock
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
- National Institutes of Health (NINDS/NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Cory M. Willis
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Giulia Manferrari
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Rogall
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - James C. Williamson
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alice Braga
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Aletta van den Bosch
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Tommaso Leonardi
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Milan, Italy
| | - Grzegorz Krzak
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ágnes Kittel
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Eötvös Lorand Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Cristiane Benincá
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nunzio Vicario
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), University of Catania, Italy
| | | | - Carlos Bastos
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Iacopo Bicci
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nunzio Iraci
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), University of Catania, Italy
| | - Jayden A. Smith
- Cambridge Innovation Technologies Consulting (CITC) Limited, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Peacock
- NanoFCM Co., Ltd, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Paul J. Lehner
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Edit Iren Buzas
- Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- HCEMM Kft HU, Budapest, Hungary
- ELKH-SE, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nuno Faria
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Massimo Zeviani
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Frezza
- MRC Cancer Unit, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge United Kingdom
| | | | - Nicholas J. Matheson
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Carlo Viscomi
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Stefano Pluchino
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cambridge Innovation Technologies Consulting (CITC) Limited, United Kingdom
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11
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Soday L, Potts M, Hunter LM, Ravenhill BJ, Houghton JW, Williamson JC, Antrobus R, Wills MR, Matheson NJ, Weekes MP. Comparative Cell Surface Proteomic Analysis of the Primary Human T Cell and Monocyte Responses to Type I Interferon. Front Immunol 2021; 12:600056. [PMID: 33628210 PMCID: PMC7897682 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.600056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular response to interferon (IFN) is essential for antiviral immunity, IFN-based therapy and IFN-related disease. The plasma membrane (PM) provides a critical interface between the cell and its environment, and is the initial portal of entry for viruses. Nonetheless, the effect of IFN on PM proteins is surprisingly poorly understood, and has not been systematically investigated in primary immune cells. Here, we use multiplexed proteomics to quantify IFNα2a-stimulated PM protein changes in primary human CD14+ monocytes and CD4+ T cells from five donors, quantifying 606 and 482 PM proteins respectively. Comparison of cell surface proteomes revealed a remarkable invariance between donors in the overall composition of the cell surface from each cell type, but a marked donor-to-donor variability in the effects of IFNα2a. Furthermore, whereas only 2.7% of quantified proteins were consistently upregulated by IFNα2a at the surface of CD4+ T cells, 6.8% of proteins were consistently upregulated in primary monocytes, suggesting that the magnitude of the IFNα2a response varies according to cell type. Among these differentially regulated proteins, we found the viral target Endothelin-converting enzyme 1 (ECE1) to be an IFNα2a-stimulated protein exclusively upregulated at the surface of CD4+ T cells. We therefore provide a comprehensive map of the cell surface of IFNα2a-stimulated primary human immune cells, including previously uncharacterized interferon stimulated genes (ISGs) and candidate antiviral factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lior Soday
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Potts
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Leah M. Hunter
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin J. Ravenhill
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jack W. Houghton
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - James C. Williamson
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Robin Antrobus
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mark R. Wills
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J. Matheson
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Michael P. Weekes
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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12
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Friedel CC, Whisnant AW, Djakovic L, Rutkowski AJ, Friedl MS, Kluge M, Williamson JC, Sai S, Vidal RO, Sauer S, Hennig T, Grothey A, Milić A, Prusty BK, Lehner PJ, Matheson NJ, Erhard F, Dölken L. Dissecting Herpes Simplex Virus 1-Induced Host Shutoff at the RNA Level. J Virol 2021; 95:e01399-20. [PMID: 33148793 PMCID: PMC7925104 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01399-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) induces a profound host shutoff during lytic infection. The virion host shutoff (vhs) protein plays a key role in this process by efficiently cleaving host and viral mRNAs. Furthermore, the onset of viral DNA replication is accompanied by a rapid decline in host transcriptional activity. To dissect relative contributions of both mechanisms and elucidate gene-specific host transcriptional responses throughout the first 8 h of lytic HSV-1 infection, we used transcriptome sequencing of total, newly transcribed (4sU-labeled) and chromatin-associated RNA in wild-type (WT) and Δvhs mutant infection of primary human fibroblasts. Following virus entry, vhs activity rapidly plateaued at an elimination rate of around 30% of cellular mRNAs per hour until 8 h postinfection (p.i.). In parallel, host transcriptional activity dropped to 10 to 20%. While the combined effects of both phenomena dominated infection-induced changes in total RNA, extensive gene-specific transcriptional regulation was observable in chromatin-associated RNA and was surprisingly concordant between WT and Δvhs infections. Both induced strong transcriptional upregulation of a small subset of genes that were poorly expressed prior to infection but already primed by H3K4me3 histone marks at their promoters. Most interestingly, analysis of chromatin-associated RNA revealed vhs-nuclease-activity-dependent transcriptional downregulation of at least 150 cellular genes, in particular of many integrin adhesome and extracellular matrix components. This was accompanied by a vhs-dependent reduction in protein levels by 8 h p.i. for many of these genes. In summary, our study provides a comprehensive picture of the molecular mechanisms that govern cellular RNA metabolism during the first 8 h of lytic HSV-1 infection.IMPORTANCE The HSV-1 virion host shutoff (vhs) protein efficiently cleaves both host and viral mRNAs in a translation-dependent manner. In this study, we model and quantify changes in vhs activity, as well as virus-induced global loss of host transcriptional activity, during productive HSV-1 infection. In general, HSV-1-induced alterations in total RNA levels were dominated by these two global effects. In contrast, chromatin-associated RNA depicted gene-specific transcriptional changes. This revealed highly concordant transcriptional changes in WT and Δvhs infections, confirmed DUX4 as a key transcriptional regulator in HSV-1 infection, and identified vhs-dependent transcriptional downregulation of the integrin adhesome and extracellular matrix components. The latter explained seemingly gene-specific effects previously attributed to vhs-mediated mRNA degradation and resulted in a concordant loss in protein levels by 8 h p.i. for many of the respective genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline C Friedel
- Institute of Informatics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Adam W Whisnant
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lara Djakovic
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Marie-Sophie Friedl
- Institute of Informatics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Kluge
- Institute of Informatics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - James C Williamson
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Somesh Sai
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine/Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ramon Oliveira Vidal
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine/Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sascha Sauer
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine/Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Hennig
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Arnhild Grothey
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Milić
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bhupesh K Prusty
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Paul J Lehner
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J Matheson
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Florian Erhard
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lars Dölken
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Helmholtz Institute for RNA-Based Infection Research (HIRI), Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI), Würzburg, Germany
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13
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Park E, Chen J, Moore A, Mangolini M, Byod JR, Schjerven H, Williamson JC, Lehner PJ, Leitges M, Egle A, Schmidt-Supprian M, Frietze S, Ringshausen I. Abstract PO-62: Overcoming venetoclax resistance in B-cell malignancies by antagonism of stromal TGF-beta-mediated drug resistance. Blood Cancer Discov 2020. [DOI: 10.1158/2643-3249.lymphoma20-po-62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Novel targeted therapies have substantially improved the prognosis of patients with B-cell malignancies. However, a substantial fraction of patients relapse, even after initially achieving deep remissions. Many studies have characterized the interactions between tumor cells and their microenvironment as integral to leukemia/lymphoma homeostasis and for the provision of survival signals, also contributing to drug resistance (referred to as environment-mediated drug resistance [EMDR]). Therapeutic efforts to antagonize microenvironment-emanating survival cues have predominantly focused on perturbation of tumor cell adhesion enabling the physical displacement from protective niches. In an effort to address whether direct stromal targeting could more precisely mitigate EMDR, we antagonized stromal expressed PKC-beta, which we have previously shown to be a stroma-autonomous signaling pathway critical for the survival of malignant B cells (Lutzny et al., Cancer Cell 2013). The dependency on stroma PKC-b was uniformly found for acute (ALL) and chronic (CLL, MCL) B-cell malignancies. In particular, our data demonstrate that stroma PKC-b is of key importance for multidrug resistance of malignant B cells (Park et al., Science Trans Med 2020). Here we demonstrate novel mechanistic insights into stroma-mediated drug resistance in B-cell malignancies. We identified that stroma PKC-b drives a transcriptional program, activating TGF-b and BMP-signaling in tumor cells. Our data show that antagonizing stroma signals with TGF-b inhibitors abrogated upregulation of BCL-XL and overcomes stroma-dependent resistance to venetoclax. This activation operates in parallel to the activation of the transcription factor EB (TFEB) as a downstream target of PKC-b. Interference with these signaling pathways impairs plasma membrane integrity of MSCs by downregulation of numerous adhesion and signaling molecules (e.g., ADAM17), required for the reciprocal stabilization of BCL-XL in tumor cells. The significance of microenvironment PKC-b for drug resistance was demonstrated in vivo, using C57B/6 mice, diseased with EuTCL-1 driven B-cell tumors and treated with venetoclax in combination with or without enzastaurin (PKC-b inhibitor). Combined treatment significantly prolonged survival, based on PKC-b mediated impairment of lysosome biogenesis in vivo. Similarly, concurrent treatment of PKC-b inhibitors with chemotherapy also improved survival in an ALL-PDx model. Our data demonstrate that mitigating EMDR with small-molecule inhibitors of PKC-b or TGF-b signaling enhances the effectiveness of both targeted and nontargeted chemotherapies and, moreover, has the ability to overcome venetoclax resistance in B-cell malignancies in vivo. A clinical trial to test the dual inhibition of stroma and tumor cells in lymphoma patients is in preparation.
Citation Format: Eugene Park, Jingyu Chen, Andrew Moore, Maurizio Mangolini, Joseph R. Byod, Hilde Schjerven, James C. Williamson, Paul J. Lehner, Michael Leitges, Alexander Egle, Marc Schmidt-Supprian, Seth Frietze, Ingo Ringshausen. Overcoming venetoclax resistance in B-cell malignancies by antagonism of stromal TGF-beta-mediated drug resistance [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Meeting: Advances in Malignant Lymphoma; 2020 Aug 17-19. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Blood Cancer Discov 2020;1(3_Suppl):Abstract nr PO-62.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Park
- 1University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom,
| | - Jingyu Chen
- 1University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom,
| | - Andrew Moore
- 1University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Seth Frietze
- 1University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom,
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14
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Gabaev I, Williamson JC, Crozier TW, Schulz TF, Lehner PJ. Quantitative Proteomics Analysis of Lytic KSHV Infection in Human Endothelial Cells Reveals Targets of Viral Immune Modulation. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108249. [PMID: 33053346 PMCID: PMC7567700 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) is an oncogenic human virus and the leading cause of mortality in HIV infection. KSHV reactivation from latent- to lytic-stage infection initiates a cascade of viral gene expression. Here we show how these changes remodel the host cell proteome to enable viral replication. By undertaking a systematic and unbiased analysis of changes to the endothelial cell proteome following KSHV reactivation, we quantify >7,000 cellular proteins and 71 viral proteins and provide a temporal profile of protein changes during the course of lytic KSHV infection. Lytic KSHV induces >2-fold downregulation of 291 cellular proteins, including PKR, the key cellular sensor of double-stranded RNA. Despite the multiple episomes per cell, CRISPR-Cas9 efficiently targets KSHV genomes. A complementary KSHV genome-wide CRISPR genetic screen identifies K5 as the viral gene responsible for the downregulation of two KSHV targets, Nectin-2 and CD155, ligands of the NK cell DNAM-1 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildar Gabaev
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; Cambridge Institute for Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), University of Cambridge, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK.
| | - James C. Williamson
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK,Cambridge Institute for Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), University of Cambridge, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Thomas W.M. Crozier
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK,Cambridge Institute for Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), University of Cambridge, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Thomas F. Schulz
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, Hannover 30625, Germany,German Center for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Paul J. Lehner
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK,Cambridge Institute for Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), University of Cambridge, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK,Corresponding author
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15
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Li X, Minick KJ, Li T, Williamson JC, Gavazzi M, McNulty S, King JS. An improved method for quantifying total fine root decomposition in plantation forests combining measurements of soil coring and minirhizotrons with a mass balance model. Tree Physiol 2020; 40:1466-1473. [PMID: 32510135 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Accurate measurement of total fine root decomposition (the amount of dead fine roots decomposed per unit soil volume) is essential for constructing a soil carbon budget. However, the ingrowth/soil core-based models are dependent on the assumptions that fine roots in litterbags/intact cores have the same relative decomposition rate as those in intact soils and that fine root growth and death rates remain constant over time, while minirhizotrons cannot quantify the total fine root decomposition. To improve the accuracy of estimates for total fine root decomposition, we propose a new method (balanced hybrid) with two models that integrate measurements of soil coring and minirhizotrons into a mass balance model. Model input parameters were fine root biomass, necromass and turnover rate for Model 1, and fine root biomass, necromass and death rate for Model 2. We tested the balanced hybrid method in a loblolly pine plantation forest in coastal North Carolina, USA. The total decomposition rate of absorptive fine roots (ARs) (a combination of first- and second-order fine roots) using Models 1 and 2 was 107 ± 13 g m-2 year-1 and 129 ± 12 g m-2 year-1, respectively. Monthly total AR decomposition was highest from August to November, which corresponded with the highest monthly total ARs mortality. The ARs imaged by minirhizotrons well represent those growing in intact soils, evident by a significant and positive relationship between the standing biomass and the standing length. The total decomposition estimate in both models was sensitive to changes in fine root biomass, turnover rate and death rate but not to change in necromass. Compared with Model 2, Model 1 can avoid the technical difficulty of deciding dead time of individual fine roots but requires greater time and effort to accurately measure fine root biomass dynamics. The balanced hybrid method is an improved technique for measuring total fine root decomposition in plantation forests in which the estimates are based on empirical data from soil coring and minirhizotrons, moving beyond assumptions of traditional approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Li
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, 2820 Faucette Dr., Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang City, 110016, China
| | - Kevan J Minick
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, 2820 Faucette Dr., Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Tonghua Li
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, 2820 Faucette Dr., Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - James C Williamson
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, 2820 Faucette Dr., Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Michael Gavazzi
- USDA Forest Service, Eastern Forest Environmental Threat Assessment Center, 3041 E. Cornwallis Rd. RTP, NC 27709, USA
| | - Steven McNulty
- USDA Forest Service, Eastern Forest Environmental Threat Assessment Center, 3041 E. Cornwallis Rd. RTP, NC 27709, USA
| | - John S King
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, 2820 Faucette Dr., Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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16
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Douse CH, Tchasovnikarova IA, Timms RT, Protasio AV, Seczynska M, Prigozhin DM, Albecka A, Wagstaff J, Williamson JC, Freund SMV, Lehner PJ, Modis Y. TASOR is a pseudo-PARP that directs HUSH complex assembly and epigenetic transposon control. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4940. [PMID: 33009411 PMCID: PMC7532188 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18761-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The HUSH complex represses retroviruses, transposons and genes to maintain the integrity of vertebrate genomes. HUSH regulates deposition of the epigenetic mark H3K9me3, but how its three core subunits - TASOR, MPP8 and Periphilin - contribute to assembly and targeting of the complex remains unknown. Here, we define the biochemical basis of HUSH assembly and find that its modular architecture resembles the yeast RNA-induced transcriptional silencing complex. TASOR, the central HUSH subunit, associates with RNA processing components. TASOR is required for H3K9me3 deposition over LINE-1 repeats and repetitive exons in transcribed genes. In the context of previous studies, this suggests that an RNA intermediate is important for HUSH activity. We dissect the TASOR and MPP8 domains necessary for transgene repression. Structure-function analyses reveal TASOR bears a catalytically-inactive PARP domain necessary for targeted H3K9me3 deposition. We conclude that TASOR is a multifunctional pseudo-PARP that directs HUSH assembly and epigenetic regulation of repetitive genomic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher H Douse
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Iva A Tchasovnikarova
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
- The Gurdon Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Richard T Timms
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Anna V Protasio
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marta Seczynska
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Daniil M Prigozhin
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Anna Albecka
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jane Wagstaff
- Structural Studies Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - James C Williamson
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Stefan M V Freund
- Structural Studies Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Paul J Lehner
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK.
| | - Yorgo Modis
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK.
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK.
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17
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Greenwood EJD, Williamson JC, Sienkiewicz A, Naamati A, Matheson NJ, Lehner PJ. Promiscuous Targeting of Cellular Proteins by Vpr Drives Systems-Level Proteomic Remodeling in HIV-1 Infection. Cell Rep 2020; 27:1579-1596.e7. [PMID: 31042482 PMCID: PMC6506760 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 encodes four “accessory proteins” (Vif, Vpr, Vpu, and Nef), dispensable for viral replication in vitro but essential for viral pathogenesis in vivo. Well characterized cellular targets have been associated with Vif, Vpu, and Nef, which counteract host restriction and promote viral replication. Conversely, although several substrates of Vpr have been described, their biological significance remains unclear. Here, we use complementary unbiased mass spectrometry-based approaches to demonstrate that Vpr is both necessary and sufficient for the DCAF1/DDB1/CUL4 E3 ubiquitin ligase-mediated degradation of at least 38 cellular proteins, causing systems-level changes to the cellular proteome. We therefore propose that promiscuous targeting of multiple host factors underpins complex Vpr-dependent cellular phenotypes and validate this in the case of G2/M cell cycle arrest. Our model explains how Vpr modulates so many cell biological processes and why the functional consequences of previously described Vpr targets, identified and studied in isolation, have proved elusive. HIV-1 Vpr is responsible for almost all proteomic changes in HIV-1-infected cells Vpr directly targets multiple nuclear proteins for degradation Vpr cellular phenotypes (e.g., cell cycle arrest) stem from broad substrate targeting Targeting of a few proteins is conserved across diverse primate lentiviral species
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J D Greenwood
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Keith Peters Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK.
| | - James C Williamson
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Keith Peters Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK.
| | - Agata Sienkiewicz
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Keith Peters Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Adi Naamati
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Nicholas J Matheson
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Paul J Lehner
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Keith Peters Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK.
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18
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Marelli S, Williamson JC, Protasio AV, Naamati A, Greenwood EJD, Deane JE, Lehner PJ, Matheson NJ. Antagonism of PP2A is an independent and conserved function of HIV-1 Vif and causes cell cycle arrest. eLife 2020; 9:e53036. [PMID: 32292164 PMCID: PMC7920553 DOI: 10.7554/elife.53036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The seminal description of the cellular restriction factor APOBEC3G and its antagonism by HIV-1 Vif has underpinned two decades of research on the host-virus interaction. We recently reported that HIV-1 Vif is also able to degrade the PPP2R5 family of regulatory subunits of key cellular phosphatase PP2A (PPP2R5A-E; Greenwood et al., 2016; Naamati et al., 2019). We now identify amino acid polymorphisms at positions 31 and 128 of HIV-1 Vif which selectively regulate the degradation of PPP2R5 family proteins. These residues covary across HIV-1 viruses in vivo, favouring depletion of PPP2R5A-E. Through analysis of point mutants and naturally occurring Vif variants, we further show that degradation of PPP2R5 family subunits is both necessary and sufficient for Vif-dependent G2/M cell cycle arrest. Antagonism of PP2A by HIV-1 Vif is therefore independent of APOBEC3 family proteins, and regulates cell cycle progression in HIV-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Marelli
- Department of Medicine, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - James C Williamson
- Department of Medicine, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Anna V Protasio
- Department of Medicine, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Adi Naamati
- Department of Medicine, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Edward JD Greenwood
- Department of Medicine, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Janet E Deane
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (CIMR), University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Paul J Lehner
- Department of Medicine, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J Matheson
- Department of Medicine, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
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19
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Park E, Chen J, Moore A, Mangolini M, Santoro A, Boyd JR, Schjerven H, Ecker V, Buchner M, Williamson JC, Lehner PJ, Gasparoli L, Williams O, Bloehdorn J, Stilgenbauer S, Leitges M, Egle A, Schmidt-Supprian M, Frietze S, Ringshausen I. Stromal cell protein kinase C-β inhibition enhances chemosensitivity in B cell malignancies and overcomes drug resistance. Sci Transl Med 2020; 12:eaax9340. [PMID: 31941829 PMCID: PMC7116365 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aax9340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Overcoming drug resistance remains a key challenge to cure patients with acute and chronic B cell malignancies. Here, we describe a stromal cell-autonomous signaling pathway, which contributes to drug resistance of malignant B cells. We show that protein kinase C (PKC)-β-dependent signals from bone marrow-derived stromal cells markedly decrease the efficacy of cytotoxic therapies. Conversely, small-molecule PKC-β inhibitors antagonize prosurvival signals from stromal cells and sensitize tumor cells to targeted and nontargeted chemotherapy, resulting in enhanced cytotoxicity and prolonged survival in vivo. Mechanistically, stromal PKC-β controls the expression of adhesion and matrix proteins, required for activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) and the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-mediated stabilization of B cell lymphoma-extra large (BCL-XL) in tumor cells. Central to the stroma-mediated drug resistance is the PKC-β-dependent activation of transcription factor EB, regulating lysosome biogenesis and plasma membrane integrity. Stroma-directed therapies, enabled by direct inhibition of PKC-β, enhance the effectiveness of many antileukemic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Park
- Wellcome Trust/MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Department of Haematology, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK
| | - Jingyu Chen
- Wellcome Trust/MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Department of Haematology, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK
| | - Andrew Moore
- Wellcome Trust/MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Department of Haematology, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK
| | - Maurizio Mangolini
- Wellcome Trust/MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Department of Haematology, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK
| | - Antonella Santoro
- Wellcome Trust/MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Department of Haematology, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK
| | - Joseph R Boyd
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Hilde Schjerven
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- KG Jebsen Centre for B cell Malignancies, IMM, OUH, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Veronika Ecker
- Institut für Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
- TranslaTUM, Center for Translational Cancer Research, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Maike Buchner
- Institut für Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
- TranslaTUM, Center for Translational Cancer Research, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - James C Williamson
- Cambridge Institute for Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Paul J Lehner
- Cambridge Institute for Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Luca Gasparoli
- University College London (UCL) GOS-ICH, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Owen Williams
- University College London (UCL) GOS-ICH, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Johannes Bloehdorn
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Michael Leitges
- Faculty of Medicine, Craig L. Dobbin Genetics Research Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Alexander Egle
- IIIrd Medical Department with Hematology, Medical Oncology, Hemostaseology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Cancer Cluster Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Salzburg Cancer Research Institute (SCRI) with Laboratory of Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research (LIMCR), 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Cancer Cluster Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Marc Schmidt-Supprian
- German Cancer Consortium, DKFZ, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Seth Frietze
- Department of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Ingo Ringshausen
- Wellcome Trust/MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Department of Haematology, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK.
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20
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Naamati A, Williamson JC, Greenwood EJ, Marelli S, Lehner PJ, Matheson NJ. Functional proteomic atlas of HIV infection in primary human CD4+ T cells. eLife 2019; 8:41431. [PMID: 30857592 PMCID: PMC6414203 DOI: 10.7554/elife.41431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses manipulate host cells to enhance their replication, and the identification of cellular factors targeted by viruses has led to key insights into both viral pathogenesis and cell biology. In this study, we develop an HIV reporter virus (HIV-AFMACS) displaying a streptavidin-binding affinity tag at the surface of infected cells, allowing facile one-step selection with streptavidin-conjugated magnetic beads. We use this system to obtain pure populations of HIV-infected primary human CD4+ T cells for detailed proteomic analysis, and quantitate approximately 9000 proteins across multiple donors on a dynamic background of T cell activation. Amongst 650 HIV-dependent changes (q < 0.05), we describe novel Vif-dependent targets FMR1 and DPH7, and 192 proteins not identified and/or regulated in T cell lines, such as ARID5A and PTPN22. We therefore provide a high-coverage functional proteomic atlas of HIV infection, and a mechanistic account of host factors subverted by the virus in its natural target cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Naamati
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - James C Williamson
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Edward Jd Greenwood
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Marelli
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Paul J Lehner
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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21
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Mangolini M, Götte F, Moore A, Ammon T, Oelsner M, Lutzny-Geier G, Klein-Hitpass L, Williamson JC, Lehner PJ, Dürig J, Möllmann M, Rásó-Barnett L, Hughes K, Santoro A, Méndez-Ferrer S, Oostendorp RAJ, Zimber-Strobl U, Peschel C, Hodson DJ, Schmidt-Supprian M, Ringshausen I. Notch2 controls non-autonomous Wnt-signalling in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3839. [PMID: 30242258 PMCID: PMC6155045 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06069-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The Wnt signalling pathway, one of the core de-regulated pathways in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), is activated in only a subset of patients through somatic mutations. Here we describe alternative, microenvironment-dependent mechanisms of Wnt activation in malignant B cells. We show that tumour cells specifically induce Notch2 activity in mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) required for the transcription of the complement factor C1q. MSC-derived C1q in turn inhibits Gsk3-β mediated degradation of β-catenin in CLL cells. Additionally, stromal Notch2 activity regulates N-cadherin expression in CLL cells, which interacts with and further stabilises β-catenin. Together, these stroma Notch2-dependent mechanisms induce strong activation of canonical Wnt signalling in CLL cells. Pharmacological inhibition of the Wnt pathway impairs microenvironment-mediated survival of tumour cells. Similarly, inhibition of Notch signalling diminishes survival of stroma-protected CLL cells in vitro and disease engraftment in vivo. Notch2 activation in the microenvironment is a pre-requisite for the activation of canonical Wnt signalling in tumour cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Mangolini
- Wellcome Trust/ MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute & Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AH, UK
| | - Frederik Götte
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Munich, 81675, Germany
| | - Andrew Moore
- Wellcome Trust/ MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute & Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AH, UK
| | - Tim Ammon
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Munich, 81675, Germany
| | - Madlen Oelsner
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Munich, 81675, Germany
| | - Gloria Lutzny-Geier
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Haematology and Oncology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, 91054, Germany
| | - Ludger Klein-Hitpass
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, 45122, Germany
| | - James C Williamson
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (CIMR), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Paul J Lehner
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (CIMR), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Jan Dürig
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Essen,, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, 45122, Germany
| | - Michael Möllmann
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Essen,, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, 45122, Germany
| | - Lívia Rásó-Barnett
- Haematopathology and Oncology Diagnostic Service (HODS), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Katherine Hughes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Antonella Santoro
- Wellcome Trust/ MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute & Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AH, UK
| | - Simón Méndez-Ferrer
- Wellcome Trust/ MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute & Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AH, UK
- NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge, CB2 0PT, UK
| | - Robert A J Oostendorp
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Munich, 81675, Germany
| | | | - Christian Peschel
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Munich, 81675, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium, DKFZ, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Daniel J Hodson
- Wellcome Trust/ MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute & Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AH, UK
| | - Marc Schmidt-Supprian
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Munich, 81675, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium, DKFZ, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Ingo Ringshausen
- Wellcome Trust/ MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute & Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AH, UK.
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22
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Stefanovic-Barrett S, Dickson AS, Burr SP, Williamson JC, Lobb IT, van den Boomen DJ, Lehner PJ, Nathan JA. MARCH6 and TRC8 facilitate the quality control of cytosolic and tail-anchored proteins. EMBO Rep 2018; 19:e45603. [PMID: 29519897 PMCID: PMC5934766 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201745603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Misfolded or damaged proteins are typically targeted for destruction by proteasome-mediated degradation, but the mammalian ubiquitin machinery involved is incompletely understood. Here, using forward genetic screens in human cells, we find that the proteasome-mediated degradation of the soluble misfolded reporter, mCherry-CL1, involves two ER-resident E3 ligases, MARCH6 and TRC8. mCherry-CL1 degradation is routed via the ER membrane and dependent on the hydrophobicity of the substrate, with complete stabilisation only observed in double knockout MARCH6/TRC8 cells. To identify a more physiological correlate, we used quantitative mass spectrometry and found that TRC8 and MARCH6 depletion altered the turnover of the tail-anchored protein heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). These E3 ligases associate with the intramembrane cleaving signal peptide peptidase (SPP) and facilitate the degradation of HO-1 following intramembrane proteolysis. Our results highlight how ER-resident ligases may target the same substrates, but work independently of each other, to optimise the protein quality control of selected soluble and tail-anchored proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Stefanovic-Barrett
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anna S Dickson
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephen P Burr
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - James C Williamson
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ian T Lobb
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dick Jh van den Boomen
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paul J Lehner
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - James A Nathan
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Rhodes DA, Chen HC, Williamson JC, Hill A, Yuan J, Smith S, Rhodes H, Trowsdale J, Lehner PJ, Herrmann T, Eberl M. Regulation of Human γδ T Cells by BTN3A1 Protein Stability and ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters. Front Immunol 2018; 9:662. [PMID: 29670629 PMCID: PMC5893821 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of human Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells by "phosphoantigens" (pAg), the microbial metabolite (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate (HMB-PP) and the endogenous isoprenoid intermediate isopentenyl pyrophosphate, requires expression of butyrophilin BTN3A molecules by presenting cells. However, the precise mechanism of activation of Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells by BTN3A molecules remains elusive. It is not clear what conformation of the three BTN3A isoforms transmits activation signals nor how externally delivered pAg accesses the cytosolic B30.2 domain of BTN3A1. To approach these problems, we studied two HLA haplo-identical HeLa cell lines, termed HeLa-L and HeLa-M, which showed marked differences in pAg-dependent stimulation of Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells. Levels of IFN-γ secretion by Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells were profoundly increased by pAg loading, or by binding of the pan-BTN3A specific agonist antibody CD277 20.1, in HeLa-M compared to HeLa-L cells. IL-2 production from a murine hybridoma T cell line expressing human Vγ9/Vδ2 T cell receptor (TCR) transgenes confirmed that the differential responsiveness to HeLa-L and HeLa-M was TCR dependent. By tissue typing, both HeLa lines were shown to be genetically identical and full-length transcripts of the three BTN3A isoforms were detected in equal abundance with no sequence variation. Expression of BTN3A and interacting molecules, such as periplakin or RhoB, did not account for the functional variation between HeLa-L and HeLa-M cells. Instead, the data implicate a checkpoint controlling BTN3A1 stability and protein trafficking, acting at an early time point in its maturation. In addition, plasma membrane profiling was used to identify proteins upregulated in HMB-PP-treated HeLa-M. ABCG2, a member of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter family was the most significant candidate, which crucially showed reduced expression in HeLa-L. Expression of a subset of ABC transporters, including ABCA1 and ABCG1, correlated with efficiency of T cell activation by cytokine secretion, although direct evidence of a functional role was not obtained by knockdown experiments. Our findings indicate a link between members of the ABC protein superfamily and the BTN3A-dependent activation of γδ T cells by endogenous and exogenous pAg.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Rhodes
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: David A. Rhodes,
| | - Hung-Chang Chen
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - James C. Williamson
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alfred Hill
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jack Yuan
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sam Smith
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Harriet Rhodes
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John Trowsdale
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Paul J. Lehner
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Herrmann
- Institut für Virologie und Immunbiologie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Eberl
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom,Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Burr ML, Sparbier CE, Chan YC, Williamson JC, Woods K, Beavis PA, Lam EYN, Henderson MA, Bell CC, Stolzenburg S, Gilan O, Bloor S, Noori T, Morgens DW, Bassik MC, Neeson PJ, Behren A, Darcy PK, Dawson SJ, Voskoboinik I, Trapani JA, Cebon J, Lehner PJ, Dawson MA. CMTM6 maintains the expression of PD-L1 and regulates anti-tumour immunity. Nature 2017; 549:101-105. [PMID: 28813417 PMCID: PMC5706633 DOI: 10.1038/nature23643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 559] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells exploit the expression of the programmed death-1 (PD-1) ligand 1 (PD-L1) to subvert T-cell-mediated immunosurveillance. The success of therapies that disrupt PD-L1-mediated tumour tolerance has highlighted the need to understand the molecular regulation of PD-L1 expression. Here we identify the uncharacterized protein CMTM6 as a critical regulator of PD-L1 in a broad range of cancer cells, by using a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screen. CMTM6 is a ubiquitously expressed protein that binds PD-L1 and maintains its cell surface expression. CMTM6 is not required for PD-L1 maturation but co-localizes with PD-L1 at the plasma membrane and in recycling endosomes, where it prevents PD-L1 from being targeted for lysosome-mediated degradation. Using a quantitative approach to profile the entire plasma membrane proteome, we find that CMTM6 displays specificity for PD-L1. Notably, CMTM6 depletion decreases PD-L1 without compromising cell surface expression of MHC class I. CMTM6 depletion, via the reduction of PD-L1, significantly alleviates the suppression of tumour-specific T cell activity in vitro and in vivo. These findings provide insights into the biology of PD-L1 regulation, identify a previously unrecognized master regulator of this critical immune checkpoint and highlight a potential therapeutic target to overcome immune evasion by tumour cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian L. Burr
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne Victoria 3000, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Rd, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Christina E. Sparbier
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Yih-Chih Chan
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - James C. Williamson
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Rd, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Katherine Woods
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Paul A. Beavis
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne Victoria 3000, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Enid Y. N. Lam
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne Victoria 3000, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Melissa A. Henderson
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne Victoria 3000, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Charles C. Bell
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne Victoria 3000, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Sabine Stolzenburg
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Omer Gilan
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne Victoria 3000, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Stuart Bloor
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Rd, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Tahereh Noori
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - David W. Morgens
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Michael C. Bassik
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Paul J. Neeson
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne Victoria 3000, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Andreas Behren
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Phillip K. Darcy
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne Victoria 3000, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Sarah-Jane Dawson
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne Victoria 3000, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Centre for Cancer Research, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ilia Voskoboinik
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne Victoria 3000, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Joseph A. Trapani
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne Victoria 3000, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Jonathan Cebon
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Paul J Lehner
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Rd, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Mark A. Dawson
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne Victoria 3000, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Centre for Cancer Research, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Haematology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
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Greenwood EJD, Matheson NJ, Wals K, van den Boomen DJH, Antrobus R, Williamson JC, Lehner PJ. Temporal proteomic analysis of HIV infection reveals remodelling of the host phosphoproteome by lentiviral Vif variants. eLife 2016; 5:e18296. [PMID: 27690223 PMCID: PMC5085607 DOI: 10.7554/elife.18296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses manipulate host factors to enhance their replication and evade cellular restriction. We used multiplex tandem mass tag (TMT)-based whole cell proteomics to perform a comprehensive time course analysis of >6500 viral and cellular proteins during HIV infection. To enable specific functional predictions, we categorized cellular proteins regulated by HIV according to their patterns of temporal expression. We focussed on proteins depleted with similar kinetics to APOBEC3C, and found the viral accessory protein Vif to be necessary and sufficient for CUL5-dependent proteasomal degradation of all members of the B56 family of regulatory subunits of the key cellular phosphatase PP2A (PPP2R5A-E). Quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis of HIV-infected cells confirmed Vif-dependent hyperphosphorylation of >200 cellular proteins, particularly substrates of the aurora kinases. The ability of Vif to target PPP2R5 subunits is found in primate and non-primate lentiviral lineages, and remodeling of the cellular phosphoproteome is therefore a second ancient and conserved Vif function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward JD Greenwood
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J Matheson
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kim Wals
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Dick JH van den Boomen
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Robin Antrobus
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - James C Williamson
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Paul J Lehner
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Rapiteanu R, Davis LJ, Williamson JC, Timms RT, Paul Luzio J, Lehner PJ. A Genetic Screen Identifies a Critical Role for the WDR81-WDR91 Complex in the Trafficking and Degradation of Tetherin. Traffic 2016; 17:940-58. [PMID: 27126989 PMCID: PMC5025723 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tetherin (BST2/CD317) is a viral restriction factor that anchors enveloped viruses to host cells and limits viral spread. The HIV‐1 Vpu accessory protein counteracts tetherin by decreasing its cell surface expression and targeting it for ubiquitin‐dependent endolysosomal degradation. Although the Vpu‐mediated downregulation of tetherin has been extensively studied, the molecular details are not completely elucidated. We therefore used a forward genetic screen in human haploid KBM7 cells to identify novel genes required for tetherin trafficking. Our screen identified WDR81 as a novel gene required for tetherin trafficking and degradation in both the presence and absence of Vpu. WDR81 is a BEACH‐domain containing protein that is also required for the degradation of EGF‐stimulated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and functions in a complex with the WDR91 protein. In the absence of WDR81 the endolysosomal compartment appears swollen, with enlarged early and late endosomes and reduced delivery of endocytosed dextran to cathepsin‐active lysosomes. Our data suggest a role for the WDR81‐WDR91 complex in the fusion of endolysosomal compartments and the absence of WDR81 leads to impaired receptor trafficking and degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radu Rapiteanu
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Luther J Davis
- Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - James C Williamson
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Richard T Timms
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - J Paul Luzio
- Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Paul J Lehner
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
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Wallace KL, Filipek RL, La Hoz RM, Williamson JC. Subtherapeutic voriconazole concentrations associated with concomitant dexamethasone: case report and review of the literature. J Clin Pharm Ther 2016; 41:441-443. [PMID: 27207573 DOI: 10.1111/jcpt.12401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE Voriconazole has significant drug interactions due to metabolism by CYP enzymes. Subtherapeutic voriconazole concentrations associated with concomitant dexamethasone are not well described. CASE DESCRIPTION An 84-year-old male was started on voriconazole for a fungal brain abscess. He was readmitted due to clinical failure thought to be the result of subtherapeutic voriconazole concentrations. Dexamethasone was identified as a potential cause due to its induction of CYP enzymes. This interaction was substantiated by sequential troughs that demonstrated a rise in voriconazole concentrations as dexamethasone was tapered off. WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION Therapeutic drug monitoring for patients on voriconazole and dexamethasone is essential to prevent suboptimal clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Wallace
- Pharmacy, University of Kentucky Healthcare, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - R L Filipek
- UMass Memorial Health Care, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - R M La Hoz
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - J C Williamson
- Pharmacy, Wake Forest Baptist Health, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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28
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Williamson JC, Edwards AVG, Verano-Braga T, Schwämmle V, Kjeldsen F, Jensen ON, Larsen MR. High-performance hybrid Orbitrap mass spectrometers for quantitative proteome analysis: Observations and implications. Proteomics 2016; 16:907-14. [PMID: 26791339 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We present basic workups and quantitative comparisons for two current generation Orbitrap mass spectrometers, the Q Exactive Plus and Orbitrap Fusion Tribrid, which are widely considered two of the highest performing instruments on the market. We assessed the performance of two quantitative methods on both instruments, namely label-free quantitation and stable isotope labeling using isobaric tags, for studying the heat shock response in Escherichia coli. We investigated the recently reported MS3 method on the Fusion instrument and the potential of MS3-based reporter ion isolation Synchronous Precursor Selection (SPS) and its impact on quantitative accuracy. We confirm that the label-free approach offers a more linear response with a wider dynamic range than MS/MS-based isobaric tag quantitation and that the MS3/SPS approach alleviates but does not eliminate dynamic range compression. We observed, however, that the choice of quantitative approach had little impact on the ability to statistically evaluate the E. coli heat shock response. We conclude that in the experimental conditions tested, MS/MS-based reporter ion quantitation provides reliable biological insight despite the issue of compressed dynamic range, an observation that significantly impacts the choice of instrument.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Williamson
- Protein Research Group, VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Alistair V G Edwards
- Protein Research Group, VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Thiago Verano-Braga
- Protein Research Group, VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Veit Schwämmle
- Protein Research Group, VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Frank Kjeldsen
- Protein Research Group, VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Ole N Jensen
- Protein Research Group, VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Martin R Larsen
- Protein Research Group, VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Snijders AP, Hautbergue GM, Bloom A, Williamson JC, Minshull TC, Phillips HL, Mihaylov SR, Gjerde DT, Hornby DP, Wilson SA, Hurd PJ, Dickman MJ. Arginine methylation and citrullination of splicing factor proline- and glutamine-rich (SFPQ/PSF) regulates its association with mRNA. RNA 2015; 21:347-59. [PMID: 25605962 PMCID: PMC4338332 DOI: 10.1261/rna.045138.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Splicing factor proline- and glutamine-rich (SFPQ) also commonly known as polypyrimidine tract-binding protein-associated-splicing factor (PSF) and its binding partner non-POU domain-containing octamer-binding protein (NONO/p54nrb), are highly abundant, multifunctional nuclear proteins. However, the exact role of this complex is yet to be determined. Following purification of the endogeneous SFPQ/NONO complex, mass spectrometry analysis identified a wide range of interacting proteins, including those involved in RNA processing, RNA splicing, and transcriptional regulation, consistent with a multifunctional role for SFPQ/NONO. In addition, we have identified several sites of arginine methylation in SFPQ/PSF using mass spectrometry and found that several arginines in the N-terminal domain of SFPQ/PSF are asymmetrically dimethylated. Furthermore, we find that the protein arginine N-methyltransferase, PRMT1, catalyzes this methylation in vitro and that this is antagonized by citrullination of SFPQ. Arginine methylation and citrullination of SFPQ/PSF does not affect complex formation with NONO. However, arginine methylation was shown to increase the association with mRNA in mRNP complexes in mammalian cells. Finally we show that the biochemical properties of the endogenous complex from cell lysates are significantly influenced by the ionic strength during purification. At low ionic strength, the SFPQ/NONO complex forms large heterogeneous protein assemblies or aggregates, preventing the purification of the SFPQ/NONO complex. The ability of the SFPQ/NONO complex to form varying protein assemblies, in conjunction with the effect of post-translational modifications of SFPQ modulating mRNA binding, suggests key roles affecting mRNP dynamics within the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambrosius P Snijders
- ChELSI Institute, Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
| | - Guillaume M Hautbergue
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2HQ, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Bloom
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Krebs Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - James C Williamson
- ChELSI Institute, Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas C Minshull
- ChELSI Institute, Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
| | - Helen L Phillips
- ChELSI Institute, Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
| | - Simeon R Mihaylov
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2HQ, United Kingdom
| | | | - David P Hornby
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Krebs Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart A Wilson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Krebs Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Paul J Hurd
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Mark J Dickman
- ChELSI Institute, Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
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Herrmann T, Govindan R, Morgensztern D, Peters PM, Rhodes E, Williamson JC. Advanced NSCLC: Finding the right prescription for oncologist education. J Clin Oncol 2014. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2014.32.15_suppl.8115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ramaswamy Govindan
- Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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31
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Williamson JC, Scheipers P, Schwämmle V, Zibert JR, Beck HC, Jensen ON. A proteomics approach to the identification of biomarkers for psoriasis utilising keratome biopsy. J Proteomics 2013; 94:176-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Williamson JC, Winston J, De Silva R. Greater occipital nerve block in management of chronic migraine; exploring clinical effectiveness and patient experience. J Headache Pain 2013. [PMCID: PMC3620413 DOI: 10.1186/1129-2377-14-s1-p65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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33
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Glauser TA, Nevins PH, Williamson JC, Abdolrasulnia M, Salinas GD, Zhang J, Debonnett L, Riekert KA. Adherence to the 2007 cystic fibrosis pulmonary guidelines: a national survey of CF care centers. Pediatr Pulmonol 2012; 47:434-40. [PMID: 22495970 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.21573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 08/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine cystic fibrosis (CF) physician adherence to the 2007 CF Foundation (CFF) Pulmonary Guidelines for Chronic Medications. Specifically adherence and barriers to prescribing level A medication recommendations (i.e., inhaled tobramycin and dornase alfa) and level B medication recommendations (i.e., macrolide antibiotics and hypertonic saline) were studied. METHODS During Spring 2010, the CFF emailed survey invitations to directors of 136 accredited CF care centers treating 50+ CF patients. Directors were asked to forward the invitations to their physician colleagues. One hundred thirty-three surveys were included in the analyses, representing 92 centers. Barriers were conceptualized based on Cabana et al.'s framework for adherence to guidelines. Adherence was assessed via a case vignette. RESULTS Logistic regression analysis revealed that higher outcome expectancy (OR = 1.099, CI 1.010-1.196) and fewer environmental/system barriers (OR = 1.484, CI 1.158-1.902) were significantly associated with Vignette Adherence. A trend for an association between Familiarity and Vignette Adherence (OR = 1.642, CI 0.953-2.828) was evident, while no demographic variables were significantly associated with Vignette Adherence. CONCLUSION Targeting outcome expectancy and external barriers with multifaceted, ongoing interventions may improve guideline adherence. Pulmonologists are clearly looking for empirical evidence that these medications benefit their patients over the long-term and offset patient treatment burden with improved health.
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Salinas GD, Glauser TA, Williamson JC, Rao G, Abdolrasulnia M. Primary care physician attitudes and practice patterns in the management of obese adults: results from a national survey. Postgrad Med 2011; 123:214-9. [PMID: 21904104 DOI: 10.3810/pgm.2011.09.2477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Obesity remains a serious public health problem. The purpose of this study was to identify the current attitudes and practices of primary care physicians (PCPs) with respect to obesity. METHODS A survey was systematically developed and administered electronically to PCPs, who received a small honorarium for their time. Results were analyzed to identify specific attitudes and practices and their associations with each other and with demographic and other variables. RESULTS Physicians expressed little confidence in their ability to manage obesity. In general, however, they believed that obesity could be successfully managed. Lifestyle changes were perceived to be the most effective available method for patients to lose weight, and respondents were more likely to recommend this approach over pharmacotherapy or bariatric surgery. Respondents perceive the greatest barrier to managing obese patients to be a lack of patient motivation. Physicians were significantly more likely to initiate discussions with obese patients about their weight if they believed they had positive attitudes about and knowledge of weight management, and adequate resources to manage the problem. CONCLUSIONS Physicians report a lack of confidence in managing obesity. Lack of patient motivation is perceived to be the greatest barrier. Physicians with greater knowledge, more positive attitudes toward obesity management, and access to more resources are more likely to provide weight management in primary care settings.
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Salinas GD, Williamson JC, Kalhan R, Thomashow B, Scheckermann JL, Walsh J, Abdolrasulnia M, Foster JA. Barriers to adherence to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease guidelines by primary care physicians. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2011; 6:171-9. [PMID: 21468169 PMCID: PMC3064423 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s16396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Even with the dissemination of several clinical guidelines, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) remains underdiagnosed and mismanaged by many primary care physicians (PCPs). The objective of this study was to elucidate barriers to consistent implementation of COPD guidelines. Patients and methods: A cross-sectional study implemented in July 2008 was designed to assess attitudes and barriers to COPD guideline usage. Results: Five hundred US PCPs (309 family medicine physicians, 191 internists) were included in the analysis. Overall, 23.6% of the surveyed PCPs reported adherence to spirometry guidelines over 90% of the time; 25.8% reported adherence to guidelines related to long-acting bronchodilator (LABD) use in COPD patients. In general, physicians were only somewhat familiar with COPD guidelines, and internal medicine physicians were significantly more familiar than family physicians (P < 0.05). In a multivariate model controlling for demographics and barriers to guideline adherence, we found significant associations with two tested guideline components. Adherence to spirometry guidelines was associated with agreement with guidelines, confidence in interpreting data, ambivalence to outcome expectancy, and ability to incorporate spirometry into patient flow. Adherence to LABD therapy guidelines was associated with agreement with guidelines and confidence in gauging pharmacologic response. Conclusions: Adherence to guideline recommendations of spirometry use was predicted by agreement with the recommendations, self-efficacy, perceived outcome expectancy if recommendations were adhered to, and resource availability. Adherence to recommendations of LABD use was predicted by agreement with guideline recommendations and self-efficacy. Increasing guideline familiarity alone may have limited patient outcomes, as other barriers, such as low confidence and outcome expectancy, are more likely to impact guideline adherence.
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Phillips HL, Williamson JC, van Elburg KA, Snijders APL, Wright PC, Dickman MJ. Shotgun proteome analysis utilising mixed mode (reversed phase-anion exchange chromatography) in conjunction with reversed phase liquid chromatography mass spectrometry analysis. Proteomics 2010; 10:2950-60. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200900669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Over half of new cancer cases occur in patients aged > or = 65 years. Many older patients can benefit from intensive cancer therapies, yet evidence suggests that this population is undertreated. METHODS To assess preferences and influential factors in geriatric cancer management, practicing U.S. medical oncologists completed a survey containing four detailed vignettes exploring colon, breast, lung, and prostate cancer treatment. Participants were randomly assigned one of two surveys with vignettes that were identical except for patient age (<65 years or >70 years). RESULTS Physicians in each survey group (n = 200) were demographically similar. Intensive therapy was significantly less likely to be recommended for an older than for a younger, but otherwise identical, patient in two of the scenarios. For a woman with metastatic colon cancer (Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group [ECOG] score, 1) for whom chemotherapy was recommended, nearly all oncologists chose an intensive regimen if the patient's age was 63; but if her age was 85, one fourth of the oncologists chose a less intensive treatment. Likewise, for stage IIA breast cancer (ECOG score, 0), 93% recommended intensive adjuvant treatment for a previously healthy patient aged 63; but only 66% said they would do so if the patient's age was 75. Oncologists commonly identified patient age as an influence on treatment choice, but were even more likely to cite performance status as a determining factor. CONCLUSIONS Advanced age can deter oncologists from choosing intensive cancer therapy, even if patients are highly functional and lack comorbidities. Education on tailoring cancer treatment and a greater use of comprehensive geriatric assessment may reduce cancer undertreatment in the geriatric population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill A Foster
- CE Outcomes, LLC, 107 Frankfurt Circle, Birmingham, Alabama 35211, USA.
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Tandy S, Healey JR, Nason MA, Williamson JC, Jones DL. Heavy metal fractionation during the co-composting of biosolids, deinking paper fibre and green waste. Bioresour Technol 2009; 100:4220-4226. [PMID: 19386494 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2008] [Revised: 02/24/2009] [Accepted: 02/25/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Due to the introduction of the European Union Landfill Directive, composting has become a potentially viable disposal route for some organic wastes. As waste-derived compost is frequently added to soil to improve soil quality, it is important to quantify the environmental risk posed by potentially toxic elements contained within it. Here we used a sequential chemical extraction procedure to investigate the temporal dynamics of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb and Ni) during the co-composting of biosolids, deinking paper fibre and green waste. Overall, composting over 26 weeks reduced the availability of Ni, had no effect on Pb and slightly increased the availability of Cu and Zn. We conclude that although the total Cu and Ni concentrations in the compost exceed legislative guidelines for land application, due to their recalcitrant nature within the compost, this compost posed very little threat to soil or plant quality if used in agriculture or land restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tandy
- School of the Environment and Natural Resources, Bangor University, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK.
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Williamson JC, Akinola M, Nason MA, Tandy S, Healey JR, Jones DL. Contaminated land clean-up using composted wastes and impacts of VOCs on land. Waste Manag 2009; 29:1772-1778. [PMID: 19138508 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2008.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2008] [Accepted: 11/13/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes experiments that demonstrate the effects and potential for remediation of a former steelworks site in Wales polluted with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Under field conditions, PAH-contaminated soil was composted in-vessel, with or without organic feedstocks, receiving forced aeration for 80 days followed by 4 months maturation. Treatments compared PAH removal in contaminated soil to contaminated soil mixed with three different organic waste mixes after composting and after composts were spread to land. After composting, PAH concentrations declined in all treatments, by up to 38%. Sixteen months after the composts were landspread and vegetation was established, only those containing contaminated soil with organic additions exhibited further PAH removal, by up to 29%. Composting resulted in a decline in the relative concentration of small PAHs, whereas the landspreading-vegetation phase saw a decline in the relative concentration of medium PAHs in two of the three composts exhibiting PAH removal. Under controlled glasshouse conditions, vegetated soil columns of differing depths were exposed to VOCs from beneath. VOC vapour affected both shoot and root growth and soil microbial activity; effects varied with distance from the VOC source. This work demonstrated that on-site remediation of aged PAH-contaminated land can be successfully initiated by in-vessel co-composting followed by land spreading and vegetation, within a practical timeframe.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Williamson
- School of the Environment and Natural Resources, Bangor University, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW Wales, United Kingdom.
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Assiddiq BF, Williamson JC, Snijders APL, Cook K, Dickman MJ. Multidimensional liquid phase protein separations in conjunction with stable isotope labelling for quantitative proteomics. Proteomics 2007; 7:3826-34. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200700367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Rowe EC, Williamson JC, Jones DL, Holliman P, Healey JR. Initial tree establishment on blocky quarry waste ameliorated with hydrogel or slate processing fines. J Environ Qual 2005; 34:994-1003. [PMID: 15888885 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2004.0287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Pocket planting reclamation techniques developed in the 1970s for revegetating blocky quarrying waste have met with very limited success, often because the low water-holding capacity of the waste and limited root development within a small volume of planting pocket material result in severe drought mortality. We tested pocket planting approaches for waste tip reclamation at Europe's largest slate quarry, and compared materials for enhancing the continuity of water- and nutrient-holding down into the interior of the waste tip. When small compost-filled pocket planting bags were placed above slate processing fines (SPF) or water absorbent cross-linked polyacrylamide gel ("hydrogel"), tree growth rates increased in comparison with pocket planting bags alone. The SPF significantly improved tree survival especially during severe drought, but survival was not enhanced by the use of hydrogel. The sorption characteristics of hydrogel indicated that its presence may help to reduce nutrient leaching, but that it may have a negative effect on nitrogen availability. A more likely explanation for the poor performance of pure hydrogel is that it did not maintain sufficient available water, because of discontinuities caused by shrinkage and movement of the hydrogel, and/or degradation of water-holding capacity with environmental exposure. However, the root growth observed in the hydrogel treatments suggests that this technique, if adapted to reduce the effects of hydrogel shrinkage by using finer-grade hydrogel, mixing it with other soil-forming material, and reducing its exposure to extremes of temperature or sunlight, might have the potential to improve the growth and survival of trees planted on sites where delivery of heavy materials such as SPF is impractical. Fine mineral processing waste is freely available at active quarries and should be seen as a key resource for reclamation schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Rowe
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, University of Wales, Bangor LL57 2UW, UK.
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Abstract
PURPOSE To describe a patient who developed oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus endophthalmitis after insertion of a ganciclovir intraocular implant. METHOD Case report. RESULTS A 42-year-old man with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and a history of cytomegalovirus retinitis was admitted with right-sided eye pain and decreased visual acuity 10 days after receiving a second ganciclovir intraocular implant in the right eye. A therapeutic vitrectomy, right eye, was performed on the day of admission. A vitreal tap produced frank pus and white, fluffy debris. Cultures of the vitreal fluid grew oxacillin-resistant S aureus, sensitive only to vancomycin, rifampin, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. The patient was successfully treated with removal of both ganciclovir implants in the right eye and a 4-week course of vancomycin and rifampin. However, the infection left the patient blind in the infected eye. CONCLUSION Bacterial endophthalmitis is an infrequent but serious complication of the ganciclovir intraocular implant.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Williamson
- Department of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina Hospitals and Clinics, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the stability of cefepime in peritoneal dialysis solution. DESIGN Cefepime HCl was added to premade bags of Delflex peritoneal dialysis solution with 1.5% dextrose to produce a cefepime concentration of approximately 100 microg/mL. Peritoneal dialysis solution bags were stored at 4, 25, and 37 degrees C to simulate refrigeration, room temperature, and body temperature, respectively. Samples were drawn at scheduled times up to 336, 168, and 48 hours, respectively, after the addition of cefepime HCl. Cefepime concentrations were measured by HPLC. SETTING This study was performed at a university-affiliated tertiary care hospital. OUTCOME MEASURE If the mean concentration of the samples at a given time and condition was >90% of the initial concentration, cefepime was considered stable at that time and condition. RESULTS The mean HPLC results for samples drawn at each time and condition were all >90%. CONCLUSIONS Cefepime is stable in peritoneal dialysis solution with dextrose 1.5% for 14 days refrigerated, seven days at room temperature, and 48 hours at 37 degrees C.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Williamson
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, USA.
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Williamson JC, Engel J, Gautam S. Rewarding community-based preceptors. Acad Med 1999; 74:300-301. [PMID: 10219191 DOI: 10.1097/00001888-199904000-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Fong SE, Greenwood JD, Williamson JC, Derse D, Pallansch LA, Copeland T, Rasmussen L, Mentzer A, Nagashima K, Tobin G, Gonda MA. Bovine immunodeficiency virus tat gene: cloning of two distinct cDNAs and identification, characterization, and immunolocalization of the tat gene products. Virology 1997; 233:339-57. [PMID: 9217057 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1997.8589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
cDNAs encoding the bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) transactivator gene (tat) were cloned from virally infected cells and characterized. BIV expresses two distinct tat mRNAs composed of three exons that are derived by alternative splicing. The BIV tat mRNA splice variants encode Tat proteins of 103 (Tat103) and 108 (Tat108) amino acids. The Tat103 coding region is specified only by exon 2, while that of Tat108 is specified by a truncated exon 2 and the first 30 nt of exon 3. Thus, the first 98 amino acids of each Tat are identical, and have amino terminal, cysteine-rich, conserved core, basic, and carboxyl-terminal domains similar to Tats encoded by primate lentiviruses. BIV-infected bovine cells express a 14-kDa phosphorylated Tat protein identical in size to recombinant Tat expressed in bacteria. BIV Tat was shown to localize exclusively in the nucleoli of virally infected and Tat-expressing cells. Reporter gene assays indicated that Tat103 and Tat108 can strongly transactivate the BIV long terminal repeat (LTR) in virally permissive canine Cf2Th and nonpermissive HeLa and mouse NIH 3T3 cells, but not in permissive lapine EREp cells. However, an intact BIV tat gene is required for viral replication in both Cf2Th and EREp cells. Strong LTR activation by BIV Tat requires a TAR (transactivation responsive) element delimited by viral nt +1 to +31 and the Tat basic domain. BIV Tat strongly cross-transactivates the HIV-1 LTR in a TAR-dependent manner in Cf2Th, but not in EREp, HeLa, or NIH 3T3 cells. In contrast, strong, TAR-dependent cross-transactivation of the BIV LTR by HIV-1 Tat could not be demonstrated in any of these cell types. In Cf2Th cells Tat108 effects a moderately stronger transactivation of the BIV LTR than Tat103, indicative of a functional difference in BIV Tat proteins encoded by the mRNA splice variants. The present studies demonstrate that BIV Tat parallels the primate lentiviral Tats in structure and biochemistry but is not interchangeable with the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Fong
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Structure, SAIC Frederick, NCI-Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, Maryland 21702-1201, USA.
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Tobin GJ, Li GH, Williamson JC, Nagashima K, Gonda MA. Synthesis and assembly of chimeric human immunodeficiency virus gag pseudovirions. Intervirology 1996; 39:40-8. [PMID: 8957668 DOI: 10.1159/000150473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of the HIV Gag precursor in insect cells by recombinant baculoviruses results in the assembly and budding of noninfectious pseudovirions that resemble immature virus. Three strategies for packaging additional viral epitopes into pseudovirions were examined: coinfection of insect cells with individual baculoviruses encoding separate Gag and Env structural genes, inframe Gag-Env fusion proteins, and Gag-frameshift-Env fusion proteins. Electron microscopy and Western blot analysis indicated that neither the coinfection nor the inframe fusion strategies reliably produced large quantities of structurally stable chimeric pseudovirions. The frameshift fusion method utilized the retroviral Gag-Pol ribosomal frameshift mechanism for the coexpression of Gag and Gag-frameshift-Env fusion proteins. Large quantities of pseudovirions containing both the Gag and Env epitopes were produced in insect cells. Mice inoculated with the Gag-frameshift-Env pseudovirions developed cytotoxic lymphocyte responses to both HIV Gag and Env epitopes. Vaccine and immunotherapeutic applications of chimeric pseudovirions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Tobin
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Structure, SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute-Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, MD 21702-1201, USA
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Williamson JC. Acid-base disorders: classification and management strategies. Am Fam Physician 1995; 52:584-90. [PMID: 7625331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Acid-base disorders are common in clinical practice. Simple acid-base disturbances include metabolic acidosis, metabolic alkalosis, respiratory acidosis and respiratory alkalosis. Each can be clearly identified using a common clinical approach. Proper understanding of acid-base disorders requires knowledge of normal physiology. Each of the simple acid-base disorders can be diagnosed by obtaining a good history and performing a physical examination, followed by determinations of electrolyte levels, anion gap and pH. The degree and nature of compensation should then be analyzed. Finally, the ratio of the change in anion gap to the change in serum bicarbonate (delta AG/delta HCO3-) should be determined. When this diagnostic process is applied, proper identification of the disorder can be made and management can be undertaken. Mixed acid-base disorders can also be identified and managed using this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Williamson
- Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine, Rootstown, USA
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Battles JK, Williamson JC, Pike KM, Gorelick PL, Ward JM, Gonda MA. Diagnostic assay for Helicobacter hepaticus based on nucleotide sequence of its 16S rRNA gene. J Clin Microbiol 1995; 33:1344-7. [PMID: 7542270 PMCID: PMC228160 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.33.5.1344-1347.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Conserved primers were used to PCR amplify 95% of the Helicobacter hepaticus 16S rRNA gene. Its sequence was determined and aligned to those of related bacteria, enabling the selection of primers to highly diverged regions of the 16S rRNA gene and an oligonucleotide probe for the development of a PCR-liquid hybridization assay. This assay was shown to be both sensitive and specific for H. hepaticus 16S rRNA gene sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Battles
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Structure, Program Resources, Inc./DynCorp, National Cancer Institute-Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, Maryland 21702-1201, USA
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Oberste MS, Williamson JC, Greenwood JD, Nagashima K, Copeland TD, Gonda MA. Characterization of bovine immunodeficiency virus rev cDNAs and identification and subcellular localization of the Rev protein. J Virol 1993; 67:6395-405. [PMID: 8411341 PMCID: PMC238074 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.67.11.6395-6405.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the six putative accessory genes of bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) is similar to those identified as rev in the human immunodeficiency virus and visna virus genomes. To further analyze the BIV rev gene locus, protein, and function, rev cDNAs were cloned and characterized. BIV rev mRNA is derived from the full-length transcript by multiple splicing events and consists of three exons, including the untranslated leader sequence and two coding exons. BIV rev cDNA was expressed in bacteria and in a mammalian in vitro translation expression system. A 23-kDa Rev protein (p23rev) was immunologically detected in lysates from both systems by using an antiserum made to a synthetic Rev peptide. Recombinant p23rev made in bacteria was purified and used to make a polyvalent antiserum. Antisera to Rev peptide and recombinant p23rev immunoprecipitated p23rev from BIV-infected mammalian cells but not from virions. A mammalian expression vector using the BIV rev cDNA was constructed; p23rev was immunoprecipitated with anti-Rev serum from 32P-labeled lysates of monkey cells transfected with this plasmid, demonstrating that BIV Rev is phosphorylated. Immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy with anti-BIV Rev antisera localized Rev in the nucleus and, particularly, in the nucleoli of BIV-infected cells. In functional studies, the expression of BIV Rev was shown to positively regulate the appearance both of Gag protein, which is translated from the unspliced primary viral transcript, and of singly spliced env mRNA but not that of the multiply spliced tat mRNA. These results demonstrate that BIV Rev activity correlates with the known function of lentivirus Rev proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Oberste
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Structure, Program Resources, Inc./DynCorp, Frederick, Maryland
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